Unit 8

A
Speaking and writing

Focus on seasons and

weather
There are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn,
winter. Every season is beautiful and pleasant in its own way.
Winter is the coldest season in the year. Summer is the hottest season.
Spring is warmer than winter, but colder than summer. Autumn is also
colder than summer, but its warmer than winter.
Every season is good in its own way. There is much snow in winter. In
spring we enjoy the green leaves and grass and the first flowers. The sun
shines brighter and the days become longer. Summer is the hottest season.
Autumn comes after summer. It brings rains and cold weather. The leaves
are red, green and yellow and they fall down from the trees.

Thinking it over
Which is the best season in your native town?
Why do children like winter and summer best of all?

Words and word combinations you may need in this unit

climate weather changeable nasty rainy windy
foggy frosty freezing icy snowy misty sunny sunshine
temperature cloud rain fog wind hot warm cool cold
damp to rise to drop to fall to melt to freeze to clear
to blow to shine

Make a list of the words and word combinations you do not know and
learn them.
freezing __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________

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Talking it over
Describe your favourite season.
Describe your favourite weather.

Read the text. Remember what you can.

English weather
The weather in England is very changeable. A fine morning can
change into a wet afternoon and evening. And a nasty morning can change
to a fine afternoon. That is why it is natural for the English to use the
comparison as changeable as the weather of a person who often changes
his opinion about something. The English often say: Other countries
have climate, in England we have weather.
The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it
rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all
day long.
The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England. When
two Englishmen meet, their first words will be: How do you do? or
How are you? And after the reply: Very well, thank you, how are
you? the next remark to be about the weather.
The best time of the year in England is spring though it rains in spring,
too.
The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are
cold, damp and unpleasant. The best place in the world then is at home by
the big fire.
Summer months are rather cool and there can be a lot of rainy days.
So most people who look forward to summer holidays plan to go abroad
for the summer. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and
smog, especially in London. Cars move along slowly. People cannot see
each other. They walk along the houses touching them with their hands
not to lose their way.

Mind opinion reply aspect

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Check up

RIGHT or WRONG
1. The weather in England is always fine.
2. The English say that they have two variants of weather.
3. The weather is the favourite conversational topic in England.
4. The best time of the year in England is spring.
5. The two worst months in Britain are June and July.
6. Summer months are rather hot.
7. Most people plan to go abroad for the summer.
8. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog.
9. Fog is mostly unpleasant in London.

Take turns. You ask a question based on a sentence in the text. Your classmate
answers and then asks another classmate a question based on a different sentence.
The exercise continues until all of the sentences in the text are used.
Complete the diologue below and act it in class.
What is the weather like?
A. Its often very sunny in my country.
B. We have a lot of sunshine in my country, too.
A. In winter its quite icy.
B. We have a lot of __________, too.
A. And its snowy at that time, too.
B. We also have a lot of __________.
A. In the morning, its ___________ and cold.
B. Yes, we have a lot of frost, too.
A. In autumn its often rainy.
B. We often have a lot of ___________, too.
A. And sometimes its very __________.
B. We get some very strong winds.
A. In the morning its sometimes misty.
B. Oh, we see some __________, too at that time of year.
A. But it isnt often foggy.
B. No, we dont have much __________, either.
A. Today, its just ___________.
B. Yes, there are a lot of grey clouds in my country, too.

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 Read what grandmother tells her grandson and answer the questions with the name
of a month.
When I was young, winters were very cold and summers were
very hot.
Autumn in September and October was beautiful but it was always
foggy in November.
It always snowed a lot in January and February.
It was windy in March, it rained in April, and it was always sunny
in August.
Now the weather is different. Its always changing. It sometimes
snows in April, rains in August and it is warm and sunny in
December.
1. When was it always foggy? ________________
2. When did it always snow? ________________
3. When was it windy? _________________
4. When did it rain? _________________
5. When was it always sunny? __________________
6. When does it sometimes snow now? __________________

Complete the extract below using one of the verbs for each space.
rises drops falls melts freezes blows clear shines
When the wind __________ from the east, rain often __________
during the day. At night the temperature ___________ and the water
___________.
In the morning when the clouds ____________ and the sun ______
____ the temperature _____________ and the ice ____________.

Complete the text about the climate in your country.

The climate in __________is ___________. In winter it ____________
and the temperature is about _____________.
In spring it ______________ and _____________.
In summer the weather is usually ____________ and the temperature
is about _______________.
Autumn is usually a ______________ season in my country but
sometimes _____________.

Follow up
Write a short story My favourite season.
Read it out and discuss it in class.

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Unit 8

B
Reading and speaking

Practise the sound

nk

[]

think, ink, bank, plonk, clink, drink, sink

Study the words.

creature an animal or human being
The poor creature had no home, family or friends.
to slip to move quietly and quickly
I slipped past without her seeing me.
to hold to take something and keep it for some time
He held the flowers while she cut some more.
to lie to be in a certain position
Take the book that is lying on the table.

Pre-reading task
1. Do you like going hunting?
2. How do you feel when people kill animals?

Red-Hat Otter
(A Welsh legend)

Mind otter an animal with beautiful brown fur

One fine day not so very long ago, two friends set off to hunt otters on
the banks of the river Pennat. They were still some distance from the river
when they saw a small creature of a red colour running quickly in front of
them. Without a word they ran after it, but before they could catch it, it
reached the river bank and slipped under the roots of a big tree there and
was hidden from their sight.

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 It couldnt be a squirrel and it couldnt be a fox, so they decided that
it must be an otter. As they wanted to catch it alive, one of them went to
the nearest farm to borrow a sack. Meanwhile his friend carefully looked
at the tree roots.
When the first man
returned, his friend told him
that there were only two holes
under the roots, into which the
other could run. So while the
first man held the sack over one
hole, his friend put his stick
into the other hole to drive the
creature forward. Suddenly
something came out and fell
into the sack.
The two men were very pleased with themselves and started off home.
But before they went a few steps, they heard a voice which spoke out of
the sack. My mother is calling me. Must she come and take me?
They dropped the sack as if it had burnt them. As it lay on the ground,
a tiny boy, whose cap, jacket, trousers and shoes were red, jumped out of
the sack and ran towards the river, looking just like a red otter again.
However, this time the two hunters did not run after the little creature
but went home.
Since then nobody has ever seen them hunting in that part of the
river.
This is one of the tales that was once told in England about the Wise
Men of Gotham.
To act like a pure Gotham fool is an expression; it means to act
foolishly.

Check up
1. Complete the statements correctly.
1. Once two friends set off
a. to catch and punish the boy who wanted to kill animals
b. to catch an animal with beautiful brown fur
c. to catch an animal and take it to the zoo

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2. They were some distance from the river when they saw
a. an animal of a red colour running quickly in front of them
b. a boy dressed in red clothes running quickly in front of them
c. a beautiful flower of red colour

3. Before they could catch it

a. it got to the river bank and hid under the roots of a tree
b. it got to the river and had a good swim there
c. it got to the river and caught some fish there

4. One of the friends put his stick into the hole

a. as he wanted to make the creature come out of the hole
b. as he wanted to punish the naughty boy
c. as he wanted to plant a beautiful flower there

5. They dropped the sack

a. as it burnt their hands
b. as they were surprised at hearing the boys voice
c. as they thought a dangerous animal was in it

2. What happened when... ?

1. When the two friends saw a small creature
2. When the creature reached the river bank
3. When one of the friends went to the nearest farm to borrow a
sack
4. While the first man held the sack over one hole, his friend
5. As the sack lay on the ground

3. RIGHT or WRONG
1. One fine day two friends went to the bank of the river to have a swim
there.
2. The two hunters caught an animal with a red coat and got a lot of
money for it.
3. A little boy in red clothes jumped out of the sack and ran towards the
river.
4. The two hunters didnt run after the little boy but went home.

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 4. Why? Because
1. Why did the two friends run after the small creature?
2. Why did they think it was an otter?
3. Why did one of the friends run to the farm?
4. Why didnt they run after the little creature after it spoke to them?

5. Things to think about.

1. The two men couldnt catch the small creature as
2. The two friends dropped the sack as

6. Make up sentences with the mixed words.

1. Meanwhile, roots, his, the, carefully, tree, at, friend, the, looked
2. The, home, two, off, and, men, very, started, themselves, pleased,
were, with
3. They, them, burnt, dropped, the, had, as, if, it, sack

7. Whats the word for?

to lie to move quietly and quickly
to hold to be in a certain position
to slip an animal a human being
creature to take something and keep it for some time

8. Fill in the missing words.

angry, dropped, decided, creature, lay, fell, slipped, held

Once I came home late and was

very much afraid that my mother
would be angry with me. So I not
to switch on the light and to make as
little noise as possible. I took off my
shoes, them in my hands (so as not
to make a noise) and into my
room. Just when I was going to bed I
stepped on something that on the
ground. The poor gave such a loud
Mew! that I my shoes and down. I made such a noise that my
mother woke up and was very with me.

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Unit 8

C
Grammar practice

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Have you read many stories in English?
Yes, I have. I have read a lot of different stories in English.
When did you read them?
I read many stories last year.

Mind Dont use the Present Perfect with:

yesterday
two years ago
in 1998
last week
when I was a child

Exercises

1. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Jane (finished, has finished) all her homework an hour ago.
2. They (havent seen, didnt see) their toys yet.
3. They (heard, have heard) some strange noises early in the
morning.
4. Look at Alex! He (grew, has grown) taller than his father.
5. Jane and Sally (went, had gone) to the picture gallery yesterday.
6. She (visited, has visited) London during the holidays.
7. My father is not here; he (has gone, went) to the airport to meet
my aunt.
8. Look at the stamp. I think the letter (came, has come) from
France.

2. Use the words in brackets to answer the questions.

Example: Have you seen Bob? (yesterday) Yes, I saw him
yesterday.

