Adsse Road and Highway Manual

SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS &
EXTERNAL FINISHES
0 02-02-2002 Approved Issue

rev. date Description/issued for prepared authorised
client: ADWEA
project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES
tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 1 of: 32

Table of Contents page
1. SCOPE...................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................4
1.2 Approval ......................................................................................4
1.3 Compacted Thickness .................................................................4
1.4 Construction Traffic On Pavements.............................................4
1.5 Drainage & Underground Services ..............................................4
1.6 Equipment ...................................................................................4
1.7 Preparation of Formation.............................................................5
1.8 Tolerances...................................................................................5
2. CODES AND STANDARDS ..................................................................6
3. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................8
4. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.......................................................................8
5. MATERIALS ..........................................................................................8
5.1 Samples ......................................................................................8
5.2 Testing.........................................................................................8
5.3 Sub-Base.....................................................................................9
5.4 Base Prime Coat .......................................................................10
5.5 Dry Bound Macadam Base........................................................10
5.6 Asphalt Cement Materials .........................................................11
5.7 Base Course..............................................................................11
5.8 Tack Coat ..................................................................................12
5.9 Wearing Course.........................................................................12
6. PREPARATION OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS.................................13

6.1 Asphalt ......................................................................................13
6.2 Aggregate ..................................................................................14
6.3 Mixture Temperature .................................................................14
6.4 Heated and Dried Aggregate .....................................................14
6.5 Mixing Time ...............................................................................14
7. PLACING OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS ..........................................15

7.1 Asphalt Paving...........................................................................15
7.2 Base Course..............................................................................15
7.3 Joints .........................................................................................15
7.4 Compacting ...............................................................................15
7.5 Tack Coat Application................................................................15
7.6 Acceptance Requirements ........................................................16
7.7 Thickness ..................................................................................16
8. INSITU CONCRETE PAVEMENTS .....................................................16

8.1 General......................................................................................16
8.2 Compacted Thickness ...............................................................16
Client ADWEA
Project: STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER WORKS
Title: SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS & EXTERNAL FINISHES

8.3 Drainage & Underground Services ............................................16
8.4 Preparation Of Formation ..........................................................17
8.5 Tolerances.................................................................................17
8.6 Sub-Base...................................................................................17
8.7 Mass Concrete Blinding.............................................................17
8.8 Slip Membrane ..........................................................................17
8.9 Protective Screed ......................................................................17
8.10 Reinforced Concrete Paving Slab..............................................17
8.11 Joints .........................................................................................18
8.12 Extra Heavy Duty Non Slip Chemical Resistant Epoxy Coating 18
9. PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK PAVING...........................................18

9.1 General......................................................................................18
9.2 Codes, Standards and References............................................18
9.3 Sampling and Testing................................................................18
9.4 Scope ........................................................................................19
9.5 Pavement Construction .............................................................19
9.6 Sub-Grade .................................................................................19
9.7 Sub-Base...................................................................................19
9.8 Bedding .....................................................................................19
9.9 Block Manufacture.....................................................................19
9.10 Dimensions and Tolerances ......................................................21
9.11 Wearing Surface........................................................................22
9.12 Colour........................................................................................22
9.13 Testing of Sample Blocks ..........................................................22
9.14 Bond Pattern .............................................................................23
9.15 Compaction ...............................................................................24
9.16 Accuracy....................................................................................25
9.17 Surface Drainage.......................................................................25
9.18 Submissions ..............................................................................25
10. PRECAST CONCRETE KERBS, CHANNELS AND EDGINGS .........25

10.1 General......................................................................................25
10.2 Pavement Kerbs ........................................................................25
11. ROAD & PAVEMENT MARKINGS......................................................26

11.1 General......................................................................................26
11.2 Materials....................................................................................26
11.3 Storage......................................................................................28
11.4 Application .................................................................................28
11.5 Finished Line Requirement........................................................28
11.6 Quality Control Programme .......................................................28
12. UNPAVED FINISHES ..........................................................................28

12.1 General......................................................................................28
12.2 Remainder of Unpaved Areas ...................................................28
APPENDIX A SCHEDULE OF EXTERNAL FINISHES
Client ADWEA

1. SCOPE
1.1 Introduction
This specification shall apply to all new road surfacing and paving areas. Specifications as
mentioned herein exceed code & standard requirements in this regard in many instances and
such work shall generally follow existing configuration and thickness as followed by local
authorities.
1.2 Approval
Where ADWEA/ENGINEER approvals are required in this document, it shall mean that the
ADWEA/ENGINEER reserves the right to approve. However the ADWEA/ENGINEER may
elect to waive approval of certain aspects as will be informed in writing by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
1.3 Compacted Thickness

Unless stated to the contrary, any thickness of material described means the thickness after
full compaction.
1.4 Construction Traffic On Pavements

Subject to the approval of the ADWEA/ENGINEER or as specifically stated in this
Specification, construction traffic may be permitted on pavements under construction,
provided always that the traffic will be suitable to the course it traverses, that wheels of plant
shall be kept free from deleterious materials and that all surfaces will be cleaned and repaired
when necessary as directed by the ADWEA/ENGINEER before subsequent construction.
1.5 Drainage & Underground Services

All drainage and underground services installation work under pavement construction shall be
completed before any pavement construction is started. Roads, car park and paved area
gullies and their connections will be included within the drainage works and shall be
coordinated with the pavement works.
1.6 Equipment
The equipment shall include -
(a) Asphalt mixing plants designed to produce a uniform mixture within the job mix
tolerances;
(b) One or more self-powered pavers that are capable of spreading the mixture to the
thickness and width specified, true to the line, grade and crown shown on the plans;
(c) Enough smooth metal-bedded haul trucks, with covers, to ensure orderly and continuous
paving operations;
Client ADWEA

(d) A pressure distributor that is capable of applying the tack coat and prime material
uniformly without atomization;
(e) One or more steel-wheeled, pneumatic-tyred or vibratory rollers capable of attaining the
required density and smoothness;
(f) A power broom or a power blower or both;
(g) Hand tools necessary to complete the job.
Other equipment may be used in addition to, or in lieu of, the specified equipment when
approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
1.7 Preparation of Formation

