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Hyperbolicfunction
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Inmathematics,hyperbolicfunctionsareanalogsoftheordinarytrigonometric,or
circularfunctions.

Thebasichyperbolicfunctionsarethehyperbolicsine"sinh"(/snt/or/an/),[1]
andthehyperboliccosine"cosh"(/k/),[2]fromwhicharederivedthe
hyperbolictangent"tanh"(/tnt/or/n/),[3]hyperboliccosecant"csch"or
"cosech"(/kok/[2]or/kost/),hyperbolicsecant"sech"(/k/or/st/),[4]
andhyperboliccotangent"coth"(/ko/or/k/),[5][6]correspondingtothe
derivedtrigonometricfunctions.

Theinversehyperbolicfunctionsaretheareahyperbolicsine"arsinh"(alsocalled
"asinh"orsometimes"arcsinh")[7][8]andsoon.

Justasthepoints(cost,sint)formacirclewithaunitradius,thepoints Araythroughtheunithyperbola inthe

(cosht,sinht)formtherighthalfoftheequilateralhyperbola.Thehyperbolic point ,where istwicethearea
functionstakearealargumentcalledahyperbolicangle.Thesizeofahyperbolic betweentheray,thehyperbola,andthe axis.For
angleistwicetheareaofitshyperbolicsector.Thehyperbolicfunctionsmaybe pointsonthehyperbolabelowthe axis,thearea
definedintermsofthelegsofarighttrianglecoveringthissector. isconsiderednegative(seeanimatedversionwith
comparisonwiththetrigonometric(circular)
Hyperbolicfunctionsoccurinthesolutionsofmanylineardifferentialequations, functions).
forexampletheequationdefiningacatenary,ofsomecubicequations,in
calculationsofanglesanddistancesinhyperbolicgeometryandofLaplace'sequationinCartesiancoordinates.Laplace'sequationsare
importantinmanyareasofphysics,includingelectromagnetictheory,heattransfer,fluiddynamics,andspecialrelativity.

Incomplexanalysis,thehyperbolicfunctionsariseastheimaginarypartsofsineandcosine.Whenconsidereddefinedbyacomplex
variable,thehyperbolicfunctionsarerationalfunctionsofexponentials,andarehenceholomorphic.

Hyperbolicfunctionswereintroducedinthe1760sindependentlybyVincenzoRiccatiandJohannHeinrichLambert.[9]Riccatiused
Sc.andCc.([co]sinuscirculare)torefertocircularfunctionsandSh.andCh.([co]sinushyperbolico)torefertohyperbolicfunctions.
Lambertadoptedthenamesbutalteredtheabbreviationstowhattheyaretoday.[10]Theabbreviationsshandcharestillusedinsome
otherlanguages,likeFrenchandRussian.

Contents
1 Standardanalyticexpressions
2 Specialmeanings
2.1 Hyperboliccosine
2.2 Hyperbolictangent
3 Usefulrelations
3.1 Sumsofarguments
3.2 Subtractionformulas
3.3 Halfargumentformulas
4 Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
5 Derivatives
6 Secondderivatives
7 Standardintegrals
8 Taylorseriesexpressions
9 Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
10 Identities
11 Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
12 Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
13 Seealso
14 References
15 Externallinks

Standardanalyticexpressions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsare:

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Hyperbolicsine:

Hyperboliccosine:

.
sinh,coshandtanh
Hyperbolictangent:

Hyperboliccotangent:

csch,sechandcoth

Hyperbolicsecant:

Hyperboliccosecant:

(a)cosh(x)istheaverage
ofexandex

Hyperbolicfunctionscanbeintroducedviaimaginarycircularangles:

Hyperbolicsine:

Hyperboliccosine:

Hyperbolictangent:

Hyperboliccotangent: (b)sinh(x)ishalfthe
differenceofexandex

Hyperbolicsecant:

Hyperboliccosecant:

whereiistheimaginaryunitwiththepropertythati2=1.

ThecomplexformsinthedefinitionsabovederivefromEuler'sformula.

