1.

To maintain a pressure close to 1 atm, an industrial pipeline containing ammonia gas is vented to
ambient air. Venting is achieved by tapping the pipe and inserting a 3 mm diameter tube, which
extends for 20 m into the atmosphere. With entire system operating at 25 C, determine the mass
rate of ammonia lost to the atmosphere and the mass rate of contamination of the pipe with air.
What are the mole and mass fractions of air in the pipe when the ammonia flow rate is 5 kg/h?

2. A spherical ball of solid, nonporous naphthalene, a "moth ball," is suspended in still air. The
naphthalene ball slowly sublimes, releasing the naphthalene into the surrounding air by a
molecular diffusion limited process. Estimate the time required to reduce the diameter from 2 cm
to 0.5 cm when the surrounding air is at 347 K and 1.013 X 105 Pa. Naphthalene has a molecular
 weight of 128 g/mole, a solid density of 1.145 g/cm3, a diffusivity in air of 8.19 X 10-6 m2/s, and
exerts a vapor pressure of 5 torr (666 Pa) at 347 K.

3. A spherical, 1-m-diameter liquid holding tank is open to the atmosphere through a 10-cm-
diameter hole at the top of the sphere. Liquid acetone inside the tank evaporates and es-capes out
of the hole. Air flows over the hole so that the acetone vapors are immediately swept away. Liquid
acetone is continually fed to the tank to maintain a constant liquid level at the midpoint of the
tank, and the tank is heated to maintain the temperature at 298 K as the acetone evaporates.
 Develop an equation to predict the total molar rate of acetone vapor emissions from the sphere.
What is the acetone emissions rate if acetone exerts a vapor pressure of 3.066 x 104 Pa at 298 K?

4. Satu produk perubatan bersuhu 25 C dibungkus dengan menggunakan dua lapisan pelindung
iaitu getah tervulkan (vulcanized rubber) 0.15 mm dan polietilena 2.0 mm. Diberi tekanan
separa H2 di luar adalah 0.2 atm dan tekanan di dalam bungkusan 0.01 atm.
a) Kira fluks resapan H2 pada keadaan mantap. Anggapkan rintangan resapan di luar dan di
dalam bungkusan diabaikan.
 b) Jika resapan (a) perlu dikurangkan 50% manakala lapisan polietilena perlu dibuang bagi
menjaga bahan produk, berapakah ketebalan lapisan getah tervulkan perlu diletakkan.

5. Gas hidrogen pada tekanan 2 atm dan suhu 303 K mengalir melalui satu paip berdiameter 40 mm
dan mempunyai ketebalan 0.5 mm. Permukaan luarnya terdedah kepada aliran gas di mana
tekanan separa hidrogen adalah 0.1 atm. Pekali keresapan,DAB dan kebolehlarutan, S bagi
hidrogen melalui dinding paip adalah 1.8 x 10 -11 m2/s dan 160 kg mol/m3.atm.

i.Kira kadar resapan hidrogen melalui paip seunit panjang dalam unit kg /s.m .
 ii.Jika paip ini ditebat dengan satu lapisan polietilena ( kebolehtelapan, PM = 6.53 x10-12 m3
H2 (STP) /s.m.atm) setebal 0.75 mm, kira jumlah hidrogen yang hilang melalui dinding paip
dalam masa satu jam.

6. Bagi menguji alat kawalan pembakaran ekzos kenderaan, anda perlu menghasilkan suatu gas
campuran 5.0 ppm (isipadu) [ parts per million] hidrokarbon dalam udara. Campuran ini
dihasilkan dengan cara membenarkan wap hidrokarbon dari lapisan cecair meresap melalui suatu
tiub kecil ke dalam aliran udara. Aras cecair hidrokarbon dalam tiub diandaikan tetap. Untuk
udara dengan kadar alir 1.67x10-5 m3/s, berapakah saiz tiub yang diperlukan jika aras cecair
hidrokarbon ialah 0.1 m di bawah hujung tiub tersebut.
Diberikan;
Pekali resapan untuk hidrokarbon pada 40 C (DAB) = 1.0 x 10-5 m2/s
 Tekanan separa wap hidrokarbon = 10132.5 Pa
Tekanan jumlah = 101325 Pa.
Suhu sistem = 25 C