The preparation of the formation shall be carried out after completion of subgrade drainage
and installation of all gully connections and immediately prior to the laying of the first layer of
the pavement. The surface shall be cleaned and trimmed to shape before compaction. The
material shall be compacted to 95% of maximum dry density as determined from Standard
Proctor compaction tests. In case of paved roads the depth of effective compacting shall
extend to one metre below working level for roadways and parking areas. A 150mm layer of
clean sand subgrade compacted to the satisfaction of the ADWEA/ENGINEER shall precede
the sub-base formations in all areas subject to vehicular traffic. Any soft spots or otherwise
unacceptable material shall be identified to the ADWEA/ENGINEER prior to excavation and
replacement with suitable material to the approval of the ADWEA/ENGINEER. All costs
relating to this work shall be borne by the CONTRACTOR.
1.8 Tolerances
Horizontal alignments shall be determined from one side of the road surface, and as
constructed will be correct within +/- 10mm.
The finished levels of pavement surfaces shall be correct within +/- 6mm.
The level of any rigid pavement surface shall not deviate more than 3mm and the level of any
flexible pavement surface will not deviate more than 6mm when tested with appropriate
survey levelling tools.
The level of any point on the surface of pavement courses shall on completion of compaction,
conform to that shown on the drawings within the following tolerances.
Surface of Course Tolerance from True

Surface Level
Subgrade of Formation 0 mm
-25 mm
Sub-Base 0 mm
-25 mm
Client ADWEA

Base 0 mm
-25 mm
Base Course 0 mm
-10 mm
Wearing Course 4 mm
-4 mm
The surface of the completed pavement will be checked longitudinally and transversely for
smoothness with appropriate survey levelling tools. The surface shall not vary more than 3
millimetres in 3 metres parallel to the centre line and nor more than 6 millimetres at right
angles to the centre line.
2. CODES AND STANDARDS

In addition to the requirements contained in these specifications and subject to any variations
which may be required by the local authorities, all design, materials and workmanship shall
conform to the latest edition of the following documents.
British Standards
BS 12 Ordinary and Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
BS 63 Road aggregates
BS 812 Methods for Sampling and Testing of Mineral Aggregates, Sands and
Fillers
BS 882 Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete
BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for Civil Engineering purposes
BS 1610 Methods for the Load Verification of Testing Machines
BS 1881 Method of Testing Concrete for Strength
BS 3148 Water for Making Concrete
BS 4027 Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
BS 3262 Hot Applied Thermoplastic Road Markings & Materials
BS 6100 Glossary of Highway Engineering Terms
BS 7533 Precast Concrete Block Paving
BS 7263 Precast Concrete Kerbs, Channels, Edgings and Quadrants
Client ADWEA

BS 7533 Pavements Constructed in Block Paving
BS 8110 Reinforced Concrete
ASTM & AASHTO Standards
AASHTO T168 Sampling of Asphalt mixtures
ASTM D979 Sampling of Asphalt mixtures
AASHTO T11 Material Finer than No. 200 Sieve in Aggregate
ASTM C117 Material Finer than No. 200 Sieve in Aggregate
AASHTO T19 Unit Weight of Aggregates
ASTM C29 Unit Weight of Aggregates
AASHTO T27 Sieve Analysis
ASTM C136 Sieve Analysis
AASHTO T37 Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler
ASTM D546 Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler
AASHTO T96 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C131 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, Los Angeles Machine
AASHTO T104 Soundness of Aggregates
ASTM C88 Soundness of Aggregates
AASHTO T176 Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand
equipment test
ASTM D2419 Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand
equipment test
AASHTO M249 White and yellow thermoplastic stripping material (solid form)
AASHTO T250 Standard Method of Testing for Thermoplastic Traffic line

material
All standards referenced in the specifications should be available with CONTRACTOR for
reference by ADWEA/ENGINEER as required.
Client ADWEA

3. DEFINITIONS
Refer to Specification for General Technical Requirements.
4. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Refer to cification for General Technical Requirements.
5. MATERIALS
5.1 Samples
Samples of all materials, together with test results proposed for use, shall be submitted to the
COMPANY for approval.
Sampling of asphalt materials shall be in accordance with the latest revision of Sampling
Asphalt Products for Specification Compliance, Manual Series 18 (MS-18), The Asphalt
Institute. Sampling of mineral aggregate shall be in accordance with the latest revision of
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T
2 (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Designation D 75). Sampling of the
asphalt mixtures as required by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, shall be in accordance with the
latest revision of ASSHTO Designation T 168 (ASTM Designation D 979).
5.2 Testing
Preliminary samples of approved materials and mixes shall be tested by the CONTRACTOR
at an independent testing laboratory for the requirements of this specification by the
applicable methods specified. The materials shall not be used until the results have been
approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Samples of all materials and mixes shall be taken and tested by the CONTRACTOR for every
50 cubic metres of land materials.
(a) Asphalt Material
Asphalt materials shall be tested by the methods of test of the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) designated in the applicable
asphalt specification. If an AASHTO method of test procedure is not available, the
equivalent American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method will be used.
(b) Mineral Aggregate
Mineral aggregates shall be tested by one or more of the following methods of test of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the
American Society for testing and Materials (ASTM).
Client ADWEA

CHARACTERISTIC Method of Test ASTM
AASHTO
Amount of Material Finer than T 11 C 117

No. 200 Sieve in Aggregate
Unit weight of Aggregate T 19 C 29
Sieve Analysis, Fine and T 27 C 136

Coarse Aggregates
Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler T 37 D 546
Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, T 96 C 131

Los Angeles Machine
Soundness of Aggregates T104 C 88
Plastic Fines in graded T176 D2419

Aggregates and Soils by use
of the Sand Equivalent Test
(c) Mix
The mixture shall be tested for asphalt content by "Method of Test for Quantitative
Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures", AASHTO Designation T
164 (ASTM Designation D 2172). The mixture will be tested for compliance with
aggregate grading requirements by "Method of Extracted Aggregate, AASHTO
Designation T 30.
If the mixture is produced in a mixing plant having automatic controls and print-out
system, and the controls are in proper calibration, asphalt content compliance will
be determined from recorded data. Hot bin analysis together with batch weight
read-out data will be used to determine composition compliance.
5.3 Sub-Base
The materials for sub-base shall be crushed rock, hard, durable, clean, free from organic
matter or other deleterious material. The material shall be in such a condition that it can be
readily compacted by rolling with the aid of watering if necessary, to form a stable and firm
foundation for the roads, car park and other paved areas.
The C.B.R. value of the material when tested in accordance with AASHTO T 193 shall not be
less than 60% when compacted to 95% of maximum dry density as hereafter specified.
The materials shall be well graded and lie with the following grading limits:
Client ADWEA

