Clase Recristallization

Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

Atomic bond breaks OR
You can this way:
Why the strength of metals is

much lower than the value
predicted from the metallic bond?
For example, the theoretical shear
strength is well over 1000MPa actual
shear strength of Cu is at least an
Order of magnitude less than this.
Slip and Slip Plane
The process by which a dislocation moves and causes a material to deform is called slip.
The crystallographic plane along which the dislocation line traverses is the slip plane.
Shear stress
Slip Direction
The direction in which the dislocation moves is called slip direction.

For edge dislocations, it is the direction of Burgers vector.
The motion of an edge dislocation:
The dislocation line motion

is parallel to the direction of
the applied shear stress.
The motion of a screw dislocation:
The dislocation line motion

is perpendicular to the
stress direction
Slip System
The combination of slip direction and slip plane is the slip system.
Dislocation slip is more difficult along a low-atomic-density
plane than along a high-atomic-density plan.
An FCC unit cell and its slip system
Slip occurs along <110> type directions

{111} type planes (4 planes) have
(A-B,A-C,D-E) within the {111} planes.
all atoms closely packed.
FCC has 12 slip systems - 4 {111} planes and each has 3 <110> directions
* Generally, the metals having larger number of slip systems are more ductile than the
one has smaller number of slip system. Thus, FCC & BCC metals are generally ductile
and HCP is brittle.
Slip in Single Crystals
Resolved shear stress (R) and critical resolved shear stress (crss )
R is the resolved shear stress is given by:
FR = F cos and AR = A/cos
R = FR / AR = cos cos
crss represents the minimum shear stress

required to initiate slip and is a materials
property, which determines when yielding
occurs.
crss
FR y =
AR
(cos cos )max
at = = 45, we have: y = 2 crss

It is the minimum stress necessary to cause yielding.
Slip occurs along a number of equivalent
and most favorably orientated planes and
directions in a single-crystal specimen
Plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials
Slip lines in deformed Before deformation- After deformation-

grains the grains are equiaxed. the grains are elongated.
Deformation by twinning -
In addition to slip plastic
deformation in some metallic
materials can occur by the
formation of mechanical twins,
or twinning.
Deformation by twinning
Deformation by Slip
Crystallographic orientation above and below a slip is the same before and after the
deformation. But, for twinning, there will be a reorientation across the twin plan, which
may place new slip systems for slip to occur.
Atomic bond breaks OR
You can this way:
Why the strength of metals is

much lower than the value
predicted from the metallic bond?
For example, the theoretical shear
strength is well over 1000MPa actual
shear strength of Cu is at least an
Order of magnitude less than this.
Dislocation, Lattice Strain and Strengthening Mechanisms
Edge Dislocation and

strain energy associated
Strengthening by grain size reduction
(1) A dislocation passing into a grain having different

orientation will have to change its direction of motion;
thus grain boundary becomes a barrier.
(2) The disorder in a grain boundary will result in a

discontinuity of slip planes from one grain into the
other. y = 0 + kyd -1/2
(3) Reducing grain size or increasing grain boundary is
Where: 0 and ky are constants
a strengthening means for polycrystalline metals
Strengthening by solid-solution
Edge dislocation
Tensile lattice strain on host atoms by a

smaller substitutional impurity atom.
Edge dislocation
Compressive lattice strain on host atoms by a

larger substitutional impurity atom.
Pure Metal Larger impurity atoms
Smaller impurity atoms Interstitial impurity atoms

Strain Hardening
Strain Hardening
Strain Hardening
T = K Tn
Strain hardening and cold work
Cold work
%CW = (A0-Ad)/A0 x 100
Mechanisms of Strain
Hardening (cold-work)
in Metals
A dislocation
Bowing of
the dislocation
under stress
Formation of
a new dislocation
More dislocation we have, the more likely they are interfere with one another and the stronger
the metal becomes.
Mechanisms of Strain
Hardening in Polymers
Polymer chain alignment occurs

under applied stress.
Strain hardening by cold work - Strength and ductility relationship
Example Question
Anisotropic behavior induced by cold work

Annealing is a heat treatment designed to eliminate the effects of cold working.
The properties of a metal may revert back to the precold-worked states by
Annealing, through recovery, recrystallization and grain growth.
Recovery: the relief of some of the internal strain energy of a previously cold-worked material.
Recrystallization: the formation of a new set of strain-free grains within a previously cold-worked
material.
Grain Growth: the increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material.
An elevated temperature heat treatment (annealing) is needed for these 3-processes.
Recrystallization
and grain growth
of brass
(a) Cold-worked
(b) Initial stage of
recrystallization
a b c
(3 s at 580C)
(c) Partial replacement
of cold-worked
grains by
recrystallized ones
(4 s at 580C)
(d) Complete
recrystallization
(8 s at 580C)
(e) Grain growth after
15 min at 580C.
(f) Grain growth after
10 min at 700C d e f
Annealing temperature
and Mechanical Properties
for a Brass Alloy
Grain Growth
dn d0n = Kt
Recrystallization proceeds more rapid in pure metals that in alloys.

For pure metals, the recrystallization temperature is about 0.3Tm (Tm is absolute melting temp.)
For some alloys, the recrystallization temperature can be as high as 0.7Tm.
Homework for this Chapter
Questions: 7.12
7.14
7.18
7.27
7.28
7.D4
The homework is due one week from Today

Clase Recristallization

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Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms

You can this way:

Why the strength of metals is

Slip and Slip Plane

The direction in which the dislocation moves is called slip direction.

The dislocation line motion

The motion of a screw dislocation:

The dislocation line motion

An FCC unit cell and its slip system

Slip occurs along <110> type directions

R is the resolved shear stress is given by:

FR = F cos and AR = A/cos

crss represents the minimum shear stress

at = = 45, we have: y = 2 crss

Slip lines in deformed Before deformation- After deformation-

You can this way:

Why the strength of metals is

Edge Dislocation and

(1) A dislocation passing into a grain having different

(2) The disorder in a grain boundary will result in a

Tensile lattice strain on host atoms by a

Compressive lattice strain on host atoms by a

Smaller impurity atoms Interstitial impurity atoms

Polymer chain alignment occurs

Anisotropic behavior induced by cold work

Recrystallization proceeds more rapid in pure metals that in alloys.

The homework is due one week from Today

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