Thus, at x = 1 m, MC = 11 1 4 (1 1) = 11 kN m

At x = 2 m; MD = 11 3 4 (3 1) = 25 kN m

B.M. between D and E

Ms = + RA x W1 (x 1) W2 (x 3)

Mx = 11 x 4 (x 1) 10 (x 3)

At x = 3 m;

MD = 11 3 4 (3 1) 10 (3 3) = 25 kN m

At x = 4 m;

ME = 11 4 4 (4 1) 10 (4 3) = 22 kN m

Therefore, MA = 0

MC = 11 kN m

Example: A simply supported beam is carrying point loads, as MD = 25 kN m

shown in figure. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam.
ME = 22 kN m
Solution: To draw S.F.D. and B.M.D. we need RA and RB.
MB = 0
By taking moment of all the forces about point A, we get
The B.M.D. is composed of straight lines, as the B.M. is
RB 6 (8 4) (10 3) (4 1) = 0 proportional to x for a ll segments of the beam.

RB = 11 kN 2. Solution: To draw SFD and BMD we need RA and RB.

From condition of static equilibrium: By taking moment of all the force about point A, we get

RA + 11 4 10 8 = 0 RB 8 4 sin 60o 6 2 sin 45o 4 3 sin 30o 2 = 0

RA = 11
Shear Force = Total unbalanced vertical force on either side of
the section.

FA = + RA = + 11 kN

FC = + 11 4 = + 7 kN

FD = + 11 4 10 = 3 kN

FE = + 11 4 10 8 = 11 kN

FB = + 11 4 10 8 = 11 kN

(The sign is taken to be positive because the resultant force is

in upward direction on the LHS of the section).

Bending moment = Algebraic sum of moments caused by

vertical loads acting on either side of the section.

B.M. between A and C Mx = + RA.x

Thus, at x = 0, MA = 0

At x = 1 m; MC = + RA.1 = 11 1 = 11 kN m

(positive sign shows that load creates sagging).

B.M. between C and D,

RB 8 (3.464 6) (1.414 4) (1.5 2) = 0
Mx = + RA.x W1 (x a) = 11.x 4.(x 1)
RB = 3.68 kN MD = 7.792 kN m

From condition of static equilibrium; ME = 7.360 kN m

RA 4 sin 60o 2 sin 45o 3 sin 30o + RB = 0 MB = 0

RA + 3.68 1.5 1.414 3.464 = 0

RA = 2.698 kN

Shear Force = total unbalanced vertical force on either side of

the section.

FA = + RA = 2.698 kN

FC = RA 3 sin 60o

FC = + 2.698 1.5 = + 1.198 kN

FD = RA 3 sin 30o 2 sin 45o

FD = + 2.698 1.5 1.414 = 0.216 kN

FE = FD 4 sin 60o

FE = 0.216 3.464 = 3.680 kN

FB = 3.680 kN

(The sign is taken to be positive when the resultant force is in

upward direction on the LHS of the section).

Bending moment = Algebraic sum of moments caused by

vertical loads acting on either side of the section.

The bending moment at a section between A and C.

To draw S.F.D. and B.M.D. we need RA and RB.
M x = + RA x Let RA and RB be the relations in upward direction.

At x = 0, MA = 0 For equilibrium of the beamM = 0, at point A

x = 2 m; MC = + 2.698 2 = 5.396 kN m Therefore, by taking moment about A, we get

(positive sign shows that load creates sagging) RB.L w. (L + a). (L + a) / 2 = 0

BM between C and D, RB = w. (L + a)2 / 2L (1)

Mx = + RAx W1 (x a) = 2.698 x 1.5 (x 2) Also, from condition of static equilibrium Fy = 0