B.S. Sieve Size % by Weight Passing
75 mm 100
37.5 mm 85 - 100
10 mm 45 - 70
5 mm 25 - 45
0.600 mm 8 - 22
0.075 mm 0 - 10
The particle size shall be determined in accordance with BS 1377.
The material passing the 425 micron sieve shall have a plastic index of less than 4 when
tested in accordance with BS 1377.
The material shall be placed, spread evenly and compacted in layers not exceeding 150 mm
compacted thickness at a moisture content between 2% above and 2% below the optimum
percentage determined in accordance with the vibrating hammer method test in BS 1377.
The compaction shall be carried out using a smooth wheeled roller of not less than 8 tonnes
weight, the number of passes being that required to obtain a dry density of 95% of the
maximum dry density. The surface shall be blinded with crushed rock fines and re-rolled.
5.4 Base Prime Coat

On completion of compaction of the dry bound macadam, all surplus loose materials shall be
removed and the surface given a prime coat of cut-back asphalt MC-30 or MC-70 complying
with the requirements of AASHTO Specification M 83 (ASTM Specification D 2027) at a rate
of 0.25 to 0.75 litres per square metre. The prime coat shall be applied by approved spraying
equipment, at a spray temperature between 50 degrees Centigrade and 80 degree
Centigrade.
After completion of the priming operations the prime coat shall be allowed to penetrate the
surface of the sub-base for at least forty-eight (48) hours. If the asphalt primer has not been
completely absorbed by the sub-base after forty-eight (48) hours, just sufficient sand shall be
spread over the surface to blot up excess asphalt and prevent it from picking up under traffic.
5.5 Dry Bound Macadam Base

Dry Bound Macadam shall be constructed using coarse and fine aggregate as follows:
The coarse aggregate shall consist of dry single sized crushed rock of 50 mm nominal size
and complying with BS 63 Part 2.
The fine aggregate shall all pass the 5 mm BS sieve size and shall be crushed rock or
naturally occurring coarse sand and shall be well grade between 5 mm to dust. The fine
aggregate shall be kept dry by being sheeted until required for use.
Client ADWEA

The single sized coarse aggregate shall be laid by spreader box or other approved plant or
means in layers not less than 75 mm nor more than 125 mm in thickness after compaction.
The total compacted thickness of the base, namely 200 mm shall be constructed in two such
layers.
After preliminary shaping, the first layer of the coarse aggregate shall be given two passes
with a 2.5 tonne smooth wheel roller or other approved means. The compacted first layer
shall then be covered with a 25 mm thick layer of fine aggregate as specified which shall be
vibrated into the interstices of the coarse aggregate by means of an approved vibrating plate
compactor or other approved means. Additional fine aggregate as above shall be added as
necessary until no more can be taken in and any hungry patches disappear. Final
compaction of the layer shall be with an 8 - 10 tonne roller until all movement of the surface
ceases, all excess fine aggregate being removed. The above procedure shall be adopted for
the second layer to provide an smooth and even surface free from irregularities or loose
material and true to cross-section, line and level.
5.6 Asphalt Cement Materials

The type and grade of asphalt cement for the paving mixture shall be 60 - 70 Penetration
Grade Asphalt.
The specified material shall comply with the applicable requirements of AASHTO
Specification M 20.
5.7 Base Course

The material aggregate for the base course mixture shall be crushed stone, crushed or
uncrushed gravel, sand, stone screenings, mineral filler or a combination of two or more of
these materials. The combined aggregate after going through the dryer shall have a sand
equivalent value of not less than 35 and the combined mineral aggregate shall have a sand
equivalent value of not less than 70. Mineral filler shall meet the requirements of ASTM
Designation D242.
The CONTRACTOR shall submit to the ADWEA/ENGINEER for approval a job-mix formula
which shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 245 (ASTM D 1559) and with the
following limits:
Sieve Size Total Percent

Passing by Weight
25.0 mm 100
19.0 mm 80 - 100
12.5 mm 60 - 80
9.5 mm -
4.75 mm 36 - 56
2.36 mm 28 - 44
1.18 mm 20 - 34
0.600 mm 15 - 27
Client ADWEA

0.300 mm 10 - 20
0.150 mm 5 - 13
0.075 mm 3
Asphalt Content Percent by Weight of 3.5 - 3.8

Total Mix
The asphalt-aggregate base course mixture shall meet the following test criteria:
No. of Compaction Blows Each End

of Specimen 75
Test Requirement Min. Max.
Stability (Marshall) (kg. minimum) 1250
Flow (Marshall) (mm) 2.0 4.0
% Voids in Mine Aggregate 13
% Air Voids in Total Mix 3 8
Aggregate Voids filled with asphalt 65 85

Percent
5.8 Tack Coat

Emulsified asphalt for tack coat shall be SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1 or CSS-1h diluted one part
water to one part emulsified asphalt. Before dilution the emulsified asphalt shall comply with
the requirements of AASHTO Specification M 140 or M 208 (ASTM Specification D 977 or D
2397).
5.9 Wearing Course

The mineral aggregate for the wearing course mixture shall be crushed stone, crushed gravel,
sharp-edged natural sand, mineral filler, or a combination of two or more of these materials.
Fifty percent minimum by weight of the combined coarse aggregate, other than naturally
occurring rough textured aggregate approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, shall consist of
crushed pieces having one or more faces produced by fracture.
The combined mineral aggregate after going through the dryer shall have a sand equivalent
value of not less than 70. Combinations of aggregates that have a history of polishing shall
not be used. Coarse aggregate (material retained on the US. Standard No. 8 sieve) shall
have a percent wear by the Los Angeles abrasion machine test of not more than forty unless
specified aggregate having higher values are known to be satisfactory.
Mineral filler shall meet the requirements of "Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures",
ASTM Designation D 242.
Client ADWEA

The CONTRACTOR shall submit to the ADWEA/ENGINEER for approval a job-mix formula
for the asphalt-aggregate wearing course which shall be within the following limits: (Refer
para 6.0)
Sieve Size Roads and Car Parks

Total Percent
Passing by Weight
19.0 mm 100
12.0 mm 80 - 100
9.5 mm -
4.75 mm 54 - 72
2.36 mm 42 - 58
1.18 mm 34 - 48
0.600 mm 26 - 38
0.300 mm 18 - 28
0.150 mm 12 - 20
0.075 mm 4 - 8
Asphalt Content Percent by Weight of Total 3.8 - 4.2

Mix
The asphalt-aggregate base course mixture shall meet the following test criteria:
No. of Compaction Blows Each End

of Specimen 75
Test Requirement Min. Max.
Stability (Marshall) (kg. minimum) 1500
Flow (Marshall) (mm) 2.0 4.0
% voids in Mineral Aggregate 15
% Air voids in Total Mix 3 5
Aggregate Voids filled with asphalt 70 85

percent
6. PREPARATION OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS
6.1 Asphalt
The asphalt shall be heated at the mixing plant to a temperature at which it can be applied
uniformly to the aggregate.
Client ADWEA

