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5.
Risk Assessment
This Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is based on a HAZID (Hazard Identification) workshop
conducted on 29th August 2005, at the Bell Bay Pulp Mill Project Office. Full details of the workshop and
minutes can be found in Appendix 48, Volume 15 (Preliminary Risk Assessment). A Health Risk
Assessment in relation to air emissions from the mill has also been undertaken and is discussed in detail
in Section 4.20 of Volume 2. The full text of the report is set out in Appendix 21, Volume 10 (Human
Health Risk and Toxicological Assessment of Bell Bay Pulp Mill Air Emission).
Further detailed risk assessment will be undertaken during the detailed design phase, when specific
information on the design and operation of the pulp mill is available. Details of the risk assessment
requirements are outlined in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS.
5.1 Process Description

The pulp mill is to be situated adjacent to the existing woodchipping facilities. Native and plantation
eucalyptus and plantation pine will be used, although, during the life of the plant, wood supply is likely to
trend towards plantation supply.
Treatment of the woodchips will involve three processes: cooking, bleaching and drying. The finished
product will be pulp bales ready for export.
To the extent possible, the mill will operate on a self-sufficient basis for chemicals, and chemicals which
are consumed in the process will be manufactured from raw products on site. All chemicals from the
fibre line will be recycled. A chlor-alkali plant will manufacture chlorine for use in chlorine dioxide
synthesis. The other raw products needed to produce chlorine dioxide (hydrochloric acid and sodium
chlorate) will also be manufactured on site. There will also be an onsite oxygen plant to generate oxygen
for use in the delignification and bleaching processes as well as to produce oxidised white liquor.
All water on site will be collected and treated to appropriate standards prior to discharge. Where
possible, run off water will be recycled into the process. After treatment, effluent will be pumped to a
discharge point offshore.
Raw water for the process will be sourced from the existing Trevallyn Dam in the South Esk River. Gas
for the process will be supplied by a pipeline which will be taken off the pipeline supplying Bell Bay
Thermal Power Station, which lies to the north of the proposed facilities. The pulp mill will be a net
supplier of electricity into the National Electricity Market (NEM).
For a detailed process description, reference is made to the pre-engineering report completed by Jaakko
Pyry (2006).
5.2 Hazardous Chemicals

A number of hazardous substances are proposed to be used on site including (Jaakko Pyry, 2006):
Chlorine
32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

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Volume 2: Page 5-478
Chlorine gas is a respiratory irritant. Symptoms which may be caused by inhalation include
headache, painful and difficult breathing, burning sensation of the chest, nausea and watering of the
eyes. At concentrations of 1 ppm there will be slight symptoms after several hours of exposure. At
15 ppm there is throat irritation, levels of 40 ppm are dangerous for exposure duration of 1 - 2
hours. At 1000 ppm it is fatal after a few breaths.
Chlorine is manufactured in a chlor alkali plant on site. An electric current is passed through a brine
solution, producing chlorine, hydrogen and a caustic solution. Chlorine is not proposed to be stored
on site, as it will be immediately used in the manufacturing of chlorine dioxide.
Sodium chlorate
There are no exposure limits set for sodium chlorate solution. If sodium chlorate solution leaks and
evaporates, solid sodium chlorate will remain. While not flammable in itself, it is a strong oxidising
agent and will support combustion as it gives off oxygen as a product of decomposition. If a leak of
sodium chlorate comes into contact with acid, chlorine dioxide gas will be liberated.
Sodium chlorate solution is produced and stored on site. It is used as a raw product in the production
of chlorine dioxide. As such it forms a part of the integrated chlorine dioxide plant.
Chlorine dioxide solution
The concern with chlorine dioxide solution is the potential for chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide gases
to be emitted from solution if a spill occurs. While chlorine dioxide gas is flammable, its toxic effects
are worse than its flammable effects. Case reports show that exposures of 5 ppm chlorine dioxide
are irritating. Regular exposure to levels of 0.1 ppm leads to respiratory irritation.
Chlorine dioxide is manufactured on site in an integrated chlorine dioxide plant.
Figure 5-1 below shows the process for chlorine dioxide preparation, and how it is linked with the
chlorine plant and sodium chlorate electrolysis. Chlorine dioxide is used as a bleaching agent in the
fibre line. It attacks the aromatic ring of the lignin but does not react with carbohydrates thus
preserving pulp yield and giving superior pulp strength compared to other oxidants.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 5-1 Integrated Chlorine Dioxide Plant
Hydrogen Peroxide
Exposure to hydrogen peroxide can occur by skin contact, inhalation of mist or ingestion. Ingestion of
large quantities can be fatal. Prolonged exposure to skin may lead to irritation and burns, and
exposure to eyes can cause blindness. It is a strong oxidising agent and when mixed with
combustible materials it burns fiercely or may explode.
Hydrogen peroxide is used in the bleaching plant, along with chlorine dioxide.
LPG
LPG is heavier than air and may accumulate in low lying areas (eg gutters, drains) where it can
become a serious fire and explosion hazard. LPG is highly flammable and explosive. Pressurised
containers may BLEVE in a fire situation. It will ignite on exposure to heat or ignition source and may
also ignite on exposure to strong oxidising agent. Flashback may occur.
LPG is used in various parts of the process, but mainly in the workshop as a fuel / heat source for
miscellaneous equipment items in the workshop.
Miscellaneous Chemicals
A number of chemicals are used on site which are dangerous substances but are used in very small
quantities. These chemicals are: acetylene, natural gas, nitrous oxide, hydrogen, methanol,
turpentine, and red oil. The effects of these chemicals is not listed here, as they are present in such
small quantities.
Table 133 below lists the inventories of each of dangerous substances which will be present on site.
This is presented for the two cases of integrated chemical plant and merchant case. The quantities listed
are the maximum capacities on site (sum of maximum storage and in process inventory).

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Table 133: Dangerous Substances Present
Integrated Chemical Plant Merchant Case
Chemical Amount Present (tonnes) Amount Present (tonnes)
Chlorine 0.054 0.054
Chlorine dioxide solution 18 18
Sodium Chlorate 118 368
Liquid Oxygen 102 201
Acetylene 0.4 0.4
Natural Gas 1.1 1.1
LPG 9.7 9.7
Nitrous oxide 0.018 0.018
Hydrogen 0.00088 0.00088
Combustible liquids 38 38
Oxidising agents 60 60
5.3 Site Layout and Site Boundary

Figure 5-2 below shows the proposed site layout and the site boundaries.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 5-2 Site Layout, Showing Site Boundaries
The blue line in Figure 5-2 denotes the lease boundary for the pulp mill site. The East Tamar Highway
runs through this lease boundary (the red line). The site boundary for off site risk effects has therefore
been taken as the East Tamar Highway on the east side, and the lease boundary on the other sides.
5.4 Methodology
The methodology employed in this assessment is summarised in Figure 5-3 below. Each stage identified
in the process is discussed in detail below.

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Hazard Identification
Consequence Assessment: Frequency Analysis:

- Discharge - Historical Leak Data
- Dispersion - Ignition Probability
- Flammable Effects
- Impact
Risk Assessment
(Against Criteria)
Acceptable N Risk Reduction

Risk Measures
Operational Risk Levels

Acceptable
Figure 5-3 Risk Assessment Process
This methodology is consistent with the following regulations and standards:

Australian Risk Management Standard AS 4360:2004.
Control of Major Hazard Facilities National Standard [NOHSC:1014 (2002)] and National Code of
Practise [NOHSC:2016 (1996)].
Dangerous Substances (Safe Handling) Act 2005. (This Act will be the Major Hazard Facilities
Regulations for Tasmania. The Act has been passed but it is not expected that the regulations will
be in place until late 2006 / early 2007.
5.4.1 Hazard Identification
The Hazard Analysis was conducted in a HAZID workshop conducted on 29th August 2005, at the Bell
Bay Pulp Mill Project Office. During this workshop, the focus was on hazards involving dangerous
substances which could result in off site impact; be it safety, asset or environmental. Hazards which
were thought to have the potential for off site impact were carried forward for consequence analysis.
5.4.2 Consequence Analysis
The objectives of the consequence analysis are to:

Determine relevant toxic and flammable inventories;
Analyse a representative set of release cases; and
Determine the consequences of each release with regards to their potential to cause offsite fatalities.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Release, dispersion, and subsequent fire, explosion and toxic effect calculations are performed using
PHAST (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool) commercial software package. The PHAST package
models have been extensively validated and a description of the consequence models employed in
PHAST is provided in Appendix 48, Volume 15.
The processes used to complete the analysis are;

Discharge rate modelling;
Dispersion modelling;
Fire and explosion impact modelling; and
Toxic impact modelling.
Hazards identified as having a potential off site impact are reviewed in detail and a consequence
footprint is determined for them. These footprints are then overlaid onto the site layout and a conclusion
can be made whether or not an offsite impact occurs. The consequences of interest are:
For explosion: overpressure of 7 kPa outside the facility boundary. An overpressure of 7 kPa causes
shattering of glass windows and damage to internal partitions of buildings which can be repaired.
There is a 10% likelihood of injury and no likelihood of fatalities;
For fire: radiant heat level of 4.7 kW/m2 outside the facility boundary. If a person is exposed to a
heat flux of 4.7 kW/m2 they will experience pain in 15 to 20 seconds, and second degree burns after
30 seconds exposure; and
For toxic release: concentrations in the atmosphere exceeding ERPG 3. This is the maximum
airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one
hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.
It should be noted that these represent very conservative offsite consequence criteria. Exposure to
these levels of consequences will not lead to fatalities. In all cases it could be reasonably assumed that
a person will fully recover from the exposure at the levels as defined. These criteria are consistent with
other consequence criteria nominated by other Major Hazard facilities Regulations.
5.4.3 Frequency Analysis
Where a potential hazard is identified as having consequences which extend beyond the site boundary, a
frequency analysis is conducted to determine the magnitude of the risk associated with the potential
hazard.
In this step, the role of passive controls in reducing the likelihood of the hazards are considered
qualitatively.
The risk is the combination of the consequence and frequency assessment of the potential hazard.
5.4.4 Assessment of Results
Once the consequences from hazard scenarios with potential for offsite consequence have been
determined, they need to be compared against risk criteria in order to determine if there is a meaningful

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offsite consequence or not. These risk criteria are normally published in guidelines. However, in
Tasmania there are currently no guidelines that define offsite effects.
5.5 HAZID
5.5.1 HAZID Methodology
As part of the PHA, a hazard identification workshop was conducted. A HAZard IDentification (HAZID)
workshop aims to systematically identify all hazards associated with a particular plant, process, area,
activity etc. It is commonly carried out in a workshop in which an experienced facilitator leads the team
through the HAZID process.
The steps followed in the HAZID process are summarised below:

1. Select system
2. Structured brainstorm of the system to identify hazards
use keywords to recover momentum if needed
3. For each identified hazard, document:
description;
impact;
outcome;
prevention measures.
4. If necessary, state the required action(s)
5. Repeat from step 1 for next system
The first step is to select a system for investigation. The systems chosen in this HAZID were each of the
various processing areas. The possibility of an offsite effect from each of these materials was
considered in turn.
The second step was to consider the hazards associated within each area. The focus in the HAZID was
on dangerous substances materials, with the potential for offsite effects. Methods of losing containment
of the material were discussed.
In step 3, a short description of the hazard is given, if required. This is to ensure that everyone in the
room is thinking about the same hazard, and to avoid any confusion in the discussion. Only hazards with
potential for offsite impact were discussed. Prevention measures for each of the outcomes were
identified and documented.
If any deficiencies are found in the prevention measures, actions can be recorded to rectify them.
Actions can also be used where new control measures, currently not in place, are thought of.
This process is then repeated for each of the systems / areas identified.

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5.5.2 Attendance
A one day workshop was conducted at the Bell Bay Pulp Mill Project Office, Tasmania, on Monday 29th
August 2005. The workshop was facilitated by GHD - Qest personnel, with the following project
personnel in attendance:
Table 134: HAZID Attendance
Name Position / Role Company
Lawson Harding Environmental Systems Coordinator Gunns Ltd
Sven Lundgren Engineering and Construction Manager Gunns Ltd
Peter Ryder Consultant Jaakko Pyry
Richard Fawkes Environmental Manager Gunns Ltd
Greg Stanford Infrastructure Manager Gunns Ltd
Steve Cooper Facilitator GHD - Qest
Chris Griffioen Facilitator GHD - Qest
The group comprised of participants with sufficient knowledge and experience in different disciplines of
the project to ensure that the output of the workshop is soundly based.
5.5.3 HAZID Systems and Guidewords
The systems identified in the workshop are summarised in Table 135 below.
Table 135: Systems Identified
System No System Description
1 Chemical plant
2 Fibre line, including chip storage and screening
3 Recovery; waste evaporators / power boiler / turbine / water treatment
4 Recausticising lime kiln
5 Effluent
6 Natural gas
7 Electrical substation / HV connections

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System No System Description
8 Solid waste disposal
9 Water supply line and pipeline (including Trevallyn Dam)
10 Ocean outfall
11 Wharf
The guidewords used to prompt the team for hazards are shown below:
Falls and Dropped Objects
Electrical Upsets
Collisions
Structural Upsets
Emissions
Security
Aggressive Releases
Fires and Explosions
Mechanical Upsets
Emergency Services
Natural Forces
Flora and Fauna
5.5.4 Minutes
A complete set of the minutes is attached in Appendix 48, Volume 15. A total of six actions were
identified and agreed in the HAZID workshop. These are shown in Table 136 below.
Table 136: Actions identified and agreed in the HAZID Workshop
Action No Area Description Responsible
1 Chemical plant Model a chlorine release from the chemical plant to Covered in this
determine the maximum impact distance for the worst- report
case chlorine release. Inventory is 60 kg, at just above
atmospheric pressure.
2 Chemical plant Ensure spills from pipe bridges are contained and Gunns
drained to effluent.

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Action No Area Description Responsible
3 Chemical plant Model dispersion of worst case ClO2 release. The worst Covered in this
case is vaporising from a pool after tank rupture (600 m3 report
volume at 10 g/l). Also model release of 0.4 kg of ClO2
vapour.
4 Fibre Line, Ensure design of screening plant avoids areas in which Gunns
including chip dust can build up, as dust presents a fire and explosion
storage and risk.
screening
5 Electrical Ensure there is protection on site access road to protect Gunns

Substation / HV power lines from damage from run away trucks /
Connections vehicles.
6 Wharf Provide adequate pumping capacity at the wharf to Gunns

ensure that all products can be pumped to the chemical
plant. The ships pumps may not be sufficient.
Two of these actions (1 and 3) were subjected to consequence modelling to determine offsite
consequences for worst case events from loss of containment of chemicals. For all other dangerous
substances as outlined in Section 5.6, the workshop was able to determine that there would be no offsite
consequences from an accidental release of the substance, due to the control measures in place. A
discussion of these controls is included in Section 5.6. The scenarios identified in the actions were short
listed because the workshop group could not conclusively decide the same for these scenarios.
Three actions (2, 4 and 5) relate to reducing risk to on site personnel, and to ensure that events will not
escalate to offsite events. The remaining action (6) is an operational concern relating to pump capacity
on the wharf.
5.5.5 Consequences
Based on the consequence modelling conducted by GHD-Qest, the distance to ERPG-3 values for the
chlorine and chlorine dioxide hazards short-listed for further analysis are summarised in Table 137.
The weather conditions used to model these consequences is 1.5 m/s wind speed and stable
atmosphere (stability class F). These represent weather conditions in which the scenarios will have the
largest consequence footprint, ie, conservative weather conditions for consequence modelling.

