Educational Environments Management and Islamic Students Health

Behavior in Islamic Boarding School in Middle Java, Indonesia

Dr. Eliana Sari, M.M.1

Lecturer in Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: elianasari.munthalib@gmail.com

Abstract

This research is backgrounded by the frequency of Islamic students contracting the disease caused by the behavior

of students who live less healthy during lodging in Islamic boarding school. Educational environments management

factor in Islamic boarding schools indicated as the main cause of infectious disease cases experienced by majority of

Islamic students. Based on this, this research aims to analyze how much influence educational environments

management can bring toward health behaviors of Islamic students at Islamic boarding school in Middle Java,

Indonesia. This research is associative research with quantitative approach. The sample in this research were 400

Islamic students who have studied in Islamic boarding school for at least 2 years and by using purposive sampling

technique. Result showed that there is a positive and significant influence of educational environments management

of Islamic boarding school on the health behavior of Islamic students. Creative and proactive efforts required from

the manager of Islamic boarding schools to improve the boarding school effectiveness of educational environments

management through maintenance of facilities and infrastructure and development of Islamic academic that is more

focused and innovative, so, health behavior of Islamic students at the Islamic boarding school in Middle Java,

Indonesia can be improved.

Keywords: Educational Environments Management, Health Behavior, Islamic Student, Islamic Boarding School,

Indonesia.

1
Rawamangun Muka Street, Educational Management Department, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, East Jakarta,
Indonesia.
Introduction

Islamic Boarding School as an Islamic educational institution has a uniqueness and superiority, which emphasizes

the principles and values of spiritual, philosophical, and educative compared to other educational systems that exist

in Indonesia. Islamic Boarding School apply the principles of struggle, dedication, sacrifice, ijtihad, and mujahadah

inspired by values of sincerity, simplicity, confidence, independence, brotherhood, solidarity, and freedom of

positive and productive thinking (Halim, et al, 2005). Formidable Islamic students certainly need to have healthy

physic and strong mental. While physical health and mental strength of students cannot be separated from health

behaviors undertaken daily by students at the Islamic boarding school, it is automatically make the management in

Islamic boarding school one of the factors that influence the health behavior.

Research results of Khumayra & Sulisno (2012) stated that health behavior in Islamic students in preventing scabies

and its treatment are generally still low. Scabies or mange is a contagious skin disease caused by infestation of

scabiei var hominis due to direct or indirect contact (Kusmarinah & Aisyah, 1985; Harahap, 1998). Scabies disease

is one of the disease that affects many Islamic students during the stay in the Islamic boarding school, and extremely

disturb their learning productivity as well as frequently infect other students. Kuspriyanto in Khumayra & Sulisno

(2012) said that the prevalence of scabies in developing countries ranges between 6-27%, while in Indonesia

amounted to 4.60 to 12.95%. Indonesia Department of Health in Kusmarinah & Aisyah (1985) mentions the

environment-based infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea and skin

diseases are health issues that generally experienced by Islamic students at the Islamic boarding school. Dhini Marga

Rahadian research results regarding Islamic student personal hygiene and sanitation in Islamic boarding school of

putrid KHA. Wahid Hasyim Bangil Pasuruan in 2008, concluded that the sanitary condition of the Islamic boarding

school is still not good and most of the students commonly suffer from colds, headaches, cold-cough, migraine,

toothache, etc. (Ikhwanudin, 2013). Effendy (2009) states pesantren function other than as a place of learning can

also pose a threat in transmissing disease if it not properly managed, because density levels in Islamic boarding

school so that the residents of Islamic boarding schools is a group at risk of the disease. Result: Rofiq in Ikhwanudin

(2013) factors that determine the low quality of Islamic student health behaviors is the rules lodge, lodge facilities,

and interactions inside the lodge.

