4.3. Reaction Rates HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Reaction Rates

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Reaction Rates
The following National Science Education Standards relate to this study guide:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
o In solids the structure is nearly rigid; in liquids molecules or atoms move

around each other but do not move apart; and in gases molecules or
atoms move almost independently of each other and are mostly far apart.
o Chemical reactions may release or consume energy
o Reaction rates depend on how often the reacting atoms and molecules
encounter one another, on the temperature, and on the properties--
including shape--of the reacting species.
o Catalysts, such as metal surfaces, accelerate chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions in living systems are catalyzed by protein molecules
called enzymes.
o The higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion.
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

Table of Contents
The Concept of Rates ..................................................................................................... 3

Changes in Concentration ............................................................................................... 5
Calculating Reaction Rates ............................................................................................. 7
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates .................................................................................. 10
Collision Theory: Part One ............................................................................................ 14
Collision Theory: Part Two ............................................................................................ 17
The Rate Law Expression and the Rate Constant ........................................................ 18
Reaction Order .............................................................................................................. 20
Reaction Mechanisms ................................................................................................... 22
Rate Laws and Elementary Processes.......................................................................... 24
Conclusion and Review ................................................................................................. 27
Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Reaction Rates
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

The Concept of Rates
The Concept of Rates

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Reaction Rates
View scenes 1 4 and complete the exercise below.
Learn what a rate is, and how to convert the time units in rates.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Garage Chemistry: This picture shows an automobile catalytic converter. Why is
carbon monoxide a hazard even though it combines naturally with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide? Describe what a catalytic
converter accomplishes and how it serves as an
example of the topics covered in this
lesson.
2. For Further Thought: A car engine should not be left to run in an enclosed space
even when equipped with a catalytic converter. Why?
Scenes 2 3
3. Define the term rate. Give some generic examples from the lesson of different
rates. For a given rate, how is the unit of the denominator selected?

Scene 4
4. Faster than the Wind: This picture shows a
passenger jet with a good tailwind cruising at
1000 km/hour. Applying the method
demonstrated in Scene 4, convert this rate to
km/second. Show all of your work.

Changes in Concentration
Changes in Concentration
View scenes 5 - 8 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about calculating changes in reactant and product
Multimedia concentrations.
Presentation
Scene 5
1. Process Rates: These
pictures show different
chemical processes with
different rates. Describe the
term, kinetics. Explain each
process that is illustrated in
the pictures to the right.
Scene 6
2. Breakdown: Using the
illustrated reaction, discuss in
detail how reactant and
product concentrations
change as the reaction
progresses.

Scenes 7 8
3. Measuring Gas: This picture shows
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
measured initially and after one minute.
Using the data from the illustration, and the
method from scene 8, calculate the
concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide.
Explain your results. Why was the nitrogen
dioxide concentration measured instead?

Calculating Reaction Rates
Calculating Reaction Rates

Learn about determining reaction rates from changes in concentration.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 9
1. Delta Force: This graphic shows
equations for reaction rates, and the
balanced equation for the formation
of water. What does the Greek letter
Delta mean? Explain the equations
and calculate the ratio between the
consumption rates of the two
reactants.
Scene 10
2. Normal Overall: This graphic shows how
specific reactant and product reaction rates
are used to determine the overall rate of a
reaction. The given balanced equation is for
the formation of ammonia. Explain
normalization of rates, using this example.

Reaction Rates
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Reaction Rates
Complete Interactive Lessons # 1 and 3.
A review of concepts and calculations.
Interactive
Lesson
Reaction Rates
Complete Interactive Lesson # 2.
A review of stoichiometry.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Introduction & Rates of Reaction

Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz

Scene 11
3. Data Drill: Use the data in this chart to
calculate the overall reaction rate for the
balanced equation, following the
method in scene 11. Indicate your
results in the table below. Explain why
reaction rates need not always be given
in moles per liter-second.
Compound Delta Specific Coefficient for Normalized
concentration reaction rate normalization reaction rate
N2O5
NO2
Scene 12
4. Minute by Minute: In the table below, list the data and make the calculations from
scene 12. The one-minute average reaction rates for dinitrogen pentoxide
decrease over time. Why?
Time [N2O5] [ N2O5] Reaction Rate
0 sec -- --
60 sec
120 sec
180 sec
Scene 13
5. Downhill Data: This graphic shows
reactant concentration plotted over
time. Describe generally how
instantaneous reaction rates are
determined from such a curve.

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Reaction Rates
View scenes 14 -20 and complete the exercise below.
Learn how the conditions and participants in a reaction affect reaction
Multimedia rates.
Presentation
Scene 14
1. In the table below list the factors that influence reaction rates.
Scene 15
2. Going Through a Phase: This picture shows water in
solid, liquid and gas form. Describe how the nature of
reactants affects reaction rates.
Scene 16
3. Hot to React: This graphic portrays
various reactions affected by
temperature. Describe the key points
of scene 16.

