A Primer On Military Vehicle Mobility Vintage 2003 1232228541842746 1

Mobility of Ground Vehicles:
US MILITARY VIEW
a overview primer and reference source guide:
(vintage 2003)
Jim Lutz Quest Systems Inc. June 2003

JLutz@quest-systems-inc.com
MILITARY ITIES
Agility Very specific terms, each with a military usage
Deployability definition and appropriate metrics,
Survivability quantification and measurement procedure.
Maintainability
Frequently expressed in an ORD:
Mobility
(Operational Requirements Document) with
Maneuverability Threshold and Objective targets.
Sustainability
Reliability
Trafficability
Lethality
And on & on .. but no motivity
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 2

MILITARY DEFINITIONS:
mobility. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
A quality or capability of military forces which permits them to move from
place to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission.
trafficability. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
Capability of terrain to bear traffic.
It refers to the extent to which the terrain will permit continued movement of
any and/or all types of traffic.
maneuver. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the
enemy.
A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in
imitation of war.
The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired
movements.
Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with
fire, or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy
in order to accomplish the mission.
agility.
The ability of friendly forces to act faster than the enemy.

strategic level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
The level of war at which a nation or group of nations determines national or alliance
security objectives and develops and uses national resources to accomplish those
objectives. Activities at this level establish national and alliance military objectives;
sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks for the use of military and other
instruments of power; develop global or theater war plans to achieve those objectives; and
provide armed forces and other capabilities in accordance with the strategic plan.
operational level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and
sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations.
Activities at this level link tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives
needed to accomplish the strategic objectives, sequencing events to achieve the
operational objectives, initiating actions, and applying resources to bring about and sustain
these events. These activities imply a broader dimension of time or space than do tactics;
they ensure the logistic and administrative support of tactical forces, and provide the
means by which tactical successes are exploited to achieve strategic objectives.
tactical level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to
accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this
level focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to
each other and to the enemy to achieve combat objectives.

STRATEGIC MOBILITY:
the transport of forces over continental and

intercontinental distances
OPERATIONAL MOBILITY:
the ability to swiftly allocate and relocate

forces within a theater of crisis or war.

TACTICAL MOBILITY:
needed when a force is in
immediate contact with its
adversary.
Direct confrontation with an
enemy imposes at least two
mobility requirements:
Good off-road mobility is
an important precondition
of being able to evade
enemy action and exploit
unexpected avenues of
approach.
Agility -- a combination of
high speed, good
acceleration, and the
ability to "zig-zag"--is also
key to being able to
respond flexibly to rapidly
changing opportunities
and challenges.

Tactical Mobility
must consider:
vehicle weight loading in combat
conditions
rapid transitions from pavement to ?

Combat.
The purposeful application of force by a military or paramilitary organization
through fire and maneuver to destroy the capacity and will of a like
organization with competing goals and objectives.
Combat Support (CS).
Fire support and operational assistance provided to combat elements.
Combat support includes artillery, air defense artillery, engineer, military
police, signal, and military intelligence support.
Combat Service Support (CSS).
The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to
sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within
the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that
support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply,
maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by
aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their
missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses those activities
at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the
battlefield.

MILITARY WHEELED VEHICLES:
vehicle size vs. usage
Wheeled Vehicles:
Usage ( primary function)
Combat
Service Combat
Support Support Special
civilian commercial (CSS) (CS) Combat Ops
Tahoe &
LIGHT: class 2A (6,500 Suburban
to 8000lbs) class 2B H1, H2, H1 & all HD HMMWV, HMMWV, HMMWV,
size - cargo capacity category
(8,500 to 10,000lbs) pickups pickups CUCV HMMWV, IFAV IFAV
MEDIUM: class 6 & 7 MTVR FMTV ASV FMTV

(19,500 to 33,000lbs) 5-Ton MTVR 5-Ton FMTV ASV
M915, M916,
PLS, HEMTT,
HEAVY: class 8 & up HETS LVSR HEMTT
(>33,000 lbs) LVSR M871A3 M871A3 HIMARS
LAC-25
Light Armored LAV-25 Stryker Stryker
Heavy Armored M1977

US MILITARY TRUCK FLEET OVER TIME
450000
400000 20244
20507
350000
300000
158661 206487 HEAVY
250000
30474 MEDIUM
200000
83551 LIGHT
150000
100000 205819 174989
50000 124170
0
1980 1987 2007
TOTALS 384,987 401,720 238,195

Trucks Provide the Logistical Backbone to the Army
The US Army has a fleet of over 246,000 tactical wheeled vehicles and
drives 823 million miles annually.
Key documents for all military vehicles:
Mission Needs Statement (MNS).

[TR 350-70] A broad statement of mission need for a deficiency which can
only be satisfied by a materiel solution. A MNS will be prepared for all Army
acquisition programs regardless of acquisition category.
Operational Requirements Document (ORD).