7. A solid pole, 0.05 m in diameter and 5 m tall, is spray painted with a very thin coat of paint. The
paint contains a volatile solvent. The vapor pressure of the solvent at 298 K is 1.27 x 104 Pa and
diffusivity of the solvent vapor in air at 278 K is 9.62 x 10-6 m2/s. The estimated loading of
solvent in the wet paint on the pole is 0.12 g of solvent per cm2 of cylinder surface. Determine the
minimum time to dry the painted pole if air at 298 K and 1.013 x 105 Pa pressure flows normal to
the pole at a velocity of 1 m/s.
8. Pure liquid benzene (C6H6) at 290 K flows as a thin film down the outside of a vertical, 0.08 m
diameter cylinder at a flow rate 4 kg/hr. Dry air at 290 K and 1 atm flows perpendicular to the
cylinder at a velocity of 4 m/s. The liquid benzene exerts a vapor pressure of 8100 Pa.

Determine the length of the cylinder if the entire outer surface of the cylinder is used for the
evaporating process, and all of the benzene flowing down the cylinder evaporate. Assume that
surrounding air serves as an infinite sink for mass transfer.
9. Dry air at a temperature of 300 K, total pressure of 1 atm, and velocity of 0.5 m/s blows parallel
to the length of a pool of liquid water maintained at 278 K. The length of the pool is 10 m and the
width is 4 m. At 287 K, the vapor pressure of water is 1620 Pa. What is the evaporation rate of
water from the pool?
10. A hot water stream of flowrate mh = 1 kg/s is to be cooled from 90 C to 60 C in a heat
exchanger, by contact with a larger stream of cold water m c = 2 kg/s. The inlet temperature of the
cold water stream is 40 C.
Calculate the heat exchanger area A needed for accomplishing this task. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is known, U = 1000 W/m 2.K.
11. Water flowing at a rate of 10 kg/s through 50 tube in a double-pass shell and tube heat
exchanger heats air which flows on the shell side. The tube are brass with outside diameters of
2.6 cm and 6.7 m long. Surface coefficient on the inside and outside tube surface are 470
W/m2.K and 210 W/m2.K, respectively. Air enters the unit at 15 oC with a flow rate of 16 kg/s.
The entering water temperature is 350 K. Determine the following:

a) Heat exchanger effectiveness

b) Heat transfer rate to the air
c) Exiting temperatures of the water and air streams.

If, after a long period of operation, a scale has been built up inside the tube resulting in an added
fouling resistance of 0.0021 m2.K/W, determine the new result for part (a), (b) and (c ), above.
12. An oil having a specific heat of 1880 J/kg.K enters a single pass counter-flow heat exchanger at a
rate of 2 kg/s and a temperature of 400 K. Is to be cooled to 350 K. Water is available to cool the
oil at a rate 2 kg/s and a temperature of 280 K. Determine the surface area required if the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 230 W/m2.K.
13. A shell and tube heat exchanger with 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes is used to exchange energy
between two pressurized water streams. One stream flowing at 5000 lbm/hr is heated from 75
oF to 220 oF. The hot stream flows at 2400 lbm/hr and enters at 400 oF. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 300 W/m2.K, determine the required surface area.
14. Saturated steam at 373 K is to be condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger (it is to enter as
steam at 373 K and leave as condensate a approximately 373K). If the NTU rating for the
condenser is given by manufacture as being 1.25 in this service for a circulating water flow of
0.07 kg/s, and circulating water is available at 280 K, what will be the approximate maximum
flow rate of steam in kg/s that condensed? What will be the leaving temperature of circulating
water under these conditions? Take the heat of vaporization to be 2256 kJ/kg and Cp to be 4.18
kJ/kg.K.
15. Satu penukar haba kelompang-dan-tiub mempunyai 240 tiub yang tiap-tiap satunya berukuran
2.75 m panjang, 19.05 mm diameter luar (OD) dan 15.75 mm diameter dalam (ID) yang disusun
dalam 4 laluan. Bahagian kelompang pula adalah satu kali laluan. Minyak tanah dengan kadar
50,000 kg/j perlu disejukkan dari 97oC ke 40oC dengan menggunakan air penyejuk yang
memasuki tiub pada suhu 20oC dan keluar pada suhu 38oC.
Pekali bagi bahagian kelompang (minyak tanah) ialah 3000 W/m2 dan haba muatan bagi minyak
tanah ialah 1.97 x 103 J/kg.K. Pekali kotoran gabungan minyak tanah dan air penyejuk adalah
5000 W/m2.K yang merujuk kepada luas luar tiub.
Adakah penukar haba ini cukup besar untuk mengendalikan proses ini?