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Overview:
- Concepts of peace, violence and conflict
- Meaning of peace in different political traditions and religions
- Conflict dynamics (e.g. Galtungs conflict triangle)
- Parties in conflict: positions, needs and interests.
Durable peace lasting peace, positive peace or just peace. There is a high level of cooperation
and parties value overall relationship more than specific self-interests. Conflicts of interests are
worked out through peaceful settlement mechanisms and there is no need for military force to be
used.
Stable peace cold peace. There is only a limited communication and cooperation. There is mutual
respect and general absence of violence. Differences exist, but groups compete following accepted
rules and disputes are generally worked out without violence. Violent conflicts are possible but very
unlikely.
Unstable peace cold war. There is tension and existing suspicion among parties. There is sporadic
violence. Levels of tension rise and fall and parties maintain ready armed forces.
Crisis There is tense confrotation between mobilized armed forces. There are threats and
occasional skirmishes, but no use of extensive force. There is high probability of war.
- Conflict escalation: vertical (hostile behaviour becomes more intense) and horizontal (hostile
behaviour of the same intensity spreads over a larger area)
- Conflict triangle (by Johan Galtung): Structures Attitudes Behaviours
(check file: Conflict Analysis (Pearson College)
* Parties in conflict: positions, needs and interests
- Parties primary, secondary, third party
Primary parties - those who oppose one another, are using fighting behavior, and have a
direct stake in the outcome of the conflict.
Secondary parties - have an indirect stake in the outcome. They are often allies or
sympathizers with primary parties but are not direct adversaries.
Third parties - are actors such as mediators and peacekeeping forces which might intervene
to facilitate resolution.