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Specialmeanings
Hyperboliccosine

Itcanbeshownthattheareaunderthecurveofcosh(x)overafiniteintervalisalwaysequaltothearclengthcorrespondingtothat
interval:[11]

Hyperbolictangent

Thehyperbolictangentisthesolutiontothedifferentialequation withf(0)=0andthenonlinearboundaryvalue
problem:[12][13]

Usefulrelations
Oddandevenfunctions:

Hence:

Itcanbeseenthatcoshxandsechxareevenfunctionstheothersareoddfunctions.

Hyperbolicsineandcosinesatisfy:

thelastwhichissimilartothePythagoreantrigonometricidentity.

Onealsohas

fortheotherfunctions.

Sumsofarguments

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particularly

Also:

Subtractionformulas

Also:

Source.[14]

Halfargumentformulas

wheresgnisthesignfunction.

Ifx0,then

[15]

Inversefunctionsaslogarithms

Derivatives
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ifx0

ifx0

if1<x

if1<x<1

ifx<1or1<x

if0<x<1

ifx0

Secondderivatives
Sinhandcosharebothequaltotheirsecondderivative,thatis:

Allfunctionswiththispropertyarelinearcombinationsofsinhandcosh,inparticulartheexponentialfunctions and ,andthe

zerofunction .

Standardintegrals

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Thefollowingintegralscanbeprovedusinghyperbolicsubstitution:

whereCistheconstantofintegration.

Taylorseriesexpressions
ItispossibletoexpresstheabovefunctionsasTaylorseries:

ThefunctionsinhxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyoddexponentsforx.Thusitisanoddfunction,thatis,sinhx=sinh(x),
andsinh0=0.

ThefunctioncoshxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyevenexponentsforx.Thusitisanevenfunction,thatis,symmetricwith
respecttotheyaxis.Thesumofthesinhandcoshseriesistheinfiniteseriesexpressionoftheexponentialfunction.

where:

isthenthBernoullinumber
isthenthEulernumber

Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsrepresentanexpansionoftrigonometrybeyondthecircularfunctions.Bothtypesdependonanargument,
eithercircularangleorhyperbolicangle.

Sincetheareaofacircularsectorwithradiusrandangleuis itwillbeequaltouwhenr=squarerootof2.Inthediagramsuch
acircleistangenttothehyperbolaxy=1at(1,1).Theyellowsectordepictsanareaandanglemagnitude.Similarly,theyellowandred
sectorstogetherdepictanareaandhyperbolicanglemagnitude.

Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareoflength2timesthecircularandhyperbolic
functions.

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MellonHaskellofUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleydescribedthebasisofhyperbolic
functionsinareasofhyperbolicsectorsinan1895articleinBulletinoftheAmerican
MathematicalSociety(seeExternallinks).Hereferstothehyperbolicangleasan
invariantmeasurewithrespecttothesqueezemappingjustascircularangleisinvariant
underrotation.

Identities
Thehyperbolicfunctionssatisfymanyidentities,allofthemsimilarinformtothe
trigonometricidentities.Infact,Osborn'srule[16]statesthatonecanconvertany
trigonometricidentityintoahyperbolicidentitybyexpandingitcompletelyintermsof
integralpowersofsinesandcosines,changingsinetosinhandcosinetocosh,and
switchingthesignofeverytermwhichcontainsaproductof2,6,10,14,...sinhs.This
yieldsforexampletheadditiontheorems Circleandhyperbolatangentat(1,1)
displaygeometryofcircularfunctionsin
termsofcircularsectorareauand
hyperbolicfunctionsdependingon
hyperbolicsectorareau.

the"doubleargumentformulas"

andthe"halfargumentformulas"[17]

Note:Thisisequivalenttoitscircularcounterpartmultipliedby1.

Note:Thiscorrespondstoitscircularcounterpart.

Thederivativeofsinhxiscoshxandthederivativeofcoshxissinhxthisissimilartotrigonometricfunctions,albeitthesignis
different(i.e.,thederivativeofcosxissinx).