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Table 137: Consequence Distance for Hazards Short Listed in the HAZID Workshop as
Potentially Having Offsite Impact
Scenario Distance to ERPG 3

(m)
Release of 60 kg of chlorine. (See action 1 in Table 136) 490
ClO2 vaporising from pool after tank rupture. (See action 3 in Table 200
136)
Release of 0.4 kg of ClO2. (See action 3 in Table 136) 350
The distance to the nearest site boundary from the proposed chemical plant is 500 metres. Therefore
none of these scenarios has an offsite impact.
In addition to this, it was noted in the workshop that the transmission lines run through the site. If these
lines become enveloped by gases or vapours emitted under any one of the scenarios described above,
they will not be damaged. An explosion could potentially damage them. However, the workshop
concluded that the open areas will adequately dissipate any explosion overpressure so that there will be
no damage to the transmission lines. The potential for damage from flying debris was considered to be
negligible.
5.5.6 Frequency Analysis
In the methodology, it was stated that a frequency analysis is conducted if any of the potential hazards is
identified as having consequences which extend beyond the site boundary. As none of the potential
hazards have meaningful offsite consequences, as established above, a frequency analysis is not
necessary.
5.6 Control Measures

In the HAZID, control measures were identified which it was expected will prevent an offsite hazard
involving dangerous substance. The passive control measures in place are discussed below, with
particular emphasis on how they will prevent the hazard from occurring. A full list of all the hazards and
which controls act to prevent offsite consequences are included in the HAZID minutes, Appendix 48,
Volume 15.
5.6.1 Process Areas and Chemical Plant
The passive control measures discussed in this section relate to the chemical plant in general. Specific
areas of the plant which contain dangerous substances but are not in the chemical plant are discussed
separately.
Collision Prevention

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Equipment which is located inside bunds cannot be impacted by vehicles. This is because vehicles
cannot physically enter the bunds. By preventing vehicle access, the potential for vehicle collision
resulting in leaks has been removed.
Pipe Racks
All pipe runs between processing areas are contained within pipe racks. Pipes in pipe racks are less
susceptible to collision from moving equipment. Moreover, there are only site roads underneath pipe
racks. As vehicle access to site is restricted, this reduces the probability of a vehicle striking the pipe
rack by travelling underneath it.
Pipes carrying chemicals along the jetty are placed away from vehicle movement areas on the jetty.
This minimises the potential for impact with these pipelines. When not in use, these pipelines are
drained. By draining them when not in use, the period during which a leak could potentially occur is
limited to the times when chemicals are being pumped, which is very small.
Bollards
Bollards are used in areas where the protection of equipment from collision cannot be guaranteed by
bunding or pipe racks. Bollards significantly reduce the potential for process equipment to be hit by a
vehicle. This in turn significantly reduces the potential for a large leak from being hit by a vehicle.
Plant layout no lifting over equipment
Dropping objects onto equipment items can result in large leaks, due to the energy contained in the
fall. By designing the plant so that it is not necessary to lift over live equipment, this source of major
leaks has been removed.
Bunding / Spill Tanks.
In the eventuality of a leak, bunding around process areas present the primary method for
containment. Bunding is designed in accordance with industry best practise, ie, 110% of the volume
of the largest vessel. Spills in a bund are diverted to spill tanks. This ensures that any spill from a
vessel in the process area will be contained and will not leak into the environment. Small spills are
recycled directly into the process.
The spill tanks contain conductivity meters. If the conductivity is too high, the spill is directed to the
effluent treatment plant. Otherwise the spill is directed to the contaminated stormwater storage pond.
Contaminated Stormwater Storage Pond
This storage pond represents the secondary method for containment and treatment of spills from the
process, and will be of sufficient size to accommodate normal rain and process water run off from
process areas. There are two separate ponds; one for the pulp mill and one for the chemical plant.
This ensures there can be no adverse chemical reaction in the storage pond. Water quality of the
water in this pond is measured. If the water quality is adequate, the water is discharged to the settling
and oil catchment pond, prior to being discharged to the river. If the water quality does not meet river
discharge requirements, it is sent to effluent treatment.
Effluent Treatment
This represents the tertiary method for containing contaminated water. A bacterial process is used to
treat effluent prior to it being pumped to a discharge location 4 km offshore. Water quality is
monitored before the water is discharged.

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Dust Suppression Systems
An electrostatic suppression system (ESP) operates in the stack to prevent dust particles from being
released into the atmosphere. The design of these ESPs includes redundancy, so that it is possible
to operate with some of them offline and still meet the requirements for dust control.
In the event of power failure, the ESPs will continue to operate on back up power supply. Moreover,
the plant will shut down due to the power failure, so no more dust will be produced.
Emissions from the stack are continuously monitored to determine if there is any dust present. This
provides continuous feedback on ESP performance.
5.6.2 Pipelines
Several pipelines supply the pulp mill with raw products, or remove effluent from the plant.
Gas pipeline
Gas will be supplied from a tie in point in the gas pipeline feeding Bell Bay Thermal Power Station. A
separate risk assessment workshop has been carried out on this pipeline. This risk assessment was
carried out in accordance with AS2885.1-1997. This Standard stipulates the number of physical and
procedural controls required for a pipeline, as a function of the type of area it is in. The conclusion of this
study was that assessment of [the] likely impacts or threats has produced management measures
compliant with AS 2885. Upon implementation, it will effectively minimise any likely impacts on the
environment, human population and third party services, enabling the safe transport of gas to the pulp
mill. Risks associated with this pipeline were therefore not discussed in detail in this HAZID. On site
risks associated with natural gas were discussed.
Supply Water Pipeline

The supply water pipeline will provide water for the pulp mill from the Trevallyn Dam. The length of this
Proposed pipeline is approximately 40 kilometres. As the water transported in this pipeline will be clean
(Trevallyn Dam is also used for recreational purposes), a leak from this pipeline does not present an
environmental contamination issue. The main issue identified with this pipeline is the potential for a flood
of water should a complete rupture occur. This flood can potentially result in fatality, or erosion of the
environment. The following passive control measures reduce the probability of a complete rupture of the
pipeline:
Pipeline rated for pressure service. Internal water pressure will not rupture the pipeline as it will be
designed for this pressure.
Pipeline primarily buried. A collision with a vehicle or large mobile equipment is a high energy
collision, with the potential to cause significant damage to the pipeline. As the pipeline will be buried
for most of its length, the potential for impact on the pipeline from vehicles or other mobile equipment
is significantly reduced. The potential for complete rupture is therefore also significantly reduced.
Large diameter pipeline. As the pipeline will be of a large diameter it has a higher inherent strength
than a smaller diameter pipeline. The energy required for a complete rupture is therefore increased.
This significantly reduces the probability of the pipeline being impacted in any way with enough
energy to result in a complete rupture.

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Effluent Pipeline
The effluent is treated on site then pumped through an underground pipeline and discharged 3 km
offshore into Bass Strait. Should the pipeline leak, the effluent that will be discharged into the
environment will already have been treated on site and will meet the appropriate requirements for
discharge. A leak at any point along the length of the pipeline will therefore not have any adverse
environmental effects, apart perhaps from local flooding and erosion.
A separate risk assessment was carried out on the pipeline, which concluded that its risk management
measures complied with AS 2885. Upon implementation, it will effectively minimise and eliminate any
impact on the environment, human population and third party services, enabling the safe transport of
effluent to the ocean outfall exit point (Hargraves, 2005). Risks associated with this pipeline were
therefore not discussed in detail in this HAZID workshop.
HAZOP
A formal HAZOP will be conducted covering modifications at the Alinta Bell Bay Meter Station and for the
Gunns meter and pressure reduction station. All changes to the Piping and Instrument Diagrams
(PandIDs) after the HAZOP will be examined in a follow-up HAZOP conducted towards the end of the
detailed design process.
5.6.3 Transport Risks
Road Transport
As most chemicals used in the bleaching process will be manufactured on site, the goods that will be
transported to site are the raw chemicals used for the production of these chemicals. The amount of
dangerous substances transported to the site will therefore be significantly lower than would otherwise
have been the case if these chemicals were purchased from third party suppliers. Supply of chemicals to
the site is outside the scope of the PHA.
Solid waste will be transported by road to the solid waste disposal area. For this road transportation, the
following passive control measures were identified:
Road design. The road at the turn offs to both the pulp mill and solid waste disposal areas will have a
slip lane and passing lane. This will enable heavy vehicles to safely gather speed before merging
with traffic.
Existing heavy vehicle route. The route from the pulp mill to the solid waste site is an existing heavy
truck route. The number of vehicles hauling solid waste will add only fractionally to the existing heavy
trucks using this route. The risk increase from solid waste haulage is therefore negligible.
While in transit, the solid waste loads will be covered with tarpaulin to prevent dust from blowing off.
Sea Transport
The pulp will be shipped for export from a dedicated wharf. Currently, woodchips are shipped from a
wharves at the woodchipping facilities. As a result of the pulp mill operations, initial vessel movements
(for the first four years of operation) will significantly reduce, with a corresponding reduction in
operational risks. In the medium term (years five to 14), vessel movements will be similar to current

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levels. Long term vessel numbers will be higher than current shipping levels, but similar to that forecast if
the pulp mill does not proceed. Risks from the long-term shipping operations will initially be no greater
than current, and ultimately, no greater than forecast woodchip exports.
The wharf will be designed with low concrete or wooden edges to minimise the possibility of vehicles or
pulp bales from falling into the river during loading.
5.6.4 Solid Waste
Solid waste will be stored in the solid waste disposal area. This will be located on the opposite side of
the East Tamar Highway to the pulp mill. Safeguards for the offsite risks associated with transporting the
solid waste from the plant to this location have been discussed in previous sections. In the solid waste
disposal area itself, the following control measures are in place:
The landfill area is sealed with a composite clay and geosynthetic lining. This minimises the potential
for any liquid run off or leachate from entering the ground water;
Leachate from the solid waste area will be pumped back to the effluent treatment plant. The pipeline
that carries the leachate will run through a conduit where it crosses the East Tamar Highway. This
will prevent damage in case of a traffic accident or car running off the side of the Highway at this
location;
Ground water in the vicinity of the solid waste dump will be constantly monitored. Any leachate into
the ground water system will be quickly noticed and managed; and
Once a particular disposal cell is full it will be capped and revegetated. The capping minimises the
potential for run off water to become contaminated. Even at this stage, the area is still clay lined.
5.6.5 Separation Distance
The separation distance between the process area and the nearest site boundary is 500 metres. Based
on the consequence modelling and given the control measures for other potential hazards described in
Appendix 48, Volume 15, this distance should ensure that the effects of a hazardous incident at the pulp
mill site dissipate to below the criteria established in Section 5.4.
Moreover, the population immediately beyond the site boundary is a transient population. Commuters on
the East Tamar Highway will only be present for several minutes. People fishing on the river or walking
through the forest in the buffer zone will also only be temporarily present in the vicinity of the pulp mill
site. The population at risk immediately beyond the site boundary is therefore not a vulnerable
population. It is one which is moving through rather than staying in a place where they could potentially
be exposed to hazardous substances emitted from the pulp mill site in the event of an incident.
5.7 Conclusions / Recommendations

Based on the HAZID workshop and the consequence modelling conducted by GHD-Qest, it is concluded
that there are no hazards that will have offsite impacts. The controls in place adequately safeguard
against offsite consequences and hazards associated with dangerous substances.
Three actions were identified in the HAZID that will incorporated into the design. These are:

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Ensure spills from pipe bridges are contained and drained to effluent treatment at high risk areas;
Ensure the chip screening plant is designed to minimise dust build up, as dust presents a fire and
explosion risk; and
Ensure there is protection on site access road for power lines from damage from vehicle accidents.
The control measures outlined in Section 5.6, in combination with these three minor changes, adequately
prevent a hazard involving dangerous substances from presenting an offsite risk.
In addition to this, one operational action was identified:
Provide adequate pumping capacity at the wharf to ensure that all products can be pumped to the
chemical plant. The ships pumps may not be sufficient.
At the time of writing, the Dangerous Substances (Safe Handling) Act 2005 (Tas) has received assent
but its commencement date has not yet been proclaimed. Therefore it is not possible to assess the need
for a safety report at this stage.
5.8 Effluent Pipeline Risk Assessment
5.8.1 Risk from Third Party Accidents
The outfall pipeline is subject to accidental impact from third party activities, such as commercial vessels
(vessel sinking, ships anchor impact) and fishing operations (trawl board impact). A risk assessment of
potential impacts on the effluent pipeline has been undertaken and is contained in Appendix 45, Volume
15 .
Marine and Safety Tasmania to has been approached to have the area surrounding the outfall pipeline
marked Not for Anchorage. This will ensure that the location of the outfall will be published on the
relevant marine charts and as a notice to mariners. This will further reduce the likelihood of third party
conflict .
5.8.2 Preliminary Hazard Analysis Hargrave Pipeline Group
A preliminary hazard analysis for the effluent pipeline was performed by Hargrave Pipeline Group Pty
Ltd. It considered the threats to the pipeline from existing infrastructure, construction activities, third
party activities during operation and intentional damage that threaten the continual operation of the mill
and the township of George Town, its people and the environment. All recorded threats indicate they are
manageable. The risk assessment is consistent with AS/NZS 4360:2004, AS 2885.1-2004 and SAA
HB105 -1998.
The hazard analysis identifies:

possible sources and causes of potential hazardous events or threats (see Table 138:); and
likely consequences for off-site human and safety and the environment including the marine
environment should a rupture of the pipeline occur.

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5.8.3 Selection of Credible Accident Events for Further Analysis
A quantified risk assessment for consequences outside the perimeter of the premises for credible
accident events has been performed using route selection maps and the risk assessment reports and is
included in Appendix 45, Volume 15. The threats were individually assessed and mitigation requirements
recorded to prevent and/or manage credible accident events, and minimising impact to the surroundings
and any further impact or consequences to the remainder of the pipeline.
5.8.4 Results of the Risk Assessment
The risk assessment identified a number of credible threats to the surrounding environment and third
party services between the pulp mill and the ocean outfall. Table 138: below summarises the findings.
Consideration of maintenance requirements is summarised below under Operational Maintenance
Requirements and Contingency Measures.
Table 138: Risk Assessment in accordance with AS 2885 and HB 105
Risk Assessment in accordance with AS 2885 and HB 105
Pipeline Sections T1 Industrial R2 semi S - submarine

/ suburban Rural
Kilometre point (kp) 0 12 12 18.6 18.6 22
Identified Threats (Pre-Defined) 24 13 1
External Interference Protection 12 2 0
Protection by design 1 0 0
Failure Analysis 1 0 0
Risk Evaluation and Rank 1 0 0
Risk Management 1 0 0
(Jaakko Pyry (2006) Appendix 7, Volume 6) assessed the potential risk on the environment in the event
of a leak from the effluent pipeline. The results are provided below.
The combined biologically treated process effluent and the sanitary sewage from the pulp mill will be
pumped to Bass Strait in a pipeline approximately 22 kilometres long (19 km on land and 3 km outfall.
The average effluent flow is approximately 73 Ml/d and the continuous dry weather maximum about 77
Ml/d. The design flow is about 3700 kl/h.
The total amount of effluent in the full pipeline is about 20,000 kl.
The physical and chemical quality of the effluent in the pipeline is roughly as follows:
pH 6-7
EC, mS/m 250-350

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TDS, mg/l 3000-3500
BOD, mg/l 5-15
COD, mg/l 300-400
TSS, mg/l 20-40
Chloride, mg/l 500-700
Sulphate, mg/l 200-400
Sodium, mg/l 700-900.
Since the sanitary sewage will be disinfected before mixing with the process effluent, the hygienic quality
of the effluent is acceptable.
The effluent will not be toxic to aquatic or terrestrial flora and fauna, nor to humans (Section 11.11 of
Volume 3 of the Draft IIS).
In the very unlikely case of a pipeline failure, the effluent will flow into the environment, either to the local
surface water drains or to the groundwater depending on the detailed topographic and geological
conditions. The actual amount of potential spill naturally depends on the topography and location of the
failure.The performance of the pipeline will be continuously monitored. Pressure gauges and valves will
be installed on the pipeline at intervals to be determined during the detailed design phase. The readings
will be transmitted to the DCS system of the effluent treatment plant. Alarms will be activated whenever
the actual pressure is either higher or lower than the preset normal pressure range.
Design Principles of the Pipeline to Minimise the Environmental Risks

The pipeline material up to the shore crossing point will be either high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP). These materials are completely resistant to corrosion.
The start elevation of the pipeline at the treatment plant is approximately + 22 m above mean sea level
(AMSL), the highest elevation approximately +52 m AMSL approximately 6 km from the effluent
treatment plant, and the total head at the beginning of the submerged section at the coast is about 16
metres of water column (mWC).The route of the effluent pipeline was chosen to avoid hills and significant
rises to reduce pressure and volume out flows in the unlikely event of pipeline rupture.
The dynamic hydraulic pressure line along the pipeline in normal operation is roughly as follows:
at the pressure side of the final effluent pumps: about 70 mWC

5 km from the pumps: about 55 mWC
10 km from the pumps: 40 mWC
18 km from the pumps: 16 mWC
at the end of the pipeline: 4 mWC
The dynamic pressure line implies that the selected pressure class of the pipeline is about 100 m head.
In non-stable operating conditions for instance, during a power black-out, the start and stop of
pumping, and closing and opening the pipeline valves the resulting pressure shocks and vacuum
conditions in the pipeline can have serious implications, unless appropriate control measures are taken.

