Types of transformers

According to construction
according to basic purpose
according to type of supply
according to their use
according to instrument transformers
according to basis of cooling
according to core type transformers
1 core type
2 shell type
core type
transformers are popular in high voltage application like
Distribution transformers, Power transformers, and obviously auto
transformers. reasons are,
High voltage corresponds to high flux. So, for keeping your iron loss
down you have to use thicker core. So core type is better choice.
At high voltage you require heavy insulation. In core type winding
putting insulation is easier. In fact LV(low voltage) winding it self
acts as an insulation between HV (high voltage) winding and core.
shell type
Where as,shell type transformers are popular in low voltage
application like transformers used in electronic circuits and power
electronic converters etc. Reasons are,

At low voltage, comparatively you require more volume for the copper
wires than that of iron core. So the windows cut on the laminated
sheets have to be of bigger proportion with respect to the whole size of
the transformer. So, shell type is a better choice.

Here you don't care about the insulation much and insulation is thin and
light. So you can put the winding anyway you want in the shell
according to basic purpose
step up transformer

step down transformer

according to supply
1) single phase
2 )three phase
according to their use
power transformer
are used in transmission network of higher voltages for
step-up and step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110
kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above
200MVA.

distribution transformer
are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to
end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are
generally rated less than 200 MVA.
according to instrument transformers
current transformer
A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along
with measuring or protective devices, in which the secondary
current is proportional to the primary current (under normal
conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is
approximately zero.
current transformer classified as below
Bar type 2 wound type window type

potential transformer
The potential transformer may be defined as an
instrument transformer used for the transformation of
voltage from a higher value to the lower value. This
transformer step down the voltage to a safe limit value
which can be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage
instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour
meters, etc
according to basis of cooling medium
On the basis of cooling agent, two type of transformers are:

Dry Type Transformer.

Oil Immersed Transformer

Dry T ype Transformer

Dry type simply means it is cooled by normal air
ventilation. The dry type transformer does not
require a liquid such as oil or silicone or any other
liquid to cool the electrical core and coils. Dry type
transformers are voltage changing (Step-up or Step-
down) or isolation device that is air cooled rather
than liquid cooled. The transformer case is
ventilated to allow air to flow and cool the coil
(coils).
METHODS OF COOLING:
There are two cooling methods.
Natural Cooling:
Dry type transformers can be Natural Cooled with Air. The natural
convection of the air removes the heat generated by the transformers.
Forced Air Cooling:
This involves cooling the windings of the transformers with forced air,
usually by means of external fans and blowers
OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMER:
In oil immersed transformer, oil is used for the purpose of insulation and
cooling of core and windings. The core and coils of the transformer are
immersed in oil which cools and insulates. Oil circulates through ducts
in the coil and around the coil and core assembly, moved by convection.
The oil is cooled by the outside of the tank in small ratings, and in larger
ratings an air-cooled radiator is used.
METHODS OF COOLING:

Oil Natural Air Natural

Oil Natural Air Forced
Oil Forced Air Forced
Oil Forced Water Forced

TYPES ON BASIS OF DESIGNS:

On basis of design, focusing on shape and size two main classifications
are:

Pad mounted Transformer

Pole mounted Transformer
These transformer are types of distribution transformers
pad mounted transformer
A padmount or pad-mounted transformer is a ground mounted
electric power distribution transformer in a locked steel cabinet
mounted on a concrete pad. Since all energized connection points
are securely enclosed in a grounded metal housing, a padmount
transformer can be installed in places that do not have room for a
fenced enclosure. Padmount transformers are used with
underground electric power distribution lines at service drops, to
step down the primary voltage on the line to the lower secondary
voltage supplied to utility customers. A single transformer may
serve one large building, or many homes.
Pad-mounted transformers are made in power ratings from
around 75 to around 5000 kVA and often include built-in fuses
and switches
pole mounted transformer
If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount
transformers. If the distribution lines are located at ground level
or underground, distribution transformers are mounted on
concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus known as pad-
mount transformers
kiosk transformer
Kiosk transformer are an integral part of the complete electrical
network. Converting high voltage to lower voltage within a safe,
protective unit, these transformer provide a usable electrical
voltage to homes and buildings.
Switch-gear:

All equipment' and instruments associated with the fault clearing

process is covered in Switch-gear, including magnetic contractors,
circuit breakers, relays , fuses, CT(current transformer) and
PT(potential transformer).