6.2 Aggregate
Coarse and fine aggregates shall be stored separately at the mixing plant in a manner that
will prevent intermingling. Stockpiles shall be built in a manner that will prevent segregation
of aggregate sizes. If the aggregate tends to segregate during handling it shall be supplied
and stockpiled in two or more sizes.
When it is necessary to blend aggregates from one or more sources to produce the combined
gradation, each source or size of aggregate shall be stockpiled individually. Aggregate from
the individual stockpiles shall be fed through separate bins to the cold elevator feeders. They
shall not be blended in the stockpile.
Cold aggregates shall be fed carefully to the plant so that surpluses and shortages will not
occur and cause breaks in the continuous operation.
6.3 Mixture Temperature

The aggregate shall be dried and heated to provide a paving mixture temperature
immediately after mixing of 150 deg.C +/- 8.3. deg.C.
6.4 Heated and Dried Aggregate

Heated and dried aggregates shall be screened and stored in sizes that may easily be
recombined into a gradation, meeting the requirements of the job-mix formula.
The heated and dried aggregates shall not contain enough moisture to cause the mixture to
slump, the asphalt to foam or the aggregate during hauling and placing.
6.5 Mixing Time

Mixing time shall be the shortest time that will produce a satisfactory mixture. It will be
established by the CONTRACTOR subject to approval by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, based on
the procedure for determining the percentage of coated particles described in AASHTO
Method T 195 (ASTM Method D 2489). The mixing times will be set to achieve 90 percent of
coated particles for base mixtures and 95 percent of coated particles for surface mixtures.
(a) Batch Plant
For batch plants, dry mixing time, if required by the ADWEA/ENGINEER, shall not
exceed ten seconds. Wet mixing time shall not exceed fifty seconds.
(b) Continuous Mix Plants
For continuous mix plants, the mixing time will be computed by the following formula:
Mixing time = Pugmill dead capacity (kg) Seconds

Pugmill output, (kg/s)
Mixing time shall not exceed sixty seconds.
Client ADWEA

7. PLACING OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS
7.1 Asphalt Paving

Asphalt paving mixture shall be placed only when the specified density can be obtained.
Precautions shall be taken at all times to compact the mixture before it cools too much to
obtain the required density. The mixture shall not be placed on any wet surface or when
weather conditions will otherwise prevent its proper handling or finishing.
7.2 Base Course

The base course mixture shall be placed in one or more lifts with an asphalt paver or
spreader to provide a nominal compacted thickness shown on the drawings. The minimum lift
thickness shall be at least one and a half times the maximum particle size. The maximum lift
thickness shall be that which can be demonstrated to be laid in a single lift and compacted to
required uniform density and smoothness. Placing the mixture shall be a continuous
operation. If any irregularities occur, they shall be corrected before final compaction of the
mixture.
7.3 Joints
Joints in the base and wearing courses shall be offset by a minimum of 300 millimetres.
Before placing fresh mixture against a cut joint or against old pavement, the contact surface
shall be cut back to a straight line face and shall be painted or sprayed with a thin uniform
coat of RC-70 or RC-250 liquid asphalt. The joints formed shall be smooth and tight without
depression.
7.4 Compacting
The mix shall be compacted immediately after placing. Initial rolling with a steel-wheeled
tandem roller, steel three-wheeled roller, vibratory roller, or a pneumatic-tyred roller shall
follow the paver as closely as possible. If needed, intermediate rolling with a pneumatic-tyred
roller shall follow the paver as closely as possible. If needed, intermediate rolling with a
pneumatic tyred roller shall be done immediately behind the initial rolling. Final rolling shall
eliminate marks from previous rolling. In areas too small for the roller, a vibrating plate
compactor or a hand tamper shall be used to achieve thorough compaction.
7.5 Tack Coat Application

The base and each subsequent layer of asphalt concrete materials shall be primed in
accordance with Clause 5.4 and a tack coat applied at a rate of 0.1 - 0.25 litres per square
metre. The tack coat shall be applied on only as much pavement as can be covered with
asphalt aggregate mixture in the same day.
Client ADWEA

7.6 Acceptance Requirements
7.6.1 Density
Target density will be determined by taking, for each lot, the average density of six laboratory
prepared specimens representing two subsamples (approximately 10 kg each) chosen on a
random basis taken from trucks delivering mixture to the job site. By quartering, each
subsample shall be reduced to obtain three sample unit, each of sufficient weight
(approximately 1.2 kg) to prepare a specimen approximately 64 mm in height.
Acceptance of the compacted pavement with respect to density will be based on the average
of five density determinations for each lot of asphalt mixture placed. Cores drilled from the
base course and surface course will be used to test the density of the pavement by either
ASTM Method of Test D 1188 or ASTM Method of Test D 2726, whichever is the applicable.
Each lot of the compacted base and surface will be accepted when the average of the five
density determinations is equal to or greater than 97 percent, and when no individual
determination is lower than 95 percent, of the average density of the six laboratory-prepared
specimens.
A lot will be equal to one days production. Less than a half day's production will not be
considered a lot but will be added to the immediately preceding lot. The location of sampling
sites within a lot's placement area will be chosen on a random basis through the use of
appropriate random numbers table.
7.7 Thickness
The same cores used to test the density will be used to measure the thickness of the
pavement. The compacted base and surface shall have average thickness no less than that
specified in Appendix A. Any deficiency in base thickness shall be made up with asphalt
concrete wearing course material.
8. INSITU CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
8.1 General
Reinforced concrete for insitu paving slabs shall be strictly in accordance with the project
specification for concrete. Thickness of slab, its reinforcement, surface finish and description
of subsurface layers all to be in accordance with Appendix A.
8.2 Compacted Thickness

Unless stated to the contrary any thickness of material described means the thickness after
full compaction.
8.3 Drainage & Underground Services

All Drainage and underground services installation under pavement construction shall be
completed prior to the start of paving works in accordance with section 1.5 of this
specification.
Client ADWEA

8.4 Preparation Of Formation
The preparation of the formation shall be executed in accordance with section 1.7 of this
specification.
8.5 Tolerances
Horizontal and vertical alignments shall be as defined in section 1.8 of this specification.
The revel of any position on the surface of pavement courses, shall a completed, conform to
the following tolerances.
Surface of Course Tolerance for the surface level
Subgrade of formation +0mm -25mm

Sub-Base +0mm -25mm
Building, Membrane & +0mm -10mm
protective screed
Concrete Pavement / Epoxy Coating +6mm -6mm
The surface of the completed pavement shall be checked in accordance with section 1.8 of
this specification.
8.6 Sub-Base
Sub-base material shall be supplied, placed and compacted to a minimum thickness of
150mm strictly in accordance with section 5.3 of this specification.
8.7 Mass Concrete Blinding