[TR 350-70] A formatted statement containing performance (operational
effectiveness and suitability) and related operational parameters for the
proposed system. The operational requirements document will be initially
prepared during Phase 0, Concept Exploration and Definition. It will be
updated during Phase 1, Demonstration and Validation.

Distinctions for military vehicles
vs. civilian/commercial practice
Fully loaded in COMBAT trim is the
primary weight condition for military vehicle
mobility!

Soldier Human Factors Criteria:
Military vehicles must
accommodate 5th% female to 95th%
percentile male soldier with gear
& equipment
95% soldier "weight with gear:
1 Crewman 295 pounds
2 Crewmen 566 pounds

Building Blocks for Military
Mobility Analysis & Simulation
Surface Topography -
Terrain Classification & Vehicle Platform
Visualization Mobility profile
Modeling &
Simulation tools:
NRMM-II
(VehDyn, OBSMOD)
ADAMS-DADS
Surface-Soils Tire / Track

Characterization Ground Interaction

Terrain Classification &
Visualization
Digital Terrain
Elevation Data [DTED]
In support of military applications, the DTED Post

# Points
National Imagery and Mapping Agency Level Spacing
(NIMA) has developed standard digital
1 100m 90,000
datasets (Digital Terrain Elevation
Data (DTED)) which is a uniform
matrix of terrain elevation values which 2 30m 810,000
provides basic quantitative data for
systems and applications that require
3 10m 5,000,000
terrain elevation, slope, and/or surface
roughness information
4 3m 21,250,000
5 1m 506,250,000

Terrain Classification & High Resolution Data:
Visualization
1-meter Light Detection and Ranging
(LIDAR/LADAR)

Terrain Classification &
Terrain Visualization
Visualization (click on picture)

Surface Soils Definition of Terrain Types by
Classification
Surface Roughness (RMS):
Super Highways: 0.1 to 0.3 inch RMS
Multi-lane, high speed, high density, limited access roads such as Autobahns and
Interstate highways.
Primary Roads: 0.1 to 0.3 inch RMS
Two or more lanes, all weather, maintained, hard surface roads with good driving
visibility used for heavy and high density traffic. These surface roads have lanes with a
minimum width of 2.7m(9 ft) and the legal maximum GVW/gross combined weight for
the country or state is assured for all bridges.
Secondary Roads: 0.1 to 0.6 inch RMS
Two Lane, all weather, occasionally maintained, hard or loose surface roads intended
for medium weight, low density traffic.
Trails: 0.1 to 2.8 inch RMS
One lane, dry weather, unimproved, seldom maintained, loose surface roads intended
for low density traffic. Trails have a minimum lane width of 2.4m (8 ft), no large
obstacles ( boulders, stumps, logs) and no bridging.
Off-Road: 0.6 to 4.5 inch RMS
Vehicle operations over virgin terrain which has nor previous traffic and over combat
and pioneer trails.

Surface Soils
Classification Surface Roughness
Military expresses surface roughness in RMS values of inches

Operational Requirements Document (ORD) for military vehicles
will express ride quality on specific test courses with measured
RMS values: example from HMMWV ORD
3.12.1 Ride Limiting Speed
The HMMWV shall attain no more then 6 watts average vertical absorbed power, as
measured at driver's location, while negotiating the following Root Mean Square
(RMS) ride courses at speeds listed below, with the tires at normal tire pressure:
6-watt speeds
RMS (inches) 1 1.5 2 2.5
MPH 30 20 15 13

Terrain Classification Comparing Mobility
& Visualization
Test Courses:

Terrain Classification Test Courses at
& Visualization
Nevada Auto Test Center (NATC)
NATC Engineering Development Courses
Roughness (RMS) Values
Course Name RMS Value

Gravel Oval 0.2
1/2 RMS 0.5
1 RMS 1
1.4 RMS 1.4
2.4 RMS 2.4
3.6 RMS 3.6
Sine Wave Oval Long Amplitude Section 0.7
Sine Wave Oval Large Amplitude Torsional 0.9
Section
Alternating Bumps (Dirt) 0.7
Perryman I 0.3
Perryman II 0.4
Perryman III 2.8
Belgian Block 0.5
3 Spaced Bump 0.9
2 Washboard 0.7

Surface Soils
Classification Basic Trafficability Factors:
Factors that affect ground (soil) trafficability:
Soil Strength & Sinkage:
Load bearing & traction capacities of soils are functions of their
shearing resistance
Shearing resistance is measured by cone penetrometer and expressed
in terms of Cone Index(CI)
Stickiness
May seriously hamper vehicles operating in wet, fine grained soil (e.g.
mud accumulation)
Slipperiness
Excess water or a layer of soft, plastic soil overlying a firm layer
Vegetation when wet on a slope, may cause immobilization of rubber
tired vehicles.
Problem even on soils with high bearing capacities
Variations with Weather
Loose sands improve trafficability through an increase in adhesion
during rainy periods

Surface Soils
Classification
Unified
Soil
Classification
System:

Surface Soils
Classification
Rating Cone Index
In vehicle off-road mobility, soil strength is a dominating factor.