Thus, at x = 2 m; MC = 2.698 2 1.5 (2 2) = 5.396 kN m RA + RB w.(L + a) = 0

At x = 4m; MD = 2.698 4 1.5 (4 2) = 7.792 kN m RA = w(L + a) w(L+a)2 / wL

BM between D and E, RA = 2w(L+a) L w(L+a)2 / 2L

Mx = + RAx W1 (x 2) W2 (x 4) = 2wL2 + 2waL wL2 2waL wa2 / 2L

Mx = 2.698 x 1.5 (x 2) 1.4.14 (x 4) RA = wL2 wa2 / 2L = w(L2 a2) / 2L

(2)
Thus, at x = 4 m; MD = 2.698 4 1.5 (4 2) 1.414 (4 4)
Thus, it can be observed that;
= 7.792 kN m
RA will act upwards if the value is positive i.e., L > a
At x = 6 m, ME = 2.698 6 1.5 (6 2) 1.414 (6 4)
RA will act downwards if the value is negative i.e., L < a
= 7.360 kN m
RA will be zero when L = a.
Therefore, MA = 0
The shear force (Fx) between A and B at any section (X X), at
MC = 5.396 kN m a distance x from end A is;
Fx = + RA w.x MC = w(L2 a2)/2 + w(L2 a2).a/2L + w(L + a)1 / 2L . a = 2(L +
a)2/2
Fx = w(L2 a2) / 2L w.x (3)
= w(L2 a2)/2 + wa(L2 a2)/2L + wa(L + a)2/2L w(L + a)2/2
Therefore, at
= wL2/2 wa2/2 + waL/2 wa3/2L + waL/2 + wa2 + wa3/2L
x = 0; 2 2
FA = w(L a ) / 2L wL2/2 0 waL wa2/2 = 0

x = L; FB = wL / 2 waL2 / 2L wL

= wL/2 (L + a2 / L)

The SF between B and C, at a distance x from A is

Fx = + RA + RB w.x = w(L2 a2) / 2L + w(L + a)2 / 2L wx

(4) Example: A log of wood is floating in water with a weight W
placed at its middle as shown in figure. Neglecting weight of
Therefore, at x = L; FB = w.L2/2L wa2/2L + wL2/2L2w.aL/2L + the log draw SFD and BMD of the log.
w.a2/2L wL
The log of wood is floating on water due to upthrust
FB = + wa acting on whole log as u.d.f.
Intensity of u.d.l. will be equal to W/2L kN/m
x = (L + a); FC = wL2/2L wa2/wL + wL2/2L + 2waL/2L +
2
wa /2L w(L + a) Consider section (X X) at a distance x from section B.

=0

The maximum positive value of bending moment occurs n AB

at a section, where shear force is zero. Hence,

W(L2 a2) / 2L w.x = 0 x = (L2 a2 / 2L)

The bending moment for section AB,

Mx = RA.x w.x. x/2 = 2(L2 a2) / 2L.x 2x2 / 2 (5)

Therefore, at

x = 0, MA = 0

x = (L2 a2 / 2L); Mmax = w(L2 a2) / 2L.(L2 a2 / 2L) w/2

(L2 a2 / 2L)2

Mmax = 2(L2 a2/2L) w/2 (L2 a2 / 2L)

Shear force between B and C;
Mmax = w/2 [L2 a2 / 2L]2
Fx = w.x
At x = L; Fc just right = W/2L.L = W/2
Also maximum hogging bending moment is; Shear force between C and A;
At x = L; MB = w(L2 a2).L / 2L w(L)2 / 2 = wL2 / 2 wa2 / 2
Fx = wx + W
wL2 / 2
At x = L; FC just left = W/2L.L + W = + W/2
MB = wa2 / 2
At x = wL; FA = W/2L.2L W = 0
Now, the bending moment for section BC,
bending moment between C and A;
Mx = + RAx + RB(x L) w.x2/2 Mx = + (w. x). x/2 = + wx2/2
At x = 0; MB = 0
Mx = + w(L2 a2)/2L.x + w(L + a)2 / 2L. (x L) wx2 / 2 At x = L; MC = + W/2L.(L2/2) = + WL/4
Bending moment between C and A;
At x = L; MB = w(L2 a2) / 2L .L + w(L + a)2 / 2L. 0 wL2/ 2
Mx = + w.x2 / 2 W(x L)
2 2
MB = wL / 2 wa / 2 = wL / 2 2
(same as above) At x = L; MC = W/2L.(L2/2) W (L L) = WL/4
t x = 2L MA = W/2L (4L2/2) - W(2L L) = WL WL = 0
At x = (L + a)