Mass concrete blinding shall be provided to a minimum thickness of 100 mm strictly in
accordance with requirements of project specification for concrete and shall be trowelled
smooth to receive slip membrane.
8.8 Slip Membrane

A slip membrane of 1000 gauge polyethylene or similar sheet shall be laid on top of the
blinding strictly in accordance with the recommendations of the supplier in respect of
protection and laps.
8.9 Protective Screed

A cementitious concrete protective screed to a minimum thickness of 50 mm shall be
provided.
8.10 Reinforced Concrete Paving Slab

Insitu reinforced concrete paving slab shall be provided strictly in accordance with project
specification for concrete where applicable which is in turn based upon BS 8110.
Client ADWEA

The wearing surface shall be produced to the requirements of the protective coating
manufacturers.
8.11 Joints
Expansion and contraction joints shall be provided in accordance with the project specification
for concrete, at the location, and to the details shown in the drawings.
Isolation joints shall be provided at all interfaces between paving and other concrete works, to
the details shown on the project drawings.
Construction joints shall be provided in accordance with the details shown in project drawings.
The CONTRACTOR shall indicate on layout drawings the intended location of all construction
joints prior to the start of paving, and shall submit same for approval by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER. All additional joints identified by the ADWEA/ENGINEER or
necessitated during the execution of the works, shall be provided at the CONTRACTOR's
cost.
Joint sealants shall be heavy duty, impervious to organic chemical attack, and shall be
otherwise suitable for use under prevailing site conditions.
8.12 Extra Heavy Duty Non Slip Chemical Resistant Epoxy Coating
The wearing surface of all insitu concrete paving shall be protected by extra heavy duty, non
slip, chemical resistant epoxy coating. The substrate and coating shall be provided in strict
accordance with the recommendations the coating manufacturer. The CONTRACTOR shall
demonstrate the competence of all personnel engaged on the work to the satisfaction of the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
9. PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK PAVING
9.1 General
BS 7533 shall be generally followed. The locations and sizes of paved areas are shown on
the approved project drawings.
9.2 Codes, Standards and References

Refer Clause 2.0.
9.3 Sampling and Testing

All sampling, testing etc., carried out in the field and/or in the laboratory will be under the
direction and control of the ADWEA/ENGINEER. All scheduled sampling and testing as listed
in this Specification will be carried out by the ADWEA/ENGINEER's personnel. The
CONTRACTOR will be responsible for full assistance as referred to elsewhere for personnel,
transport, materials, small tools etc. Such assistance shall be at the full time disposal of the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Client ADWEA

9.4 Scope
This Specification deals generally with precast concrete block pavements and gives
requirements for concrete paving blocks, and proprietary shapes manufactured for the
construction of paved surfaces used by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Thickness of blocks
and of subsurface layers and their preparation to be as defined in Appendix A.
9.5 Pavement Construction

A pavement comprises interlocking concrete blocks, a sand bedding course and a sub-base
laid on the sub-grade.
9.6 Sub-Grade
The sub-grade shall be prepared in accordance with the Specification for General Civil
Construction.
9.7 Sub-Base
It should be formed of either graded material, lean concrete, cement bound granular material
or cement-stabilized soil.
9.8 Bedding
The laying course shall consist of sharp sand to BS 882 with a particle size of 4mm (3/16")
containing not more than 3% silt and/or clay by weight. The sand shall be obtained from a
single source, allowed to drain before use and shall be covered with suitable sheeting to
minimize moisture changes.
Permissible sulphate and chloride contents shall not exceed 0.4% and 0.06% respectively
(expressed as SO3 and Cl by weight).
9.9 Block Manufacture

9.9.1 General
Blocks are to be manufactured in accordance with BS 7533 using an approved machine

installed in a controlled environment and shall be properly cured before being transported or
laid. Mix and lay machines are not approved.
Precast concrete paving blocks shall have an interlocking shape approved by the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
9.9.2 Cement
The cement used in the manufacture of the paving blocks shall, unless stated otherwise, be
Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement from approved manufacturers and shall comply with the
requirements of BS 4027.
Client ADWEA

9.9.3 Aggregates
Aggregates shall consist of naturally occurring materials, crushed or uncrushed, complying

with BS 882 and shall be obtained from sites to be approved by the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
With the exception of the grading requirements, the mechanical and chemical properties of
fine and coarse aggregates shall comply with Specification for 'Concrete'.
The amount of material passing a BS 75 micron sieve in the combined aggregates when
tested in accordance with BS 812 (wet sieving method) shall not exceed the following limits:
Natural Crushed
Fine Aggregate 3% by weight 10% by weight
Coarse Aggregate 1% by weight
The sand for concrete shall be capable of passing through a 5mm BS test sieve and it shall
be so graded that when mixed with the coarse aggregate and cement it shall produce a
concrete of the maximum density. Crushed sand may be added to natural sand in order to
achieve the required grading.
Crushed sand alone may only be used with the approval of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
The fine aggregates shall not contain more than 25% by weight of soluble calcium carbonate
in either the fraction retained on or the fraction passing a 600 micron BS sieve.
The term coarse aggregate means an aggregate retained on a 4.75mm BS sieve with a
nominal size of 10mm. The grading of the coarse aggregate shall be as defined in BS 882,
and shall be such that when combined with sand and cement shall produce a concrete of
maximum density. The maximum aggregate size shall not exceed 20mm.
9.9.4 Water
For mixing concrete, water shall be fresh and free from all sediment and dissolved or
suspended matter which may be harmful to the manufacture of concrete as specified and
shall be tested in accordance with BS 3148.
9.9.5 Admixtures
Admixtures will only be permitted to be used in the concrete with approval of the
ADWEA/ENGINEER.
When admixtures are used in the manufacture of the blocks very strict control is to be
maintained to ensure that the correct quantity of admixture is used at all times.
Client ADWEA

9.9.6 Concrete Mixes
The total chloride content of any mix, including that present in the cement, expressed as Cl
shall not exceed 0.6% by weight of cement in the mix and the total sulphate content
expressed as SO3 shall not exceed 4% by weight of cement in the mix.
9.9.7 Curing
Adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that the concrete paving blocks are properly
cured in a manner that is to the satisfaction of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Curing after laying on site will not be approved.
After manufacture the paving blocks shall be stored so as to prevent excessive loss of
moisture and shall be protected from damage during the early stages of curing.
9.10 Dimensions and Tolerances