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To eliminate any risk of a mechanical failure in the pipeline, the detailed design will be based on the
hydraulic pressure line analysis in all possible steady and non-steady state hydro-mechanical conditions
associated with the pipeline operation. Based on this analysis, systems to mitigate or eliminate excessive
pressure surges, hammering, formation of vacuum, gas accumulation, etc. will be designed and installed.
Atteris Pty Ltd prepared an ocean outfall engineering concept design report. A copy of the report is
provided in Appendix 52, Volume 16. A risk assessment was undertaken and a summary of the results is
provided below.
Assessment of likely impacts or threats has produced mitigation measures compliant with the risk
analysis contained in AS 2885. Upon implementation, it will effectively minimise and eliminate any likely
impacts on the environment, human population and third party services, enabling the safe transport of
effluent to the ocean outfall.
The pipeline operator will be required to produce an Operation and Maintenance Plan, which is a control
measure of the identified likely impacts or threats. The plan will define the maintenance requirements
such as:
Routine patrolling of right of way (ROW), maintain signage, weed control, erosion monitoring, valve
checks and maintenance;
Dial Before You Dig (detailed below);
Annual contact with landowners, councils and utility owners (eg. Transend, Aurora, Esk Water, Alinta,
Pacific National) (detailed below); and
Emergency response training and readiness of emergency equipment/services in the event of pipe
breakage or leaks.
Dial Before You Dig is a service provided for third parties who wish to perform construction activities
across or within the easement of the pipeline. Gunns will be part of this service. It enables a pipeline
operator to be aware of, control, and supervise to maintain minimal likely impacts or threats from third
parties to an acceptable level.
The main purpose of annual contact with land owners, councils and utility owners is to discuss planned
activities, individual concerns or issues and ensure that all affected parties are up-to-date with the status
of the pipeline to ensure likely impacts or threats identified by the risk assessment process are averted.
Some of the likely impacts would include the following:
General installation of other services in rural areas;
Field crossings of the pipeline by third parties;
Road repairs and/or incidents (eg. large vehicle accidents);
Railway incidents/maintenance;
Logging and major land clearing;
Urban development; and
Soil shift/land stability.

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6. Potential Economic Impacts and Management
Measures
Full details of the economic assessment including modelling assumptions can be found in Appendix 15,
Volume 9 (Economic Impact Assessment Report).
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Policy Context for Forestry and Wood Product Investments
The Tasmanian governments overall policy framework, which has been developed since the early
1990s, provides a supportive foundation for the development of the pulp mill. Tasmanias forestry sector
has developed strongly in response to a number of key government and industry initiatives. These
include:
a considerable increase in the area allocated for plantation forestry;

forest management in accordance with international practices for sustainable forestry and a strong
program of certification which recognises best practice and continuous improvement in forest
management (ISO 14001; AFS, PEFC);
investment in more sophisticated processes so as to shift the industry away from simple logging to
value-adding manufacturing;
increases in the exports of chips and sawn wood and paper products; and
State government encouragement for industry to invest in value-adding in pulp production.
After lengthy negotiations, a Regional Forestry Agreement (RFA) was concluded between the
Commonwealth and Tasmanian governments in 1997. The objective of the RFA was to ensure the
conservation of Tasmanias ecologically significant forests while providing the basis for a sustainable
forestry industry that will be able to benefit from an increased level of resource security. Together with
the RFA, the Tasmanian Community Forest Agreement, ratified in May 2005, has provided the
institutional and policy framework within which the pulp mill project has been formulated. An important
objective of the agreement is to foster vertical integration in forestry operations and enhanced levels of
downstream processing and value-adding within the envelope of an ecologically sustainable forestry
industry. The pulp mill is consistent with and brings to realisation this objective of the RFA via
downstream processing and value-adding Tasmanias pulpwood resource.
Tasmania also has a long-term strategy for economic growth, Tasmania Together 2020. This policy is
briefly discussed in Section 6.2.
6.2 Tasmanias Historical Economic Performance

Before examining the projected economic impact of the pulp mill, it is useful to undertake a brief review
of Tasmanias recent economic performance.

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6.2.1 Comparing Tasmania to Australia Key Statistics and Trends
For many years, Tasmanias rate of economic growth has lagged behind the national average. Over the
decade from June 1996 to June 2005, the average annual rate of growth of Gross State Product (GSP)
in Tasmania was 2.1 per cent (ABS, 2006) By comparison, Australias national average rate of growth of
GDP over the same period was nearly twice as great, at 3.7 per cent (ABS, 2006). Since 2001-02,
however, Tasmanias rate of economic growth has averaged around 3.9 per cent (ABS, 2006).While
these recent higher rates of growth have lagged behind the growth that has occurred in resource-rich
States such as Western Australia and Queensland, they have exceeded the national average over the
past three years (ABS, 2006).
However, despite recent improvements in the absolute growth of the Tasmanian economy, on a per
capita basis, Tasmanias economy has been in decline relative to Australia (Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1 Tasmanian GSP per capita as a percentage of Australian GDP per capita
82%
80%
78%
76%
74%
72%
70%
Tasmania GSP per capita as a percentage of GDP per capita
68%
66%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: ABS, 2006, Cat No 5220.0.
Tasmanias GSP in 2004-05 was estimated at $16.1 billion (ABS, 2006). For a population of around
480,000 in June 2005, this represented an average level of GSP per capita of $31,801. By comparison,
the average GDP per capita for Australia as a whole (including Tasmania) in 2004 was over 30 per cent
higher, at $42,473 (ABS, 2006). Relative to Australians living on the mainland, therefore, Tasmanians
are worse off in GDP per capita terms. This implies that, on average, the Tasmanian community has not
been able to benefit from the significantly increased living standards enjoyed by other Australians over
the last decade.
Tasmania has also had historically flat population growth and high rates of unemployment. Tasmanias
population saw a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.15 per cent from FY1995 to FY2004,

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compared to a CAGR growth rate of 1.32 per cent for Australia (ABS, 2006). Much of Tasmanias slow
population growth has been a function of the migration of Tasmanians to the mainland (ABS, 2006).
Despite Tasmanias low population growth, the ratio of the Tasmanian population as a proportion of the
Australian population still exceeds the ratio of Tasmanian GSP to Australian GDP (ABS, 2006). This has
been a consistent trend since 1995. This also suggests that the Tasmanian economy punches below its
weight in economic terms relative to its size.
Unemployment levels have been consistently high compared to the mainland. Although this trend has
weakened in recent years, in February 2006, unemployment in Tasmania was 6.7 per cent compared to
5.2 per cent in Australia (ABS, 2006).
Figure 6-2 provides key economic statistical comparisons for Tasmania and Australia.
Figure 6-2 Comparing Tasmania To Australia Key Statistics
Source: ABS, 2006, Cat No 5220.0. Most recent data available used in all cases. Employment figures based on February 2006
data. Population database on 04-05 data. GSP and GDP calculations based on 04-05 data. Investment calculations based on 04-
05 figures.
If Tasmania is to attain a higher rate of economic growth, then a sustained higher level of investment will
be required. This has been acknowledged by the Tasmania Together 2020 Strategy, which is discussed
below.
Historically, Tasmanias level of business investment, as a proportion of GSP, has been low relative to
Australias national average (Figure 6-2). In 2004-2005 Tasmanias ratio of Gross Private Fixed Capital
Formulation to GSP was approximately 20.2 per cent. By comparison, the mainland average for the
same time period was around 22.1 per cent (ABS, 2006).

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6.2.2 Features of the Bell Bay, Northern Tasmanian Regional Economies
The pulp mill analysed in this Draft IIS will be located in the Bell Bay precinct. This will locate the mill
near the George Town, the Bell Bay Port, Launceston, and Tamar Valley economies.
The ABS estimated the population of George Town municipality for 2004-2005 to be 6,679 persons
(ABS, 2006). The unemployment rate in George Town is well above the national average, and sat at 7.6
per cent for the December quarter 2005. According to the George Town Council:
George Town's economy relies heavily upon the fortunes of the heavy industrial zone and deep-water
port of Bell Bay, which is well supported by a number of light industrial companies, manufacturers,
agricultural and viticulture activity and, increasingly retail and tourism operators.
The Bell Bay Precinct is the most significant industrial estate in Tasmania. Other major operators in the
region include:
the Comalco Aluminium smelter, which directly employs around 600 people and a number of
contractors;
the TEMCO ferro-alloy processing plant;
the Bell Bay Port;
the CHH Pinepanels medium density fibreboard plant;
the Eckagranules aluminium powder plant;
the George Town Seafood processing factory;
the SVP Industries plant; and
the Gunns Tamar woodchip mills.
The Bell Bay Port is the primary export and import centre for the Bell Bay local economy. In 2002-2003
the port handled $923 million of exports and $1,228 million of imports (ABS, 2006). For the year 2003-04,
the port exported approximately 3.7 million mass tonnes and imported 1.5 million mass tonnes. Of the
total mass volume of exports of 3.7 million mass tones, 2.7 million tones of woodchips were exported
(approximately 73 per cent). Exports of pine logs, fibre board and newsprint represented important other
wood and paper product components, in addition to the woodchips.
6.2.3 Tasmanian Industry Development: the Importance of Value-Adding
A major new investment project is likely to be particularly beneficial if it builds on Tasmanias competitive
advantages, in terms of resource endowments, and provides the opportunity for further development. An
examination of Tasmanias pattern of exports provides some insights into existing areas of comparative
advantage.
Tasmania is relatively more reliant on exports than Australia as a whole. Tasmanias exports contributed
14.5 per cent to GSP in 2002-2003 (ABS, 2006). However, the composition of Tasmanian exports is also
skewed towards commodities. Despite the fact that manufacturing makes a relatively high contribution to
Tasmanias economy, the composition of international exports from the State tends to the lower unit
value end, particularly when compared to exports from Victoria or New South Wales (ABS, 2006).

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Value-adding and the production of more complex differentiated products is important for economic
growth in a number of ways, including that it:
increases prices secured by Tasmanian producers for goods sold, which directly increases GSP;
results in less sensitivity to exchange rate fluctuations and price competition, than the simpler
commodity product (woodchips);
involves employment of more highly skilled personnel, in both product development and
manufacturing; and
generates economy-wide spillovers through more extensive linkages between firms (suppliers,
competitors), leading edge customers and research institutions.
In 2004-2005, the majority of Tasmanias export revenues were generated by sales of woodchips, zinc,
aluminium, metalliferous ores and scrap, as well as fish, crustaceans and molluscs (and preparations
thereof) 25 . Thus the majority of Tasmanias major exports are simply transformed manufactures (STMs).
While these can contribute substantially to lifting economic growth when international demand for these
products is growing rapidly, there are limitations to the long term sustainability of this growth driven by
increases in volumes of STMs alone. Despite strong international demand, the economic growth that can
be generated by increasing the volume of STM wood products is limited by supply side constraints such
as yield rates and limitations placed on harvesting for environmental reasons.
Given demand and supply constraints that restrict raising the volume in exports of some commodities
and STMs, in particular the supply side restrictions on wood products, the key to raising the contribution
of international trade to the future wealth and wellbeing of the Tasmanian community lies in increasing
the value added component of exports.
6.2.4 Tasmanian Economic Development Policy
Tasmania, recognising the need for a long run framework to facilitate strong economic growth, developed
in 2001 a broad strategy called Tasmania Together 2020. This strategy set out clear objectives based on
community input including 24 Goals and 212 Benchmarks organised around five key strategic areas for
growth: community, culture, democracy, environment and economy.
In terms of goals that will drive economic growth, the Tasmanian plan included:
foster and value vibrant and diverse rural, regional and remote communities that are connected to
each other and the rest of the of the world (Goal 7);
increase job and meaningful work opportunities in Tasmania (Goal 16);
maximise the opportunities available through information and other technologies (Goal 17);
have an internationally-focused business culture that creates business investment and growth, and
encourages enterprise, innovation and excellence (Goal 19) [through]:
enhancing Tasmanias business operating environment in the international context,
25
ABS, 2006, data available on request, International Trade data base. Gunns purchased unreleased 2004-05 export data from the
ABS to assess Tasmanias export profile. It was found that a significant proportion (30 per cent) of exports remained in an
Other/Confidential category. The ABS was unable to make an estimate of the composition of Other. This makes the profile of
Tasmanias exports difficult to assess. Nevertheless important point is that Tasmanias export profile is largely weighted towards
commodities.

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increasing the rate of economic growth,
fostering a culture of enterprise,
increasing access to global knowledge and productive business investment,
increasing business confidence, and
increasing value-adding.
Progress has been made to achieving many of these goals. This progression, along with other related
strategic economic policy and activity, has led to GSP growth and unemployment reductions since 2002-
03. Further actions aligned with these goals will be expected to further strengthen the Tasmanian
economy, and improve its performance relative to Australian economic standards.
6.2.5 Tourism
Tourism is a key economic driver of the Tasmanian economy. In the 12 months ending march 2006,
855,100 visitors came to Tasmania (up 7% over March 2005). This included:
805,300 visitors as passengers on scheduled air and sea transport;
48,000 as cruise ship visitors; and
1,700 as navy ship visitors 26 .
Tourism 21 - Strategic Plan for the Tasmanian Tourism Industry (2004) is the joint government/tourism
industry strategic business plan for the development of the tourism industry in Tasmania. The Tourism
Industry Framework set out in Tourism 21 provides the basis for achieving an integrated tourism
strategy for the State, and focuses on the development of selected touring routes and clusters. These
clusters and routes will deliver a range of core visitor experiences through the innovative linking of
attractions, activities and associated support facilities.
Themed touring routes give a strong purpose for visiting a region and undertaking a range of activities
that help improve length of stay, employment and yield. The touring routes also provide a strong basis for
private and public investment by supporting the upgrading of current economic tourism infrastructure, as
well as facilitating new infrastructure to capture and sustain tourism growth. 27 .
The Tamar Valley Touring Route encircles the Tamar River Estuary north of Launceston. The route links
Launceston to the Bass Strait Coast via the East Tamar Highway (Launceston to George Town) and the
West Tamar Highway (Launceston to Beauty Point and onto Greens Beach). The Batman Bridge joins
the two sides. The route provides excellent valley scenery dominated by the Tamar Estuary, old
agricultural land/vineyards flanked by native hillsides. As an extension of the main route, the Northern
Wine Route provides a trail which encompasses the major food and wine attractions of the area, joining
the West Tamar vineyards with the Pipers River, Pipers Brook and Lilydale wine regions further east.
The trail eventually loops back to Launceston. Additional trails and links are also promoted to natural
features (Notley Gorge, Narawntapu National Park and Greens Beach) or cultural features (such as the
Low Head Lighthouse).
26
http://www.tourismtasmania.com.au/research/tvs2006_resultsmarqtr.html
27
http://www.tourismtasmania.com.au/pdf/2004_tasind_T21text.pdf

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The rationale for the selection of the Tamar Valley as a key touring route is:
Launceston is a major cluster destination (visitors frequently staying 2 or more nights) and the Tamar
Valley has become a very strong day touring destination for visitors;
substantial developed tourist product around the Tamar Valley with strong recognition for the core
appeal of food/wine but also having a mix of good nature and heritage/historic products;
the Tamar Valley has been successful in building a reputation, distinct brand and achieving the critical
mass of product to attract visitors;
the Northern Wine Route is well established trail with existing visitor infrastructure, signage system,
marketing and good market recognition;
the route provides opportunities for cross-links to the north east (via links to Bridport and Scottsdale)
and north west (via Exeter and via York Town to Narawntapu National Park);
the touring route is on A category roads;
the numbers of interstate and overseas visitors passing through, stopping or staying overnight in
cities/towns in 2000-01 were 273,900 Launceston, 69,800 George Town and 40,000 Beaconsfield;
and
the touring route is already in place and supported with branding associated with the Tamar Valley,
signage, interpretation, touring maps, information etc. Scenic drive to Launcestons nearest beaches,
coastline and national park (Narawntapu).
The Tamar Valley Route, and associated links and trails, provides access to around 89 attractions,
accommodation facilities, hire services and tours.
Of the attractions listed on the Tourism Tasmania database for the Tamar Valley, nearly half are
classified as cultural/food and wine, while a quarter of attractions are historic.
Visitation to both Beaconsfield and George Town is below the average for surveyed towns in the region.
This is largely because the Tamar Valley Tour Route does not fall on a major through route to other
clusters (although it is receiving increased visitation as a connection between Devonport and the Tamar
Valley with the twin ferry service in operation).
Nonetheless, by virtue of not being a major through route, the towns and attractions of the Tamar Valley
tend to have a high rate of retention of those who do visit. By way of example, 65% of all visitors to
George Town in 2000/2001 either stopped and looked around or stayed overnight.
The key points of difference are the strengths that distinguish the touring route from other touring routes
within the State the key selling points. These are:
The Tamar Valley is the premier recognised wine and food region in Tasmania;
It is the key day touring loop from Launceston and encircles the Tamar River;
The diversity of product (nature, food/wine, heritage) to cater for all visitor markets; and
Access to excellent wildlife viewing opportunities e.g. Tamar River, Narawntapu National Park.