MC = w(L2 a2) / 2L (L + a) + w(L + a)2 / 2L (L + a L) w(L + Examples A cantilever beam carries a U.D.L. of 60
a)2 / 2 kN/m as shown in figure. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Consider a section (X X) at a distance x from end
B. S.F. between B and D;
Shear force = Total unbalanced vertical force on either Shear force Fx = + wx
side of the section.
At x = 0, FB = 0 (1)
S.F. between B and C Fx = + w.x
x = 1 m; FD just right = 2 1 = 2 kN
(1)
S.F. between D and C; Fx = + wx + 5
At x = 0, FB = w.0 = 0
At x = 1 m; FD just left = 2 1 + 5 = 7 kN
x = 1.8 m; FC = 60 1.8 = 108 kN
At x = 1.5 m; FC just right = 2 1.5 + 5 = 8 kN
Since, there is no load between points A and C; for
this region Fx remains constant. Therefore, from C to S.F. between C and A
A; Fx = + wx + 5 + 4
Fx = + 108 kN At x = 1.5 m; FC just left = 2 1.5 + 5 + 4 = 12 kN
(The sign is taken to be positive because the At x = 2 m; FA = 2 2 + 5 + 4 = 13 kN
resultant force is in downward direction on RHS of the Bending moment between B and D;
section).
Mx = (wx).x/2 = wx2/2
SFD will be triangular from B to C and a rectangle
from C to A. At x = 0; MB = 0
Now, x = 1m; MD = 2 12/ 2 = 1 kN m
Bending moment between B and C , Mx = (wx).x/2 Bending moment between C and A;
2
= wx /2 Mx = wx2/2 5 (x 1) 4 (x 1.5)
At x = 0; MB = w.0/2 = 0 At x = 1.5 m; MC = 2 (1.5)2 / 2 5 (1.5 1) 4 (1.5
1.5)
x = 1.8 m; MC = 60/2.(1.8)2 = 97.2 kN m
MC = 4.75kN m
For region C to A; Mx = w (1.8)(x 1.8/2)
x = 2.0 m; MA = 2 (2)2 / 2 5 (2.0 1) 4 (2.0
= 60 1.8 (x 0.9) 1.5)
= 108 (x 0.9) MA = 11 kN m
At x = 1.8 m; MC = 108 (1.8 0.9) (The sign of bending moment is taken to be negative
= 97.2 kN m because the load creates hogging).
x = 2.5 m; MA = 108 (2.5 0.9) The shape of BMD is parabolic in shape from B to D,
= 172.8 kN m D to C, and, also C to A.
(The sign of bending moment is taken to be negative
because the load creates hogging). Example Consider a cantilever beam AB carrying UDL
BMD is parabolic in nature from B to C and straight of w kN/m over length AC, as shown in figure.
line from C to A.
Let the length of the beam be L then at any section (X
X) at a distance x from point C.
Example: A cantilever beam is subjected to various
loads as shown in figure. Draw the SFD and BMD for
the beam. Fx = + w.x (1)
Consider a section (X X) at a distance x from
section B.
Since, there is no load between points B and C, for this
region Fx = 0

Now, the bending moment is:

Mx = w.x. x/2 = wx2/2 (2)

Therefore, for length AC;

x = 0; FC = 0, MC = 0
x = a; FA = w.a, MA = wa2/2

and, for length BC,

F
x

S.F. at any section between A and C is

Fx = + 5 kN

S.F. at any section between C and D

Fx = + 5 10 = 5 kN

S.F. at any section between D and B at a distance x from

D is

Fx = 5 10 3x = 5 3x
0
FD = 5 (3 2) = 11 kN
Mx = 0
And FB = 5 (3 2) = 11 kN
The SFD will be a straight line forming a triangle
between A and C. The BM is proportional to x2. S.F. at any section between B and E, at a distance x from
Therefore BMD will be a parabolic curve between A and E
C.
Fx = 3x
Note:
The sign for SF is taken to be positive because the FE = 0
resultant force is in downward direction on RHS of the
section, and BM is taken negative because the load FB = + 3 2 = + 6 kN
creates hogging.
To draw B.M.D. we need bending moment at all salient
Example: Draw the S.F.D. and B.M.D. for the beam points.
shown in figure. Also find the point of contraflexure.
B.M. at A=0

Solution: By taking moment of all forces about A, we B.M. on LHS at C = + 5 2 = + 10 kNm

get
B.M. on RHS at D = + 10 + 10 = + 20 kNm
RB 6 = (10 3) + (3 4 6)
B.M. at D = + 5 4 10 = + 10 kNm
RB = 17 kN
B.M. at B = 3 2 1 = 6 kNm
And RA = 10 + (3 + 4) 17 = 5 kN

To draw S.F.D. we need S.F. at all salient points.