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 1. Have the children had dinner? (at 7 oclock)
2. Have you lost your book? (yesterday)
3. Has she finished her work? (an hour ago)
4. Have you painted your room? (last year)
5. Has Jane gone to London? (on Friday)

3. Are these verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are
wrong.
Example: Tom arrived last week right.
Have you seen Tom yesterday? wrong.
Did you see Tom yesterday?

1. I have finished my work at 2 oclock.

2. George went to the picture gallery yesterday.
3. The weather has been very bad last week.
4. We have lived in France six years ago.
5. We havent seen George this week.
6. Kathy loves travelling. She visited many countries.
7. We have had a party last Saturday.
8. Oh look! The rain stopped.
9. Have you ever been to the USA?
10. It is a very hot day and I drank six glasses of water already.

4. Present Perfect? or Past Simple?

Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. Lewis (changed, has changed) his clothes three times today.
2. It is early autumn but many birds (left, have left) for warmer countries
already.
3. We (walked, have walked) to the park yesterday.
4. Jane (did, has done) her homework after dinner.
5. We (hurried, have hurried) to the bus stop because we did not
want to be late.
6. Already this spring, my grandparents (planted, have planted)
many kinds of flowers and vegetables in their garden.
7. We (watched, have watched) TV in the evening, and then went
to bed.
8. Where is Nancy? She (went, has gone) to the shop for milk
and eggs.

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 9. We (learned, have learned) a lot of English words already.
10. The campers (saw, have seen) a family of deer in the forest last
Sunday.
11. In October the days (became, have become) much colder.
12. John (came, has come) back at 8 oclock.

Revision
Present Simple? or Present Continuous?
Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. This train always (leaves, is leaving) at seven.
2. Helen (skates, is skating) in the park every afternoon.
3. My father (reads, is reading) newspapers every day.
4. Our dog (barks, is barking) at strangers.
5. Suzanna (collects, is collecting) stamps from different countries of
the world.
6. Strong winds (blow, are blowing) in March.
7. Rudy (watches, is watching) television only on Saturdays and
Sundays.
8. They always (walk, are walking) to school together.
9. Nick (feeds, is feeding) his pet himself.
10. Babies (sleep, are sleeping) most of the day.
11. Mother is now in the kitchen. She (cooks, is cooking) dinner.
12. We (wash, are washing) our clothes once a week.
13. Dont wake him up. He is tired. He (sleeps, is sleeping) now.

Just a smile
Are you feeling very ill? asked the doctor. Show me your
tongue.
Its no use, doctor, said the sick man. No tongue can tell
how ill I feel.

I say, Victor, I read about one Englishman who is very

unusual.
Why is he unusual?
He does not like to talk. He knows seven languages and can
be silent in seven languages.

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GRAMMAR REVISION

The verb
Exercise 1
Put in do, dont, does or doesnt.
1) ... you like fish? Yes, I ... .
2) Where ... Sally live?
3) Im sorry, I ... know.
4) ... your mother work? No, she ...
5) What newspaper ... you read?
6) What newspaper ... your father read?

Exercise 2
Make questions.
1) you/tired? 5) Alex and Jimmy/like skiing?
2) Lucy/like/dolls? 6) she/German?
3) Where/your father/work? 7) What time/you/stop work?
4) they/work/on Saturdays? 8) your sister/pretty?

Exercise 3
Example: she/morning often/dust/the sideboard
What does she do in the morning?
She often dusts the sideboard in the morning.
Now do the same. always/make/the bed
1) she/morning always/shave
2) he/morning sometimes/listen to/the radio
3) they/evening always/clean/the blackboard
4) he/every day sometimes/watch/television
5) they/evening usually/wash/the dishes
6) she/every day always/go/to bed early
7) they/night usually/wash/the dishes
8) it/every day usually/drink/some milk
9) she/afternoon always/eat/her lunch
often/read/his newspaper

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Exercise 4
Put in the correct verb tense.
1) Can you help me for a minute? Im sorry, . (I work/Im
working)
2) How many languages ? (do you speak/are you speaking)
3) Why a coat? It isnt cold. (do you wear/are you wearing)
4) Robert football on Sundays. (plays/is playing)
5) What ? Chocolate. (do you eat/are you eating)
6) Is John here? No, football. (he plays/hes playing)
7) What time ? At seven oclock, usually. (do you get up/are you
getting up)
8) I ... on Saturdays. (usually work/am usually working)

Exercise 5
Example: they/every day go/to school by car
What do they usually do every day?
They usually go to school by car every day

today go/to school on foot

What are they doing today?
They are going to school on foot today.
Now you do the same.
1) she/morning 3) they/afternoon
this morning this afternoon
drink/tea play/in the garden
drink/coffee swim/in the river
2) I/evening 4) We/night
this evening tonight
watch/TV listen to/the radio
read/a book read/a newspaper

Exercise 6
Put in the correct verb tense.
1) (play) Elizabeth ... the piano well. She ... it now.
2) (drive) My father ... to his office every day. He ... there now.

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 3) (rain) It ... today. It usually ... in winter.
4) (make) Mother ... toast in the kitchen just now. She usually ... toast
for breakfast.
5) (ring) The telephone ... again. It sometimes ... twenty times a
day.
6) (do) John ... his homework now. He usually ... it in the morning.
7) (write) What is the teacher doing? He ... on the blackboard.
8) (sit) (read) (smoke)
What is your father doing? He ... in an armchair ... his paper and
... a cigarette.
9) (spend) (go)
We ... a short holiday on Scotland. We ... there almost every
year.
10) (go) (give)
Whenever we ... to my aunts house, she always ... us a good
tea.

Exercise 7
Put the verbs into the past tense.
1) My sister me with my homework. (help)
2) The school year three months ago. (begin)
3) My brother never football when he was a child. (play)
4) Her grandmother ten children. (have)
5) Ann at home when I got there. (be)
6) I mushrooms when I was a child. (like)

Exercise 8
Four friends wrote letters on the same day.
Jane wrote to Alice
Alice wrote to Mary
Mary wrote to John
John wrote to Jane
Ask and answer questions about the letters.
Who wrote to Alice? Jane did.
Whom did Alice write to? She wrote to Mary.

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Exercise 9
Example:
a) look at the photograph/an hour ago
When did you look at the photograph?
I looked at the photograph an hour ago.
Now you do the same.
1) walk across the park/last week
2) wash your hands/a minute ago
3) ask a question/five minutes ago
4) dust the sideboard/three days ago
5) talk to your friend/last week
6) play a game/yesterday afternoon

Example:
b) she/air the room/yesterday
What did she do yesterday?
She aired the room yesterday.
1) she/turn on the television/yesterday evening
2) he/call the doctor/last night
3) he/stay in bed/the day before yesterday
4) they/clean their shoes/yesterday
5) she/listen to the news/last night

Exercise 10
Read the examples and change all the sentences in the
same way:
Example:
Every day I write a letter.
Every day I wrote a letter.
1) Every day he comes to school.
2) Every day she goes home.
3) Every day she drinks a glass of milk.
4) Every day the teacher rings the bell.
5) Every day we read a page.
6) Every day he eats an apple.
7) Every day we see a plane.
8) Every day I draw on the blackboard.
9) Every day he sits on this chair.
10) Every day she buys some fruit.

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Exercise 11
Make questions beginning with why. Then write answers
using because.
Example:
He is washing his hands. Why? They are dirty.
Why is he washing his hands?
He is washing his hands because they are dirty.
1) He is looking under the desk. Why? He has lost his book.
2) They stood up. Why? The teacher came into the room.
3) She wants some money. Why? She wants to buy some sweets.
4) The girls dont want to swim. Why? Its too cold.
5) The men stopped work. Why? It was five oclock.
6) They are catching a train. Why? They want to go to London.

Exercise 12
Make the following sentences (a) negative; (b) interrogative.
1) I have finished the work.
2) He has written a letter.
3) The cat has drunk its milk.
4) They have understood the lesson.
5) Richard has gone to the Zoo.
6) I finished the work yesterday.
7) He wrote a letter last week.
8) Richard went to the Zoo last week.

Exercise 13
Put the verbs either in the Present Perfect tense or in the simple
Past Tense.
1) I just (tell) you the answer.
2) I (tell) you the answer yesterday.
3) John and Richard just (go) away.
4) She already (answer) the letter.
5) She (answer) it on Tuesday.
6) John and David (go) away five minutes ago.
7) I (read) that book in the summer holidays.
8) He (see) the last one half an hour ago.

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Exercise 14
Put the verbs in the correct tense.
1) He usually (live) with his daughter for six months every year.
2) I first (meet) George a month ago.
3) Whats your brother doing? He (do) a crossword in the
newspaper. He (do) it every day.
4) He often (read) detective stories; he (read) a very good one
now.
5) Its 3 p. m. and he (not eat) anything today, but he (eat) a good dinner
last night.
6) Hes a night watchman. He (work) at night and (sleep) in the
daytime. Its 12 oclock now and he still (sleep).
7) I (read) this book many times. I first (read) it in my childhood.
8) We (miss) the bus. Now well be late.
9) You (be) here before? Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last
year.
10) The newspaper (come)? Yes, Ann is reading it.
11) You (see) the moon last night?
12) The play just (begin). You are a little late.
13) The clock is slow. It isnt slow. It (stop).
14) You (meet) him last June.
15) When he (come)? He (come) late at night.

The Pronoun

Exercise 1
Put in I, my, you, your, he, his, she, her, we, our, they, their.
1) Ive got two sisters. How old are ...?
2) Harry and Jane are tall, and all ... children are tall, too.
3) Polly is fair, but ... sister is dark.
4) My name is Armen. ... am Armenian.
5) My wife and I are tall, but ... children are short.
6) Is that ... sister? No, she is ... mother.
7) John and ... father are both doctors.
8) This is Alice. ... is a photographer.