Soil strength at a given place and time is expressed in terms of its
RCI (Rating Cone Index of soil strength).
The larger the RCI, the stronger the soil.
rating cone index (RCI):
The measured Cone Index multiplied by the remolding index (RCI = CI
x RI).
The RCI expresses the soil-strength rating of a soil area
subjected to sustained traffic.

Surface Soils
Classification
Wet-Season Trafficability of Soils

BOSNIA:

Golan Heights

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Sinkage of Wheeled Vehicles

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Tire Sinkage vs. Tire Diameter
9000# pickup
8.4
8.2
Rating Cone Index = 25
Tire Width = 10
8
Tire Sinkage (in)
Vehicle Weight = 9,000 lb

Number of Wheels = 4
7.8
Tire Deflection = 1
Tire Section Width = 8
7.6
Tire Diameter varied between 30 to 40
7.4
7.2
32 34 36 38 40
Tire Diameter (in)

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction Tire Sinkage vs.Tire Width
9000# pickup
Rating Cone Index = 25

Tire Width varied between 8 to 16
10 Vehicle Weight = 9,000 lb
Number of Wheels = 4
Tire Sinkage (in)
Tire Deflection = 1
8 Tire Section Width = 8
Tire Diameter = 33.5
10 12 14 16
Tire Width (in)

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Vehicle Cone Index
Platforms gross vehicle weight and its footprint determine

resultant ground pressure imparted on the soil
Soil strength, coupled with vehicles ground pressure, determine a
parameter called Vehicle Cone Index (VCI)
The VCIN (Vehicle Cone Index for N vehicle passes) is a vehicle
characteristic and is the minimum value of RCI at which that
vehicle can successfully complete N passes in the same ruts,
given that the vehicle is moving on level ground at a slow, steady
speed and not pushing or towing.
VCIN is determined either by experiment or through calculations and
is closely related to nominal unit ground pressure but incorporates
other factors in the overall vehicle-soil relation.
The lower the VCIN, the better the basic performance of the
vehicle in fine grained soils.
the term VCI will assume to mean VCI1, (soil rating cone index for
one vehicle pass, unless otherwise specified).

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
VCI values for
US Military Vehicles
weight VCI VCI # of
Vehicle lbs. (one pass) (50 pass) wheels tire size
HTTV 6200 16 4 35x12.50 R17LT
M151 "Jeep" 3180 19 44 4 7.00x16
M998 HMMWV 7500 20 47 4 37x12.50x16.5
M1028 old CUCV 9300 31 70 4 LT235/85 R16
LAV-25 27700 32 72 8 12.00 R20 XML with CTI
Stryker LAV-III 38300 35/29 8 12.00 R20 XML with CTI
Tank M1A1 125000 25 58 tracks
Tank M1A2 140000 28 64 tracks

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction M1028: old CUCV
Comments from Desert Storm:
LTC KILGORE: Okay. As far as the
reliability of a CUCV, it was less than
desirable, especially in this
environment. The HMMWV [M-998-
series High-Mobility Multi-Wheeled
Vehicle], I thought, stood up very well,
especially with the rocky ground and the
soft sand that we had to go over. Many
times, you know, they just got stuck in M1028
the soft sand, especially your deuce and The M1028 is a 5/4 ton tactical truck cargo
shelter carrier, General Motors Model K30903
a halfs [2.5-ton trucks] where you had Pickup. Military tasks include carrying the S-250
Communications Shelter. Military requirements
numerous problems with transfers, include all of the following: air transportability;
transmissions, due to the soft sand, blackout lights; camouflage paint; engine
diagnostic connector assembly; military markings;
clutches, things of that nature that were multi-purpose towing/tiedown eyes; nuclear,
impacted by the terrain itself. biological, and chemical (NBC) warfare protection;
NBC kit provisions; radio mounting provisions;
rear pintle hook with trailer wiring connector;
slave-start capability; S-250 shelter equipment
tiedowns; towing capability; weapon holders;
winterization kit add-on capability.