9.10.1 Dimensions
The ratio of length to width on plan shall be not less than 1: nor greater than 2: and the
widths should be not less than 80mm or greater than 115mm.
9.10.2 Thickness
The thickness of any ten samples shall be measured at four sensibly different points, to the
nearest 0.5mm. The thickness of any ten samples shall be within +/- 3mm of the specified
thickness.
9.10.3 Length and Width
The length and width shall be measured across two opposite faces, to the nearest 0.5mm.
The length and width of any of the ten sample blocks shall be within +/- 2mm of the specified
length or width.
9.10.4 Squareness
The stock of the square shall be placed in contact with the top or bottom face of the block and
the blade brought into contact with the side of the block. The clearance, if any, between the
square and the side of the block shall be measured with a feeler gauge at points 10mm from
the top and bottom edges. This measurement shall be carried out at six sensibly different
points round the block. A side shall be considered normal to the top and bottom faces
provided the feeler gauge measurement does not exceed 2mm.
9.10.5 Tolerances
Blocks shall be sampled, whenever practical, while the units are being moved, i.e. during
loading or unloading. One paving block shall be taken at random from each of ten
approximately equal sections of the delivery to be tested. The pattern of sampling shall be
such that units are taken from the top and sides of sections which are accessible and from
Client ADWEA

inside the stack. The paving block in the sample shall be marked to identify the location of
the stack each represents and shall be protected from damage and contamination until they
are tested.
9.11 Wearing Surface

The wearing surface shall not be less than 70% of the total plan area, the wearing surface
being that area bounded by a chamfer or radius.
9.12 Colour
For coloured blocks only approved inorganic pigments shall be used. The concrete shall
have a minimum pigment content of 10% of the weight of cement.
9.13 Testing of Sample Blocks

9.13.1 General
The CONTRACTOR shall, in conjunction with the ADWEA/ENGINEER, test 10 sample

blocks, selected at random by the ADWEA/ENGINEER from each consignment of up to a
daily production for characteristic strength compliance. The required characteristic strength of
the blocks shall not be less than 50N/sq.mm.
9.13.2 Compressive Strength
The characteristic compressive strength test shall be as per BS 7533.
The characteristic compressive strength of the sample of ten blocks when tested in the
2
manner described below shall not be less than 50 N/mm .
9.13.3 Testing Machine
The testing machine shall be of any reliable type of suitable capacity for the test and capable
of applying the load at the rate specified. It shall comply as regards repeatability and
accuracy with the requirements of BS 1610 and also with the requirements of BS 1881 Part
115.
9.13.4 Test Procedure
The specimens shall be tested in a wet condition after being stored for at least 24 hours in
water maintained at a temperature of 20 deg. C +/-5 deg. C. Before the specimens are
submerged in water, the wearing surface area shall be determined.
The platens of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose grit or other material
removed from the contact faces of the specimen. Plywood, 4mm thick, shall be used as
packing between the upper and lower faces of the specimen and the machine platens, and
these boards shall be larger than the specimen by a margin of at least 5mm at all points.
Fresh packing shall be used for each specimen tested.
Client ADWEA

The specimen shall be placed in the machine with the wearing surface uppermost and in such
a way that the longitudinal and transverse axes of the specimen are aligned with those of the
machine platens.
The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately
2
15 N/mm per minute until no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to
the specimen shall be recorded.
2
The compressive strength of each specimen shall be calculated to the nearest 0.1 N/mm by
dividing the maximum load by the total plan area as, and multiplying by the appropriate
2
correction factor from Table 1 in the code and shall be expressed to the nearest 1 N/mm .
9.13.5 Calculation
The characteristic strength shall be calculated from the individual value of the ten blocks
determined above.
The standard deviation is estimated from the sample of ten specimens by using the formula:
s = (fi - fm)
2
2
where s = standard deviation (N/mm );
2
fi = successively the compressive strength of each of the specimens (N/mm );
2
fm = arithmetic mean of the compressive strengths of all the specimens (N/mm )
The characteristic strength, fk, is calculated from:
fk = (fm - 1.64s)
2
The characteristic strength shall be reported to the nearest 1 N/mm .
3
The minimum bulk density of the paving stones shall be 2.33 t/m .
9.13.6 Water Absorption
Concrete paving blocks shall be tested as ADWEA/ENGINEER may direct for water
absorption. This test shall be based upon that specified in BS 1881 Part 122. The maximum
acceptable absorption limit shall be in accordance with the code.
9.14 Bond Pattern

Precast interlocking paving blocks as approved by ADWEA/ENGINEER used for vehicular
carriage ways will be laid to a herringbone pattern in accordance with BS 7533 - Part 3. The
direction of the pattern shall be maintained throughout the total area to be paved. A change
of direction will require the approval of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Client ADWEA

The laying course shall be laid to an uncompacted thickness of 25 to 50mm plus a surcharge
necessary to provide the specified final bed thickness after vibration of the block paving.
During laying the sand shall be uniform in moisture content and shall be carefully screeded to
a smooth surface to receive the paving blocks. No compaction of the sand layer and no traffic
including pedestrian are to be permitted before the blocks are laid.
The profile of the laying course shall be similar to that of the finished surface. The maximum
deviation from the design levels shall be +/- 10mm.
The edge restraints to the paved area shall be laid in advance of the laying course and all
obstacles within the area, such as manhole covers, shall be constructed to the correct
finished levels.
The paving blocks shall be laid on the sand laying course in such a manner as not to disturb
the blocks already laid. Each block shall be placed firmly against its neighbour so that they fit
closely together. The joints between blocks shall not exceed 3mm.
Where blocks do not fit at the edge restraints or other obstructions such as manholes or
upstands the gaps shall be filled using cut blocks. Blocks shall be cut using a mechanical
grinder/saw. Where possible starter blocks shall be placed against the edge restraints, so as
to minimize the use of cut blocks.
Any damaged or broken blocks shall not be laid. Any blocks damaged during compaction
shall be replaced at the discretion of the ADWEA/ENGINEER.
Due allowance shall be made in the final levels of the base for the compaction of the laying
course above, which occurs when the paving blocks are being vibrated. The amount of
surcharge required for the laying course shall be determined by site trials prior to the
commencement of the actual surfacing and shall be repeated when the source of sand supply
or a change of weather conditions occur.
9.15 Compaction
After each 20 sq.m., or such area that has been agreed with the ADWEA/ENGINEER has
been laid the blocks shall be compacted to the required levels using a plate vibrator.
The plate vibrator shall have a plate area of 0.20 to 0.35 sq.m. and have a compaction force
of 12-24 kN and a frequency of approximately 75 to 100 Hz.
A minimum of two passes of the plate vibrator shall be made in each direction, i.e. at 90
degrees to each other. Vibration shall continue until no further compaction of the sand layer
is apparent. Fine dry sand with a particle size of 0-3 mm and which complies with Clause
8.12 shall then be brushed over the paving, and further passes of the plate vibrator made in
each direction, until the sand is no longer absorbed into the joints.
The plate vibrator shall not pass closer than 1m to a temporarily unrestrained edge during
laying.
Client ADWEA