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Exercise 2
Put in the right word.
1) Can you show ... that book? (I/me/my)
2) I cant remember ... name. (she/her)
3) When is ... birthday? (you/your)
4) Andrew lost ... bag yesterday. (he/him/his)
5) Can you help ... ?(we/us/our)
6) I like ... very much. (she/her)
7) Can you tell ... your name? (we/us/our)
8) I like these shoes. How much are ... ? (thus/they/their)

Exercise 3
Put in the missing forms.

I ---------- ---------- ----------

---------- us ---------- ----------
---------- ---------- your ----------
---------- ---------- ---------- theirs
she ---------- ---------- ----------
---------- ---------- ---------- his
Exercise 4
Put in possessive pronouns.
1) I own this cat. This cat is ... .
2) You own that cat. That cat is ... .
3) He owns that dog. That dog is ... .
4) She owns this car. This car is ... .
5) They own that house. That house is ... .

Exercise 5
Put in possessive pronouns.
1) Ive eaten all ... sandwiches. Can I have one of ...?
2) Tell Richard not to forget ... book.
And you mustnt forget ... .
3) George has lost ... pen. Ask Mary if she will lend him ... .

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 4) Weve had our dinner; have they had ... ?
5) We are going to London to stay with an English friend of ... .
6) This is ... book. It has my name written on it.
Is ... name written in your book?
7) Will you lend me a book? I cant find ... .
I have two books. This one is mine. That one must be ... .
8) Mary has done ... homework, John has done ... but I havent
done ... yet.
9) Everyone likes his own school. We like ... and you like ... .
10) Look! The firemen are running to ... engine.

Exercise 6
Use is, his and her.
Example: shirt/Jim
Whose is this shirt? Its Fems. Its his shirt.
1) handbag/Jane 5) dress/my daughter
2) car/Pane 6) suit/my father
3) umbrella/Mr Ford 7) tie/my brother
4) pen/my son 8) shirt/my sister

Exercise 7
Put in reflexive pronouns.
1) Father cut ... when he was shaving.
2) Mary saw ... in the mirror.
3) I taught ... to play the piano.
4) You can easily lose ... in the forest.
5) We lost ... when we went walking there.
6) The boys helped ... to the cakes.

Exercise 8
Put in emphasising pronouns.
1) He did the work all by ... .
2) Jane, you must tidy the room ... . Im not going to help you.
3) We cooked the dinner ... .
4) This machine works by ... .
5) You and Richard can do the work ... .
6) Mary made this dolls dress ... .

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 7) He learned English all by ... .
8) The Prince ... danced with Cinderella.

Adjective or adverb?
Exercise 1
1) Im very ... with you. (angry/angrily)
2) She spoke to me ... . (angry/angrily)
3) I dont think your mother drives very ... . (good/well)
4) Youve got a ... face . (nice/nicely)
5) I play the guitar very ... . (bad/badly)
6) Its ... cold. (terrible/terribly)
7) Your father has got a very ... voice. (loud/loudly)
8) You speak English very ... . (good/well)

Exercise 2
1) He has always been very (kind, kindly) to his pet.
2) You can do this work (easy, easily), Im sure.
3) He climbed the wall (easy, easily).
4) Dogs and cats are (wonderful/wonderfully) house pets.
5) You speak (wonderful/wonderfully). I like to listen to you.
6) This story is very (unusual/unusually).
7) The weather is (unusual/unusually) hot today.
8) I have never seen her so (happy/happily).
9) There were a lot of cars in the street and they moved (slow,
slowly).
10) The tortoise is a very (slow, slowly) animal.

Comparison of Adjectives
Exercise 3
Put the adjectives in their correct form.
1) Tom is (old) than Richard.
2) John is the (clever) boy in the class.
3) The weather is (fine) today than it was yesterday.
4) London is one of the (big) cities in the world.
5) My dog is as (good) as yours.

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 6) My dog is (good) than yours.
7) My dog is the (good) of the three.
8) The cat will be much (happy) in her new house.
9) Mr Robinson is (rich) than Mr Green, but I dont think he is
(happy) than Mr Green.
10) Im (bad) today than I was yesterday.

Exercise 4
Put in the missing words.
1) Fred is not ... old ... Tony.
2) Tom is ... oldest ... the three.
3) This book is better ... that.
4) This book is not ... good ... that.
5) This book is ... best ... the three.
6) That exercise is more difficult ... this one.
7) The weather today is ... worst ... the week.
8) The weather is worse today ... it was yesterday.
9) Betty is (good) at English than her sister.
10) Berts shirt is (dirty) than Franks.

Exercise 5
Complete the sentences.
1) This house is big, but the house in the village is than this one.
2) Betty is tall, but John is than Betty.
3) Bread is nice, but cake is than bread.
4) I have two brothers, one is older than I am and the other is
5) Jill has a long rope, but Jane has a one.
6) Sams father is rich, but Freds father is than Sams.
7) Dan is poor, he has not much money, but Bill is , he has no
money at all.
8) It is hot in the mountains, but it is near the sea.

121
 Nouns and Articles
Exercise 1
Make the following sentences plural.
1) A rose is a flower.
2) A mouse is a small animal.
3) There is a horse in the field.
4) Mary gave me a book for my birthday.
5) There is an apple and an orange on the plate.
6) An apple grows on a tree.
7) A child isnt always careful on the road.
8) An oak is a big tree.

Exercise 2
Put in a or an where necessary.
1) That is man.
2) These are men.
3) cow is animal.
4) cows are animals.
5) flower grows in the garden.
6) flowers grow in the garden.
7) house can be built of stone.
8) window is made of glass.

Exercise 3
Make the following sentences singular.
1) Books are on my desk. 6) Oaks are big trees.
2) Roses are flowers. 7) Horses are useful for farmers.
3) Dogs are animals. 8) Careful pupils are good pupils.
4) Houses are buildings. 9) Bridges are often made of stone.
5) Dogs have tails. 10) Jackets are made of cloth.

Exercise 4
Example: pen on the desk/red
There is a pen on the desk.
The pen is red.
Now you do the same.
1) cup on the table/clean 5) bottle in the refrigerator/full
2) box on the floor/large 6) book on the shelf/interesting
3) glass on the sideboard/empty 7) tie on the chair/yellow
4) knife on the plate/sharp. 8) chair in the room/comfortable

122
 Appendix

IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
(to) be (I) was, (you) were (Ive / she has) been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got

123
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
leave left left
lend lent lent
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay (for) paid (for) paid (for)
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shine shone shone

124
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake up woke up woken up
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

125
 VOCABULARY
A afraid /freId/ adj
be afraid of
able /2eIb(@)l/ , afternoon / a:ftnu:n/ n
be able to do
,
about /baut/ adv , again /gen/ adv ,
, prep against /genst/ prep 1. ,
above /bv/ adv , prep 2.
, adj age /eIdZ/ n ,
absent /{bs(@)nt/ adj ago /gou/ adv
academic / {k@demIk/ adj agree /gri:/ v

, agronomist /grnmIst/ n
according to /k:dI tu:/ prep
, air // n
accuse /kju:z/ by air `
acrobat /krbt/ in the open air
across /krs/ prep ` airport /e p:t/ n

,
act /kt/ v 1. , album /lbm/ n
2. () alive /laIv/ adj ,
action /kn/ n all /:l/ n, adj , , ,
active /{ktIv/ adj ,
at all
active voice /{ktIvvOIs/ best of all
Is that all?
activity /{ktIv@ti/ n 1. all right / :l raIt/ ,

, . 2. almost /:lmoust/ adv ,

day activity alone /loun/ adj, adv
along /l/ adv ,
actor /kt/ n
add /d/ v aloud /laud/ adv ,
advantage /@dvA:ntIdZ/ n
, already /:lredI/ adv
also /O:ls@u/ adv
adventure /dvent/ n always /2O:lweIz/ adv
advice /dvaIs/ n ambulance /mbjulns/ n
advise /dvaIz/ v

126
among /@ 2m/ prep ( artist /a:tIst/ n
) as /{z, @z/ conj
ancient /eInnt/ adj , as ... as ,

angrily /grIlI/adv , as for me
ask /a:sk/ v ,
angry /grI/ adj asleep /sli:p/ adj, adv
animal /nIml/ n be asleep
another /n/ pron , associate /sousIeIt/ v ,
,
answer1 /a:ns/ n attack /tk/ v
answer2 /a:ns/ v
ant /nt/ n attend /@tend/ v ,
any /enI/ pron ,
anymore /enIm:/ attentive /tentIv/ adj
anything /enII/ pron attract /trkt/ v ,
anywhere /enIw/ adv 1.
, 2. August /:gst/ n
apologize /@ 2pOl@ dZaIz/ v autumn /:tm/ n
2 away /weI/ adv

appendix /@ 2pendIks/ ,

appetite /p@taIt/ n axe /{ks/
apple /pl/ n
approach /prout/ v B
apricot /eIprIkt/ n baby /beIbI/ n ,
April /eIprl/ n
apron /eIprn/ n back1 /bk/ adv
armchair /a:m t/ n back2 /bk/ n ,

arrest1 /rest/ n go back `
arrest2 /rest/ v background /b{kgraUnd/ n
arrive (in) /@ 2raIv In/ 1 . 2
(, ) . 3
arrow /rou/ n
art /a:t/ n bacon /beIk@n/ n
article /a:tikl/ n
arts /a:ts/ n bacon & eggs