Skinner (Soekidjo & Notoatmodjo, 2010) interpret behavior as a person's response or reaction to stimuli from the

environment, where the behavior can take the form of action that can be observed even be studied. Human behavior
is essentially a process of individual interaction with the environment as a biological manifestation of thought that

he is a living creature (Subarniati & Rika, 1996). Health behaviors of Islamic students strongly influenced by

environmental conditions of Islamic boarding schools situations, and in general, the majority of Islamic boarding

schools conditions in Indonesia are lacking attention toward health problems. One cause of the poor quality of

student health at Islamic boarding school because the Islamic boarding schools have a tradition and a simple

lifestyle. Another factor is the lack of facilities and infrastructure to support the daily life in Islamic boarding

schools, including their health facilities. Islamic student behavior tend to imitate clerics, ustad, and badal (clerics

substitute) that is simple and understated in dealing with the limited facilities and infrastructure in Islamic boarding

schools (Dhofir & Zamakhsyari, 2011). Education environments management in Islamic boarding schools aims to

improve the environmental management of Islamic boarding schools by integrating the ecological aspect, the

Islamic culture, and the condition of Islamic students. Erickson & King in Barrow (2006) explains that the

educational environments management in Islamic boarding schools steer Islamic boarding schools environmental

management processes become more optimal.

Methodology

This research is an associative is research with a quantitative approach. Quantitative research is trying to perform an

accurate measurement on something According to Cooper & Schindler (2014). The object in this research is the

management of educational environments and health behavior, while the subjects in this study are the Islamic

students from Islamic boarding school in Middle Java region, Indonesia. The students perceptions measurement

using a Likert scale (Pathak, 2008). Data collected through distributing questionnaires to Islamic students. Sampling

was done by using purposive sampling method or judgment sampling which is a technique to determinate the sample

by choosing sample among the population according to the desired research (Sugiono, 2014). The criteria of the

research subjects are Islamic students who have stayed in lodge of Islamic boarding school for at least 2 years, and

the number of samples in this research were 400 Islamic students. The techniques of data analysis that used in this

research is: 1) Classic Assumption Test, 2) Research Instruments Test, 3) Regression Analysis and 4) Hypothesis

Examination (Clough & Nutbrown, 2012; Wang, 2010). Researchers also analyzing the data frequency distribution

and respondents' perception score of the entire variable dimensions.

Analysis of Educational Environments Management Frequency Distribution and Score: Result and

Discussion

The results of research by distributing questionnaires to 400 student respondents can be seen in Figure 1 and 2 about

the frequency distribution and score of Islamic student perception toward the dimension of educational

environments management variable.

1400
11661228
1200 1084
974 1035937 The Development of
1000
Islamic Academic
800
576 622
600
The Maintenance of
400
139199 Facilities and
200
Infrastructure
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 1 The Frequency Distribution of Islamic Student Perception toward the Dimensions of Educational

Environments Management. Source: Data processed by author.

4685
3896 34%
28% 1
5175 2
4336
36%
30% 3
34981152 139 4
25% 1% 199
1% 5
1324
3684 10%
27%

Fig. 2 The Score Distribution and Percentage of Islamic Student Perception toward the Dimensions of Educational

Environments Management. Source: Data processed by author.

In Figure 1 and 2, shows the variation in each of the respondents' answers. Ideally, the highest score expected from

the respondents answers to the statement on each dimensions is 5 (the highest score) x 10 (number of statement

items) x 400 (number of respondents) = 20000.

In figure 2, recapitulation of respondent answers distribution toward the maintenance of facilities and infrastructure

dimension showed a score of (4685 + 3896 + 3684 + 1324 + 199) = 13788 or 68.94% of the ideal score. While

recapitulation of respondent answers distribution to the development of Islamic academic dimension shows scores

(5171 + 4336 + 3498 + 1152 + 139) = 14300 or 71.5% of the ideal score. Referring to the defined criteria, if

interpreted, then 67.57% and 71.5% lies in the Good category.