No paving shall be left uncompacted overnight except for the 1m strip at the temporarily
unrestrained edge, which shall be covered and protected from rain.
9.16 Accuracy
On completion, the finished surface level shall be within 5mm of the design level and the
maximum deviation within the compacted surface, measured by a 3m straight edge, shall not
exceed 5mm. The level of any two adjacent blocks shall not differ by more than 2mm. Any
areas of paving which do not comply with these tolerances shall be removed, the sand laying
course lifted and re-laid and the paving blocks re-laid to the correct levels.
Dimensional accuracy, uniformity of joint gaps, alignment and squareness shall be checked
after laying the first three rows of blocks and thereafter at regular intervals. If joints begin to
open the blocks shall be knocked together using a hide mallet.
9.17 Surface Drainage

Crossfalls and drainage channels shall be maintained to the specific gradients.
9.18 Submissions
The CONTRACTOR shall submit the manufacturer's data on the precast concrete block
pavers together with the instructions for all manufactured materials and products.
The CONTRACTOR shall also submit a sample for approval of colour, texture and general
condition.
Any change in aggregates, admixtures, pigments or mix design will require a re-submission.
10. PRECAST CONCRETE KERBS, CHANNELS AND EDGINGS
10.1 General
Precast concrete kerbs, channels and edgings shall comply with the requirements and
dimensions shown on the drawings and shall in accordance with BS 7263 Part 1 "Precast
Concrete Kerbs, Channels, Edgings and Quadrants".
They shall be cast from sulphate resisting concrete and the characteristic compressive
strength shall be 50 N/mm2. Kerbs and edgings shown on the drawings with radius less than
12 m shall be constructed to the appropriate radius. Straight units may be used where the
radius shown is greater than 12 m.
10.2 Pavement Kerbs

Kerbs for pavement shall be designed such that the top surface of the pavement shall
protrude a distance 300 mm above the graded site level.
The kerbs shall ensure the stability/location of the pavement.
Client ADWEA

10.2.1 Laying
A concrete base C30/20 sulphate resisting concrete shall be laid to the dimensions shown on
the drawings. Precast concrete kerbs, channels, etc. to be bedded on 1:3 cement:sand
mortar not less than 15 mm thick. Upstand kerbs shall only be laid immediately prior to laying
of the asphalt concrete surfacing, concrete slab paving, in-situ concrete slabs or paving
blocks.
10.2.2 Haunching and Jointing
Kerbs, edgings, etc. shall be haunched with concrete mix C30/20 and shall be jointed with 1:3
cement:sand mortar struck smooth. One joint in ten shall be left unfilled with cement mortar
and replaced with compressible joint filling material 15 mm thick. The compressible insert
shall also be provided through the concrete haunch. The joint shall then be sealed with an
approved joint sealing compound.
10.2.3 Line and Level
Any unit of kerb, channel, edging etc. deviating more than 3 mm from line and level at either
end shall be lifted and relaid.
11. ROAD & PAVEMENT MARKINGS
11.1 General
The work shall consist of sprayed markings in accordance with this Specification.
11.2 Materials
The material shall consist of light coloured white silica sand, crushed calcite, calcinal flint or
quartz aggregate, pigment and extender, bound together with a thermoplastic resin,
plasticised as necessary. The approximate composition of the material as laid, including
spray on ballotini, will be:
Aggregate - 40%
Ballotini (Glass Beads) - 20%
Pigment and Extender - 20%
Binder - 20%
The proportioning of the various ingredients shall be such that the final product, when in a
molten state, can be readily sprayed onto the road surface to give an even line of good
definition.
Glass beads sprayed onto the surface of the line will conform to the following grading:
Client ADWEA

Sieve No. % Passing
1.70 mm 100
0.600 mm 85 - 100
0.425 mm 45 - 100
0.300 mm 10 - 45
0.212 mm 0 - 25
0.075 mm 0 - 5
Not less than 80% of the glass beads shall be of transparent glass, reasonably spherical and
free from flaws. The glass beads shall have a refractive index of 1.50.
All markings shall be white containing a titanium dioxide (anatase or rutile) pigment and its
content shall be such as to give a minimum luminance factor for the material of 75 when
measured in accordance with Appendix D of BS 3262.
The extender shall be calcium carbonate prepared from natural chalk.
The total content of pigment and extender shall be between 18 and 22%.
The binder shall be based predominantly on synthetic hydrocarbon resins plasticised with
mineral oil. The viscosity and wetting properties of the molten binder at the spraying
temperature shall be such as to give a composition of satisfactory spraying properties.
(1) Properties
The material for the sprayed traffic markings shall have:
(a) a density of approximately 2.0 grams per cubic centimetre.
(b) an open flash point exceeding 230 deg.C.
(c) a softening point when measured by the Ring and Ball Method contained in BS
2000, pt 58 of between 95 deg.C and 102 deg.C.
(d) a flow resistance such that the percentage decrease in the height of the cone of the
material shall not be more than 25 after testing for 48 hours at 40 deg.C in
accordance with Appendix F of BS 3262.
(e) the impact resistance (when tested at -1 deg.C. in accordance with the Impact Test
in AASHTO T 250) shall be greater than 10 inch pounds;
(f) an abrasive wear resistance of more than 100 revolutions per 0.33 mm when tested
in accordance with Appendix K of BS 3262.
(g) a laboratory skid resistance of not less than 45 when tested in accordance with
Appendix G of BS 3262.
(h) a drying time of not less than 10 minutes (AASHTO M 249).
Client ADWEA

11.3 Storage
Each container shall:
(a) protect the contents from contamination.
(b) have a capacity between 25 and 100 kg.
(c) be clearly marked with the manufacturer's name, batch number and date of manufacture.
11.4 Application
Application shall be by a self propelled mobile sprayer, at a temperature in the range 211
deg.C to 225 deg.C., to give a finished thickness of 2 - 2.5 mm.
The pavement surface shall be dry and free from loose debris, mud and other extraneous
matter.
In addition to the glass beads included in the material a further quantity of glass beads be
sprayed under pressure onto the hot sprayed plastic line at the time of application at a rate of
400-500 gms/sq.m.
11.5 Finished Line Requirement

The finished lines shall be free from raggedness on sides and ends and be in true plane with
the general alignment of the carriageway. The upper surface of the lines shall be level,
uniform and free from streaks.
11.6 Quality Control Programme