127
badge /bd/ n bay /beI/ n
bag /bg/ n beach /bi:t/ n
baker /beIk/ n , beads /bi:dz/ n
beak /bi:k/ n
bakery /beIkrI/ n bean /bi:n/ n
balance /blns/ v bear /be/ n
, polar bear
beard /bId/ n
balcony /b{lk@ni/ n beat /bi:t/ v ,
ball /b:l/ n beautiful /bjutfl/ adj
balloon /blu:n/ n because /bIkz/ conj
banana /bna:n/ n , become /bIkm/ v
bed /bed/ n
band /bnd/ n go to bed ,
bang /b/ v , bedroom /bedrum/ n
banister /b{nIst@/ n , bee /bi:/ n
beef /bi:f/ n
bank /bnk/ n beer /bi@/ n
bar /ba:/ n , , before /bi2fO:/ conj
beg /beg/ v ,
barbecue /bA:bIkju:/ n beggar /beg/ n
behave /bI2heIv/ v ,
bare /b/ adj , ,
belief /bIli:f/ n
bark1 /ba:k/ n believe /bIli:v/ v ,
bark2 /ba:k/ v
basin /beIsn/ n , bell /bel/ n
belong /bIl/ v
basket /ba:skIt/ n below /bI 2lou/ adv , prep
basketball /ba:skIt b:l/ n
belt /belt/ n

bench /bent/ n
bathe /beI/ v ,
berry /berI/ n
bathing suit /beII sut/ n
besides /bIsaIdz/ adv ,


bathroom /bA:Tru:m/ n
better /2bet@/ adj, adv
,
between /bItwi:n/ prep, adv
bathtub /bA:Ttb/ n
bicycle /baIsIkl/ n
,
big /bIg/ adj

128
bike /baIk/ n (.) borrow /brou/ v ,
bill /bIl/ n
biology /baIl@dZi/ n both /bou/ pron , ,

bird /b:d/ n bottle /btl/ n
birthday /b:deI/ n bottle opener
biscuit /bIskIt/ n boulevard /bu:l va:d/ n ,

( ),
bishop /bIp/ n bow /bou/ n
bison /baIsn/ n . bow /bau/ v ,

bistro /bi:str@U/ n , bowl /boul/ n
box /bks/ n ,
bite /baIt/ (past tense bit; past parti-
ciple bitten) v boy /bI/ n ,
black /blk/ adj oh boy int ,
blank /bl{k/ n boyfriend /bIfrend/ n ,

block /blk/ n bracelet /breIsl@t/ n
blond /blnd/ adj
blouse /blauz/ n bracket /brkIt/ n
blow /blou/ (past tense blew, past branch /bra:nt/ n
participle blown) v brave /breIv/ adj ,
blue /blu:/ adj break1 /breIk/ v ,
boat /bout/ n , break out
boat race break2 /breIk/ n ,

boil /bIl/ v , breakfast /brekfst/ n
boiled eggs have breakfast
bone /boun/ n bridge /brId/ n
bookcase /bUkkeIs/ n briefcase /bri:f keIs/ n


bookshop /bukp/ n bright /braIt/ adj
boot /bu:t/ n brightly /braItli/ adv
border on /b:d/
brilliant /brIljnt/ adj
boring /b:rI/ adj , bring /brI/ (past tense and past
participle brought) v

129
broom /bru:m/ n , candy /k{ndi/ n (.) ,
brother /br/ n
brown /braun/ adj canteen /k{nti:n/ n
brush /br/ v capital /kpItl/ n
` captain /kptIn/ n
build /bIld/ (past tense and past par- car /ka:/ n ,
ticiple built) v caravan /k{r@v{n/ n
building /bIldI/ n , ,
care /k/ n ,
bus /bs/ n
busy /bIzI/ adj careful /kfl/ adj ,
be busy
butcher /but/ n , be careful!
carnival /ka:nIvl/ n
butchers /butz/ n carpenter /ka:pInt/ n
carpet /ka:pIt/ n
butter /bt/ n carpet beater
butterfly /bt flaI/ n , carriage /krId/ n ,

carrot /krt/ n
button /btn/ n carry /krI/ v ,
buy /baI/ (past tense and past partici- cart /ka:t/ n
ple bought) v cartoon /ka:tu:n/ n 1.
, 2.
C catch /kt/ (past tense and past
participle caught) v
cabbage /kbIdz/ n CD / si:di:/ abb
cabin /kbIn/ n ,

cafe /2k{fei/ n ceiling /si:lI/ n
cage /keIdZ/ n celebrate /selbreIt/ v
cake /keIk/ n , centimetre /sentI mi:t/ n
calendar /klInd/ n

call /k:l/ v , certain /s:tn/ adj 1. , 2.
camel /kml/ n
camera /kmr/ n chair /t/ n
chalk /t:k/ n
camping /k{mpI/ n change1 /teIndZ/ n
change2 /teIndZ/ v ,
candle /kndl/ n

130
changeable /tSeIndZ@b(@)l/ adj circus /s:ks/ n
city /sItI/ n
chart /tSA:t/ n , , class /kla:s/ n 1. ,
2.
chase1 /teIs/ n , in class
classmate /klsmeIt/ n
chase2 /teIs/ v ,
clean1 /kli:n/ adj
chat1 /tS{t/ n clean2 /kli:n/ v
clear /klI@/ v
chat2 /tS{t/ v clever /klev/ adj ,
,
cheap /ti:p/ adj , climate /klaIm@t/ n
check1 /tek/ n
check2 /tek/ v climb /klaIm/ v ,
cheese /ti:z/ n
cherry /terI/ n , clock /klk/ n
chest /test/ n close /kluz/ v
chicken /tIkIn/ n closed /klouzd/ adj
chief /tSi:f/ adj cloth /kl/ n 1. 2. ,

child /taIld/ n clothes /klouz/ n
children /tIldrn/ n pl cloud /klaud/ n
chimney /tImnI/ n clown /klaun/ n
chimpanzee / tImp{nzi:/ n club /klb/ n

coach /kout/ n
chip /tIps/ n coast /kust/ n ,
` coat /kout/ n
chocolate /tklt/ n coat hanger
choose /tu:z/ (past tense chose; cock /kk/ n ,
past participle chosen) v cock-a-doodle-doo
chop /tp/ v , / kk du:dldu:/

coffee /kfi/ n
church /t:t/ n coin /kIn/ n
cinema /sInm/ n coke /kuk/ n -
circle1 /s:kl/ n cold /kuld/ adj ,
circle2 /s:kl/ v be cold
collect /klekt/ v

131
collection /klekn/ n continue /kntInju:/ v

colour /kl/ n be continued
column /klm/ n contrary /kntrrI/ adj
comb1 /koum/ n on the contrary
comb2 /koum/ v
come /km/ (past tense came; past control /kntroul/ v 1.
participle come) v , , , 2.

comfortable /kmftbl/ adj convenience /k@nvi:ni@ns/ n
,
common /km@n/ adj , all modern conveniences
,
,
communication /k mjunIkeIn/ convenient /knvi:njnt/ adj

n
compare /kmpe/ v cook1 /kuk/ n
competition / kmtin/ n cook2 /kuk/ v

cookie /kukI/ n
complete /kmpli:t/ v , cool /ku:l/ adj ,
corn /k:n/ n , (.)
completely /kmpli:tli/ adv
, corner /k:n/ n
computer /kmpju:t/ n correct1 /krekt/ adj
correct2 /krekt/ v
computer games correctly /krektli/ adv ,

conductor /kndkt/ n 1. corridor /krIdO:/ n
2. cost1 /kst/ n ,
consider /knsId/ v cost2 /kst/ v
consonant /knsnnt/ n count /kaunt/ v
country /kntrI/ n ,
continent /kntInnt/ n course /k:s/ n 1. ,
, 2. , 3.
continental / kntInentl/ adj )

court /k:t/ n ,
continental breakfast cousin /kzn/ n
(), ,

132
cover /kv/ v dancer /da:ns/ n
cow /kau/ n dangerous /deIndrs/ adj
crayon /kreIn/ n /C/
, dark /da:k/ adj ,
crazy /kreIzI/ adj date /deIt/ n
cream /kri:m/ n , daughter /d:t/ n
create /kri:eIt/ v , day /deI/ n
for a day
creature /kri:t/ n , dead /ded/ adj
dear1 /dI/ adj ,
cross1 /krs/ n dear2 /dI/ int
cross2 /krs/ v - decide /dIsaId/ v ,
crow1 /krou/ n deed /di:d/ n ,
crow2 /krou/ v deep /di:p/ adj
crown /kraun/ n deer /dI/ n ,
cruel /kru:l/ adj delicious /dIlIs/ adj
cry1 /kraI/ n dentist /dentIst/ n
cry2 /kraI/ v 1. , department /dIpa:tmnt/ n
2. ,
cucumber /2kju:kmb@/ n department store /dIpa:tmnt
st:/ n
culture /klt/ n departure /dIpa:t/ n
cup /kp/ n describe /dI2skraIb/ v
cupboard /kbd/ n ,
description /dI skrIpSn/ n
curtain /k:tn/ n
cushion /kun/ n desert /dezt/ n
custom /kstm/ n desire /dI 2zaI@/ n ,
customer /kstm/ n ,
cut /kt/ (past tense and past partici- desk /desk/ n
ple cut) v dessert /dIz:t/ n ,

D detached /dIt{tSt/ adj
, ,
dad /dd/ n (.) detached house
damage /dmid/ v
damp /d{mp/ adj , dialogue /daI lg/ n

dance /da:ns/ n , v

133
diamond /daImnd/ n do gardening
dictation /dIkteIn/ n
do ones homework `
dictionary /dIknrI/ n
die /daI/ v , , do the housework

differ /dIf/ v do sums
difference /dIfrns/ n do without
`
different /dIfrnt/ adj doctor /dkt/ n
difficult /dIfIklt/ adj dog /dg/ n
dig /dIg/ (past tense and past partici- doll /dl/ n
ple dug) v dolphin /dlfIn/ n
dine /dain/ n domestic /d@mestIk/ adj
dining car /daInI ka:/ n - ,

donkey /dkI/ n
dining room
door /d:r/ n
dinner /dIn/ n
doorbell
have dinner
door handle
direct /dIrekt/ adj
downstair s / daunstz/ adv
dirty /d:tI/ adj 2
, ,
disadvantage / dIs@d2va:ntidZ/
2 draw /dr:/ (past tense drew; past
n
participle drawn) v 1. , ,
discover /dIskv/ v 2. ,
drawer /dr:/ n ,
discuss /dIsks/ v ,
drawing /dr:I/ n ,
dish /dI/ n , , pl
dream1 /dri:m/ n ,
distance /dIstns/ n dream2 /dri:m/ v ,
,
at a distance dress1 /dres/ n
dress2 /dres/ v (),
divide /dI2vaId/ n
do /du:/ (past tense did; past partici- drink1 /drIk/ n
ple done) v , drink2 /drIk/ v
do exercises drive /draIv/ (past tense drove; past
participle driven) ,