B.M. at E=0

Point of contra flexure lies between D and B at point F.

Let F be at a distance x from B. Then

17x 3.(x + 2)2 / 2 = 0 3x2 22x + 12 = 0

Or x = 0.593 m from B.
Example: Draw S.F.D. and B.M.D. for the beam shown in
figure.
Solution: The beam AB can be considered to consist of
two parts:
(i) a cantilever ACDE; and
(ii) a simply supported beam EB.

For beam EB the reaction at B

= RB = 3 10 / 2 = 15 kN

The common reaction at E = 15 kN acting upwards in the

beam and downwards in the cantilever.
Example: A cantilever beam is subjected to various
Now, S.F.D. for cantilever and simply supported beam
loads as shown in figure. Draw the shear force diagram
can easily be drawn.
and bending moment diagram for the beam.
To draw S.F.D. we need S.F. at all salient points. Solution: Consider a section (X X) at a distance x from
section B. shear force. between B and D;
FB = 15 kN Shear force Fx = + wx
At x = 0, Fb = 0 (1)
FE = 15 + 10 3 = 15 kN x = 1 m; Fd just right = 2 1 = 2 kN
S.F. between D and C; Fx = + wx + 5
FD = + 15 + 30 = 45 kN At x = 1 m; FD just left = (2 1) + 5 = 7 kN
At x = 1.5 m; Fc just right = (2 1.5) + 5 = 8 kN
FC = + 15 + 30 + 30 = 75 kN
S.F. between C and A
Fx = + wx + 5 + 4
FA = 75 kN
At x = 1.5 m; Fc just left = 2 1.5 + 5 + 4 = 12 kN
Now, to draw B.M.D. we need bending moment at all At x = 2 m; FA = 2 2 + 5 + 4 = 13 kN
salient points. Bending moment between C and A;
B.M. at E=0 Mx = (wx).x/2
B.M. at D = 15 1 = 1.5 kNm Mx = wx2/2 5 (x 1) 4 (x 1.5)
B.M. at C = 15 2.5 30 1.5 = 82.5 kNm At x = 1.5 m; Mc = 2 (1.5)2 / 2 5 (1.5 1) 4 (1.5
B.M. at A = 15 A 30 3 30 1.5 = 195 kNm 1.5)
Mc = 4.75 kN- m
x = 2.0 m; Ma = 2 (2)2 / 2 5 (2.0 1) 4 (2.0 1.5)
Ma = - 11 kN-m
(The sign of bending moment is taken to be negative
because the load creates hogging).
The shape of bending moment diagram is parabolic in
shape from B to D, D to C, and, also C to A.

19.2 Problem
A cantilever beam carries a uniform distributed load of
60 kN/m as shown in figure. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Solution: Consider a section (X X) at a distance x from
end B.
 RB 3 w/2 (4)2 = 0

RB = 1 (4)2 / 2 3 = 8/3 kN

For static equilibrium;

RA + RB 1 4 = 0

RA = 4 8/3 = 4/3 kN

To draw shear force diagram we need shear force at all

salient points:
Shear force = Total unbalanced vertical force on either
Taking a section between C and B, SF at a distance x
side of the section.
from end C. we have,
S.F. between B and C Fx = + w.x (1)

A x = 0, FB = w.0 = 0
At x = 0; FC = 0
x= 1.8 m; FC = 60 1.8 = 108 kN
x = 1 m; FB just right = 1 1 = + 1 kN
Since, there is no load between points A and C; for this
Now, taking section between B and A, at a distance x
region Fx remains constant. Therefore, from C to A;
from end C, the SF is:
Fx = + 108 kN
(The sign is taken to be positive because the resultant
force is in downward direction on right hand side of the
At x = 4 m; FA = 4 8/3 = + 4/3 kN = + 1.33 kN
section).
The shear force becomes zero;
SFD will be triangular from B to C and a rectangle from C
to A.