These data indicate that the process of educational environments management by the management of Islamic

boarding school institution in Middle Java has been done well. Figure 2 reinforces the data in figure 1 by displaying

Islamic student perceptions scores and the percentages of the maintenance of facilities and infrastructure, and

development of Islamic academic in a greater detail. Figure 2 shows the respondent perceptions scores of the

development of Islamic academic is higher than in maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. This indicates that

the development of Islamic academic performed better than the maintenance of facilities and infrastructure.

51 236
5 512 Action to Seek
637
155 Treatment
4 341 582
586 Activity to Withstand
261 590 the Disease
3
550600 Attitude to Maintain
576 805 Healthy
2
182242 Response to the
257 728
1 64 Disease
45
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Fig. 3 The Frequency Distribution of Islamic Student Perception toward the Dimensions of Health Behavior.

Source: Data processed by author.

100% 255
2560 1180 620
80% 3185
1364 783
60%
2328
40% 2344 1770 1610
20% 1650 1800 1152
364 484 257 728
0% 45 64
Response to the Attitude to Maintain Activity to Withstand Action to Seek
Disease Healthy the Disease Treatment

1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 4 The Score Distribution of Islamic Student Perception toward the Dimensions of Health Behavior. Source:

Data processed by author.

The student frequency distribution and scores on the dimensions of the health behavior variable can be seen in

Figure 3 and 4, which shows the variation in each of the respondent answers. Ideally, the highest score expected

from the respondents' answers to the statement on each dimensions is 5 (the highest score) x 5 (number of statement

items) x 400 (number of respondents) = 10000.

In figure 4 recapitulation of respondent answers distribution toward the response to the disease dimension shows

scores (3185 + 2344 + 1650 + 364 + 45) = 7588 or 75.88% of the ideal score. The attitude to maintain healthy

dimensions shows a score of (2560 + 2328 + 1800 + 484 + 64) = 7236 or 72.36% of the ideal score. Referring to the

defined criteria, if interpreted, then the 75.88% and 72.36% lies in the category of Good. On the dimension of

activity to withstand the disease shows a score of (1180 + 1364 + 1770 + 1152 + 257) = 5723, or 57.23% of the

ideal score. Last dimension of health behavior is the action to seek treatment that shows scores of (728 + 1610 + 783

+ 620 + 225) = 3996, or 39.96% of the ideal score. Referring to the defined criteria, if interpreted, then 57.23% lies

in the category of Neutral, while 39.96% lies in Not Good category.

These data indicate that the health behavior of Islamic students in educational institutions of Islamic boarding

schools in Middle Java can be said has been good enough. Figure 4 amplifies the data in Figure 3 with displaying

the results of the score distribution of Islamic student perception on the response to the disease, attitude to maintain

healthy, activity to withstand the disease, and an action to seek treatment in greater detail. In figure 4 shows

respondent's perception scores of the response to the disease is higher compared to the attitude to maintain healthy,

activity to withstand the disease, and actions to seek treatment. This shows that the response to the disease carried by

Islamic students is better than the attitude to maintain healthy, activity to withstand the disease, and actions to seek

treatment in health behavior variable at the Islamic boarding school in Middle Java.

Analysis of the Influence between Variables: Result and Discussion

All of respondent data processing has met the criteria of classical assumption, i.e. normality test, autocorrelation and

multicollinearity. Test results of inter variable influence can be seen in tables below:
Table 1 Test results of educational environments management influence toward response to the disease as health

behavior dimension.

Variable Not Free (Dependent Variable)

Health Behavior Dimension : Response to the Disease
Dimension of Educational Environments
Management Variable (Independent)
Unstandardized Coefficients () P-Value F-Value

The Maintenance of Facilities and

0,242 0,025
Infrastructure 0,013
The Development of Islamic Academic 0,316 0,002
Source: Data processed from SPSS 21

Based on the test results in Table 1, it shows that maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and

significant influence toward response to the disease as a dimension of health behavior. This is supported by the p-

value of 0.025 and is smaller than an alpha value of 0.05, so that it can be concluded Ha accepted or there is an

influence between maintenance of facilities and infrastructure with response to the disease. In health behavior,

Islamic students in Islamic boarding school influenced by insufficient or not the number of educational facilities and

infrastructure provided by the manager of Islamic boarding school. This means that the insufficient number of

educational facilities and infrastructure provided by Islamic boarding school manager is expected to increase the

health behaviors of Islamic students at the school. The value of coefficient is 0.242 and positive means that the

maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on response to the disease.