Switch-gear basically uses control measurements to protect and

regulate the electrical power systems based on the used instrument.

Switch-gear performs four actions:

Metering

Protection
Switching
Controlling

Classification of Switch-gear:

Based on Voltage level:

1: Low Tension (L.T.) Type/Low Voltage
These panels work on 440 v, 3 phase supplies. These panels are
designed on the user load and voltage requirements.

2: Medium Tension (M.T) Types/Medium voltage

These panels work on 3.3 to 11 or 32 .For instance,where

transmission line voltages are stepped down to 32 .
Based on Construction types:

Utility Panels (Medium voltage)

Incoming Panels
Outgoing Panels
Bus Couple Panels
Consumer Panels
Capacitor Control Panels
Industrial Panel

Private Panels (Medium Voltage)

Change over Panels
Owner Panels

3: Low voltage panels :( Low voltage)

Star-Delta Panels
Direct on Line Panels
Motor Revers Forward Panels
Street Light Panels
Power Factor Improvement Panels
Auto Transfer Switch Panels
Synchronizing Panels
Circuit Breakers:
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. A circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be

contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the
gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the
circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas or
oil as the medium the arc forms

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):

Following are the properties of the MCB:
Rated current not more than 100 A
Trip characteristics normally not adjustable
Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation
MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker):
The main distinctions between molded-case and miniature circuit
breaker are that the MCCB can have current ratings of up to
2,500 amperes, and its trip settings are normally adjustable. An
additional difference is that MCCBs tend to be much larger than
MCBs. As with most types of circuit breakers, an MCCB has three
main functions:

circuit breaker are many types such as ACB VCB SF6 Circuit breaker
Change over contacts:
There are two types of contact:
Power contacts
Auxiliary Contacts
Charging of spring:
In the circuit breaker used in M.T, for operation spring mechanism is
used. To charge the spring we have two methods to charge.

Motor: This is automatic system which charges the circuit breaker

that takes some time. Manually: This can be up-down or by rotating
There are different current specifications of the circuit breakers
ICU: Ultimate Current Capacity
ICS: Service Current
ICW: Withstand Current
Types of Circuit Breaker:
Single Pole: Only phase fault can be detected by single phase.
2 Pole: Phase and ground. This gives phase and earth fault
protection.
3 Pole: For three phase system protection
4Pole: for three phases with neutral protection
HT PANNELS
Metering or industrial panels
owner or transformer protection panels
consumer or grid end panel

Two types of these H.T Panels:

WAPDA Panels
Private Panels

WAPDA Panels:
Incoming Panels
Outgoing panels
Bus coupler panels
Consumer Panels
Capacitor control Panels
Industrial Panels
Private Panels:
Change Over Panels
Owner Panels/ Transformer Protection panels
Switch Board

Industrial Panel

For each industry, the utility forces the industry to install their own
panel at the wall of the industry for the metering and protection
purpose of the industry and also the feeder. This panel is installed at
the wall boundary of the industry and utility has its own tag on the
panel to lock the panel. This panel is installed by the industry

Main Components:
Current Transformers
Potential Transformers
DC supervision Relay
MIF II Relay
Power factor Meter
Voltage Meter
Ampere Meter
Indication Lights
ON/OFF Push Buttons
TOD Meters
Selector Switch
Miniature Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Consumer Panel

If the load of the consumer or industry enters in C tariff i.e. load

increases to more than 2 MW then WAPDA forces the consumer to
separate feeder from the grid ststion
Main Components:
Current Transformers
Potential Transformers
DC supervision Relay
MIF II Relay
Power factor Meter
Voltage Meter
Ampere Meter
Indication Lights
ON/OFF Push Buttons
TOD Meters
Selector Switch
Miniature Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Bus coupler panel:

Bus couple panel is used where there are two sources of electricity
for different feeders. If one of the source is off bus couple panel
couples the feeder to the other source so that load is managed
Private Panels

The panels that are come under private privilege are explained
below:

Owner Panel:

Owner panel is also called the transformer protection panel. This

panel is used for the protection of the transformer. It provides the
protection against over current, over winding temperature, over
voltage. This panel is installed after the industrial panel.

Main Components:
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Buzzer
Current Transformers
Potential Transformers
DC supervision Relay
Selector Switch
Power factor Meter
Voltage Meter

Ampere Meter
Relay
Indication Lights
ON/OFF Push Buttons