134
driver /draIv/ n edge /ed/ n ,
drown /draun/ v education /edjUkeIS(@)n/ n
drop /drp/ v
dry1 /draI/ adj egg /eg/ n
dry2 /draI/ v egg slicer
dry-cleaners /draIkli:n/ n elbow /elbou/ n
elephant /elIfnt/ n
duck /dk/ n else /els/ adv ,
dustbin /ds(t)bIn/ n empty /emptI/ adj
duster /dst/ n end /end/ n ,
dustpan /ds(t)p{n/ n enemy /enImI/ n
( ) engine /endIn/ n ,
dusty /dsti/ adj ,
enjoy oneself /In2dZOI wnself/
2
duty / dju:tI/ n , v
2
enough /Inf/ adj
do ones duty envelope /envIloup/ n
equal /Ikwl/ adj
be on duty especially /IspeS(@)li/ adv 1.
. 2. ,
DVD player / di:vi:di:2pleI@/ n . 3.
2
even /2i:v@n/ adv ,
even if
E ever /2ev@/ adv ,
ever after
each /i:tS/ pron every /2evri/ pron ,
each time
each other / i:tS2D@/ pron everybody /2evrI b@dI/ pron
2 2
, ,
ear /I/ n everything /2evrITI/ pron
early /2@:lI/ adv ,
earn /:n/ v excellent /ekslnt/ adj
earring /IrI/ n , ,
earth /:/ n 1. , excuse1 /Ikskju:s/ n ,
2.
easy /i:zI/ adj excuse2 /Ikskju:z/ v
eat /i:t/ (past tense ate; past partici- exercise /ekssaIz/ n
ple eaten) v

135
expensive /IkspensIv/ adj feel /fi:l/ (past tense and past partici-
ple felt) v
explain /IkspleIn/ v , feel well
feeling /fi:lI/ n
fellow /felu/ n
F felt-tip pen n

fable /feIbl/ n , fence /fens/ n ,
face /feIs/ n
factory /fktrI/ n festival /festvl/ n 1. ,
fairy /frI/ n 2.
fairy tale /frIteIl/ n few /fju:/ adj
fall /f:l/ (past tense fell; past partici- field /fi:ld/ n
ple fallen) v fight1 /faIt/ n
fall asleep , fight2 /faIt/ (past tense and past par-
fall in love with sb ticiple fought) v
fill /fIl/ v ,
family /fmIlI/ n film1 /fIlm/ n
famous /feIms/ adj ,
film2 /fIlm/ v ,
fan /fn/ n ,
rock fan film-maker n
far /fa:/ adj find /faInd/ (past tense, past partici-
farm /fa:m/ n , ple found) v
farmer /fa:m/ n , find out ,
fine /faIn/ adj ,
fashion /fn/ n finger /fIg/ n
fashionable /fnbl/ adj finish /fInI/ v ,
,
fast /fa:st/ adj, adv fir /f:/ n ,
fat /ft/ adj , fire /faI/ n
father /fa:/ n first /f@:st/ adv
fault /f:lt/ n , at first
favourite /feIvrt/ adj fish /fI/ n
fear1 /fI/ n fishmonger /fImg/ n
fear2 /fI/ v
feed /fi:d/ (past tense and past parti- flag /flg/ n
ciple fed /fed/) v flat1 /flt/ n

136
flat2 /flt/ adj ,
flight /flaIt/ n
floor /fl:/ n 1. , 2.
flour /flu/ n
flower /flu/ n
fly1 /flaI/ n
fly2 /flaI/ (past tense flew; past parti-
ciple flown) v
focus /fouks/ (on) v
fog /fg/ n ,
follow /flou/ v ,
fond /fnd/ adj ,
be fond of
food /fu:d/ n ,
fool1 /fu:l/ adj
fool2 /fu:l/ v ,
foolish /fu:lI/ adj ,
foolishly /2fu:lISli/ adv ,
foot /fut/ n
force1 /f:s/ n ,
force2 /f:s/ v , fun /fn/ n ,
by force ,
foreign /frIn/ adj ,
forest /frIst/ n
forget / fget/ (past tense forgot;
past participle forgotten) v
fork /f:k/ n
forward /f:wd/ adv ,
fountain /fauntIn/ n
fox /fks/ n
free1 /fri:/ adj
free2 /fri:/ v ,
freeze /fri:z/ (past tense froze;
past participle frozen) v ,
freezing /fri:zI/ adj ,
fried /fraId/ adj
friendly /2frendli/ adj ,
frighten /fraItn/ v
frightened /2fraItnd/ adj
,
frightening /2fraItnI/ adj
, ,
frog /frg/ n
front /frnt/ n ,
in front of
frosty /frsti/ adj
,
fruit /fru:t/ n
frying pan /fraI pn/
full (of) /ful/ adj ,
for fun
funny /fnI/ adj ,
fur /f:/ n
furniture /f:nIt/ n
future /fju:t/ n ,
G
garage /gra:/ n
garden /ga:dn/ n
garlic /gA:lIk/ n
gas-stove /2g{s2st@uv/ n
137
gate /geIt/ n goose /gu:s/ (pl geese /gi:s/) n
gather /g/ v gorilla /gri:l/ n ()
general /denrl/ adj , government /gvnmnt/ n
,
geography /dZI:Ogr@fi/ n governor /gvn/ n

get /get/ (past tense and past partici- gown /gaun/ n ()
ple got) v 1. , . grandfather /grnfa:/ n
2. grandmother /grnm/ n
get together
, grape /greIp/ n
grass /gra:s/ n
get up gray /greI/ adj ,
ghost /goust/ n great /greIt/ adj 1. 2.
giant1 /daInt/ n greatly /2greItli/ adv ,
giant2 /daInt/ adj
giraffe /dZ@2ra:f/ n green /gri:n/ adj
girl /g:l/ n greengrocer /gri:ngrous/ n
girlfriend /2g@:l frend/ n
2 grey /greI/ adj ,
,
glad /gld/ n , grill /grIl/ v (
be glad ,
glass /gla:s/ n , )
glasses /gla:sIz/ n grocer /grous/ n
globe /gloub/ n grocery /grousrI/ n
glove /glv/ n
glue1 /glu:/ n ground /graund/ n ,
glue2 /glu:/v group /gru:p/ n , a group
goat /gout/ n of
gold /gould/ n grow /gru/ (past tense grew; past
golden /gouldn/ adj 1. , participle grown) v ,
grown-up /grounp/ n adj
2.
,
good /gud/ adj
guess / ges/ v ,
goodbye / gud2baI/ int
2 guest /gest/ n

guitar /gIta:/ n
good-natured / gudneItd/ adj
play the guitar
,
gun /gn/ n ,
goods /gudz/ n

138
gymnastics /dImnstIks/ n heat /hi:t/ n ,
help1 /help/ n
help2 /help/ v
H help yourselves
helpful /helpful/ adj
hair /h/ n hen /hen/ n
half /hd:f/ n hero /hIrou/ n
hall /h:l/ n hide /haId/ (past tense hid; past par-
Halloween / h{l@u2i:n/ n ` ticiple hidden) v ,
2
high /haI/ adj
ham /hm/ n hill /hIl/ n
hamburger /h{m b:g@/ n history /hIstrI/ n
hit /hIt/ (past tense and past partici-
hammer /hm/ n ple hit) v ,
hand /hnd/ n hobby /hbI/ n
handkerchief /hk tIf/ n hold1 /hould/ n , ,


handsome /hnsm/ adj hold2 /hould/ (past tense and past
, , participle held) v
hang /h/ (past tense and past par- hole /houl/ n ,
ticiple hung) v holiday /2hOlIdeI/ n ,
hanger /h{@/ n
() home /houm/ n ,
happen /hpn/ v , homework /humw:k/ n

happily /2h{pIlI/ adv , honest /nIst/ adj
honour1 /n/ n ,
happy /hpI/ adj
hard /ha:d/ adj , honour2 /n/ v ,
hardly /ha:dlI/ adv , ,
hop /hp/ v
hat /ht/ n hope1 /houp/ n
hate1 /heIt/ n hope2 /houp/ v ,
hate2 /heIt/ v
hay /heI/ n horn /h:n/ n ,
head /hed/ n horrid /hrId/ adj ,
hear /hI/ (past tense and past parti-
ciple heard) v horror /h:r/ n , ,

139
 to my horror if /If/ conj
horse /h:s/ n ill /Il/ adj
horseshoe /h:su:/ n be ill
hospital /hspItl/ n ill-natured /IlneItd/ adj ,
,
hot /ht/ adj , imagine /ImdIn/ v
hot dog ( ,
) impolite / ImplaIt/ adj

hotel /houtel/ n ,
hour /au/ n impossible /Im2pOs@bl/ adj
house /haus/ n ,
houseboat /haUsb@Ut/ n in /In/ prep
- indeed /Indi:d/ adv
housewife /hauswaIf/ n independent /IndIpendnt/ adj
,
however /hauev/ information /InfmeIn/ n
human /hju:mn/ adj , ,
human being inside /In saId/ adv, prep ,

hundred /hndrd/ num
hungry /hgrI/ adj instead /Insted/ adv ,
hunting /hnti/ n
go hunting instead of
hunter /hnt/ n instrument /Instrumnt/ n
hurry /hrI/ v ,
hurt /h:t/ (past tense and past interested /untrIstId/ adj
participle hurt) v 1. ,
2. interesting /IntrIstI/ adj
husband /hzbnd/ n ,
hut /ht/ n interview /Int vju:/ v