The second dimension of educational environments management is development of Islamic academic that have a

positive and significant influence toward response to the disease as the dimensions of health behavior. It can be

shown by the test result in Table 1, the p-value of 0.002 and is smaller than the value alpha 0.05, which means it

accept Ha or there is an influence between development of Islamic academic with response to the disease.as health

behavior dimension. The value of coefficient is 0.316 and positive means that the development of Islamic academic

has a positive and significant impact on Islamic student response to the disease as health behavior dimension.
Table 2 Test results of educational environments management influence toward attitude to maintain healthy as

health behavior dimension.

Variable Not Free (Dependent Variable)

Health Behavior Dimension : Attitude to Maintain Healthy
Dimension of Educational Environments
Management Variable (Independent)
Unstandardized Coefficients () P-Value F-Value

The Maintenance of Facilities and

0,427 0,000
Infrastructure 0,001
The Development of Islamic Academic 0,215 0,046
Source: Data processed from SPSS 21

Based on the test results in Table 2, it shows that maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and

significant influence toward attitude to maintain healthy as a dimension of health behavior. This is supported by the

p-value of 0.000 and is smaller than an alpha value of 0.05, so it can be concluded that Ha is accepted or there is an

influence between maintenance of facilities and infrastructure with Islamic student attitude to maintain healthy. In

health behavior, Islamic students in Islamic boarding school influenced by good or not the quality of educational

facilities and infrastructure provided by the manager of Islamic boarding school. This means that a good quality of

educational facilities and infrastructure provided by Islamic boarding school manager is expected to increase the

health behaviors of Islamic students at the school. The value of coefficient is 0.427 and positive means that the

maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on attitude to maintain healthy.

The second dimension of educational environments management is development of Islamic academic that have a

positive and significant influence toward attitude to maintain healthy as the dimensions of health behavior. It can be

shown by the test result in Table 2, the p-value of 0.046 and is smaller than the value alpha 0.05, which means it

accept Ha or there is an influence between development of Islamic academic with attitude to maintain healthy as

health behavior dimension. The value of coefficient is 0.215 and positive means that the development of Islamic

academic has a positive and significant impact on Islamic student attitude to maintain healthy as health behavior

dimension.
Table 3 Test results of educational environments management influence toward activity to withstand the disease as

health behavior dimension.

Variable Not Free (Dependent Variable)

Health Behavior Dimension : Activity to Withstand the Disease
Dimension of Educational Environments
Management Variable (Independent)
Unstandardized Coefficients () P-Value F-Value

The Maintenance of Facilities and

0,425 0,0015
Infrastructure 0,000
The Development of Islamic Academic 0,443 0,001
Source: Data processed from SPSS 21

Based on the test results in Table 3, it shows that maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and

significant influence toward activity to withstand the disease as a dimension of health behavior. This is supported by

the p-value of 0.0015 and is smaller than an alpha value of 0.05, so it can be concluded that Ha is accepted or there

is an influence between maintenance of facilities and infrastructure with Islamic student activity to withstand the

disease. In health behavior, Islamic students in Islamic boarding school influenced by whether durable or not the

educational facilities and infrastructure provided by the manager of Islamic boarding school. This means that more

durable the educational facilities and infrastructure provided by Islamic boarding school manager, expected to

increase the health behaviors of Islamic students at the school. The value of coefficient is 0.425 and positive means

that the maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on activity to withstand the

disease.