The contractor will be responsible for the quality of all purchased items and as such will
develop and submit a Supplier Quality Control Programme for approval. The programme
shall cover testing of the materials by an approved Testing Laboratory to ensure compliance
with the Specification. The supply of samples, the testing thereof and the obtaining of
Compliance Certificates shall be for the responsibility of the CONTRACTOR.
12. UNPAVED FINISHES
12.1 General
The work shall consist of levelling the subgrade.
12.2 Remainder of Unpaved Areas

Subgrade is to be graded and levelled, and be protected by a single layer of drainage
geotextile membrane and topped with 20 mm average size gravel upto the finished levels.
Client ADWEA

APPENDIX A
SCHEDULE OF EXTERNAL FINISHES
Client ADWEA

Item Ref. Description & Location Remarks
1.1 Light duty interlocking concrete block paving For pedestrian footpaths only
60mm thick.
Paviors to be approved precast concrete

interlocking block. Laid, jointed, set and
supported in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations and details. 60mm thick
paviors to be set and jointed in 50mm thick
coarse sand upon 100mm thick mass concrete
blinding, lean mix concrete, cement bound
granular material or suitably blinded granular
subbase material. Subgrade to be pre-rolled
and compacted and brought up to level using
suitable full materials as required.
1.2 Medium duty interlocking concrete block paving For pedestrians and lightly trafficked areas only
80mm thick.

granular material or suitably blinded granular
subbase material. Subgrade to be pre-rolled
and compacted and brought up to level using
suitable full materials as required.
1.3 Heavy duty interlocking concrete block paving For plant service roads and aprons where called
100mm thick. for in lieu of asphalt surface.

granular material on suitably blinded 200mm
thick granular subbase material. Subgrade to
be pre-rolled and compacted and brought up to
Client ADWEA

level using suitable full materials as required.
2.1 Medium duty insitu concrete paving 175mm For pedestrian and equipment access and
thick, 1 layer A393 mesh reinforcement. support of minor items.
175mm thick reinforced concrete slab with 1

layer A393 mesh cut, lapped and bent to suit,
set at 75mm cover, and to be panelled, jointed
and laid to falls complete with edge thickenings
and upstands as shown on drawings.
Pavement shall be laid on 50mm thick
protective screed, a 1000 gauge slip layer,
100mm thick mass concrete blinding on
300mm thick granular subbase. Subgrade to
pre-rolled brought upto level and compacted.
3.1 Concrete roads and aprons heavy duty.
Generally to be as medium duty insitu concrete

paving reference 2.1 above though to be
250mm thick with 2 layers A393 mesh
reinforcement. Entire area to receive extra
heavy duty chemical resistant non slip epoxy
finish applied as per manufacturer's
recommendations. Subbase material to be
300mm thick DTp type 1. Subgrade to be fully
pre-rolled brought upto level.
3.2 As 3.1 but within areas of hydrocarbon spillage Concrete surface to be prepared in accordance
further protected by a heavy duty chemical with requirements of coating system
resistant non slip epoxy finish. manufacturer.
4.1 Coarse ballast to unpaved areas.
200mm thick layer of sound single sized 20-40

grade river gravel laid upon 1 layer of approved
geotextile. Subbase to make up level where
required. Subbase and subgrade to be graded
level but not pre-rolled or otherwise compacted.
Client ADWEA

5.1 Asphalt paving roads and aprons.
50mm thick asphalt wearing course with

embedded aggregate finish laid to falls, tack
coated to underlying 100mm thick asphalt base
course prime coated to 300mm thick DTp type
1 granular subbase laid upon 1 layer of
approved geotextile. Subgrade to be pre-rolled
and compacted.
Client ADWEA

Adsse Road and Highway Manual

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Adsse Road and Highway Manual

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SPECIFICATION FOR ROADS &

0 02-02-2002 Approved Issue

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 1 of: 32

2. CODES AND STANDARDS ..................................................................6

6. PREPARATION OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS.................................13

7. PLACING OF ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS ..........................................15

8. INSITU CONCRETE PAVEMENTS .....................................................16

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 2 of: 32

9. PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK PAVING...........................................18

10. PRECAST CONCRETE KERBS, CHANNELS AND EDGINGS .........25

11. ROAD & PAVEMENT MARKINGS......................................................26

12. UNPAVED FINISHES ..........................................................................28

APPENDIX A SCHEDULE OF EXTERNAL FINISHES

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 3 of: 32

1.3 Compacted Thickness

1.4 Construction Traffic On Pavements

1.5 Drainage & Underground Services

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 4 of: 32

(f) A power broom or a power blower or both;

(g) Hand tools necessary to complete the job.

1.7 Preparation of Formation

Surface of Course Tolerance from True

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 5 of: 32

2. CODES AND STANDARDS

BS 12 Ordinary and Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

BS 882 Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete

BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for Civil Engineering purposes

BS 1610 Methods for the Load Verification of Testing Machines

BS 1881 Method of Testing Concrete for Strength

BS 3148 Water for Making Concrete

BS 4027 Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement

BS 3262 Hot Applied Thermoplastic Road Markings & Materials

BS 6100 Glossary of Highway Engineering Terms

BS 7533 Precast Concrete Block Paving

BS 7263 Precast Concrete Kerbs, Channels, Edgings and Quadrants

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 6 of: 32

BS 8110 Reinforced Concrete

ASTM & AASHTO Standards

AASHTO T168 Sampling of Asphalt mixtures

ASTM D979 Sampling of Asphalt mixtures

AASHTO T11 Material Finer than No. 200 Sieve in Aggregate

ASTM C117 Material Finer than No. 200 Sieve in Aggregate

AASHTO T19 Unit Weight of Aggregates

ASTM C29 Unit Weight of Aggregates

AASHTO T27 Sieve Analysis

ASTM C136 Sieve Analysis

AASHTO T37 Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler

ASTM D546 Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler

AASHTO T96 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, Los Angeles Machine

ASTM C131 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, Los Angeles Machine

AASHTO T104 Soundness of Aggregates

ASTM C88 Soundness of Aggregates

AASHTO T250 Standard Method of Testing for Thermoplastic Traffic line

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 7 of: 32

(a) Asphalt Material

(b) Mineral Aggregate

tender: project: document: W-C-SS-010 rev: 0 sheet: 8 of: 32

Amount of Material Finer than T 11 C 117

Unit weight of Aggregate T 19 C 29

Sieve Analysis, Fine and T 27 C 136

Sieve Analysis of Mineral Filler T 37 D 546

Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate, T 96 C 131

Soundness of Aggregates T104 C 88