I into /Intu:/ prep ,
invent /Invent/ v 1. 2.
ice /aIs/ n ,
ice-cream / aIskri:m/ n invite /InvaIt/ v

iron1 /aIn/ n ,
icy /aIsi/ adj , , iron2 /aIn/ v
irregular /Iregjul/ adj ,
idea /aIdI/ n ,
have an idea island /aIlnd/ n

140
 J kind /kaInd/ n
kindergarten /2kInd@ga:t@n/ n
jacket /dkIt/ n
jam /dm/ n , king /kI/ n
jam tart /ta:t/ n kingdom /kIdm/ n

jar /da:/ n kitchen /kItn/ n
jeans /di:nz/ n , kitten /kItn/ n
knee /ni:/ n
jewels /du:lz/ n fall on ones knees
job /dob/ n , knife /naIf/ n
knit /nIt/ (past tense and past par-
join /doIn/ v ticiple knitted knit) v ,
joke /duk/ n , ,
knock1 /nk/ n
joy /dI/ n , knock2 /nk/ v
know /nou/ (past tense knew;
judge1 /dd/ n past participle known) v ,
judge2 /dd/ v
judo /du:d/ n knowledge /nlIdZ/ n
jug /dg/ n ,
juggler /dgl/ n L
juice /dZu:s/ n
jump /dmp/ v laboratory /l@br@t(@)ri/ n
just1 /dst/ adj , ,
, lace /leIs/ n ,
just2 /dst/ adv 1. lad /ld/ n ,
, 2. , ladle /leId(@)l/ n
3. , ladder /ld/ n
lady /leIdy/ n
K lake /leIk/ n
lamb /l{m/ n , ,
kangaroo / kgru:/ n
lamp /lmp/ n

kettle /ketl/ n land /lnd/ n 1. 2. 3.
key /ki:/ n
kick /kIk/ v landlord /lnd l:d/ n

kill /kIl/ v language /lgwId/ n

141
lantern /lntn/ n lie2 /laI/ v
large /la:d/ adj , tell a lie ,
last /la:st/ adj, adv , lie3 /laI/ (past tense lay; past partici-
ple lain) v
at last life /laIf/ n
late /leIt/ adj lift up /lIft/ v
be late for light /laIt/ n
(the) latter /l{t@/ pron light bulb
laugh /la:f/ v like1 /laIk/ prep
lazy /leIzI/ adj , like2 v
lead /li:d/ (past tense and past parti- Id like
ciple led) v linger /2lig@/ v ,
leader /li:d/ n
leaf /li:f/ (pl leaves) n lion /laIn/ n
learn /l:n/ v , lip /lIp/ n
leave /li:v/ (past tense and past list /lIst/ n
participle left) v 1. , 2. make a list
, listen /lIsn/ v ,
left /left/ adj litter /lIt/ v
leg /leg/ n , live /lIv/ v
legend /2lednd/ n , living /lIvI/ n 1. 2.
, ,
lemon /2lem@n/ n for a living
lemonade / lemneId/ n living-room /lIvI rum/ n

lend /lend/ (past tense and past parti-
ciple lent) v log /lg/ n ,
leopard /lepd/ n , long /l/ adj
look /luk/ (at) v
let /let/ (past tense and past participle look after
let) v , look for
lets , look out
letter /let/ n 1. 2. lorry /lrI/ n
librarian /laIbrrIn/ n lose /lu:z/ (past tense and past parti-
ciple lost) v
library /laIbrrI/ n lots of /lts v/ , -
lid /lId/ n loud /laud/ adj ,
lie1 /laI/ n loudly /laudlI/ adv

142
louse /laus/ (pl lice) n market /ma:kIt/ n
a peck of lice marmalade /2mA:m@leId/ n
low /lou/ adj /C/U/
luck /lk/ n , marry /mrI/ v
good luck to you! be married /mrId/

luggage /lgId/ n mash /m{S/ v ,
lunch /lnt/ n mashed potatoes
have lunch mask /ma:sk/ n
match1 /mt/ n 1. 2.
M ,
match2 v
machine /mi:n/ n , ,
mathematics /2m{T@m{tIks/,
magazine /mgzi:n/ n maths /ms/ n
may /meI/ mod v 1.
magic1 /mdIk/ n , . 2.
(). 3.
magic2 /mdIk/ adj ,
, (
,
)
magician /mdIn/ n
maybe /2meIbi/ adv
maize /meIz/ n
meal /mi:l/ n ,
make /meIk/ (past tense and past
mean /mi:n/ (past tense and past
participle made) v ,
participle meant) v 1.

, 2.
make ones bed
meaning /mi:nI/ n ,


make sb do sth ,
means /mi:nz/ n
,
by means of
man /mn/ (pl men) n ,
meantime /mi:ntaIm/ adv

in the meantime
manufacture /mnjufkt/ v
,
,
meat /mi:t/ n
many /menI/ adj
medicine /medsIn/ n
map /mp/ n
meet /mi:t/ (past tense and past
marble /ma:bl/ n
mark /ma:k/ n 1. 2. participle met) v 1. 2.
,

143
meeting /2mi:tI/ n , monastery /mnstrI/ n ,

melon /2mel@n/ n money /mnI/ n ,
melt /melt/ v monkey /mkI/ n
mercy /m:sI/ n , monster /mnst/ n
mood /mu:d/ n
beg for mercy moon /mu:n/ n
, moreover /m:rouv/ n
merry /merI/ adj , ,
metal /metl/ n mother /m/ n
midday / mId2deI/ n motor /mout/ n
2
midday meal mountain /mauntIn/ n ,
midnight /mIdnaIt/ n mouse /maus/ (pl mice /maIs/) n
mile /maIl/ n
milk /mIlk/ n mouth /mau/ n
mind /maId/ v move /muv/ v
mud /md/ n
mine1 /maIn/ n mushroom /mru:m/ n
mine2 /maIn/ v () must /mst/ mod v ,
mirror /mIr/ n
miss /mIs/ v 1. , 2.
N
missing /mIsI/ adj , ,
, nail /neIl/ n 1. , 2.
mist /mIst/ n nasty /2nA:sti/ adj ,
mistake /mIsteIk/ n , native /2neItIv/ adj ,

be mistaken nature /neIt/ n
make a mistake , near /nI/ adv
nearly /nIlI/ adv ,
misty /2mIsti/ adj
necessary /2nes@s@ri/ adj
mitten /mItn/ n
mix /mIks/ v , neck /nek/ n ,
model /mdl/ n , round the neck ,
moment /2m@um@nt/ n necklace /neklIs/ n
in a moment , need /ni:d/ v
the moment in need

144
needle /ni:dl/ n O
negative /negtIv/ adj
, oatcakes /outkeIk/ n
neighbour /neIb/ n
nephew /nevju:/ n ocean /oun/ n
of course ,
net /net/ n , offer /f/ v
never /nev/ adv often /:fn/ adv
never mind , oil /Il/ n 1. 2.
new /nju:/ adj old /ould/ adj ,
newspaper /njuzpeIp/ n , old-fashioned /ouldfS()nd/
adj
next /next/ adj omelette /ml@t/ n /C/
next to once /wns/ n
nice /naIs/ adj , at once
niece /ni:s/ n one another ,
onion /njn/ n
night /naIt/ n only /ounlI/ adj, adv ,
night table open /oupn/ v
opener /2@Up(@)n@/ n
nobody /nubdI/ pron
orange1 /rInd/ n
noise /nIz/ n
orange2 /rInd/ adj
make a noise

noisy /noIzI/ adj
orchard /:td/ n
none /nn/ pron

no one /2n@u wn/ pron
order1 /:d/ n 1. , 2.
nose /nouz/ n

notebook /noutbuk/ n
order2 /:d/ v 1. , 2.
,
nourishing /2nrISI/ adj ordinary /:dnrI/ adj ,

nothing /nI/ otter /t/
nothing but , out /aut/ adv
number /nmb/ n , over /ouv/ adv
a number of , oversleep /ouvsli:p/ v
nurse /n:s/ n , ,
nut /nt/ n owe /ou/ v 1. 2.

145
owl /aul/ n passive voice /2p{sIv vOIs/ n
2
own1 /oun/ adj , (.)
past /pa:st/ n
own2 /oun/ v past participle
pasta /2p{st@/ n
P path /pa:/ n
patiently /2peIS@ntli/ adv
package holiday n
(, paw /p:/ n
, pay /peI/ (past tense and past partici-
) ple paid) v
paddle /pdl/ v pay a bill
paint /peInt/ v 1. 2. peach /pi:t/ n
peacock /pi:kk/ n
painter /peInt/ n pear /pe@/ n
pair /p/ n pearl /p:l/ n
a pair of peck /pek/ n
in pairs a peck of
palace /pls/ n pen /pen/ n
pansy /pnzI/ n pen friend n
,
pants /pnts/ n pence /pens/ n
paper /peIp/ n pencil /pensl/ n
peninsula /pnInsjul/ n
parade /preId/ n

parcel /pa:sl/ n
people /pi:pl/ n the
parent /prnt/ n
people (pl)
park /pa:k/ n
pepper /pep/ n
parrot /prt/ n
perform /p:f:m/ v
part1 /pa:t/ n ,
perhaps /phps/ adv ,
part2 /pa:t/ v (),

()
person /2p@:s@n/ n ,
party /pa:ti/ n personal /2p@:s@n@/ adj
give a party
` personal pronoun
pass /pa:s/ v , ,
pet /pet/ n `
passenger /psInd/ n