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6.3 The Bell Bay Pulp Mill Key Features
Gunns Limited (Gunns), which was established in Launceston in 1875 and currently employs more than
1,600 Australians directly, has been examining the economics of constructing a bleached Kraft pulp mill
within the Bell Bay Industrial Estate.
The mill will constitute, if it goes ahead, the largest investment to date by the private sector in Tasmania.
It will be located at Bell Bay, which is approximately 36 km from Launceston and adjacent to Gunns
existing export woodchip mills. If the project is approved, Gunns will expect the mill to begin operations in
early 2009, following a two-year construction phase.
Once operational, approximately 3.2 Mt to 4.0 Mt of logs that will otherwise have been processed into
woodchips for export will be manufactured into 820,000 tonnes per year of hardwood (eucalypt) pulp.
This pulp will be sold predominantly overseas to be used for the production of paper. Over time,
production may increase to a total annual capacity of 1,100,000 tonnes, as inputs from plantation wood
increase and engineering design is realised. (1,100,00 ADMT/y will represent the maximum capacity of
the plant. Wood input data assumed as a basis for economic modelling is consistent with the
assumptions of pulpwood supply as per Gunns Anticipated Supply Strategy as detailed in Volume 1,
Section 6.2 Pulpwood Supply of the Draft IIS). Importantly, Gunns forestry strategy is independent of
the mill: it plans to harvest the same amount of wood whether the mill is constructed or not. The question
is whether Gunns sells this wood as woodchips or as processed pulp.
The pulp mill will have its own rail road connection and port for pulp transport and export. It will also be
connected to the power grid and a natural gas pipe line.
Gunns has developed plans to meet or exceed existing environmental standards. The pulp mill will be
built to the worlds most stringent environment standards and will utilise Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)
bleaching processes. It will also be eligible for Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) for all the power
that is produced.
The Gunns pulp mill will significantly increase Tasmanias value-added exports and, as discussed in
Section 8.6 below, will contribute to the growth of the Tasmanian economy.
6.3.1 Capital Expenditure Requirements
This section is based on based on financial analysis by Jaakko Pyry. Total direct investment in the pulp
mill is estimated at $1.45 billion from 2007-2009. This cost is inclusive of land acquisition requirements.
Table 139 provides an indicative breakdown of the direct investment by major component.
To support and operate the proposed capital investment of $1.45 billion, Gunns plan to spend a further
$13.4 million to $20 million in annual additional capital investments in addition to the programmed
operating and maintenance expenditures. This is equivalent to one per cent of capital outlays each year
for years 1 through 4, and 1.5 per cent for years 5 onwards. This will bring the total capital investment in
the mill from 2007 to 2039 to more than $2.0 billion. The mill will have an operational life of 30 years
(2007-2039). Financial modelling was conducted by Jaakko Pyry separate to the preparation of this
chapter. The results presented in Section 8.6 are based on computable general equilibrium modelling
(which is based on the financial projections but separate from their development). The economic
modelling results were not projected past 2030 due to concerns for increasing uncertainty of outcomes

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over long time frames. In present value terms over the construction phase and 30-year operational life of
the mill (2009-2039), applying WACC of six per cent, total capital expenditure will be $1,527 million. This
proposed additional support investment to the initial capital infrastructure will ensure sustainability of the
mills operations, over the proposed design life of 30 years. Such investment will ensure that
technological obsolescence is avoided and that evolving research and development activities worldwide
can be fully incorporated.
Table 139: Pulp Mill Investment Costs, 2007-09, $2005 Prices
Component $A Million
Wood process investments $428.0 m
Chemical recovery and power $409.0 m
Water and effluent $151.0 m
Administration and departments $309.0 m
Waste $5.0 m
Power distribution $15.0 m
Wharf infrastructure $18.0 m
Chemical plant $113.0 m
Total Construction Phase Capital Investment $1,448.0* m
Source: Financial analysis by Jaakko Pyry. Additional information may be supplied on a commercial in confidence basis by
request.
* In present value terms, applying a discount rate of six per cent, this total capital expenditure would be $1,304 million. A weighted-
average cost of capital (WACC) of six per cent was applied to reflect commercial rates of return on alternative investments.
6.3.2 Energy Sector Impacts

Due to the planned configuration of the pulp mills operations, it is expected that the mill will generate a
number of positive energy impacts for the Tasmanian economy each year. The mills operations will
result in a significant annual level of renewable energy certificates. The long-term estimate of value of
these certificates is $33.7 million per annum. The revenues from the sale of these certificates will be
captured by Gunns; however, it is assumed that these benefits (company profit) are ultimately re-
distributed to shareholders, which include Australian households. Currently about 90 per cent of Gunns
shares are held by domestic investors. Thus a high proportion of the benefits would ultimately be
redistributed to Australians.
The mill will include a power plant that will use renewable forest biomass. This power plant is expected to
produce a power surplus of 60 MW per year. This power surplus will be sold into the Tasmanian power
grid. Gunns has estimated that the value from the surplus power contribution to the state grid will be
between $16.4 million and $21.7 million per annum. The long-term revenue estimate is $18.0 million per
annum.
Other Tasmanian businesses and industries would also benefit from the sale of 60 MWs of power
surplus into the Tasmanian grid. This would equate to roughly two per cent of Tasmanias total installed
current generator capacity and five per cent of total energy demanded on average. Prices in the National

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Electricity Market (NEM) are set by through a pooled bidding process whereby generators submit bids to
supply a specified quantity of energy for a specified price. Prices are stacked from lowest to highest
price until total demand for that half hour is met. If total demand can be supplied by the NEM at low
prices, generators who bid high prices into the NEM are excluded from supplying. The highest price that
just covers demand requirements sets the price for all generators. The competitive tension created by
the risk of being excluded from supplying to the NEM creates incentives for generators to bid lower.
Holding all else constant, the presence of an additional supplier would increase competition and this
would tend to reduce bid prices. Therefore the added supply available from the pulp mill plant would tend
to reduce prices for consumers including for businesses and households.
If competition resulted in lower energy prices, this would benefit businesses and consumers who
currently pay the highest prices in the NEM (roughly 29 per cent higher than other NEM regions). Lower
energy costs would result in lower operating costs for industry. This could foster the development of
other Tasmanian business growth. Lower energy prices for consumers could also free up additional
capital that consumers can re-invest in other goods. This could also provide a mild stimulation to other
sectors of the economy. This could also provide a mild stimulation to the economy. Some of these flow-
on impacts are discussed further in Section 6.5.1.
6.3.3 Sourcing of Investment Components
The proposed capital investment and variable costs associated with the proposed mills operations will
largely remain within the Tasmanian economy. Table 140 provides a summary of the extent of
Tasmanian sourcing of project components.
As the table demonstrates, most of the mills inputs will be sourced from businesses in Tasmania. The
utilization of a wide range of services (gas, electricity, water, sewerage, solid waste removal) will result in
increased service revenue and increased utilization of existing service infrastructure in Tasmania. Bulk
purchase contracts of natural gas, via the Tasmania Gas Pipeline will be a significant stimuli to
Tasmanian gas service providers. Other Tasmanian firms will benefit from purchases by Gunns of
potable water and sewerage and solid waste removal. For example, Gunns has estimated that water
supply and effluent disposal expenditures will amount to $3.6 million per annum over the life of the mill.
As the mill ramps up, expenditure will rise from $2.3 million to $3.6 million per annum. The implications of
these expenditures for regional economic growth and industry development are explored further in
Section 6.5.
Table 140: Summary of Project Components
Project costs and benefits Percentage of inputs sourced from Nature of the cost,
Tasmania benefit
Project costs
Operating phase personnel 100%a Fixed
Wood and chipping costs (including road 100% Variable

transport)
Chemicals 80% Variable

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Project costs and benefits Percentage of inputs sourced from Nature of the cost,
Tasmania benefit
Fuel (gas, biofuel) 100% Variable
Water 100% Variable
Sewage disposal 100% Variable
Solid waste disposal 100% Variable
Operating and packing materials 90% Variable
Maintenance materials 90% Fixed

a
Source: Gunns Limited. Note : It is assumed that 80 per cent of the personnel that will work at the Gunns plant will be already
living in Tasmania. A further 15 per cent are expected to be hired from mainland states, and a further five per cent are expected to
be hired from overseas. However, Gunns does not intend to operate a fly-in, fly-out workforce. Therefore 100 per cent will live in
Tasmania for the life of the mill once it is operational.
6.3.4 Increased Purchasing Power for Other Tasmanian Businesses
Given its scale, and the range of chemicals that are processed and/or produced, the pulp mill chemical
plant will be expected to provide a significant positive impetus to manufacturing opportunities in
Tasmania. While the prime objective of the plant is to produce sodium hydroxide, oxygen and chlorine
dioxide for the cooking and bleaching processes, a number of other chemicals are either required as
inputs or are produced as intermediate products in the chemical reactions that take place. The chemicals
that are processed in significant quantities include:
sodium chloride;
sodium hydroxide;
chlorine;
hydrochloric acid;
hydrogen;
hydrogen peroxide;
chlorine dioxide;
sodium chlorate;
oxygen;
nitrogen; and
argon (small volumes).
The two major input chemicals, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, will be purchased in bulk via
dedicated shipments. Other Tasmanian manufacturers will have the opportunity to access these and the
other chemicals at world competitive rates. This opportunity has not been available before in Tasmania,
or at least certainly not to the same scale. Increased access to chemicals at cost effective prices could
potentially provide the impetus for new industries to develop. The following two examples are provided
as an indication of what could develop:

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Utilization of hydrochloric acid in the extraction of metals from mine tailings Initial communication
has been made by Gunns with a company that has developed an extraction process that requires
hydrochloric acid. The company has also expressed an initial interest in purchasing electrical energy.
Use of hydrogen for the production of fuel cells Initial contact via the Department of Economic
Development has indicated Hydro Tasmania is considering options for using hydrogen as a fuel
both in fuel cells and more conventional internal combustion processes.
6.3.5 New Technologies to be Introduced
The project will also bring some leading edge, new pulp technologies to Tasmania. Exposure to these
new technologies may have immediate spillover benefits to other existing industries or help to provide a
platform from which new businesses may develop. Significant innovations and technical developments
that will be incorporated in the new mill include:
High pressure boilers will be built to source as much power as possible from biomass. This is a trend
within the pulping industry but has only been adopted in a few locations worldwide. The biomass
employed will be wood and forest waste.
More water will be recycled than is normal practice for pulp mills globally. On average, pulp mills
consume 40,000 litres of fresh water per tonne of pulp produced; the Bell Bay pulp mill, because of its
recycling focus, will use only 23,500 litres per tonne. This will represent a saving of over 40 per cent
(or 13.5 megalitres per year) compared with existing mills.
In order to manage the recycling of water and other processes, the plant will require new non-process
element innovations. These innovations have only been recently used in some new plants, and will
represent a cutting edge development in pulping technology. Most mills are not equipped with these
new technologies.
The pulp mill will use natural gas as fuel for key processes, including the operation of the lime kiln and
the startup/backup processes for the recovery/power boilers. Pulp mills usually use fuel oil to power
these processes.
Gunns will also install a continuous monitoring facility of mill emissions. This will also go beyond normal
greenhouse gas management practice.
In total, these innovations will ensure that Australias wood resources are effectively and efficiently
utilised. This project is therefore aligned with the 2000 Forest and Wood Products Industry Action
Agenda goal to increase the credibility of Forest Operations and Products and to seize opportunities for
product development innovations. It is also aligned with the goals of the Tasmania Together 2020
strategy, which aims to ensure there is a balance between environmental production and economic and
social development and to ensure our natural resources are managed in a sustainable way now and for
future generations. Through exposure to new technologies, and significant training courses in
construction and pulp mill operating procedures (see Section 6.5), the mill is expected to have an
important effect on raising the level of skills in the States labour force. As the labour force turns over
through time, an increased level of skills will permeate through the Tasmanian workforce.

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6.4 Estimating the Total Economic Impacts of the Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Methodology
6.4.1 Quantitative Analysis Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
An analysis of the Bell Bay Pulp mill alone, as the largest private sector investment in Tasmania to date,
will show large increases in job creation and economic activity. However, the mill will also have an impact
on a wide range of businesses. These impacts will be greatest for Tasmanian business, but will also be
observed on the mainland. These impacts will arise through increased demand for goods and labour.
Many businesses will grow as a result. This will make the total impact on the Tasmanian and Australian
economies larger than the mill alone.
These wider economic impacts cannot be estimated with any accuracy without the use of a complex
computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. CGE modelling represents the best approach to
estimating the economic impacts of the proposed mill. This is because in order to understand the impacts
of the project, it is necessary to consider not only the direct (partial) economic effects of the pulp mill, but
also the flow on impacts that could be expected to be observed in the wider economy. For example,
while a new major project like a pulp mill will create immediate impacts by providing employment, other
businesses that supply the mill will expand while additional incomes that are created will, in large part, be
spent. A comprehensive assessment of the economic impact of a project needs to account for these
flow-on effects. A CGE model accommodates this by showing the relationships between changes in
microeconomic activities such as a pulp mill development and macroeconomic outputs.
In the past, other methods have been used to try to understand the flow on effects of new investments or
industries within the economy. For example, multiplier tables were often used to show the impacts of an
investment on employment and other macro economic variables. Today, multiplier analysis is generally
held by economists and governments to be a sub-optimal methodology for estimating general equilibrium
outcomes. These methods lack the flexibility that CGE models have, and their results generally overstate
impacts due to failures to account for key constraints in the markets for labour, capital and goods.
The CGE models operated by the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS) at Monash University are recognised
by industry and government as the pre-eminent tools for economic impact assessment. Therefore in
order to undertake this analysis, the most detailed model available in Australia, the MMRF-Green model,
developed and operated by CoPS, has been employed. Details of the model and the assumptions
underpinning the results presented in this chapter are contained in Appendix B of Appendix 15,
Volume 9.
The methodology for using the CoPS MMRF-Green model to determine the impact the proposed
development involves imposing a shock onto the models base case, or business-as-usual projection
for future economic outcomes. The comparison between outcomes under the business-as-usual
projection and outcomes under the shock scenario then provides an indication of the impact of the
project being modelled. This is the industry standard method for assessing economic impacts. In
modelling the impacts of the pulp mill at Bell Bay, a scenario was run where the mill is constructed and
enters into production by 2009, with the national and State/Territory economies adjusting away from
base case trends, to accommodate the new pulp mill.