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Predicted VCI for
Commercial ton Pickups:
Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle
VCI @ VCI @ VCI @ VCI @
condition m odel & body tire size 15% 20% 25% 30%
prod base curb 24.2 22.5 21.3 20.3
prod base at GVW 2500HD, crew cab, 4x4
(9200 #s) Duramax, short bed LT245/75R-16 28.4 26.4 25.0 23.9
BATUS "General 2500HD, crew cab, 4x4

Purpose" @ 9200# Duramax, short bed LT285/75R17 24.1 22.5 21.2 20.3
COMBATT curb 2500HD, extended cab, 20.3 18.9 17.8 17.0

COMBATT GVW short bed, 4x4, Duramax 37x12.5LT17E 22.7 21.1 19.9 19.1
Border Patrol
"Enhanced" 2500HD, extended cab, LT285/75R16 24.6 22.9 21.7 20.7
short bed, 4x4,
Border Patrol "SORV" Duramax LT315/75R16 24.0 22.4 21.1 20.2

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction VCI & speed requirements
for vehicles with CTIS
From Light Tactical Vehicle ORD:
The LTV single pass cone index (VCI1, fine grained) shall have
a value no greater than 22 at tire inflation pressure for cross-
country.
The calculated VCI1 shall employ the deflection ratio effect
algorithms as defined in NRMM version 2.5.7.
The cross-country tire pressure will allow the vehicle to maintain
speeds of at least 50 mph for continuous operation on secondary
roads and trails.
The sand/mud/snow tire pressure will allow the vehicle to achieve
speeds of at least 15 mph
the emergency tire pressure will allow speeds of at least 5 mph.

Central Tire Inflation Systems
Current & Proposed US Military Vehicles with CTI

systems:
M939A2 5-Ton
M939A0, A1 5-Ton (USMC):
M1074, M1075 Palletized Loading System 20-Ton [PLS]
Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
Light Medium Tactical Vehicle 2-1/2-Ton
Medium Tactical Vehicle 5-Ton
Heavy Equipment Transporter [HET] Tractor (only)
Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement 7-Ton [MTVR](USMC)
LAV-III
Heavy Expanded Mobile Tactical Truck 10-Ton (new buy and rebuild??)
Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR) (USMC)
HMMWV A2: Several systems proposed, none accepted by US Army or
USMC (available as an option on commercial Hummer)

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Central Tire Inflation Systems
CTIS allows a vehicle operator to maintain traction and mobility

over wide variations of terrain and soil types through
adjustments to tire pressure, while the vehicle is in motion.

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
CTIS Settings
Under the conditions for
which the pressures were
developed (usually full load)
the tire pressures roughly
correspond to:
Highway:
10 - 15% deflection
Cross-Country:
25 - 30% deflection
Mud, Sand, And Snow:
30 - 35% deflection
Emergency:
35 - 40% deflection.

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction Tire Pressure & Deflection
There is a tire deflection appropriate

for any load and speed.
For high speed operations tire

deflections should be in the 10%
range.
For low speed operations tire

deflections can be in the 20-30%
range.
Increasing tire deflection increases the

tire footprint.

Tire / Track Tire Foot Print
Ground Interaction
vs. Tire Pressure

Vehicle Mobility
profile Mobility on Slopes:
Typical ORD for Light Tactical vehicle:

Up/down on 60% grade
40% side slope operation
NRMM will evaluate a vehicle platform
operating on a given terrain profile.
Each terrain data point is tested three
times in NRMM for Go/No-Go
Vehicle traveling up-slope
Vehicle traveling down slope
Vehicle traveling side slope
Tested at GVW & GCVW (with trailer at its
GVW)

Vehicle Mobility Ride Quality Requirements:
profile
HMMWV ORD

Technology can improve military
vehicle ride quality!
Data courtesy of MillenWorks Dr. Anderfaas

NATO Reference Mobility Model
(NRMM)
NRMM II is an Army standard model for determining vehicle mobility

performance, primarily by predicting maximum vehicle capable speeds.
The NRMM is a computer-based simulation tool that can predict a vehicle's steady-
state operating capability (effective maximum speed) over specified terrain.
a set of equations and algorithms that predict a particular vehicle's performance in a
prescribed terrain based on vehicle physics and terrain properties.
The main prediction module considers vehicle, terrain, and vehicle-terrain independent
scenario data such as weather conditions to determine the maximum possible speed
versus resisting force at which the vehicle can operate.
The primary prediction product of NRMM is the vehicle's "speed-made-good"
(i.e. effective maximum speed) per terrain unit.
Speed predictions and limiting force calculations can be determined for on-road, off-road,
and obstacle crossing maneuvers.
revised and updated throughout the years:
the current version is version 2.5.9a, also known as NRMM II.
a matured technology that was developed and proven by the Waterways Experiment
Station (WES) and the Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) over several
decades.

NRMM NO-GO Requirements:
HMMWV ORD example

NRMM treatment
of obstacles:
The effect of a linear obstacle on maximum speed is determined by
using two look-up tables. The first is a table of average and
maximum (resistance to motion) forces and minimum clearances
based on standard obstacle descriptions.
If the minimum clearance is greater than the vehicle clearance, the
maximum force is used to determine if there is enough available
traction to cross the obstacle.
If either the clearance or maximum traction tests fail, NRMM II predicts
no-go. Otherwise, the average force is added to the total
resistance, which is used to calculate the maximum vehicle capable
speed across the obstacle.
The second table contains vehicle speed versus obstacle height and is
used to limit speed due to vehicle and driver acceleration tolerance
(2.5g).