The second dimension of educational environments management is development of Islamic academic that have a

positive and significant influence toward activity to withstand the disease as the dimensions of health behavior. It

can be shown by the test result in Table 3, the p-value of 0.001 and is smaller than the value alpha 0.05, which

means it accept Ha or there is an influence between development of Islamic academic with activity to withstand the

disease.as health behavior dimension. The value of coefficient is 0.443 and positive means that the development of

Islamic academic has a positive and significant impact on Islamic student activity to withstand the disease as health

behavior dimension.
Table 4. Test results of educational environments management influence toward action to seek treatment as health

behavior dimension.

Variable Not Free (Dependent Variable)

Health Behavior Dimension : Action to Seek Treatment
Dimension of Educational Environments
Management Variable (Independent)
Unstandardized Coefficients () P-Value F-Value

The Maintenance of Facilities and

0,460 0,000
Infrastructure 0,001
The Development of Islamic Academic 0,213 0,041
Source: Data processed from SPSS 21

Based on the test results in Table 4, it shows that maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and

significant influence toward action to seek treatment as a dimension of health behavior. This is supported by the p-

value of 0.000 and is smaller than an alpha value of 0.05, so it can be concluded that Ha is accepted or there is an

influence between maintenance of facilities and infrastructure with Islamic student action to seek treatment. In

health behavior, Islamic students in Islamic boarding school influenced by the adequate or not the educational

facilities and infrastructure provided by the manager of Islamic boarding school. This means that an adequate

educational facilities and infrastructure provided by Islamic boarding school manager is expected to increase the

health behaviors of Islamic students at the school. The value of coefficient is 0.460 and positive means that the

maintenance of facilities and infrastructure has a positive and significant impact on action to seek treatment.

The second dimension of educational environments management is development of Islamic academic that have a

positive and significant influence toward action to seek treatment as the dimensions of health behavior. It can be

shown by the test result in Table 4, the p-value of 0.041 and is smaller than the value alpha 0.05, which means it

accept Ha or there is an influence between development of Islamic academic with action to seek treatment as health

behavior dimension. The value of coefficient is 0.213 and positive means that the development of Islamic academic

has a positive and significant impact on Islamic student action to seek treatment as health behavior dimension.

Conclusion
These results indicate there is a significant and positive influence of education environments management Islamic

boarding school toward health behavior of Islamic students at the Islamic boarding school in Middle Java,
Indonesia. This can be interpreted that, if the effectiveness of education environments management in boarding

schools be improved, the health behavior of Islamic students will also be better. Likewise, if the effectiveness of

education environments management of Islamic boarding schools is low, then the health behavior of Islamic

students will also be decreased. Score value is not good on dimension of action to seek treatment from health

behavior variables, showed that education environments management in Islamic boarding schools still needs

improvement. Increasing the effectiveness of education environments management in Islamic boarding schools

should focus on providing a sufficient number of facilities and infrastructure and improving the quality of facilities

and infrastructure adequately. The difficulty of Islamic boarding schools funding sources be one of the obstacles in

improving the effectiveness of education environments management of Islamic boarding schools, especially in

providing a sufficient and adequate facilities and infrastructure. Several efforts that can be done by Islamic boarding

schools to obtain funding sources, among others through the submission of proposal for funding to the central and

local governments (Ministry of Religious Affairs and local government), and also to donor groups (companies, non-

profit institution, etc.). Funding source of Islamic boarding schools can also be obtained from the governmental and

non-governmental organizations from the Islamic countries that is wealthy or from the individual donors. The higher

results of Islamic student perception is the development of Islamic academic compared to the maintenance of

facilities and infrastructure, show that the development of Islamic academic process conducted by Islamic boarding

schools manager has been running well and according to expectations of Islamic students. The development of

Islamic academic in Islamic boarding schools is able to establish the values of sincerity, simplicity, exemplary and

independence in Islamic student self (QUOTES). The value of sincerity, simplicity, exemplary and independence is

indicated as one of factors that caused health behavior of Islamic students is not very good. Those values are

believed to make Islamic students become a person who resigned in facing difficulties, including being not too

enthusiastic to seek treatment when they are not feeling well or attacked by diseases.

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