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6.4.2 Qualitative analysis Stakeholder consultations
Complementing the quantitative analysis of the MMRF-Green results, this chapter also includes some
qualitative discussions of industry impacts. These qualitative assessments were generated from
extensive stakeholder consultations. Appendix 15, Volume 9 provides a list of the persons interviewed
during the course of the Draft IIS preparation.
6.4.3 Key Assumptions for the MMRF-Green Modelling Simulation
The exogenous financial inputs or shocks used to simulate the development of the pulp mill in the
modelling were based on financial analysis by Jaakko Pyry, and can provided by Gunns on a
confidential basis on request. Projections were made for the impact of the pulp mill from 2007 to 2030.
(The mill will have an operational life of 30 years. The economic modelling was not projected past 2030
due to concerns for increasing uncertainty of outcomes over long time frames).
Capital expenditure for the initial investment commences in 2007, peaks in 2008 and finishes in 2009.
Total capital expenditure on the new mill will equal $1,448 million. All values are presented in constant
$2005 prices.
Other relevant assumptions in relation to the construction and operating phase of the project are:
mill operations will start up in 2009 and reach their maximum value from 2019 at $625.9 million of
revenue annually;
relative to the baseline, mill employees will be sourced from the following regions for the construction
and operating phases:
Region Construction Operating
Tasmania 40% 80% *
Other Australian States 50% 15%
Foreign 10% 5%
* The model compares the scenario where the mill is built to one where the mill is not constructed in Tasmania. In the scenario
where the mill is constructed, it is assumed that 20 per cent of the mills workers are sourced from other Australian states (15 per
cent) and from overseas (five per cent). These persons will become Tasmanians once beginning work at the mill that is, they will
not be a fly-in, fly-out workforce. However for the purposes of modelling the impact of the mill it is necessary to consider the
counterfactual. In the event that the mill is not constructed these persons are assumed to continue to work in their original regions
(not Tasmania).
100 per cent of the wood, gas, biofuels, water and effluent services, personnel and overhead inputs
required for operations will be sourced from Tasmania;
90 per cent of the operating, packaging and maintenance materials required for the mills operations
will be sourced from Tasmania;
during the operating phase, 80 per cent of the chemicals will be sourced from within Australia;
on average roughly 90 per cent of the pulp produced by the mill will be exported with the remaining
being sold to domestic markets;
90 per cent of shareholders will be expected to reside in Australia; and
70 per cent of required project debt will be sourced from within Australia.

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Because of constraints on the availability of logs for woodchips in Tasmania, increased pulp production
by the mill will result in a reduction in other forms of secondary log production. Thus the project was also
assumed to result in the reduction of woodchip output.
Other assumptions underpinning the MMRF-Green model results are also presented in Appendix 15,
Volume 9.
6.4.4 Interpretation of Modelling Results
In examining the results presented below, it is important to note three issues relating to the way the
MMRF-Green model works:
First, as noted, all results for the mill construction scenario are presented relative to the base case or
business-as-usual scenario where it is assumed that the pulp mill project does not occur. This means
for example, that it will be inaccurate to say that as a consequence of the pulp mill that GSP will
increase by X per cent; it would be more accurate to say that GSP will be X per cent higher than it
would otherwise have been, had the pulp mill proposal not gone ahead.
The following analysis presents graphical representations of the stimulus to the economy. The graphs
show the increase every year above base case expectations. The results are not cumulative.
Secondly, the workings of the model mean that it is virtually impossible for any project to create a
sustained increase in employment at a national level. This is because of the way real wages are
assumed to shift (increase) in response to an initial increased demand for labour so as to return the
labour market to an equilibrium position (by reducing demand over time). Within this national
constraint, however, the model does allow significant employment gains in individual States and
regions.
Thirdly, it is important to note that the results show the gross impacts on the economy of the
investment in the pulp mill. That is, no adjustments were made to Government or private household
budgets to provide for the expenditure on the mill. This essentially means that the model assumes
that no other investments are abandoned as a result of the new investment in the mill.
Other key points to note in interpreting the results are:

When results for Australia are presented, they include the impact of the change in economic activity in
Tasmania.
The pulp mill essentially draws resources capital and labour away from the mainland Australian
economy and towards Tasmania. This means that while economic outcomes in Tasmania are better
than they would otherwise have been, this may be at the expense of economic outcomes in other
States and Territories. Nevertheless, the overall net impact of the pulp mill on the national economy is
generally positive. The Australian economy as a whole is better off as a result of the development
because the positive effects in Tasmania outweigh any negative effects in other States.
The stimulus to the national economy generated by the pulp mill is less than the stimulus to
Tasmania. This is because the new net exports of pulp generated by the mill crowd out other export
and import-competing sectors. This occurs as the real exchange rate strengthens in response to the
increase in net exports, thus reducing the competitiveness of Australias other traded commodities.

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6.5 Key Economic Impacts of the Pulp Mill
This section presents the projected economic impacts of the pulp mill development at Bell Bay. It
includes results from quantitative CGE modelling and qualitative discussions about the impact expected
for various industries.
6.5.1 Investment
The development of the pulp mill will result in an initial increase in investment. The increase in
investment across Tasmania will be larger than the size of the investment in the pulp mill by Gunns,
because the increase in employment and wages arising from the pulp mill will result in an increase in
demand for other goods and services. As demand for these other goods and services will be expected to
increase, so will production in those industries. This will lead to an increase in the profitability of and
investment by those industries. Investment by these other industries was assumed to occur with a lag
(refer to Appendix B of Appendix 15, Volume 9 for more details about MMRF Green model assumptions).
In Tasmania, the peak expansion in investment is projected to occur in 2008. Investment for the State in
that year will be $1,067 million (or 20.0 per cent) higher if the mill were constructed than it will be under
base case projections (Figure 6-3). Although no one project can be reasonably expected to generate
long run convergence with mainland investment rates, this would significantly contribute to the goal of
parity with the mainland in terms of investment as a proportion of total economic activity. Indeed by
2008, MMRF-Green modelling projects that investment as a proportion of GSP will have increased by 4.7
per cent relative to current levels (See Figure 8.2) while Australian investment as a proportion of GDP is
expected to attenuate by 0.1 per cent relative to current levels. This would result in a short run increase
in investment levels for Tasmania. In the longer run, the model predicts that historic median levels of
economic activity continue. Thus over time Tasmanian investment as a percentage of GSP are projected
by MMRF-Green to trend back towards long run averages relative to Australian investment and GDP
growth.
The Net Present Value, or NPV, of an investment or stream of cash flows quantifies the present value of
future revenues and expected costs associated with the investment. This is premised on the concept of
the time value of money: generally cash is worth less tomorrow than it is today. To determine the
present value of a project or investment, future cash outlays or revenues are discounted back at a social
discount rate of five per cent. Discounting cash flows enables decision makers to compare different
investments on a like-for-like (present value) basis.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$1,200
Increase in investment relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
$1,000
$800 Tasmania Australia
$600
$400
$200
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-3 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Investment ($2005, millions)
Source: CoPS. Note the above results are not cumulative impacts, but annual deviations from base case projections for Australian
and Tasmanian investment levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania.
As noted in Section 6.1.1 above, higher levels of investment are critical to raising Tasmanian living
standards. Currently, Tasmania lags the national average in terms of investment levels as a proportion of
GSP. This project is very important to the economic wellbeing of the Tasmanian community in the future,
in line with Tasmania Together 2020 goals.
Nationally, investment would be expected to be also boosted by the pulp mill development. (When
results for Australia are presented, they include the impact of the change in economic activity in
Tasmania. See Section 6.5 Interpretation of modelling results). This stimulation will be driven in the main
by the growth in Tasmania, but also by some inputs sourced from the mainland, including chemicals and
other goods. In the peak investment year 2008, national investment levels will be expected to be boosted
by $1,023 million (0.4 per cent) relative to the base case. The stimulation to the national economy will be
less than that observed in Tasmania, reflecting the migration of economic activity to Tasmania. The
simulation to Australian investment will be 95 per cent of Tasmanian stimulation in 2008 and 34 per cent
of the stimulation to Tasmanian investment in 2030. Nevertheless, the overall net impact of the pulp mill
on the national economy will be positive as the Australian economy as a whole will be better off because
the positive effects in Tasmania will outweigh any negative effects in other States.
Adding value to its principal natural resource, in a responsible and ecologically sustainable way, would
likely generate significant returns in terms of business and investor confidence in the region. Strong
economic growth and business investment will foster growth in investor and business confidence in
Tasmania. Large investments that increase activity in the region could be expected to give rise to
awareness that Tasmania is open for business and new investment. The London Business School has

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
investigated the ability of signals of this nature to influence investment decisions, and it notes that strong
signals about the quality of the operating environment can strongly impact the amount of attention a
region receives in terms of its viability as an investment location. The success of a major project such as
the pulp mill in Tasmania would be expected to send strong positive signals about Tasmania as an
investment location globally.
6.5.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross State Product (GSP)
Both GDP and GSP which are equivalent to the sum of government spending, private consumption,
investment and net export activity in the economy are expected to expand in response to the pulp mill
in line with:
the increase in investment, due to increase pulp production and subsequent increases in demand for
other goods and services;
the increase in net exports generated when woodchip exports will be replaced with higher value pulp
exports produced at the mill; and
increasing employment levels and wage rates, which will lead to higher levels of household income
and consumption.
Investment will be the primary driver of the growth in GSP and GDP in the short run. The long run
stimulation to GSP and GDP will be driven by impacts of the latter two factors. Strong employment
growth, which will provide a strong stimulus to wages and consumption, together with export growth will
be expected to provide an ongoing stimulus to regional and national economies. Although the model
does not predict regional rates of unemployment, this project would be expected to reduce rates of
unemployment due to the increasing demand for labour due to rising economic activity.
In line with this, Tasmanias GSP, if the pulp mill proceeds, will be substantially higher in each year than
what would have been expected if the pulp mill had not gone ahead (Figure 6-4). The peak increase in
Tasmanias GSP in 2030 is projected by the MMRF-Green model to be approximately $676 million (2.4
per cent) above base case expectations. The NPV 5% of the total of the annual increases in Tasmanias
GSP from 2007 to 2030 will be roughly $6.7 billion.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$800
Increase in GDP and GSP relative to the base case ($2005, millions) Tasmania Australia
$700
$600
$500
$400
$300
$200
$100
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-4 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill GDP and GSP ($2005, Millions)
and Tasmanian GDP and GSP levels, respectively. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in
Tasmania. See Section 6.5, Interpretation of modelling results.
Nationally, GDP will also increase in every year of the forecast period relative to the base case. The peak
increase in GDP relative to the base case will be expected in 2030. The long run growth in the national
economy will be driven by both the growth in Tasmania and the modest stimulation to mainland
Australian businesses due to Gunns purchases (chemicals). In 2030, GDP will be $324 million higher
than would otherwise have been the case (0.03 per cent increase above base case projections). The
NPV5% of the expected increases in GDP compared to the base case from 2007 to 2030 will be $3.6
billion.
Because both Tasmanias GSP and Australias GDP are projected to increase as a result of the mill, and
due to the size of these changes relative to their base investment and GSP levels, only small growth is
expected to be observed in the ratio of Tasmanias GSP to Australias GDP. The model projects a small
0.1 per cent change in this ratio relative to current levels (see Figure 6-5). Population growth in Tasmania
is expected to increase, although again by a small percentage of only 0.1 per cent relative to current
levels as shown above.
6.5.3 Consumption
Consumption, which serves as a proxy for the communitys economic welfare, is essentially determined
by total household income. If the pulp mill goes ahead, consumption is expected to increase at both a
national and State level. This occurs as increases in production in the pulp industry lead to increases in
both investment and employment levels in this sector. In subsequent rounds of economic impacts,
production increases in other industries as well. This in turn generates further increases in total

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
investment and employment and therefore increased household disposable income, which is the sum of
wages, dividends to Australians (including from Gunns), and government transfer payments, less direct
income tax.
Figure 6-5 shows the impact of the proposed mill on consumption nationally and in Tasmania. By 2030,
the pulp mill is predicted to increase annual national consumption by $245 million (0.04 per cent) and
Tasmanian consumption by $378 million (2.6 per cent). In NPV5% terms over the period 2007 to 2030,
the gains are $2.7 billion and $3.3 billion for Australia and Tasmania, respectively.
Greater levels of business investment, business activity and employment and household wages are
positively correlated with consumer confidence. The increase in expected disposable household income
would be expected to support an increase in consumer confidence. This is further reflected in higher
rates of private consumption.
$400
Increase in consumption relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
$350 Tasmania Australia
$300
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-5 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Consumption ($2005, millions)
and Tasmanian consumption levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania. See
Section 8.5, Interpretation of modelling results.
6.5.4 Trade Balance: Imports and Exports Over the Operating Period
In the short run the MMRF model yields what appear to be counter-intuitive results. This is due to
assumptions about the sourcing of capital for the mills construction, which is assumed in the MMRF-
Green model to result in an appreciation of the Australian dollar. In the MMRF-Green model it is
assumed that the majority of the funding for the Bell Bay project is ultimately sourced from overseas.
This has the effect of moving the capital account balance towards surplus. Australias capital account is

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the net flow of public and private international investment. It includes foreign direct investment plus
changes in holdings of stocks, bonds, loans, bank accounts and currencies. With banks sourcing funding
from overseas for the $1.45 billion investment, this leads to an increase in the capital account and an
increase in demand for Australian dollars to service the repayment of the debt. This contributes to an
appreciation of the Australian dollar, which affects all trade-exposed industries. Real appreciation makes
Australian products less competitive on world markets, leading to a reduction relative to base case
values in export volumes. Thus the initial shock to the model of funding such a large investment results
in downward pressure on exports from Australia and Tasmania.
In the longer run, in line with the core value-adding element of the project, Tasmania export profile would
be expected to increase relative to the base case once exports of pulp begin from 2009 onwards (Figure
8.7). By 2030, exports growth in Tasmania would be expected to rise to $204 million above base case
projections (2.3 per cent). In NPV5% terms over the operating phase from 2009-2030, exports would be
$2.3 billon dollars greater than under base case projections.
However, again the increase in exports over the medium term leads to an appreciation of the Australian
dollar above base case projections. The net increase in exports due to the presence of the mill increases
the value of the Australian dollar such that the competitiveness of other Australian industries is reduced
on the global market. Hence Australia relative to Tasmania sees only a mild increase in exports in the
medium run and over time exports are slightly less than would have otherwise been expected had the
mill not been constructed.
In the longer run, the Australian dollar is expected to depreciate back towards base case levels. In 2030,
Australian exports are $16 million less than would have otherwise been expected (though in percentage
terms this is so small that it is a zero percentage deviation from base case projections).