146
photograph /fout gra:f/ n please2 /pli:z/ v ,


physics /2fIzIks/ n pleased /pli:zd/ adj
piano /pinou/ n pleasure /ple/ n ,
play the piano
plenty /plentI/ pron
pick /pIk/ v , plum /plm/ n
pick up /pIk p/ v pocket /pkIt/ n
(, ) poem /puIm/ n
picnic /2pIknIk/ n
picture /pIkt:/ n poet /pouIt/ n ,
pie /paI/ n point1 /pInt/ n
piece /pi:s/ n point2 /pInt/ v ,
in pieces - pointer /2pOInt@/ n
pig /pIg/ n policeman /pli:smn/ n
pillow /pIlou/ n polish /plI/ v
pilot /paIlt/ n , polite /plaIt/ adj
pineapple /2paIn 2{p(@)l/ n pomegranate /2pmIgr{n@t/ n
,
pink /pIk/ adj pond /pnd/ n ,
pipe /paIp/ n 1. 2. 3. pony /punI/ n
( )
pizza /2pi:ts@/ n pool /pu:l/ n
place /pleIs/ n , poor /pu/ adj 1. ,
places of interest 2.
the poor /pu/ adj
plain /pleIn/ adj , ()
plan /pln/ n 1. , 2. popcorn /ppk:n/ n
plane /pleIn/ n
plant /pla:nt/ v () ()
popular /ppjul/ adj
plaster /pla:st/ n ,
,
plate /pleIt/ n
be popular with
play /pleI/ v ,
pork /pO:k/ n
playground /pleIgraund/ n
porridge /2pOrIdZ/ n


please1 /pli:z/ int ,
portrait /p:trIt/ n
( ,
position /pzIn/ n 1. 2. ,
)
3. ,

147
positive /pztIv/ adj , produce /prdju:s/ v ,
(.)
possible /psbl/ adj programme /prugrm/ n
post /poust/ v () ,
postman /poustmn/ n promise /prmIs/ v
pronoun /2pr@unaun/ n
potato /pteItou/ n proud /praud/ adj
potato peeler prove /pru:v/ v
proverb /2prOv@:b/ n
pour /p:/ v pudding /pudI/ n
practice /prktIs/ n 1
, . 2 , pull /pul/ v ,
pullover /pulouv/ n ,
practise /prktIs/ v
, , pumpkin /pmpkIn/ n
prefer /prIf:/ v 1. , punish /pnI/ v
puppy /ppI/ n ,
present1 /prez(@)nt/ adj purple /p:pl/ n 1. ,
( ) 2.
present participle (.) purse /p:s/ n ,

present perfect tense (.) push /pu/ v

present2 /prI 2zent/ v 1. 2. Q

present3 /prez(@)nt/ n quarter /kw:t/ n
primary /praImrI/ adj queen /kwi:n/ n
prince /prIns/ n question /kwestn/ n
princess/ prInses/ n quickly /2kwIkli/ adv

quiet /kwaIt/ adj ,
prison /prIzn/ n quite /kwaIt/ adv
private school quite right
quiz /kwIz/ n
prize /praIz/ n
win the prize , R
rabbit /rbIt/ n
problem /proublm/ n , race /reIs/ n ,

148
radio /reIdIou/ n reporter /rIp:t/ n ,
railway /reIlweI/ n
rain1 /reIn/ n rest /rest/ v ,
rain2 /reIn/ v
rainbow /reInbou/ n restaurant /restr:/ n
raincoat /reInkout/ n
, result /rIzlt/ n
rainy /2reIni/ adj . return1 /rIt:n/ n
return2 /rIt:n/ v
raise /reIz/ v revise /rIvaIz/ v ,
rat /rt/ n
reach /ri:t/ v revision /rIvIn/ n ,
reaction /ri:kn/ n ,
ribbon /rIbn/ n
read /ri:d/ (past tense and past parti- rice /raIs/ n
ciple read /red/) v rich /rIt/ adj ,
read out ride1 /raId/ n
reading /ri:dI/ n ride2 /raId/ (past tense rode; past par-
ticiple ridden) v , ,
ready /redI/ adj , ( )
be ready riding /raIdI/ n
real /rIl/ adj , right /raIt/ adj 1. , 2. , 3.
realise /rIlaIz/ v , ,
, thats all right
really /rIlI/ adv ,
reason /ri:zn/ n , ring1 /rI/ n
, ring2 /rI/ (past tense rang; past
receive /rIsi:v/ v 1. , 2. participle rung) v ,

recognise /rekgnaIz/ v ringing ,
record-player /rek:d ple(I)/ n ripe /raIp/ adj
, rise /raIz/ (past tense rose; past parti-
red /red/ adj ciple risen) v ,
refrigerator /refrIdreIt/ n rise to ones feet
river /rIv/ n
relax /rIlks/ v road /roud/ n
reply1 /rIplaI/ n along the road
reply2 v by the road

149
roast1 /r@Ust/ v salespeople /seIlz pi:pl/ n


roast2 /r@Ust/ adj salt /s:lt/ n
roast beef salty /s:lti/ adj
rob /rb/ v , same /seIm/ adj ,
robber /rb/ n sandal /sndl/ n
robot /roubt/ n , ()
sandwich /snwId/ n ,
rocket /rkIt/ n
roll1 /rul/ v , sauce /s:s/ n ,
roll2 /rul/ n ,
roof /ru:f/ n saucepan /s:spn/ n
root /ru:t/ n saucer /s:s/ n
rope /roup/ n sausage /s:sId/ n ,
round1 /raund/ adj
round2 /raund/ prep , save /seIv/ v 1. , 2.

saw /s:/ n
rub /rb/ v
say /seI/ (past tense and past partici-
rubber /rb/ n
ple said) v
ruby /rubI/ n
scale /skeIl/ n
rule /ru:l/ n
scare /sk/ v
ruler /ru:l/ n
scared /skd/ adj
run /rn/ (past tense ran; past partici-
scarf /ska:f/ n
ple run) v
run off school /sku:l/ n
running /rnI/ n science /saIns/ n
Russian /2rS@n/ adj scissors /si:zz/ n
scrambled eggs /skr{mb(@)ld
2egz/ n /pl/
S scream /skri:m/ v ,
sack /sk/ n screw /skru:/ n
sad /sd/ adj scrub /skrb/ v
safe /seIf/ adj
feel safe scrubbing brush
sailor /seIl/ n
salad /sld/ n sea /si:/ n
sale /seIl/ n search /s:t/ v ,
salesman /seIlzmn/ n seaside /si:saId/ n

150
season /si:zn/ n sheet /i:t/ n 1. 2.
shield /i:ld/ n
seat /si:t/ n , shine /aIn/ (past tense and past par-
take a seat ticiple shone) v ,
second /seknd/ n shining /aInI/ adj ,
second num ,
secret /si:kri:t/ n ship /Ip/ n
see /si:/ (past tense saw; past shirt /:t/ n
participle seen) v shiver /Iv/ v
you see , shoe /u:/ n
seed /si:d/ n shoot /u:t/ (past tense and past par-
seem /si:m/ v ticiple shot) v
seize /si:z/ v , shooting /u:tI/ n
sell /sel/ (past tense and past partici- shooting contest
ple sold) v
send /send/ (past tense and past par- shop /p/ n
ticiple sent) v shop-assistant /psIstnt/ n
sentence /sentns/ n


shopkeeper /pki:p/ n
serious /sIrIs/ adj

servant /s:vnt/ n
shopping /pI/ n
serve /s:v/ v 1. , 2.
do shopping
,
go shopping
set off /set/ v

seven /sevn/ num
seventeen /sevnti:n/ num short /:t/ adj
shorts /:ts/ n
seventy /sevntI/ num
several /sevrl/ pron shot /t/ n ,
sew /sou/ (past tense sewed; past shoulder /ould/ n
participle sewn) v shout /aut/ v , (at),
shame /eIm/ n , (to)
, shower /au/ n
shape /eIp/ n have a shower
share // v shut /t/ (past tense and past parti-
sharp /a:p/ adj ciple shut) v
shelf /elf/ n sick /sIk/ adj
sheep /i:p/ n side /saId/ n

151
sight /saIt/ n 1. , 2. slipper /slIp/ n
slow /slou/ adj
sign /saIn/ n slowly /2sl@uli/ adv
silence /saIlns/ n small /sm:l/ adj
silk /sIlk/ n smart /sma:t/ adj
silly /sIlI/ adj smell /smel/ n
silver /sIlv/ n smile1 /smaIl/ n
simple /2sImp@l/ adj , smile2 /smaIl/ v
smoke1 /smouk/ n
sincere /sInsI/ adj smoke2 /smouk/ v
sincerely /sInsIlI/ adv snack /sn{k/ n
,
sing /sI/ (past tense sang; past parti- snack bar ,
ciple sung) v
singer /sI/ n , snail /sneIl/ n
sink /sIk/ n ( snake /sneIk/ n
)
snap /snp/ v
sister /sIst/ n
snow /snou/ n
sit /sIt/ (past tense and past participle
snowy /2sn@Ui/ adj ,
sat) v

sit still
so /sou/ adv 1. , ,
situated /sItjueItId/ adj
2.
,
and so on
situation /sItju2eISn/ n
size /saIz/ n , soap /soup/ n
skate /skeIt/ v sock /sk/ n
sketch /sketS/ n , sofa /2s@uf@/ n
soft /sft/ adj
ski /skI/ v soldier /sould/ n
skip /skIp/ v son /sn/ n
skirt /sk:t/ n soon /su:n/ adv
sleep /sli:p/ (past tense and past sorry /srI/ adj
participle slept) v
slice /slaIs/ n , be sorry for sb ,
slide /slaId/ (past tense and past
participle slid) v sound1 /saund/ n
slip1 /slIp/ n sound2 /saund/ v
slip2 /slIp/ v soup /su:p/ n

152
spaghetti /spgetI/ n stick /stIk/ n ,
() still /stIl/ adv 1. , 2.
speak /spi:k/ (past tense spoke; past ,
participle spoken) v , , stocking /stkI/ n

special /spel/ adj , stolen /2st@ul@n/ adj
stone /stoun/ n
spend /spend/ (past tense and past store /st:/ n
participle spent) v 1. 2. storey /2stO:ri/ n )
story /strI/ n ,
spice /spaIs/ n
spoon /spu:n/ n stove /stouv/ n
sport /sp:t/ n strange /streInd/ adj
spring /sprI/ n
square1 /skw/ adj stranger /streInd/ n ,
square2 /skw/ n
squirrel /skwIrl/ n strainer /2streIn@/ n ,
stairs /stz/ n
stamp /stmp/ n strawberry /2strO:b(@)ri/ n
stand /stnd/ (past tense and past stream /stri:m/ n
participle stood) v street /stri:t/ n
star /sta:/ n study /stdI/ v 1. ,
start /start/ v , 2.
statement /steItmnt/ n stupid /stju:pId/ adj ,
,
station /steIn/ n subject1 /2sbdZIkt/ n
stay /steI/ (at home) v such /stS/ pron ,
()
stay out late sudden /sdn/ adj
all of a sudden ,
stay up late ,

suddenly /sdnlI/ adv ,
steal /sti:l/ (past tense stole; past

participle stolen) v
sugar /ug/ n
steak /steIk/ n
suit /su:t/ n
step /step/ n
suitcase /su:tkeIs/ n
make steps
sum /sm/ n 1. ,
step on ,
() 2. .