Now,
x = 2.67 m
Bending moment between B and C Mx = (wx).x/2 =
wx2/2
(The sign is taken positive taken when the resultant
force is in downward direction the RHS of the section).
At x = 0; MB = w.0/2 = 0
x = 1.8 m; MC = 60/2.(1.8)2 = 97.2 kN m
To draw bending moment diagram we need bending
For region C to A; Mx = w (1.8)(x 1.8/2) = 60 1.8
moment at all salient points. Taking section between C
(x 0.9) = 108 (x 0.9)
and B, bending moment at a distance x from end C, we
At x = 1.8 m; MC = 108 (1.8 0.9) = 97.2 kN m
have
x = 2.5 m; MA = 108 (2.5 0.9) = 172.8 kN m
Mx = wx2 / 2 = 1.x2/2 kN m
(The sign of bending moment is taken to be negative
because the load creates hogging).

BMD is parabolic in nature from B to C and straight line

from C to A.

19.3 Problem
A simply supported beam overhanging on one side is
subjected to a uniform distributed load of 1 kN/m.
Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams
and find the position of point of contra-flexure.

Solution: Consider a section (X X) at a distance x from

end C of the beam.

To draw the shear force diagram and bending moment

diagram we need RA and RB.

By taking moment of all the forces about point A.

 When x =
0, MC = 0

At x = 1
m. MB =
1
(1)2 / 2 =
0.5 kN
m

Taking
section
between
B and A,
at a
distance x
from C,
We get RB 10 8 9 2 4 5 4 2 = 0
the bending moment is:
RB = 12 kN
Mx = x2/2 + 8/3 (x 1)
From condition of static equilibrium Fy = 0
At x = 1 m, MB = 0.5 kN m
RA + RB 4 8 8 = 0
x = 4 m; MA = (4)2 /2 8/3 (4 1) = 0
RA = 20 12 = 8 kN
The maximum bending moment occurs at a point where
To draw shear force diagram we need shear force at all
dMx / dx = 0
salient points:
d/dx [x2 / 2 + 8/3 x 8/3] = 0
For AC; FA = + RA = 8 kN
1/2 2x + 8/3 = 0
For CD, FC = + 8 4 = 4 kN
x = 8/3 m from end C.
FD = 4 kN
Mmax = 1/2 (8/3)2 + 8/3 (8/3 1) = 0.89 kN m
For DE, Fx = 8 4 2 (x 3) = 10 2x
The point of contraflexure occurs at a point, where
At x = 3 m; FD = 10 6 = 4 kN
Mx = 0
At x = 7 m; FE = 10 2 7 = 4 kN
x2/2 + 8/3 (x 1) = 0
The position for zero SF can be obtained by 10 2x = 0
x2 = 16/3 (x 1)
x=5m
x2 16/3 x + 16/3 = 0
For EF; Fx = 8 4 8 = 4 kN
x = 1.335 m or 4 m
For FB; Fx = 8 4 8 8 = 12 kN
4. A simply supported beam is subjected to a
To draw BMD, we need BM at all salient points.
combination of loads as shown in figure. Sketch the
shear force and bending moment diagrams and find the
For region AC, Mx = + 8x
position and magnitude of maximum bending moment.
At x = 0; MA = 0
Solution: To draw the shear force diagram and bending
moment diagram we need RA and RB.
x = 2; MC = 8 2 = 16 kN m
By taking moment of all the forces about point A.
For region CD; Mx = + 8x 4 (x 2)

At x = 2 m; MC = 8 2 4 (2 2) = 16 kN m

At x = 3 m; MD = 8 3 4 (3 2) = 20 kN m
For region DE,

Mx = + 8x 4 (x 2) 2(x 3)2 / 2 = 10x x2 1

At x = 3 m; MD = 8 3 4 (3 2) 2(32 3)2 / 2 = 20 kN
m

At x = 7 m; ME = 10 7 (7)2 1 = 20 kN m

At x = 5 m; MG = 10 5 (5)2 1 = 24 kN m

For region EF,

Mx = 8x 4 (x 2) 2 4 (x 5) = 48 4x

At x = 9 m, MF = 120 12 9 = 12 KN m

At x = 10 m; MB = 120 12 10 = 0

The shear force diagram and bending moment diagram

can now be drawn by using the various values of shear
force and bending moment. For bending moment
diagram the bending moment is proportional to x, so it
depends, linearly on x and the lines drawn are straight
lines.

The maximum bending moment exists at the point

where the shear force is zero, and also dM/dx = 0 in the
region of DE

d/dx (10 x x2 1) = 0

10 2x = 0

X=5m

Mmax = 10 5 (5)2 1 = 24 kN m

Thus, the maximum bending is 24 kN m at a distance of

5 m from end A.