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$400
Tasmania Australia
Absolute change in exports relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
$200
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
-$200
-$400
-$600
-$800
Figure 6-6 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill exports ($2005, millions)
and Tasmanian export levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania.
On the other side of the ledger, Australia tends to import more goods and services than would have
otherwise been the case as the rising Australian dollar increases Australias purchasing power (Figure
6-7).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Absolute change in imports relative to the base case ($2005, millions) $400
$350
$300
Tasmania Australia
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
-$50
Figure 6-7 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Imports ($2005, millions)
Source: CoPS. Note the above results are not cumulative impacts, but annual deviations from base case projections. Results for
Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania. See Section 8.5, Interpretation of modelling results.
Thus in the short run, the sharp increase in the exchange rate, as a result of the large sourcing of capital
from overseas, is assumed by the MMRF-Green model to result in a large increase in imports in the short
run. As the model recovers from this shock that is, as the exchange rate begins to again depreciate
the net increase in imports reduces.
In the longer run, as with exports, the Australian dollar is expected to depreciate such that Australian
purchasing power returns back towards base case levels. By 2030, imports by Australia would be
expected to be $22 million less than the counterfactual where no mill was constructed. This represents a
small 0.01 percentage change from base case expectations.
In terms of Australias trade balance, Australias net exports are projected to increase by MMRF-Green.
Comparing the increase in exports with the increase in imports, it is clear that on net, this results in an
improvement in Australias trade balance on the whole. The initial decline in the trade balance is due to
the shock of sourcing large amounts of capital from overseas (Figure 6-8).
In the long run, the improvement to Australias trade balance was not projected by MMRF-Green to be
statistically different from base case expectations ($6 million, above base case expectations). The net
improvement in 2030 of Tasmanias trade balance was expected to be $72 million above base case
expectations.

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Absolute change in Australia's trade balance relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
$400
Tasmania Australia
$200
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
-$200
-$400
-$600
-$800
-$1,000
-$1,200
Figure 6-8 Impact Of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade Balance ($2005, Millions)
and Tasmanian employment levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania.
6.5.5 Employment and Skills
This section describes impacts on employment levels as a result of the mill. Outputs from the modelling
process are based on annual estimates, which lacks the sophistication of the smooth ramp-up and ramp-
down that will occur in reality as demonstrated in Figure 6-9.

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Figure 6-9 Construction Phase Workforce Estimate
Source: Jaakko Pyry.
The MMRF-Green model assumes that employment in the economy will be aligned with the investment
shocks to the model. It was assumed that Gunns would invest 30 per cent of the total required capital
($1.45 billion) in 2007, a further 60 per cent in 2008 and a further 10 per cent in 2009. Jaakko Pyry by
contrast assumed that there may be a slight lag between the capital outlays and the actual completion of
the work. Therefore some of the MMRF results appear to precede Gunns anticipated employment
requirements. Importantly, there will be a progressive ramp-up and ramp-down of construction
employment over the construction phase, with the majority of the workers required in 2008-2009. Thus
while there may be slight differences in the MMRF-Green and Gunns projections between 2008 and
2009, these should be viewed as indicating the same pattern of outcomes. The key insight from the
MMRF-Green modelling is that the total employment impact will be larger than employment projections
for the mill alone, due to stimulation to the wider economy.
The development of the pulp mill would be expected to result in significant employment benefits for both
Tasmania and Australia. Table 141 shows the number of persons that will be required during the
construction phase. Gunns estimates that 40 per cent of these jobs will be filled by Tasmanians. It is
expected Tasmanians will be represented in all job categories (civil works, mechanical works, etc).

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Table 141: Construction Phase Employees
Peak Construction phase employment requirement

(2008-2009)
Civil Works (ASCO 2124 and ASCO 4) 800
Mechanical Works (ASCO 411) 800
Piping Works (ACSO 443) 600
Instrumentation (ASCO 411) 100
Electrical (ASCO 431) 200
Total 2500
Source: Jaakko Pyry
During the operating phase, the pulp mill itself will employ around 292 people. This is expected to be
consistent over the life of the mill. The types of jobs, as classified in accordance with the ASCO job
classifications, that will be required are:
Salaried Staff (ASCO 121) 72 persons
Hourly Paid Production (ASCO 7294) 77 persons
Hourly Paid Maintenance (ASCO 7294) 63 persons
Hourly Paid Warehouse and Harbour (ASCO 4) 48 persons
Chemical Plant (outsourced) (ASCO 7293) 32 persons
Gunns expects 100 per cent of the people in working at the mill will be living in Tasmania that is, its
operational workforce will not be fly-in, fly out. It is expected that roughly 80 per cent will be already living
in Tasmania when hired by Gunns, a further 15 per cent will move to Tasmania from other states, and a
further five per cent from overseas.
The large increase in demand for construction workers during the construction phase has been
anticipated as one of the major challenges for the project. Gunns plans to manage the need for workers
in Tasmania through collaboration with TAFE Tasmania, in order to train enough persons to meet its
needs (See Impact on the education, training and Australian skills base below). The net impact of this
will be an increase in Australias total skills base following the construction of the mill. This will lead to an
enhanced capacity for wealth creation in the long run.
Gunns also intends, if the mill is constructed, to implement a management plan for limiting the impact of
the influx of persons into the George Town precinct. In the absence of a management proposal this could
create an artificial boom in the accommodation sector and/or adversely affect the tourism sector. Gunns
has planned for the construction of accommodation facilities to house up to 800 workers to ameliorate
these potential effects.
Due to the multiplier impacts on other industries, the model suggests that the wider employment impacts
will be much larger than the above figures alone (Figure 6-10). In Tasmania, employment is expected to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
see its greatest increase over the base case in 2008. Approximately 3,400 more jobs will be expected in
Tasmania than would otherwise have been the case if the mill were not constructed. On average during
the operational phase of the mill, employment in Tasmania would be expected to increase by 1,617 jobs
than would have otherwise been the case. Employment in Tasmania is expected to grow throughout the
operating phase of the mill, and by 2030 there would be around 2,000 additional jobs in Tasmania as a
result of the pulp mill.
This increase employment is comprised of an increase in the number of hours worked and an increase in
the number of persons employed. The MMRF-Green model assumes that as the economy expands,
there is an increase employed persons become more productive. By 2030, total employment in
Tasmania, in terms of hours worked, increases relative to its base case level by 2.0 per cent. The
increase in hours worked is assumed to be met by a combination of a 0.7 per cent increase in the
number of full and part-time jobs and a 1.3 per cent increase in the number of hours worked per person
employed.
4,000
Increase in employment relative to the base case (No. of jobs)
3,500
3,000 Tasmania Australia
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-10 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Employment
and Tasmanian employment levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania.
Australia-wide (including Tasmania), employment would also be expected to see its greatest deviation in
2008. In this year around 1,100 additional jobs than would be expected in the base case. On average,
during the operational phase of the mill, employment in Australia would be expected to increase by 284
jobs than would have otherwise been the case. By 2030, expansion by Australian businesses as a result
of increased demand is expected to generate on net approximately 340 additional jobs more that what
would have otherwise been expected (zero percentage deviation in terms of hours worked). The increase

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
in employment Australia-wide is not as large as the expected increase in Tasmania (though Tasmania is
included in the national results) because Tasmania is expected to draw labour from other regions in
Australia. This is based on the MMRF-Green assumption that national employment levels will not deviate
from long run projections, but rather that regional and sectoral wages will adjust such that the economy
adjusts to the most efficient industrial structure over time.
It should be noted that these are very high employment impacts relative to those commonly generated by
CGE models. The labour market assumptions that underpin such modelling for major investment projects
usually result in predictions that the project will have a negligible impact on the aggregate level of
employment (i.e. less than one per cent) in the longer term, particularly at the national level. The fact that
this project is projected to increase aggregate employment by approximately 2,000 jobs in Tasmania in
the longer term is therefore very significant. This is due to the comparatively small size of the Tasmanian
economy and labour market, the relative state of the Tasmanian economy to other regional economies,
and the level of capital expected to be invested by Gunns.
6.5.6 Impact on the Education, Training and Australian Skills Base
The construction and operating phase workforces that will be hired to build and run the mill will be either
semi-skilled (apprentice-grade) before they begin work at the mill. The construction and operating phase
workforces that will be hired to build and run the mill will be largely unskilled before they begin work at
the mill. Construction phase workers will be expected to require training in construction, metal fabrication
and electrical trades. Operating phase workers will require training in standard operating phase
procedures and maintenance practices.
Northern Tasmania has a significant education and training capability. The University of Tasmania, TAFE
Tasmania and a number of industry-specific research and training laboratories provide a unique base to
further develop training for support to the pulp mill. Training will occur both off-site and in the workplace.
During the construction phase, TAFE Tasmania will plan to focus on providing accelerated training
programs so workers could be skilled up in particular aspects of construction, including:
electrical cable tray installation;
electrical termination;
stainless steel welding;
other specialised welding;
targeted training in facets of building construction; and
site health and safety requirements;
The construction phase courses, which could be held in Launceston, could also be open to the public (as
well as to Gunns employees).
Through these courses, construction phase personnel would develop specific competencies, which could
be converted into a full Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Certification Level 3 qualification.
These accredited modules would be entirely transferable throughout Australia. The skilling of these
workers during the mills construction would lay the foundation for these persons to work across Australia
in other positions. As a result of the mill process, more than 3,000 workers will be prepared to transfer

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
new skills acquired at TAFE Tasmania to new projects across Australia. Given the persistent gap
between the demand for and supply of skilled labour in Australia, this represents an important skilling
opportunity for Australia. For example, several NAB Business Surveys, including the NAB December
Quarter Business Survey 2005, have shown that enterprise owners cite insufficient supplies of skilled
labour to be a significant constraint on output. The December Survey also made explicit reference to the
construction sector: there are some sectoral hot spots, notably mining, construction and utilities.
(National Australia Bank, 2005).
The construction phase training programs will be designed by TAFE Tasmania with input from Gunns to
provide training that will accommodate time constraints and ensure access to semi-skilled construction
personnel.
During the operational life of the mill, Gunns will intend to provide its staff with ongoing TAFE training
courses. Again, most of the operational phase workers will also be expected to be generally unskilled
prior to working with Gunns. Of the 292 full-time jobs to be supported, Gunns would expect that more
than 60 per cent of the jobs (both salaried and production line) will require additional technical training, in
addition to on-site, mill-specific training. This will be likely to generate additional TAFE training
opportunities (possibly as many as 6 to 8 new TAFE training positions in specific aspects of process
engineering, plant supervisor, electrical equipment maintenance and material handling etc). These
courses will be workplace-based and will include:
ongoing trades training in electrical, fitting and turning, welding, instrumentation and other vocational
skills;
plant operator in standard operating procedures; and
development of para-professionals in pulp manufacturing technology.
Significantly, TAFE Tasmania has entered into preliminary partnership discussions with the South
Carelia Polytechnic Institute in Finland to access training expertise in pulp manufacturing technology that
would be required if the mill were to go ahead. Initial discussions have been facilitated by Gunns as part
of its management strategy for ensuring sufficient labour supplies are available in Tasmania during the
construction phase. Collaboration with the South Carelia Polytechnic Institute would enable TAFE
Tasmania to create best practice courses. This would streamline the course development process for
TAFE Tasmania, transferring years of experience in wood manufacturing procedures and training to the
Australian market.
From consultations with TAFE Tasmania, it is clear that the institution sees the opportunity for strong
reputational benefits to be created through both the initial construction training courses and the ongoing
standard operating procedure training if the mill is constructed. In particular, it sees potential for the
creation of a centre of excellence at TAFE Tasmania around wood manufacturing technologies.
6.5.7 Impacts on Government Revenue and Expenditure
Substantial additional government revenue will be generated at both a national and Tasmanian level, if
the pulp mill goes ahead (Figure 6-11).
Tasmanian taxation revenues which will include GST collected in Tasmania as well as relevant State
taxes such as payroll tax is predicted to be $46 million greater in 2030 than will otherwise have been

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
the case. The redistribution of GST revenues to Tasmania will be dependent on Commonwealth Grants
Commission formulae. In NPV 5% terms over the period 2007 to 2030, the sum of the annual increases in
Tasmanian tax revenue are equivalent to $424 million.
$80
Increase in taxation revenue relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
Tasmania Australia
$70
$60
$50
$40
$30
$20
$10
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-11 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Government Revenue ($2005, millions)
and Tasmanian investment levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic activity in Tasmania.
All other tax revenue which will include national taxes such as company and income tax, as well as
State taxes collected in States other than Tasmania is forecast to be $26 million higher in 2030 than
would otherwise have been the case. Key drivers of this outcome include:
a reduction in GST revenues collected in other states, reflecting the migration of economic activity to
Tasmania.
a reduction in state-based taxes in other states, reflecting the migration of economic activity to
Tasmania.
an increase in income taxes, reflecting the net-positive impact of the Tasmanian pulp mill on national
outcomes; and
an increase in corporate taxes, reflecting the net-positive impact of the Tasmanian pulp mill on
national outcomes.
The increase in corporate and income taxes more than offset the reductions in other state GST and other
tax revenues. In 2030, revenues from corporate and income tasks are expected to be $44 million above
base case projections, while revenues from other state GST and state-based taxes is expected to by $18

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
million less than base case projections. In NPV 5% terms, the net growth in Commonwealth and other
State taxes is expected to be $369 million above base case expectations.
In total, taxation revenues to all Australian Governments are expected to increase by $91 million above
base case expectations by 2030. In NPV 5% terms, this will amount to an additional $965 million in
taxation revenue from 2007-2030 relative to the base case.
With regard to Government expenditures, no incentives from either the Tasmanian or Commonwealth
Governments have been contracted, nor were any modelled in the MMRF-Green mill scenario. This
economic impact assessment is presented independent of any Government assistance, from either the
State or the Commonwealth. However, Gunns has been in discussion with Governments with respect to
support for common user infrastructure aspects of the project, such as public roads, rail and water
infrastructure. Gunns has also benefited from Commonwealth Government R and D support with respect
to the project, and the Commonwealth Governments Managed Investment Scheme (MIS). Through the
MIS scheme, the Commonwealth has supported investment in plantations that will provide timber for this
project.
In terms of other taxes and charges, Gunns expects to incur a once-off tax of $120,566 for the purchase
of additional land, a once-off charge of $158,850 for the purchase of Crown land and $780,000 per
annum to Hydro Tasmania in water charges.
6.5.8 Regional impacts Gross Regional Product and Employment
The Bell Bay pulp mill will be the largest private sector investment seen in Tasmania and will generate
strong employment growth. This section considers the distribution of the increase in economic
performance across Tasmanias regions (Figure 6-12).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Source: ABS, 2006, 1362.6 - Regional Statistics, Tasmania.
Figure 6-12 Tasmanias Statistical Regions
Most of the inputs for the operation of the mill are expected to be sourced within Tasmania. For example,
during the operating phase:
100 per cent of the wood, gas, biofuels, water and effluent services, personnel and overhead inputs
will be sourced from Tasmania; and
90 per cent of the operating, packaging and maintenance materials will be sourced from Tasmania;
There will also be strong growth in exports, with on average roughly 90 per cent of the pulp produced by
the mill will be internationally exported with the remaining being sold to domestic markets.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Because Tasmania is a relatively small economy, the economic impacts of the mill tend to be widely
dispersed across the State. However the Northern region will be expected to see the greatest growth
(Figure 6-13). The Northern region will be expected to see a peak in gross regional product (GRP) in
2030 of $461 million above base case expectations (4.4 per cent).
With the exception of the Northern region (which incorporates the mill itself and thus benefits most from
the proposed development), the impacts will be reasonably similar in magnitude.
Greater Hobart will see the second greatest level of stimulation to its economy. This is due to the already
existing industry in this region, which enables it to capture a greater proportion of the growth to the
economy. The Greater Hobart region would be expected to expand strongly under the construction
phase, peaking at an increase of $160 million in GRP relative to base case assumptions in 2008 (3.1 per
cent). It is also expected to see strong growth to 2030. In 2030, Greater Hobarts GRP will be $117
million (1.2 per cent) relative to the counterfactual where no mill is constructed.
$500
Increase in gross regional product ($2005, millions)
Greater Hobart Southern Northern (includes Bell Bay) Mersey-Lyell

