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Lecture 7 - Two-qubit iSWAP gate and process


tomography
Author: J. R. Johansson (robert@riken.jp), http://dml.riken.jp/~rob/ (http://dml.riken.jp/~rob/)

The latest version of this IPython notebook (http://ipython.org/ipython-


doc/dev/interactive/htmlnotebook.html) lecture is available at http://github.com/jrjohansson/qutip-
lectures (http://github.com/jrjohansson/qutip-lectures).

The other notebooks in this lecture series are indexed at http://jrjohansson.github.com


(http://jrjohansson.github.com).

In [1]: %matplotlib inline


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

In [2]: from qutip import *

Introduction
Let's consider a simple protocol for implementing the two-qubit iSWAP gate: During a time
T = /4g , the qubits are subject to the coupling Hamiltonian

H = g ( x x + y y )

where g is the coupling strength. Under ideal conditions this coupling realizes the i -SWAP gate
between the two qubit states.

Here we will solve for the dynamics of the two qubits subject to this Hamiltonian, and look at the
deterioating effects of adding decoherence. We will use process tomography to visualize the gate.

Parameters
(http://www.webspades.info/review#ata)
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In [3]: g = 1.0 * 2 * pi # coupling strength


g1 = 0.75 # relaxation rate
g2 = 0.25 # dephasing rate
n_th = 1.5 # bath temperature

T = pi/(4*g)

Hamiltonian and initial state

In [4]: H = g * (tensor(sigmax(), sigmax()) + tensor(sigmay(), sigmay()))


psi0 = tensor(basis(2,1), basis(2,0))

Collapse operators
Define a list of collapse operators that describe the coupling of the qubits to their environment
(assumed to be uncorrelated)

In [5]: c_ops = []

# qubit 1 collapse operators


sm1 = tensor(sigmam(), qeye(2))
sz1 = tensor(sigmaz(), qeye(2))
c_ops.append(sqrt(g1 * (1+n_th)) * sm1)
c_ops.append(sqrt(g1 * n_th) * sm1.dag())
c_ops.append(sqrt(g2) * sz1)

# qubit 2 collapse operators


sm2 = tensor(qeye(2), sigmam())
sz2 = tensor(qeye(2), sigmaz())
c_ops.append(sqrt(g1 * (1+n_th)) * sm2)
c_ops.append(sqrt(g1 * n_th) * sm2.dag())
c_ops.append(sqrt(g2) * sz2)

Process tomography basis

In [6]: op_basis = [[qeye(2), sigmax(), sigmay(), sigmaz()]] * 2


op_label = [["i", "x", "y", "z"]] * 2

Ideal evolution (nondissipative, perfect timing, etc)

In [7]: # calculate the propagator for the ideal gate


U_psi = (-1j * H * T).expm()

In [8]: # propagator in superoperator form


U_ideal = spre(U_psi) * spost(U_psi.dag())
In [9]: # calculate the process tomography chi matrix from the superoperator propagato
r
chi = qpt(U_ideal, op_basis)

In [11]: fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6))


fig = qpt_plot_combined(chi, op_label, fig=fig)

/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/mpl_toolkits/mplot3d/axes3d.py:1673: RuntimeWar
ning: invalid value encountered in true_divide
for n in normals])
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:395: RuntimeWarning: inval
id value encountered in greater
if (c.ravel() > 1).any() or (c.ravel() < 0).any():
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:395: RuntimeWarning: inval
id value encountered in less
if (c.ravel() > 1).any() or (c.ravel() < 0).any():

Dissipative evolution

In [12]: # dissipative gate propagator


U_diss = propagator(H, T, c_ops)

In [13]: # calculate the process tomography chi matrix for the dissipative propagator
chi = qpt(U_diss, op_basis)
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In [14]: fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6))


fig = qpt_plot_combined(chi, op_label, fig=fig)

Software versions:

In [15]: from qutip.ipynbtools import version_table

version_table()

Out[15]:
Software Version

IPython 2.0.0
Numpy 1.8.1

matplotlib 1.3.1

Cython 0.20.1post0

SciPy 0.13.3

OS posix [linux]

Python 3.4.1 (default, Jun 9 2014, 17:34:49) [GCC 4.8.3]

QuTiP 3.0.0.dev-5a88aa8

Thu Jun 26 15:03:32 2014 JST

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