Overall Dimension of Turbines

Head 2.5 m
Hydraulic Efficiency 75 % See below for estimate
Flow rate 230 l/s
Turbine Speed 1030 rpm
Power 4025 W *power out of turbine/ input to generator
Specific Speed 248
Kug (from graph) 1.95 *Curve fitting algorithm from Demetriades thesis based on Bohl g
Dh/Dt 0.50
Number of blades 4

Recommended Dimensions from Bohl

Recommended Actual
Diameter of runner (m) 0.253 0.25
Hub Diameter (m) 0.126 0.125

Other Parameters (based on recommendations)

Axial velocity 6.2473620328 m/s
Hub velocity 6.7413342358 m/s
Tip velocity 13.4826684717 m/s
Tip/ Water speed ratio 2.158137851

Note: Specific Speed calculated based on flow rate

Estimated Hydr. Efficiency 87% (based on flow rate only)

2nd Est. Hydr. Eff. 75% (with Anderson's specific speed correction)
metriades thesis based on Bohl graph
Overall Dimension of Turbines
Head 2.5 m
Hydraulic Efficiency 77 %
Flow rate 460 l/s
Turbine Speed 720 rpm
Power 8265 W *power out of turbine/ input to generator
Specific Speed 246
Kug (from graph) 1.94 *Curve fitting algorithm from Demetriades thesis based on Bohl g
Dh/Dt 0.50
Number of blades 4

Recommended Dimensions from Bohl

Recommended Actual
Diameter of runner (m) 0.360 0.36
Hub Diameter (m) 0.180 0.18

Other Parameters (based on recommendations)

Axial velocity 6.0256192446 m/s
Hub velocity 6.7858401318 m/s
Tip velocity 13.5716802635 m/s
Tip/ Water speed ratio 2.252329547

Note: Specific Speed calculated based on flow rate

Estimated Hydr. Efficiency 89% (based on flow rate only)

Better Hydr. Eff. 77% (with specific speed correction)
metriades thesis based on Bohl graph
Overall Dimension of Turbines
Head 2.5 m
Hydraulic Efficiency 80 % See below for estimate
Flow rate 230 l/s
Turbine Speed 720 rpm
Power 4293 W *power out of turbine/ input to generator
Specific Speed (nq) 174
Kug (from graph) 1.62 *Curve fitting algorithm from Demetriades thesis based on Bohl g
Dh/Dt 0.53
Number of blades 4

Recommended Dimensions from Bohl

Recommended Actual
Diameter of runner (m) 0.301 0.3
Hub Diameter (m) 0.161 0.1599

Other Parameters (based on recommendations)

Axial velocity 4.5450263959 m/s
Hub velocity 6.0280879837 m/s
Tip velocity 11.3097335529 m/s
Tip/ Water speed ratio 2.488375769

Note: Specific Speed calculated based on flow rate

Estimated Hydr. Efficiency 87% (based on flow rate only)

Better Hydr. Eff. 81% (with specific speed correction)
metriades thesis based on Bohl graph
 Blade Shape

0.180

0.160

0.140

0.120
Blade Chord (m)

0.100

0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13

Radius (m)
Blade Design
Z 4 blades
Dt 0.25 m Q 230 l/s
Dh 0.125 m H 2.5 m
Vw2Rw 0.114 m^2/s
Vw1Rw 0.275 Initial guess Vw1Rw: 0.188
Eff 0.75
Speed 1030 rpm 107.9 rad/s

tip mid hub

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6
R 0.125 0.109375 0.09375 0.078125 0.0703125 0.0625
x 0.196 0.172 0.147 0.123 0.110 0.098 Blade spacing
Eff 0.71 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.71
Va 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25
Vw1 2.20 2.51 2.93 3.52 3.91 3.91
u 13.48 11.80 10.11 8.43 7.58 6.74
Vw2 0.91 0.94 1.09 1.31 1.46 1.33 Based on Euler Equation
W1 12.90 11.19 9.52 7.94 7.25 6.86
W2 14.04 12.53 10.97 9.47 8.75 8.26
Beta1 28.97 33.94 41.03 51.85 59.55 65.63
Beta2 26.42 29.91 34.71 41.28 45.55 49.11
Betainf 27.70 31.92 37.87 46.57 52.55 57.37 Mean flow angle
Winf 13.44 11.81 10.18 8.60 7.87 7.42
L (chord) 0.155 0.140 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.090 Suggest use D for tip chord length
(x/L)approx 1.27 1.23 1.18 1.12 1.10 1.09
Kb 0.243 0.328 0.426 0.573 0.689 0.759 Using "Zweifel" criterion Kb=0.8 at the hub we get an estimate for the axial chord length at the hub

M 1.00 0.90 0.85 0.70 0.65 0.65 From chart, based on beta and x/l
CL 0.243 0.364 0.502 0.819 1.060 1.167 Lift coefficients Required

alpha 0.5 1.5 2 3.5 5.5 6 Chosen to give right CL

Blade thkn's (mm 3 3 3 3 3 3
thickness (%) 1.94 2.14 2.40 2.73 3.00 3.33
camber (%) 2 2.2 3 5 6 7
beta calculated 27.2 30.4 35.9 43.1 47.1 51.4
camber (mm) 3.10 3.08 3.75 5.50 6.00 6.30
Thickness (mm) 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lhub(mm) 70.8 70.9 73.2 75.1 73.2 70.3
Actual 27 30 36 43 47 51
Solidity 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.58 Mean Solidity: 0.66

Arc radius (mm) 970 797 523 278 211 164

Theta blade 9.16 10.08 13.73 22.84 27.37 31.88

Exaggeration fac 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.51 0.52 From chart of Weinig Factor
Theta ratio 0.28 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.51 0.52 Calculated value for comparison
Alternatively
beta2fl(calc) 26.04 30.21 35.40 41.12 45.59 49.05
Vw2(calc) 0.70 1.07 1.32 1.27 1.46 1.32
VwRw 0.275 m^2/s
Q 230 l/s
Rg 0.14 m < D/2: 0.125 m
Q/VwRw (1) 0.836364 m
Q/VwRw (2) 0.836865 m Aiming for
B 0.533 m B value must be changed until Q/VwRw(1) and Q/VwRw(2) values match
bo/D 0.48
bo 0.12 m
0.600
Spiral casing sections
Outer
0.500
Angular Position Flow Rate Height x-section x-dim Radius
(degrees) (m3/s) Distrib (m^2) (m) (m)

Spiral height (m)

0 0 0.120 0.000 0.000 0.140 0.400
30 0 0.154 0.024 0.154 0.294
60 0 0.218 0.047 0.218 0.358 0.300
90 0 0.267 0.071 0.267 0.407
120 0 0.308 0.095 0.308 0.448 0.200
150 0 0.344 0.118 0.344 0.484
180 0 0.377 0.142 0.377 0.517 0.100
210 0 0.407 0.166 0.407 0.547
240 0 0.435 0.189 0.435 0.575 0.000
270 0 0.462 0.213 0.462 0.602 0 90 180 270 360
300 0 0.487 0.237 0.487 0.627
330 0 0.510 0.260 0.510 0.650 Angle
360 0 0.533 0.284 0.533 0.673