$450
$400
$350
$300
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-13 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Real Gross Regional Product ($2005,
millions)
Source: CoPS. Note the above results are not cumulative impacts, but annual deviations from base case projections for regional
GRP levels. See Section 8.5, Interpretation of modelling results.
The Southern and Mersey-Lyell regions are expected to see a modest increase over the base case. In
2030, the Southern regions GRP would be expected to be $39 million greater than the base case (1.4
per cent). In 2030, the Mersey-Lyell region GRP is expected to be $88 million greater than in the base
case (1.1 per cent).
In terms of regional employment, Gunns estimates that the proposed mill, when operational, will provide
an additional 292 full-time jobs. This will represent a substantial increase in full time employees in the
area when compared with the current size of the labour force in the area. In total, this will provide an
estimated increase of approximately 1,617 jobs in Tasmania on average during the operational life of the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
mill. During the construction phase and the operational life of the mill, the Northern Region will see the
greatest increase in employment levels, followed by Greater Hobart (Figure 6-14).
Northern Tasmanian employment impacts In 2008, the Northern region would see an expected
increase of 2,046 jobs (9.2 per cent increase in total hours worked) relative to the base case. In 2030,
the Northern region would see an expected increase of 1,332 jobs (4.4 per cent increase in total
hours worked) relative to the base case.
Greater Hobart employment impacts In 2008, the Greater Hobart region would see an expected
increase of 1,015 jobs (3.1 per cent increase in total hours worked) relative to the base case. In 2030,
the Greater Hobart region would see an expected increase of 319 jobs (0.7 per cent in terms of total
Southern Tasmanian employment impacts In 2008, the Southern region would see an expected
increase of 85 jobs (1.5 per cent increase in total hours worked) relative to the base case. In 2030,
the Southern region would see an expected increase of 120 jobs (1.2 per cent) relative to the base
case.
Mersey-Lyell employment impacts In 2008, the Mersey-Lyell region would see an expected
increase of 275 jobs (1.5 per cent increase in total hours worked) relative to the base case. In 2030,
the Mersey-Lyell region would see an expected increase of 252 jobs (0.8 per cent increase in total
2,500
Increase in regional employment (No. of jobs)
Greater Hobart Southern Northern (includes Bell Bay) Mersey-Lyell
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-14 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Regional Employment
Source: CoPS. Note the above results are not cumulative impacts, but annual deviations from base case projections for regional
employment levels. See Section 8.5, Interpretation of modelling results.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
6.5.9 Industry Impacts
This section discusses industry sector impacts. Gunns has a stated goal to source inputs and services
(both at construction and for the life of the project) from within Tasmania first. Of course the greatest
industry impacts will be the creation of the pulp industry and the contraction of the woodchip industry.
The value of the pulp industrys development is captured by the expected growth in Tasmanias exports.
In 2030, the value of exports from Tasmania will be expected to rise to $204 million above base case
expectations. In NPV 5% terms from 2009-2030, this will be $2.3 billon dollars greater than base case
projections.
The proposed mill will also result in material growth in several other Tasmanian industries, including:
the Tasmanian construction sector;
the Tasmanian basic chemicals sector;
the Tasmanian biomass sector;
the Tasmanian trade and accommodation sector;
the Tasmanian road freight and private sectors; and
the Tasmanian home ownership sector.
The construction of the mill does not have a material effect on any other industry, with the exception of
the woodchipping industry, which sees a contraction in line with the output that is now diverted into the
new pulp industry. Again this growth in Tasmanian industry would be expected to crowd out economic
activity in other states. Thus Australian industry impacts tend to be driven by Tasmanias industry growth
profile.
Modelling results for all sectors can be made available by Gunns by request.
6.5.10 Construction Services
The construction sector will receive a major boost from the development of the pulp mill, both because of
the additional activity in the sector during the construction phase, and because of the on-going activity
generated as the economy is stimulated by activity at the mill. The nature of this impact of the pulp mill
on the construction industry, both nationally and in Tasmania, is shown in Figure 6-15 and Figure 6-16
below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$300
Increase in output relative to the base case ($2005, millions)

$250
Tasmania Australia
$200
$150
$100
$50
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
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2030
Figure 6-15 Impact of Bell Bay Mill Construction Industry Output
and Tasmanian construction industry real value added levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic
activity in Tasmania.
In Tasmania, real value added in the construction sector relative to the base case would peak at around
$241 million in 2008 (12.5 per cent), and would remain at about $69 million in 2030 (2.3 per cent). In the
Tasmanian construction sector, there would be over 1,000 more jobs than in the base case during the
construction phase (2008). This would represent a 19.0 per cent expansion in Tasmanian construction
sector employment. In 2030, Tasmanian construction would remain at around 130 additional jobs (2.3
per cent increase in total hours worked).
Nationally, the impacts would be smaller, particularly once the construction phase is over. In 2008, output
by the construction sector would be $237 million greater than in the base case (0.3 per cent). The boost
to value added in 2030 relative to base would be around $49 million (0.1 per cent) with a negligible
impact on employment.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
1,200
1,000
Increase in employment relative to the base case
Tasmania Australia
800
600
400
200
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-16 Impact of Bell Bay Pulp Mill Construction Industry Employment
and Tasmanian construction industry employment levels. Results for Australia include the impact of the change in economic
activity in Tasmania. See Interpretation of modelling results.
6.5.11 Biomass Sector
The biomass sector, which is the term applied to describe the generation of energy from any organic,
non-fossil material (in this case forestry waste), expands in line with the assumptions about the
generation of electricity at the pulp mill. Of the energy that is sold to the NEM, approximately 80 per cent
would be generated as a result of the pulping production process and 20 per cent as a result of biomass
projects.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$20 Tasmania
Increase in output relative to the base case ($2005, millions) $18
$16
$14
$12
$10
$8
$6
$4
$2
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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2018
2019
2020
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2022
2023
2024
2025
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2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-17 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Biomass Real Value-Added ($2005, Millions)
Source: CoPS. Note the above results are not cumulative impacts, but annual deviations from base case projections for
Tasmanian biomass industry output levels. See Section 8.5, Interpretation of modelling results.
During the operational phase of the project, the Tasmanian biomass sector will be expected to expand by
$15.9 million in the long run (approximately 256 per cent increase over operational phase base case
levels). shows the increase in industry output expected. Employment in this sector will also see some
growth from a small base. In 2030, an additional 14 persons will be expected to be employed in the
sector.
6.5.12 Local and Regional Transport Services
The import of key inputs to the pulp mill operations (in terms of wood product, liquid, fuel, chemicals,
packaging materials, operating equipment maintenance items) and the export of the final product will
have significant economic spin-offs for the transport supply chain and shipping sub-sectors of the
Northern Tasmanian economy. The role of land transport (rail and road) is expected to be critical to the
operations of the pulp mill in terms of the transport/logistics of supplying logs to the proposed mill.
Detailed transport planning and logistics flow modelling has been completed and results have been
reported in Section 6 of the IIS. The MMRF-model provides an estimate of the aggregate growth of the
economy on demand for transport services. It is recommended that the reader review the Transport and
Traffic Impact Assessment Report prepared by GHD, in parallel with the economic impact assessment,
for additional details relating to existing site conditions, Gunns State Resource Regions and Zones, and
details of the road and rail freight forecasts provide additional analysis to this report. Of particular
relevance to the economic impact assessment has been the estimation of the current and future log truck
movements, with and without rail utilization, under alternative mill development scenarios.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Although Gunns will utilise the rail network to transport materials, Tasmanias land transport task is
expected to grow in road freight. The road transport sector will benefit from the mills operating cost
expenditures. The MMRF-Green model expects the road freight industry to see strong growth (Figure
6-18). In 2008, the output of Tasmanian road freight sector would be $14 million greater (3.7 per cent).
Although demand for road freight is expected to dip after the end of the construction phase, the long run
growth is expected to again stimulate demand such that by 2030, the output of the sector is expected to
the $15 million above base case expectations (2.3 per cent).
$16
Private Transport Road Freight
$14
$12
$10
$8
$6
$4
$2
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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2029
Figure 6-18 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill transport Real Value-Added ($2005, Millions) 2030
Tasmanian private transport and road freight output levels. See Interpretation of modelling results.
Similarly the Tasmania private road transport services sector would also be expected to grow if the mill is
constructed. In 2009, the output of Tasmanian private road transport sector would be $10 million greater
(2.6 per cent). In 2030, the output of the sector is expected to the $13 million above base case
expectations (2.6 per cent).
Employment in the road freight sector is expected to increase by 2.3 per cent in the long run in terms of
total hours worked, after peaking by 6.7 per cent in 2008. This translates to an expected 66 jobs in 2008
and an expected 29 jobs in 2030. Employment in the passenger transport services sector is not expected
to see a substantial change.

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6.5.13 Forestry
Forestry on private land is widely accepted as a profitable form of intensive agriculture. Private forests,
since 1945, have provided increasingly higher levels of hardwood sawlog than state-managed native
forests. Private forests are an important source of wood supply to Gunns existing facilities. Gunns
currently pays a market royalty for plantation and native forest pulpwood from across Tasmania.
Projections of private forest resource availability into the future have been analysed in detail in Volume 1
Section 6.2 Pulpwood Supply of the IIS. These projections indicate the significant part that the Private
Forest Estate will have to play in supplying resource to the pulp mill.
The proposed mill will provide added security to private forest growers and managers, and ensure that
the preferred Australian market for private forests is within Tasmania. Clause 74 of the Tasmanian
Regional Forest Agreement provided for the active encouragement of the development of downstream
processing in Tasmania such that the preferred market for growers is within the State. The proposed mill
supports this objective.
The harvesting of pulpwood from private lands will also provide for better management of the Private
Forest Estate, for example, the development of property management plans and the identification and
protection of significant biological diversity values as part of the planning process. This will promote the
conservation and management of the Private Forest Estate, another objective of the Tasmanian
Regional Forest Agreement.
Private forestry will emerge as a highly significant economic activity for Tasmanias rural sector. It will
provide a range of significant economic benefits, including:
diversity of agricultural income (less direct dependency on dairying, cattle and wool production);
medium-long term land values for farms to be sustained (important source of agricultural
income/superannuation support);
ensuring that cash flows can be sustained as the forestry resources are sold to Gunns for pulping at
the proposed mill (a secure source of income);
limiting the extent to which rural property owners will require on-farm labour, and the need to live
permanently on-farm (particularly important for aging owners);
providing new rural employment opportunities for contractor-style forest planting, pruning/thinning and
harvesting;
allowing for continued development of tree seedling/nursery production to support the plantations;
and
providing a sustainable resource for the timber furniture and wood product sectors (important
downstream or indirect manufacturing effects).
It is expected that additional value-adding economic activity may be stimulated as a result of the pulp mill
providing added security for the Private Forest Estate, including particleboard, MDF (medium density
fibre board), paper mills, specialty building materials (laminated beams/trusses, flooring products) and
furniture manufacture.
In terms of the intensification of the establishment of plantations in Tasmania to supply this increasing
plantation supply to the mill, no additional intensification outside of the current Gunns owned or
managed planting levels is envisaged or required as a result of the pulp mill development.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Gunns plantation estate (on land owned or managed by Gunns) has grown at a rate of approximately
10,000 ha per year for the past five years. The resource analysis undertaken for the purpose of the pulp
mill was based upon a total Gunns plantation estate of 150,000 ha being achieved in approximately 10
years time (consistent with Gunns current business strategy for a 150,000 ha plantation estate within
Tasmania) equating to a growth of less than 10,000 ha per year.
Based on these predictions and the planned growth of Gunns plantation estate, the current trend to
develop hardwood and softwood plantations could be expected to continue, with no increase in
intensification required as a result of the pulp mill. The necessary growth in plantation development in
Tasmania to underpin potential resource for the pulp mill is less than the inherent growth already
occurring within the industry. No impact in terms of 'crowding out' on the agricultural industry is predicted
as a result of the pulp mill development. Further analysis of this is provided in the Pulpwood Supply
chapter of the IIS.
6.5.14 Agriculture
The agriculture sector is expected to see a slight contraction due to the appreciation of the Australian
dollar. This is true both in Australian and Tasmania (Figure 8.20). This is again due to an initial capital
funding shock to the model in 2007-2009 and the long run increase in net exports. In 2030 Australian
agricultural output is expected to have contracted by $15 million; this does not represent a statistically
significant change in output (zero percentage deviation). The change in output in 2008 represents only a
0.2 per cent deviation from base case expectations. Tasmanian agricultural output is expected to grow
be effectively the same as base case expectations in 2030, with a $1 million increase in output expected
(zero percentage deviation). The peak deviation is expected in Tasmania in 2008 at 0.9 per cent.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$10
Tasmania Australia
Absolute change in output relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
-$10
-$20
-$30
-$40
-$50
Figure 6-19 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Agricultural Outputs ($2005, Millions)
The impact on employment however is very small. No change is expected in agricultural employment
levels. This reflects the small percentage change in output levels.
6.5.15 Chemicals
The chemicals sector, like the agricultural sector, is expected to see an initial contraction due to the
appreciation of the Australian dollar (Figure 8.21). This is again due to an initial capital funding shock to
the model in 2007-2009. However because the mill was modelled to create a chemicals production
industry in Tasmania (at the plant) in the long run the sourcing of chemicals for pulp production lead to
expansions in both the Tasmanian and Australian basic chemicals industries. Tasmanian basic
chemicals output is expected to grow to $8 million above base case expectations by 2030 (4.1 per cent).
Australian basic chemicals output is expected to grow to $4 million above base case expectations by
2030 (zero percentage deviation).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$10
Tasmania Australia
Absolute change in output relative to the base case ($2005, millions) $8
$6
$4
$2
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
-$2
-$4
-$6
-$8
-$10
-$12
-$14
Figure 6-20 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Chemicals Outputs ($2005, Millions)
The impact on employment is not expected to result in a change at the national level; however,
employment in the sector is expected to expand by 4.2 per cent in Tasmania in terms of total hours
worked. This was expected to translate into an additional 14 jobs.
6.5.16 Marine and Freshwater Fishing Industries
The MMRF-Green model did not predict any change in the output of fishery industries. Additional
discussions regarding environmental management have been provided elsewhere in the IIS.
6.5.17 Impact on Trade and Accommodation
The proposed construction period from 2007-2009 would result in significant short-term construction
employment. This would result in a significant increase in the demand for workforce accommodation.
Various forms will be possible including rental of existing vacant housing in George Town, the Bell Bay
environs, in the Scottsdale/Bridport areas and in Launceston and its environs. Hotel/motel
accommodation would be highly desirable; with occupancy levels likely to significantly increase,
particularly in off season/winter months. This would represent an important additional form of tourism
sector income. It is expected that with such short-term employment there would be investment in
additional restaurant/bar/entertainment facilities. By analogy, the major re-development of Gladstone
refinery capability, in the late 1990s, led to a major expansion in the citys entertainment facilities.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Moreover, the Giants of Industry Tour was reported by the Gladstone Visitors Centre to net 15 to 20
persons on average per week. In annual terms this translates into roughly 780 to 1040 industrial tourists
each year. Similarly, industrial tourism is a strong tourism theme in many European cities. Additional
industrial tourism to Launceston and George Town could reasonably be expected to eventuate if the mill
is constructed. Launceston is an important tourist destination for mainland and overseas tourists, as well
as for Tasmanians. For example, the Cataract Gorge is the fourth most popular tourist site in Tasmania.
Day visits/tours to the Mill would be envisaged. The technical uniqueness/significance of this state-of-the-
art complex would be recognized widely. It can be assumed that drive-by visits will be a key element of
visitation to the Tamar Valley.
This important new form of industrial tourism would lead to a further stimulation of tourism and outdoor
recreation activities in the Tamar Valley. The wine tours would be strengthened; additional
restaurant/caf demand could be expected; new forms of tourist accommodation and food/beverage
outlets would also be encouraged. Additional tourism employment opportunities could also be expected.
The seasonal downturn/seasonal impact of employment may be reduced, for the autumn/winter months.
Moreover, during construction, the impact of construction salaries on the local area economy of Bell Bay
is expected to be significant. Expenditures on food, entertainment, clothes, health services, motor
vehicles, air travel would generate significant additional retailing and services income, employment and
investment stimulus. At the peak of planned construction, monthly expenditure by the construction
workforce could be upwards of $3,250,000. This could translate to an annual injection of more than $39
million in additional spending in the local economy (excluding expenditure on accommodation and air
travel) by the pulp mill construction force alone. Following commissioning of the mill, it is expected that
an additional workforce of 292 full-time employees would be sustained over the life of the mills
operations. This would be expected to result in significant additional retailing, services and housing
expenditures in the principal urban centres of George Town, Launceston and in the surrounding rural
communities.
Moreover, new housing and the purchase of the existing housing stocks would represent a significant
local area residential impact. Retailing and services functions would be likely to expand in range and
quality to meet the additional professional and technical workforce. The small number of overseas
employees would also result in a further diversity of retailing and service opportunities for the local area
economy. However, Gunns also intends, if the mill is constructed, to implement a management plan for
limiting the potentially negative impact of the influx of persons into the George Town precinct (an artificial
accommodation industry boom). Gunns has planned for the construction of accommodation facilities to
house up to 800 workers. This will smooth the transition for the accommodation industry into and out of
the construction phase of the mill.
MMRF-Green modelling projects the output of the trade and accommodation sector to expand by $98
million in 2008 relative to base case expectations (3.7 per cent). In 2030, the output of the trade and
accommodation services sector is expected to increase by $58 million over the counterfactual scenario
where no mill is constructed (1.4 cent). Figure 6-21 shows the expected impact on the trade and
accommodation sector as a result of the mills construction.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
$120
$100
$80 Tasmania
$60
$40
$20
$0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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2014
2015
2016
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2018
2019
2020
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2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Figure 6-21 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade and Accommodation Output ($2005,
Millions)
Tasmanian trade and accommodation industry output levels. See Interpretation of modelling results.
In terms of labour availability to service this industry expansion, the model projects that an additional
1,200 persons (6.1 per cent increase in total hours worked) would be required in the trade and
accommodation sector to meet the additional demand in 2008. Over time, this is expected to attenuate
and in the long run 300 additional jobs would be created in Tasmania (Figure 6-22). This represents a
1.3 per cent increase in terms of total hours worked over base case levels where a mill would not be
constructed. The model projects that much of this labour will come from the mainland, attracted by higher
wages. The model projects that in the longer run there will be a sustained migration of persons to
Tasmania. Australias trade and accommodation sector is projected to see employment fall by 80
persons relative to the base case (zero percentage deviation in terms of total hours worked).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
1,400
Tasmania Australia
Absolute change in jobs relative to the base case ($2005, millions)
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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2028
2029
2030
-200
-400
Figure 6-22 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade and Accommodation Employment
($2005, Millions)
Tasmanian trade and accommodation industry output levels. See Interpretation of modelling results.
6.5.18 Home Ownership, Impact on Land Values
Impact on local house prices and land prices (undeveloped) in the area of influence of the mill are
expected to be positive. Gunns research with relevant real estate industry personnel in the George
Town, Bell Bay, Tamar Valley, Launceston, and Bridport areas have indicated that there was a minor
increase in house prices and in land values (10 per cent) after the proposed mill concept was
announced. With the timing of commencement of the proposed mill, it is anticipated that additional land
and property price increases would occur (less than 15 per cent). However, Gunns has assessed that it
is unlikely that the distribution of impacts would adversely affect the proposed mill; stakeholders expect
key beneficiaries would be the existing land/property owners. Gunns has assessed that no particular
community group will be made worse off. Gunns research indicates that it is likely that new property
acquisition in the George Town and Launceston urban areas would be achieved incrementally during the
first six months of construction. New house construction is not expected until later in the projects
construction. Hence, land price escalation will be modest.
The MMRF-Green model projects ownership of dwellings in Tasmania to gradually increase over the life
of the mill, such that the value of the stock of Tasmanian home ownership would be expected to increase
by 2.4 per cent relative to base case projections by 2030.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
6.5.19 Impact on Information Technology Sectors
The processed pulp mill will be highly IT intensive. New software/process technology applications will be
involved at all sections of the mill line and its process control points. This will require IT support and
process technology support, as part of the necessary operations and maintenance functions, on a daily
basis.
This will also require IT training and support personnel. It is expected that this will create full-time IT jobs
as new process technology leads to retrofitting or plant modifications to other wood products/paper
processing plants. An independent/second order investment in a new paper mill would also require and
generate IT and process engineering technology demand. Further impetus to Tasmanias IT initiative,
Intelligent Island, to stimulate Tasmanias ICT industries is also recognised in relation to additional
employment and investment in new software and R and D applications involving IT.
6.6 Impact of the Project Not Proceeding