Obstacle Crossing Performance of Vehicles
(double click on pictures)

Obstacle Crossing Background
NRMM II is the Army standard for determining vehicle
mobility
NRMMperformance, and itsforprimary
II is the Army standard output
determining is amobility
vehicle prediction
of maximum
performance, vehicle capable
and its primary speeds.
output Simplified,
is a prediction the
of maximum
vehicle capable
prediction procedure speeds.forSimplified,
determiningthe prediction
the speed procedure
during for an
determining
obstacle the speed
crossing can during an obstacle
be outlined crossing can be
as follows:
outlined as follows:
1. Develop a tractive-force speed curve given vehicle
1. Develop a tractive-force speed curve given vehicle characteristics
characteristics
and terrain type andandstrength.
terrain type and strength.
2. Determine the
2. Determine the total of the
total various
of the resistances
various to motion (slope,
resistances to motion
vegetation, obstacle, sinkage, ).
(slope, vegetation, obstacle, sinkage, ).
3. Look up or calculate speed.
3. Look
4. Limitup or calculate
speed based on otherspeed.
environmental conditions (visibility,
braking
4. Limit speed ability, surfaceon
based roughness, ).
other environmental conditions
(visibility, braking ability, surface roughness, ).

Notional Tractive-Force Speed Curve
Maximum Traction From Soil
Vehicle Operating Region

TRACTIVE FORCE
Maximum Speed
Obstacle Force Speed Limit Based on

Other Criteria
Vegetation Force Theoretical
Power-Train
Slope Curve
Motion Resistance
SPEED

Resistance due to an Obstacle
Data tables of average and maximum resistance forces based

on standard obstacle descriptions.
Data for these tables are produced using OBSMOD, a 2-D
simplified force balance model. (subroutine within NRMM)
The tables are interpolated and the average and maximum
resistance forces are used to:
1. Determine available traction to cross the obstacle.
2. Use average resistance to get predicted speed.

NRMM II Standard Obstacles
Approach angle > 180 Approach angle < 180

TRENCH
Height
BERM
Width Width
Obstacle Spacing
Obstacle
Length
Diagrams of obstacle measurements

VEHDYN III Animation M1097, 3 mph
(click on picture)

Terrain features Used by NRMM
Slope
Vegetation stem spacing
Obstacle geometry
Soil Type
Soil Strength
Surface Roughness (RMS)
Visibility ( line of sight)
Snow

What does all this provide the
warfighter & planner?
Terrain Classification & Vehicle Mobility
Visualization profile
Modeling & TACTICAL

Simulation tools:
NRMM-II
DECISION
(VehDyn, OBSMOD) AIDS:
ADAMS-DADS
GoNoGo Maps
Surface-Soils Tire / Track Speed over terrain
Characterization Ground Interaction

Tactical Decision Aids
The output of GIS

& NRMM software
can produce a
Mobility Map:
A standardized land
area in which terrain
surface composition,
surface geometry
and vegetation are
defined
GIS & NRMM will
show GO & NO-GO
segments for the
specific vehicle over
this terrain

DoD Ground Vehicle Testing:
The U.S. Army Developmental Test
Command (DTC) is the vehicle testing
capital of the world.. DTC has been
designated as the Department of
Defenses (DOD) overall lead for all
land vehicle testing.
Aberdeen Test Center, Maryland
Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona
Cold Regions test Center, Fort Greely,
Alaska
Tropic Test Site, Hawaii

Aberdeen Mobility Test:
18 Inch Step
HMMWV's Ability to Maneuver Standard Obstacles

18" Step

Aberdeen V-ditch Test:
Typical ditches in
Operation Iraqi Freedom
HMMWV's Ablility to Maneuver Standard

Obstacles - Aberdeen V-ditch

High Mobility Trailer (HMT)
Family of Light Cargo (M1101)
Heavy Cargo (M1102) and
Chassis Type
Companion Trailers for HMMWVs
Payloads
M1101 1,500 Lb. 3,400 Lb. GVW
M1102 2,500 Lb. 4,200 Lb. GVW Worlds Best
Chassis 2,800 Lb. 4,200 Lb. GVW Cross-Country
Cross-Country Speed Trailer
Required, 15 MPH Avg.
Achieved, 18+ MPH
Enhancements
Steel Drawbar and Brake Actuator
Requires HMMWV Towing Kit

Future Military Trucks
C130 transportability
Increased survivability
10 - 20T payload
Reduced curb weight
Improved mobility
Improved fuel economy
Improved command and control
Unit Price constraint
2 man crew
Non-lethal capabilities
Suppress enemy troops
ISO container
Where we are headed..

Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Vision
FY 03 OBJECTIVE
TRANSITION FROM FY03 TO OBJECTIVE FORCE
FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
CURRENT FORCE (HET, PLS, HEMTT, M915, FMTV, HMMWV)
M1A2SEP TANKS IN SERVICE IN FY30
REPLACE & UNIT ACTIVATIONS (ADRS)
PLS contract ends FY07

HEMTT funding linked to ESP
OBJECTIVE FORCE FTTS

MANEUVER SUSTAINMENT
MS
A
MS
B
RDT&E MS
C
UTILITY
INTERIM FORCE (HEMTT-LHS, FMTV, HMMWV)

HEMTT ESP contract ends FY07
FMTV contract ends FY08

HMMWV contract ends FY07

Vehicle mobility in the 3rd world

Backup information:

Tactical Mobility in
Operation Iraqi Freedom

Fuel is the Second Largest Demand
on the Battlefield
Clothing
0.5% Package Petroleum
0.2%
Food
2.7%
Bulk Petroleum
38.6%
Water
51.1%
Barrier Materials
2.7%
Ammunition
1.6%
Comfort Items Medical
1.1% Major End Items Repair Parts 0.2%
1.1% 0.2%
Next to Water, Fuel has the Most Tonnage on the Battlefield:

39% of the Demand
70
Future Combat Systems (FCS)
Mobility Requirements
FCS units should be capable of traversing all anticipated land
environments, to include, but not limited to, urban, complex,
open and rolling terrain without compromising tactical unit
integrity. An in-stride water obstacle crossing capability will be
considered for selective applications. (MNS, 2.c.3.f)
This force should possess unsurpassed battlefield agility in
terms of maneuver, cross-country (dash and sustained) and
hard surface speeds. (MNS, 2.c.3.f)
Draft MNS from Solicitation

Future Tactical Truck System Requirements:
Agility
% of Terrain Crossed Over Time
Primary 33% / Secondary 33% / Cross Country 34%
Fording Capability
48 (T) / 60 (O) without kit (MSV)
40 (T) / 60 (O) without kits (UV)
Operational Environmental Range
All Environment Capable in Ambient Air Temperatures -
o o o o
25 F to 120 F & -50 F to 120 F with a kit (T)
MAINTAIN PACE WITH THE WARFIGHTER /

OPERATE WITHIN SAME ENVIRONMENT

Soils Coefficient of Traction

Soils & Surfaces Comparison:

Increased Importance of Wheeled
Vehicles ..
ARMY VISION
RESPONSIVE
DEPLOYABLE
- 1 BRIGADE IN 96 HOURS.
Soldiers on point for the
- 1 DIVISION IN 120 HOURS.
Nation transforming this,
- 5 DIVISIONS IN 30 DAYS. the most respected Army
AGILE in the world, into a
VERSATILE strategically responsive
LETHAL force that is dominant
across the full spectrum of
SURVIVABLE
operations.
SUSTAINABLE GEN ERIC K, SHINSEKI,
CSA
Nothing happens until something moves

PRIMARY MILITARY VEHICLE PRODUCTION LOCATIONS
Partnering with Industry...
PALLETIZED LOAD SYSTEM
HEAVY EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER SYSTEM HMMWV
AM GENERAL CORP.
HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILITY TACTICAL SOUTH BEND, IN
TRUCK
OSHKOSH TRUCK CORP (OTC)
OSHKOSH, WI
PLS TRAILERS
OTC TRAILER
BRADENTON, FL
HETS SEMITRAILER
SYSTEMS & ELECTRONICS, INC.
ST LOUIS, MO
ASV
FAMILY OF MEDIUM TACTICAL VEHICLES (FMTV) TEXTRON PLS FLATRACKS
STEWART & STEVENSON SERVICES, INC. NEW ORLEANS, LA SUMMA CORP
SEALY, TX HUNTSVILLE, AL

AMERICAS ARMY BY
COMPONENT FY2001
National Guard (NG)
44%
Army Reserve (USAR)

18%
Active Component (AC)
38%
*Combat *Combat Support *Combat Service Support
NG 54%
NG 39% USAR 31% USAR 44%
USAR NG 26%
<1%
AC 45% AC 30% AC 29%

Light Fleet - USMC
Potential Industry Involvement

Ongoing Acquisition Initiatives
HMMWV
Description: Light, highly mobile, diesel-powered, four wheel drive

vehicle that uses a common chassis.
Units Affected: The majority of Combat, CS, CSS.
Qty Req: 41,654

Programmed: 1,926 (FY03 - FY07)
Qty OH: 29,240
Short: 10,488
Unit Cost: $77K
Note: There is a shortage of 2,699 up-armored
HMMWVs (included in the above shortage),
at per unit cost of $185K.