Scenes 17 18
4. Group Facilitator: This
illustration shows
catalysts at work.
Explain what a
catalyst does and
provide
examples.
Scene 19
5. When Smaller Means More:
This illustration shows examples
of how a given quantity presents
more surface area when it is
broken up into smaller pieces.
Using the illustration as
examples, explain why increased
surface area increases the
reaction rate. (Advanced
challenge: What would be the new
surface area if the edges of the original
cube were sliced into thirds? Work out a simple
general solution for the surface area of a subdivided
cube.)

Scene 20
6. Concentration on Cue: This illustration shows how the concentration of dinitrogen
pentoxide, and its reaction rate, decreases with time as the compound breaks
down. How does the pool table analogy explain this relationship between
concentration and reaction rate?
7. For Further Thought: Modify the pool table analogy so that it corresponds better to
molecular collisions.

Reaction Rates
A review of the factors that affect the rate of reactions.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

Quiz

Collision Theory: Part One
Reaction Rates
Learn about kinetic energy and activation energy.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 21
1. Are collisions between molecules rare or commonplace? When do collisions result
in reactions and when do they not? Describe the essential concepts of collision
theory.
Scene 22
2. Frankie Flies: This picture illustrates an analogy
between the kinetic energy of colliding toy
cars and the kinetic energy of
colliding molecules. Explain
the comparison in detail.
Scene 23
3. Making the Cut: These curves plot the fraction of
molecules having a specified value of kinetic energy. The
label, reaction threshold, means sufficient kinetic energy
for a reaction. Explain the significance of these graphs.

Scene 24
4. Activation Jump: This graph shows
the potential energy stored in
chemical bonds over the course of
three different reactions. Describe this
comparison. How does a reactions
activation energy affect its reaction
rate?
Scene 25
5. Losing Your Marbles: This illustration
portrays the analogy between marbles on
a shaken table and an exothermic
reaction. How does this analogy explain
activation energy and reaction rates?

Scene 26
6. Putting it All Together: This illustration shows
kinetic energy distributions, and is similar to the
illustration in scene 23. However, this graph
shows actual temperatures, and properly labels
the reaction threshold as E a . Use this graph
to explain how increasing the temperature of
most reactions increases their reaction rates.
Reaction Rates
A review of activation energy.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Collision Theory

Quiz

Collision Theory: Part Two
Reaction Rates
Learn about the activated complex and catalysts.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 27
1. Home Run Hitter: This picture
illustrates the analogy between
how a batter hits a homer and
how molecules collide to form
an activated complex. Explain
the factors required for a
collision to result in a reaction.
Scene 28
2. What aspects of reactions are unaffected by catalysts?
Scene 29
3. Lowering the Barrier: These graphs
show how catalysts affect the
activation energy of a reaction.
Describe this effect.

The Rate Law Expression and the Rate Constant
Reaction Rates
Learn how to write mathematical equations for reaction rates.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 30
1. Power Play: Once again, here is the
plot of dinitrogen pentoxide
concentration. As shown in this
illustration there is a general
mathematical expression that relates
reaction rate to reactant
concentration. Describe this
expression and the constraints on its
variables.
Scene 31
2. Explain how the experimentally derived relationship between reaction rate and
reactant concentration can be converted into a mathematical equation that applies
to a specific reaction. What is such an equation called? How is it useful?
3. For Further Thought: if there are three reactants, A, B and C, how is the rate law
written?

Scene 32
4. Calculating k: This graphic shows the
balanced equation and the molecular
diagrams for a reaction. Write the rate law
given for this reaction, and then determine the
rate constant by completing the table below.
rate _
initial rate initial [NO2] initial [F2] k =
[NO2] [F2]
Scene 33
5. Calculating another k: This graphic shows
the balanced equation and the molecular
diagrams for a different reaction. Again,
write the rate law given for the reaction
and then determine the rate constant by
completing the table below.
rate _
initial rate initial [N2O5] k =
[N2O5]
Reaction Rates
A review of collision theory.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Rate Laws

Quiz

Reaction Order
Reaction Rates
Learn how to derive rate laws from experiment data.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 34
1. Explain how to calculate the overall reaction order for a given reaction. Provide
examples by using data from the scene to complete the table below. Keep in
mind that when no exponent of a concentration is shown, the exponent is one.
Reaction Rate law Sum of Order

exponents of reaction
2. For Further Thought: Does the reaction order refer in any way to the order in which
chemicals react? How does the reaction order determine the units of the rate
constant, k, for a given rate law expression?
Scene 35
3. Determining Order from Data: This graphic
shows data from three trials of the same
reaction at different initial concentrations.
Complete the table below to determine the
reaction order. Write the derived reaction
order and rate law beneath the table.
Initial Initial Rate of

Ratio
[SO2Cl2] Decomposition
#2 : #1
#3 : #1

Scene 36
4. Again, Order from Data: This graphic
shows data from three trials of the same
reaction at different initial concentrations.
Complete the table below to determine the
reaction order. Write the derived reaction
order and rate law beneath the table.
Initial Initial Rate of

Ratio
[HI] Decomposition
#2 : #1
#3 : #1
Scene 37
5. Divide and Conquer: This graphic shows data
obtained for a reaction with two reactants.
How is that accomplished? For each reactant
how does a change in concentration affect the
rate? Use these data to determine the
reaction order for each reactant and the
overall reaction. What is the rate law for this
reaction?

Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction Rates
Learn how reactions proceed at the molecular level.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 38
1. Heptane Hoedown: This graphic shows
what the combustion of heptane would
look like at the molecular level if the
reaction proceeded according to the
balanced equation as a direct swap of
atomic partners. Explain why it cannot
happen this way and how it really happens.
Scene 39
2. Making Connections: This illustration
shows the connecting flights analogy to
explain elementary processes in a reaction
mechanism. Explain how a reaction mechanism
proceeds through intermediate products that are
not present in the balanced equation.

Scene 40
3. Chlorine Between: This picture illustrates the
proposed reaction mechanism for the
decomposition of nitryl chloride into nitrogen
dioxide and molecular chlorine. Describe the
elementary processes, referring to the numbered
steps in the graphic.
Reaction Rates
A review of reaction mechanisms.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Reaction Mechanisms

Quiz

Rate Laws and Elementary Processes
Reaction Rates
Learn how rate laws are applied to elementary process.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 41
1. The Molecular Way: This graphic portrays two competing explanations about how
the decomposition of nitryl chloride is initiated. Which way does this reaction really
happen at the molecular level? Describe the choices and indicate the correct one.
Scene 42
2. How are rate laws determined for elementary processes? Provide a generic
example. Write the rate laws for the elementary processes of nitryl chloride
decomposition in the table below.
For the overall reaction, 2NO2Cl 2NO2 + Cl2 :

elementary process rate law

Scene 43
3. Altered Analogy: Use the analogy introduced by
this graphic to explain the rate determining step.
Consider two people who come to the theater
together, buying their tickets at separate
counters. They start at the same time but
one ticket seller is slower than the other. If
the two people go into the movie together,
which teller is the rate determining step?
What is the rate determining step for the
illustrated reaction mechanism?
Scene 44
4. In the table below, discuss the three factors to consider when evaluating the
plausibility of a proposed reaction mechanism.
Topic Discussion
Canceling intermediates
Consistency of rate laws
Constraint on number of molecules

Scene 45
5. Proposed Mechanism: This
graphic shows a proposed
reaction mechanism for the
overall balanced reaction
between nitrogen dioxide gas
and fluorine gas. The
experimentally derived rate law:
rate = k [NO 2 ] [F 2 ]. Considering
the three evaluation factors,
complete the table below to
determine if this is a plausible
reaction mechanism.
Established Fact Evaluation Factor Satisfied
The first process is slowest

and its rate law is
rate = k [NO2] [F2].
No more than two reactant
molecules participate in each
elementary process.
Reaction Rates
A review of rate laws.
Interactive
Lesson

Conclusion and Review
Reaction Rates
Review what you have learned.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 46
1. Back to the Beginning: This picture shows the question asked at the beginning of
this lesson about the reaction between carbon monoxide and oxygen. Answer this
question, applying all that you have learned in the previous scenes, by filling in the
table below.
Established Fact Discussion

The reactant concentrations are
relatively low (although potentially
lethal).
The activation energy for this
reaction is high.
2. Explain how a catalytic converter speeds up the reaction, applying what you have
learned.

Scene 47
3. In the table below, review what you have learned, based on the information in this
scene.
Define reaction rate.
List the factors affecting reaction rates.
Tell what collision theory and reaction

mechanisms portray.
Write the rate law for reactants A and B.
Explain what rate law expressions

allow.
Describe what an understanding of

reaction rates enables chemists to do.
Comprehensive Exam: Reaction Rates

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

4.3. Reaction Rates HW

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CyberEd Study Guide

o In solids the structure is nearly rigid; in liquids molecules or atoms move

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed Inc.

The Concept of Rates ..................................................................................................... 3

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

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The Concept of Rates

The Concept of Rates

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Calculating Reaction Rates

Calculating Reaction Rates

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Quiz: Introduction & Rates of Reaction

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Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

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Quiz: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

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Collision Theory: Part One

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Quiz: Collision Theory

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Collision Theory: Part Two

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The Rate Law Expression and the Rate Constant

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Quiz: Rate Laws

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Reaction Rate law Sum of Order

Initial Initial Rate of

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Initial Initial Rate of

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Quiz: Reaction Mechanisms

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Rate Laws and Elementary Processes

For the overall reaction, 2NO2Cl 2NO2 + Cl2 :

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Consistency of rate laws

Constraint on number of molecules

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Established Fact Evaluation Factor Satisfied

The first process is slowest

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Conclusion and Review

Established Fact Discussion

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List the factors affecting reaction rates.

Tell what collision theory and reaction

Write the rate law for reactants A and B.

Explain what rate law expressions

Describe what an understanding of

Comprehensive Exam: Reaction Rates

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