153
 3. () take /teIk/ (past tense took; past par-
ticiple taken) v ,
summer /sm/ n take off 1. 2. ,
sun /sn/ n
in the sun take part in
sunny /snI/ adj , take turns
sunrise /snraIz/ n tale /teIl/ n ,
sunshine /2sn SaIn/ n ,
talk /t:k/ v
supper /sp/ n tall /t:l/ adj
have supper tangerine /t{ndZ@ 2ri:n/ n /C/
supply /splaI/ n
sure /u/ adj tap /tp/ n 1. 2.
be sure ,
surprise1 /spraIz/ n , tape-recorder /teIprIk:d/ n

surprise2 /spraIz/ v tart /ta:t/ n ,
in surprise task /ta:sk/ n ,
sweater /swet/ n
sweet /swi:t/ adj taste /teIst/ n
sweets /swi:ts/ n , tasty /teIstI/ adj ,
, tea /ti:/ n
swim /swIm/ (past tense swam; past afternoon tea
participle swum) v ,
swimming /swImI/ n teach /ti:t/ (past tense and past
swimming pool /swImIpu:l/ n participle taught) v ,

switch on /swItn/ v teacher /ti:t/ n
sword /s:d/ n teapot /ti:pt/ n
teaspoon /ti:spu:n/ n
T technical /teknIkl/ adj

table /teIbl/ n 1. 2. teenager /ti:neId/ n ,
,
tablecloth /2teIbl klOT/ n , telephone /telIfoun/ n
2
ten /ten/ num
tadpole /tdpoul/ n tennis /tenIs/ n
tail /teIl/ n tense /tens/ n (.)

154
terrible /terbl/ adj , at that time
once upon a time
test1 /test/ n ,
every time
test2 /test/ v tiny /taInI/ adj ,
textbook /2tekstbUk/ n tired /taId/ adj
toast /toust/ n 1.
than /D{n/ prep , 2.
thank /T{k/ v today /tdeI/ adv
toe /tou/ n
then /Den/ adv , together /tge/ adv ,
, ,
just then toilet /tIlIt/ n
thief /i:f/ n toilet articles
thin /In/ adj ,
thing /I/ n , , tomato /tma:tou/ n ,
think /Ik/ (past tense and past
participle thought) v tomorrow /tmrou/ n
think over tongue /t/ n
thirsty /:stI/ adj tongue twister
thirteen /:ti:n/ num too /tu:/ adv 1. , 2.
thirty /:tI/ num
though /ou/ conj tooth /tu:/ (pl teeth) n
thousands of toothbrush /tu:br/ n
three /ri:/ num
through /ru:/ prep , toothpaste /tu:peIst/ n

throw /rou/ (past tense threw; past top /tp/ n
participle thrown) v , touch /tt/ v , ,
thumb /m/ n ,
tidy up /2taIdIp/ ,
tournament /tunmnt/ n

,
ticket /ti:kIt/ n
towards /t:dz, tw:dz/ prep 1.
tie1 /taI/ n
, , 2. ,
tie2 /taI/ v

tiger /taIg/ n
towel /taul/ n
till /tIl/ prep
town /taun/ n
time /taIm/ n 1. , ,
toy /tI/ n
2.

155
toyshop /tIp/ n turn /t:n/ v (), (),
().
trade /treId/ n turn round /t:n/ v
traffic /trfIk/ n twelve /twelv/ num
train1 /treIn/ n twenty /twentI/ num
train2 /treIn/ v , twins /twInz/ n
trained /treInd/ adj , two /tu:/ num
type /taip/ n ,
trainer /treIn/ n ,
U
transportation /trnsp:teIn/
n , , ugly /glI/ adj ,
umbrella /mbrel/ n
travel1 /trvl/ n uncle /nkl/ n ,
under /nd/ prep
travel2 /trvl/ v from under
travelling /trvlI/ n underground /ndgraund/ n

tray /treI/ n underline / ndlain/ v
tree /tri:/ n
understand /ndstnd/ (past
trick /trIk/ n ,
tense and past participle understood) v


do tricks
unfortunately /n2fO:tS@n@tli/
play a trick ,
adv

unhappy /n2h{pi/ adj
trip /trIp/ n
uniform /ju:nIf:m/ n


trouble /trbl/ n
unit /ju:nIt/ n
trousers /trauzz/ n unkind /n2kaind/ adj ,
,
true /tru:/ adj , unknown /nnoun/ ,
truly /truli/ adv , ,
truth /tru/ n untidy /n2taIdi/ adj ,
try /traI/ v
try hard until /@n2tIl/ prep
turkey /t:kI/ n , unusual /nju:ul/ adj ,

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upper /p/ , want /wnt/ v ,
upset /pset/ adj wardrobe /w:droub/ n
,
upstairs /pstz/ n warm /w:m/ adj
, wash /w/ v
use /ju:z/ v , watch1 /wt/ n
useful /ju:sfl/ adj , watch2 /wt/ v ,
water1 /w:t/ n
usual /ju:ul/ adj mineral water
as usual water2 /w:t/ v
usually /juulI/ adv waterfall /w:tful/ n
watermelon /2wO:t@mel@n/ n
V
way /weI/ n ,
vacation /vkeIn/ n in its own way
valley /vlI/ n on the way (to) ,
van /vn/ n ,
vase /va:z/ n wear /w/ (past tense wore; past
vegetable /vedtbl/ n participle worn) v ,
weather /we/ n
very /verI/ adv , week /wi:k/ n
village /vIlId/ n weekend /wi:k2end/ n ,
visit1 /vIzIt/ n (,
visit2 /vIzIt/ v )
voice /vIs/ n weigh /weI/ v
volleyball /vlIb:l/ n well1 /wel/ adv
well2 /wel/ n
W wet /wet/ adj ,
what /wOt/ pron
wait /weIt/ v whats the matter?
waiter /weIt/ n
wake /weIk/ (past tense woke; past whatever /wOt2ev@/ pron
participle woken) up v , wheat /wi:t/ n
, whenever /wenev/ adv
walk /w:k/ v , ;
walk off where /w/ pron 1. , 2.
walk on whether /weD@/ conj ,
wall /w:l/ n which /wIt/ pron

157
whistle1 /wIsl/ n wonderland /wnd lnd/ n

whistle2 /wIsl/ v
white /waIt/ adj wood /wud/ n 1. , 2.
who /hu:/ pron wool /wu:l/ n
whole /houl/ n , work1 /w:k/ n
whom /hu:m/ pron work2 /w:k/ v
( ) worker /w:k/ n ,
whose /hu:z/ pron , ,
( ) world /w:ld/ n
why /waI/ pron , worried /wrId/ adj
wide /waId/ adj
wife /waIf/ n () worry /wrI/ v ,
wild /waIld/ adj (,
) write /raIt/ (past tense wrote; past
willing /wIlI/ adj () participle written) v
( ), wrong /r/ adj

win /wIn/ (past tense and past parti- Y
ciple won) v ,
wind /wInd/ n year /j:/ n
window /wIndou/ n in a year
windy /wIndI/ adj yellow /jelou/ adj
wine /waIn/ n yesterday /jestdeI/ adv
wing /wI/ n yet /jet/ adv
winner /wIn/ n , not yet
winter /wInt/ n yoghurt /joug:t/ n ,
wise /waIz/ adj 1. , 2.
young /j/ adj
wish1 /wI/ n
wish2 /wI/ v , Z
without /wIaut/ prep
wolf /wulf/ n zebra /zi:br/ n ,
woman /wumn/ (pl women / zoo /zu:/ n
wimin/) n
wonder1 /wnd/ n
wonder2 /wnd/ v
wonderful /wndfl/ adj
,

158
 Contents
Unit 1A ............................................................................................................. 4
Unit 1B ........................................................................................................... 10
Unit 1C............................................................................................................ 14
Unit 2A............................................................................................................ 17
Unit 2B............................................................................................................ 22
Unit 2C............................................................................................................ 27
Unit 3A............................................................................................................ 30
Unit 3B............................................................................................................ 34
Unit 3C............................................................................................................ 40
Unit 4A............................................................................................................ 43
Unit 4B............................................................................................................ 48
Unit 4C............................................................................................................ 53
Unit 5A............................................................................................................ 56
Unit 5B............................................................................................................ 60
Unit 5C ........................................................................................................... 65
Unit 6A............................................................................................................ 68
Unit 6B............................................................................................................ 73
Unit 6C............................................................................................................ 79
Unit 7A............................................................................................................ 84
Unit 7B............................................................................................................ 89
Unit 7C............................................................................................................ 93
Unit 8A.......................................................................................................... 100
Unit 8B.......................................................................................................... 104
Unit 8C.......................................................................................................... 108
grammar revision................................................................................. 111
irregular verbs..................................................................................... 123
vocabulary.............................................................................................. 126

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