Medium Fleet - USMC
Potential Industry Involvement

HEMTT
Description: Performs line and local haul, unit resupply,
and related missions in a tactical environment.
Units Affected: A majority of Combat, CS and CSS units.
Tanker: Qty Req: 2,077
Programmed: 502 (FY03-07)
Qty OH: 1,303
Short: 272
Unit Cost: $305K
Wrecker: Qty Req: 1,023

Programmed: 55 (FY03-07)
Qty OH: 609
Short: 359
Unit Cost: $360K
Note: The ARNG HEMTT cargo fleet is well.

Heavy/Special Fleet -USMC

Family of Medium Tactical
Vehicles (FMTV)
Description: Consists of a common truck chassis that is used
for several vehicle configurations in two payload classes and
two tactical trailers.
Units Affected: The majority of Combat, CS & CSS.
Qty Req: 34,287
Programmed: 2,113
(FY03=467,
FY04=1163, FY05=483)
Qty OH: 501

Short: 31,673
Unit Cost: $180K

22 1/2T Semi Trailer
(M871A3)
Description: A commercially designed 22-1/2 ton semi-
trailer used where a limited degree of off-road mobility is
required. Prime mover is the FMTV 5 ton tractor.
Units Affected: CS & CSS units.
Qty Req: 5,057

Programmed: 639 (Thru FY05)
Qty OH: 2,495
Short: 1,923
Unit Cost: $35K
Note: Normally purchased for the FMTV
at a ratio of 2 trailers to 1 truck.

HMMWV tire change in
Iraqi Freedom
Note tire tread pattern
Note tire size and section
width

21ST CENTURY TRUCK

Future Military Trucks:
ORD Starting Point
Threshold Capabilities:
Sustainability
Reliability MTBF > duration of Pulsed Operations
Maintainability Self-reporting, no special tools,
No TMDE, and No Spares
Agility
Higher Mobility Rated Speed: 50% increase
Must be able to go where
FCS goes and bypass built up Deployability
Areas to deliver support C130 Roll on/Roll off w/load
Ready to support off the ramp
Lethality Without vehicle preparation or
Transportability waivers
Versatility Survivability
Designed upfront to provide
Advanced Load Handling
time definite and assured
Interchangeable/Intermodal Operation
delivery
On Board Power & water Generation
Reduced Emissions and
Deliver integrated, common, formed
Signature
Packaging
Responsiveness
Greater Fuel Efficiency 100 - 200%
Dynamic Movement Tracking and Re-routing
Greater Range 600 900 miles
Integrated C4ISR

Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS):
Concept Design Goals
Deployability
C130J
Rail envelopes GIC, B, AAR, British Rail gauge W5
Meets US and NATO highway requirements
Transport an 86 ISO container under a 4m overhead
obstruction
Mobility
Improved fuel economy
Improved cross-country traversing characteristics
Increased range

USMC HMMWV A2 Fielding
Status:
In Production
Fielding Began December 1999
MPF-E Fielding to begin Jan 2002
Fielding to Complete Oct 2010
The HMMWVA2 is scheduled to replace the aging fleet of more than 17,000
HMMWVs that were originally fielded to Marine Corps units in the mid-1980s.
System upgrades include: microprocessor-controlled engine electrical start
system; improved braking system; more powerful EPA certified engine;
electronically controlled transmission; 15-year corrosion prevention and access
panels to facilitate maintenance. The use of hot dip galvanization and electro-
deposition coating of selected parts improves system durability in the highly
corrosive environment that Marines often train and operate in.

Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement:
MTVR
Schedule
Low Rate Production On-going
IOT&E Completed
FOT&E Started
Milestone III Pending
Variant Development 2000 - 2003
Initial Fielding 2001
Full Fielding 2004
Replaces the 5-ton Fleet and Provides:
Greater off-road mobility 70% vs. 30%

Greater off-road speed 30 vs 15 mph
Greater lift capacity
Cross Country 7.1 tons vs. 5
Highway 15 tons vs. 10
Improved RAM-D 4,000 MMBOMF
FMTV A1 Description
Technical Strategically Responsive
Onboard Material Handling
A0 & A1 Share
Characteristics Equipment Available
Same Basic Capabilities
Incorporates Proven
Commercial Components Program Events
(CAT, Allison, Arvin Meritor, FUE JUL 00
Dana ...)
Fielded 500 Vehicles to
Meets or Exceeds Applicable Units at Ft Carson, Ft. Lewis
Federal Motor Vehicle and Hawaii
Standard System (FMVSS)
Digitization Installation to
Meets Applicable EPA IBCT
Emission Standards
Trailer FUE 3rd Qtr FY01
Best Corrosion Resistance of
Any Vehicle in Army Inventory Dual-circuit Four Channel Air
Anti-lock Braking System, With
Exhaust Brake
CAT- 3126 (7.2 Liter)
Heavy-duty 6 Cylinder
Allison Automatic/Select
Turbocharged Diesel,
7 Speed, Electronically
Improved Cooling, EPA
Controlled Transmission
Compliant SAE J1708/J1939 All Wheel Drive, Electronic
Databus for Interactive Electronic CTIS, Superior Mobility & Ride
Technical Manual (IETM) Interface Quality
& Diagnostics
FMTV Integrates New
Technology for Objective Force
HORIZONTAL TECHNOLOGY 21ST CENTURY
INTEGRATION (HTI) TRUCK
Digitization Hybrid Electric Drive
(FBCB2, EPLARS, DVE, MTS) Propulsion
Battery Health & Maint Package Advanced Diesel
Shatter Resistant Glass - Cab Prototype Test