TheGudermannianfunctiongivesadirectrelationshipbetweenthecircularfunctionsandthehyperboliconesthatdoesnotinvolve
complexnumbers.

Thegraphofthefunctionacosh(x/a)isthecatenary,thecurveformedbyauniformflexiblechainhangingfreelybetweentwofixed
pointsunderuniformgravity.

Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
Fromthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicsineandcosine,wecanderivethefollowingidentities:

and

Theseexpressionsareanalogoustotheexpressionsforsineandcosine,basedonEuler'sformula,assumsofcomplexexponentials.

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Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
Sincetheexponentialfunctioncanbedefinedforanycomplexargument,wecanextendthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicfunctions
alsotocomplexarguments.Thefunctionssinhzandcoshzarethenholomorphic.

RelationshipstoordinarytrigonometricfunctionsaregivenbyEuler'sformulaforcomplexnumbers:

so:

Thus,hyperbolicfunctionsareperiodicwithrespecttotheimaginarycomponent,withperiod ( forhyperbolictangentand
cotangent).

Hyperbolicfunctionsinthecomplexplane

Seealso
e(mathematicalconstant)
WikimediaCommonshas
Equalincirclestheorem,basedonsinh
mediarelatedtoHyperbolic
Inversehyperbolicfunctions functions.
Listofintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions
Poinsot'sspirals
Sigmoidfunction
Trigonometricfunctions
Modifiedhyperbolictangent

References

1.(1999)CollinsConciseDictionary,4thedition,HarperCollins,Glasgow,ISBN0004722574,p.1386
2.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
3.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1520
4.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1340
5.CollinsConciseDictionary,p.329
6.tanh(http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf)
7.Abramowitz,MiltonStegun,IreneA.,eds.(1972),HandbookofMathematicalFunctionswithFormulas,Graphs,andMathematicalTables,
NewYork:DoverPublications,ISBN9780486612720
8.Someexamplesofusingarcsinh(https://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+library)foundinGoogleBooks.
9.RobertE.Bradley,LawrenceA.D'Antonio,CharlesEdwardSandifer.Eulerat300:anappreciation.MathematicalAssociationofAmerica,
2007.Page100.
10.GeorgF.Becker.Hyperbolicfunctions.ReadBooks,1931.Pagexlviii.
11.N.P.,Bali(2005).GoldenIntegralCalculus.FirewallMedia.p.472.ISBN8170081696.
12.EricW.Weisstein."HyperbolicTangent".MathWorld.Retrieved20081020.
13."Derivationoftanhsolutionto1/2f=f^3f...".MathStackExchange.Retrieved18March2016.

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14.Martin,GeorgeE.(1986).Thefoundationsofgeometryandthenoneuclideanplane(1.,corr.Springered.).NewYork:SpringerVerlag.
p.416.ISBN3540906940.
15."math.stackexchange.com/q/1565753/88985".StackExchange(mathematics).Retrieved24January2016.
16.Osborn,G.(July1902)."Mnemonicforhyperbolicformulae".TheMathematicalGazette.2(34):189.JSTOR3602492.
17.Peterson,JohnCharles(2003).Technicalmathematicswithcalculus(3rded.).CengageLearning.p.1155.ISBN0766861899.,Chapter26,
page1155(https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA1155)

Externallinks
MellenW.Haskell(1895)Ontheintroductionofthenotionofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/189501
06/S000299041895002669/S000299041895002669.pdf)BulletinoftheAmericanMathematicalSociety1(6):1559.
Hazewinkel,Michiel,ed.(2001),"Hyperbolicfunctions",EncyclopediaofMathematics,Springer,ISBN9781556080104
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://planetmath.org/hyperbolicfunctions)onPlanetMath
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicFunctions.html)entryatMathWorld
GonioLab(https://web.archive.org/web/20071006172054/http://glab.trixon.se/):Visualizationoftheunitcircle,trigonometric
andhyperbolicfunctions(JavaWebStart)
Webbasedcalculatorofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.calctool.org/CALC/math/trigonometry/hyperbolic)

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