Advanced Lighting Package Propulsion Systems
Collision Warning Suite Variable Speed Transmission
Weight Sensor Advanced Structures & Composites

for Dump
Variable Height Active Suspension Systems
Truck
Advanced Crew Station
Reconfigurable Controls & Displays
Movement Tracking System, GPS, Collision
Avoidance System
Signature Management & Lightweight
Modular Armor
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. January
94 2001
LIGHT FLEET MOD PATH
VEHICLES
1960-83 1984-2001 2002-2014 2002-2015

M151 JEEP CUCV HMMWV HMMWV
GAMA GOAT HMMWV HMMWV HMMWV
M880 RECAP COMBATT*
MULE
MISSIONS
C4I UP ARMOR
CARGO
TROOP TRANSPORT
WEAPONS PLATFORM * COMMERCIAL BASED
TACTICAL TRUCK.
MEDIUM FLEET MOD PATH
1960-1994 1994-1999 2000-2015
2-1/2 TON LMTV LMTV
MISSIONS: MISSIONS: 2-1/2 TON ESP MISSIONS:
CARGO DUMP CARGO
TANKER TRACTOR VAN
VAN
1960-1980 1983-84 1985-86 1988-1996 1996-2015

5 TON M939 M939A1 M939A2 MTV
MISSIONS:
CARGO MISSIONS:
TRACTOR TANKER
WRECKER WEAPONS
VAN
DUMP
HEAVY TACTICAL DESIGN FLEET
MOD PATH
1965-1985 1983-2008 1994-2015 2008-2015
GOER HEMTT PLS HEMTT II

HI-MOBILITY HETS HEMTT ESP
5 TON HEMTT PLS
M911/M747 RECAP HETS
NEW USES PLS:

MISSIONS: TRACTOR FUEL MODULE
CARGO ENGINEER
TANKER MODULES
WRECKER FORWARD REPAIR
TANK TRANSPORT SYSTEM - HEAVY
HEAVY FLEET COMMERCIAL
DESIGN MOD PATH
1978-1980 1985 1992-1994 1998-2015
M915 M915A1 M915A2 M915A3/5
M916 M916A1 M915A4 (ESP)
M916A2
MISSIONS:
PULL FUEL TRAILERS
CARGO TRAILERS
ENGINEER EQUIPMENT TRAILERS

MILITARY DEFINITIONS: MOUT
Military Operations on
Urbanized Terrain (MOUT):
All military actions planned
and conducted on a
topographical complex and
its natural terrain, where
man-made construction is
the dominant feature.
It includes combat-in cities,
which is that portion of
MOUT involving house-to-
house and street-by-street
fighting in towns and cities

PORTABILITY

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Mobility of Ground Vehicles:

Jim Lutz Quest Systems Inc. June 2003

And on & on .. but no motivity

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the transport of forces over continental and

the ability to swiftly allocate and relocate

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(8,500 to 10,000lbs) pickups pickups CUCV HMMWV, IFAV IFAV

MEDIUM: class 6 & 7 MTVR FMTV ASV FMTV

Heavy Armored M1977

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TOTALS 384,987 401,720 238,195

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Mission Needs Statement (MNS).

Operational Requirements Document (ORD).

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Surface-Soils Tire / Track

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In support of military applications, the DTED Post

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Military expresses surface roughness in RMS values of inches

3.12.1 Ride Limiting Speed

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Course Name RMS Value

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In vehicle off-road mobility, soil strength is a dominating factor.

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Vehicle Weight = 9,000 lb

Tire Diameter (in)

Rating Cone Index = 25

Tire Width (in)

Platforms gross vehicle weight and its footprint determine

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BATUS "General 2500HD, crew cab, 4x4

COMBATT curb 2500HD, extended cab, 20.3 18.9 17.8 17.0

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Current & Proposed US Military Vehicles with CTI

June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 39

CTIS allows a vehicle operator to maintain traction and mobility

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There is a tire deflection appropriate