The analysis contained in this Chapter shows that the pulp mill would have a very substantial positive
impact on Tasmanias economy. It would raise the level of investment in Tasmania, which is essential if
economic growth is to be lifted and living standards improved. It would show the way in raising the
States production and export profiles away from commodities and simply transformed manufactures and
into more sophisticated, value-adding products. It would permanently create approximately 2,000 more
jobs in the Tasmanian economy (by 2030), many of them in higher value occupations. All these impacts
are encapsulated in the pulp mills projected highly positive impact on Tasmanias GSP, with a NPV of
around $6.7 billion, equivalent to around half of the States current annual GSP.
If the project were not to occur, none of these social and economic benefits would be realised.
Tasmanias employment profile would roughly similar to current rates and trends, as Gunns would
continue to produce forest and wood products as it currently does. There would not be the stimulus
provided to Tasmanian industry and economic growth because there would not be additional activity or a
change from the status quo. Tasmanians would need to look to other industries to sustain their future
living standards. After a negative experience with this project and the previous decision on Wesley Vale,
it would seem very unlikely that any other investor would develop a major investment proposal in this
industry again. The prospects of adding value to Tasmanias greatest natural resource would therefore
appear limited.
In the event that the project does not go ahead, it may well be that the present gap between living
standards in Tasmania and on the mainland would again widen over time. Tasmania remains a small
and open economy. Adding value to its principal natural resource, in a responsible and ecologically
sustainable way, would offer a pathway to building continued economic growth. While other industries,
such as tourism, will continue to develop, they do not offer such a potential for wealth creation and the
ability to sustainably increase living standards. While Tasmania may have some advantages in other
high value activities, due to the skills of its workforce, it will be difficult to attract investment in many of
these areas in competition with States such as Victoria and New South Wales. As in the past with call
centres, other businesses may be attracted to Tasmania because of its lower labour costs, but this
approach is unlikely to increase economic growth and living standards.
Moreover, there would be no change in the volume of forest harvested. Gunns harvesting strategy is
independent of the decision to process the wood downstream.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Clearly, the success of the pulp mill project represents a significant opportunity for value-adding activity
that will provide long run growth for Tasmania.
6.6.1 Summary of Key Results
After many years of low growth relative to the mainland States, partly due to a lower level of investment,
the Tasmanian community on average has lower incomes than those enjoyed in the rest of Australia.
While Tasmanias economic performance has improved in recent years, this improvement will need to be
further grown if the relative living standards of the State are to be enhanced and on par with its mainland
counterparts.
The proposal by Gunns Limited (Gunns) to develop a bleached Kraft pulp mill within the Bell Bay
Industrial Estate would constitute the largest ever investment by the private sector in Tasmania. The
establishment of the proposed mill has been recognised by the Government of Tasmania as a Project of
State Significance (POSS). This assessment of the economic significance of the proposed mill has been
prepared as part of an Integrated Impact Statement (IIS) required by the Tasmanian Resource Planning
and Development Commission (RPDC).
At around $1.45 billion in capital expenditure, the pulp mill would represent a significant opportunity for
the States economy to grow through value-adding, in a sustainable way, to one of its most valuable
natural resources. By converting exports of woodchips into exports of pulp, the project offers the
prospect of playing a catalytic role in moving the Tasmanian economy up the value chain. As this chapter
demonstrates, significant economic benefits would accrue to the States community.
This report contains significant analysis of the likely direct and indirect economic impact of the pulp mill.
As the mill would have a pervasive economic impact on many businesses throughout the Tasmanian
economy, its aggregate effects can only be estimated using complex computable general equilibrium
modelling. The model used for this analysis was the MMRF-Green model, operated by the Centre of
Policy Studies at Monash University. The MMRF-Green model is the most comprehensive economic
model available in Australia and is highly regarded in terms of the robustness of its assumptions and the
overall credibility of its results.
The key economic impacts of the pulp mill at Bell Bay, as modelled by the MMRF-Green model, are
summarised in Table 142. Several important assumptions underpin these results:
The results presented in Section 8.6 are based on computable general equilibrium modelling using
the MMRF-Green model at the Centre of Policy Studies.
All results are presented relative to a base case where no new pulp mill investment is made.
All impacts, except employment, are in constant ($2005) prices.
Although the mill is expected to have an operational life of 30 years, from 2007-2039, economic
modelling results were not projected past 2030 due to concerns for increasing uncertainty of
outcomes over long time frames.
All NPV calculations are taken over the 2007-2030 period, discounted at a real social discount rate of
five per cent.
Construction phase employment impacts are presented as average annual increases over the
construction phase, which is assumed to occur from 2007-2009.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Operational phase employment impacts are presented as average annual increases over operational
life of the mill, which is assumed to occur from 2009-2030.
Table 142: Summary of Key Economic Impacts
Measure Impact of Bell Bay Mill (2007- Percentage growth above

2030) a base case projections in
2030
b c
NPV of Gross Domestic (State) Product impacts ($billion)
Australia $3.8 billion +0.03%
Tasmania $6.7 billion +2.5%
NPV of investment impacts ($billion)
NPV of consumption impacts ($billion)
Average annual construction phase employment impactsd
Australia +696 persons -
Tasmania +2,187 persons -
Average annual operating phase employment impactse
Australia +284 persons 0.0%

a b
Note : All results are presented relative to a base case where no new pulp mill investment is made. Note All NPV calculations are
c
taken over the 2007-2030 period, discounted at a real social discount rate of five per cent. Note : All impacts, except employment,
d
are in constant ($2005) prices. Note : Construction phase employment impacts are presented as average annual increases over
e
2007-2009. Note : Operational phase employment impacts are presented as average annual increases over operational life of the
f
mill (2009-2030). Note : The mill will have an operational life of 30 years (2007-2039). Financial modelling was conducted by Jaakko
Pyry separate to the preparation of this chapter. The results presented in Section 8.6 are based on computable general equilibrium
modelling (which is based on the financial projections but separate from their development). The economic modelling results were
g
not projected past 2030 due to concerns for increasing uncertainty of outcomes over long time frames. Note : Note that this is an
increase in the time that persons are employed, which is slightly different to the number of persons employed. The MMRF-Green
model assumes that employed persons become more productive. In 2030 employment (hours worked) increases relative to its
basecase level by 2.0 per cent. In 2030 the number of persons employed in Tasmania (persons employed includes full and part-
time workers as defined by the ABS for its labour survey) in the basecase is 286 thousand. In 2030 employment (persons
employed) increases relative to its basecase level by 2,020 persons (this is equivalent to 0.7 per cent of basecase employment in
persons). Thus the increase in hours worked has been met by a combination of a 0.7 per cent increase in the number of full and
part-time jobs and a 1.3 per cent increase in the number of hours worked per person employed.
Overall, the modelling shows that the pulp mill would yield substantial positive benefits to Tasmania and
Australia in the form of greater economic activity and employment. Tasmanias gross State product
(GSP, or the State equivalent of GDP) would be $6.7 billion higher than otherwise in net present value
(NPV 5%) terms from 2007 to 2030. Approximately 1,617 additional jobs would be sustained on average
during the operating phase of the project. As discussed in Section 8.6 below, the employment impacts

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
are particularly significant given the labour market assumptions contained in the economic model, which
assume that wages will over time adjust such that long run employment rates are sustained.
During the operating phase there are substantial investment, production and employment impacts. The
major factors driving these economic impacts outlined in Table 142 are:
the net increase in exports generated by the mill that is, the increase in the value of exported pulp
relative to the value of the woodchip exports that the pulp exports have replaced;
the flow-on industry growth generated by the sustained increase in demand for Tasmanian goods and
services;
the replacement of pulp imports with pulp produced domestically at the Bell Bay mill; and
the sale of surplus power and renewable energy certificates (RECs) provided by biomass electricity
generation at the mill.
There are also additional impacts during the construction phase driven by increased investment,
production and employment activity. The full impact of all of these factors incorporates both the direct
and indirect or secondary stimulatory impacts on major economic indicators.
As would be expected, particularly for a relatively small State such as Tasmania, the economic impacts
of the mill are far more pronounced at the State level than the national level. The pulp mill essentially
draws resources capital and labour away from the mainland Australian economy and towards
Tasmania. This means that while economic outcomes in Tasmania are better than they would otherwise
have been, this may be at the expense of economic outcomes in other States and Territories.
Nevertheless, the overall net impact of the pulp mill on the national economy is generally positive the
Australian economy as a whole is better off as a result of the development. Related to this, the stimulus
to the national economy generated by the pulp mill is markedly less than the stimulus to Tasmania. This
is because the new net exports of pulp generated by the mill crowd out other export and import-
competing sectors. This occurs as the real exchange rate strengthens in response to the increase in net
exports, thus reducing the competitiveness of Australias other traded commodities.
6.6.2 Summary of Impacts and Management Measures
The construction and operation of the pulp mill will have a significant positive economic benefit to the
local, regional, state and national economies. In addition to the key measures of economic benefits
detailed in Table 142, more tangible benefits to the local communities and Tasmania generally include:
An additional 3,400 jobs in Tasmania during the construction phase;

On average, an additional 1,617 jobs during operation to a peak of about 2,000 jobs by 2030;
Development of training courses with TAFE and other institutes for accelerated training programs to
address skills shortages. Of the 292 operational jobs, 60% will require additional training;
A redistribution of an additional $424m in GST revenue to Tasmania from 2008 to 2030. For all
Australian Governments (state and national) nearly $1b in increased in tax revenue will be generated
between 2008 2030;
An increase in transport road freight output of $14m in 2008. Operation road freight output will grow to
$15m by 2030;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Tasmanian basic chemical industries will grow by $8m by 2030;
Additional expenditure on the local economy of $39m by the construction workforce;
Increased impacts on trade and accommodation section of $98m in 2008 and growing to $58m during
operation; and
Increase on local property prices by 15%.
Gunns will implement a number of management strategies including:
A construction phase management plan to address potential negative impacts from the construction
workforce in George Town;
The workers accommodation facility at George Town;
Workforce training initiatives; and
sourcing employment and services preferentially in Tasmania.
The Tasmanian government will also consider a range of broader management measures to address
economic impacts particularly during the construction phase of the project.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise the impact and a cost/benefit rating
related to noise and vibration is provided below.
Table 143: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures economics
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Management Cost/

Impact Impact Benefit
Rating Rating
Economic
Economic benefit to the Major Major

Tasmanian and Australian positive positive
economies impact impact
Accommodation pressure in Major Workers accommodation Minor positive Moderate

George Town negative facility impact negative
impact impact
Skill shortages for mill Moderate Training initiatives Major positive Minor
operators negative impact positive
impact impact
Employment opportunities Minor Preferential sourcing of skills Major positive Moderate

negative and services within Tasmania impact positive
impact impact
Overall, the project is considered to have a major positive impact on the Tasmanian economy. The
project is considered to have a minor positive benefit to the Australian economy.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
7. Potential Social and Community Impacts and
Management Measures
7.1 Introduction
A social and community impact assessment was conducted to to anticipate and predict social impacts
so that findings and recommendations become part of the projects planning and decision-making
processes. A full copy of the social impact assessment report is provided in Appendix 10, Volume 8
(Social Impact Assessment).
A community consultation and communication program was managed and conducted by Gunns as part
of the Draft IIS process. Focused consultation, including surveying various key community groups, and a
social impact assessment was undertaken.
Details of the consultation process and response are provided in Volume 1, Chapter 5.
Details of the existing community and social profile are provided.
There are varying definitions of social impacts but generally they include changes in social, political and
economic frameworks or impacts on cultures or the natural qualities of a specific area. The social
impacts assessed for this proposal have been classified into the following categories: Community Profile;
Community Interaction; Community Infrastructure; Landowner Impacts; Economic Growth and Activity;
Traffic; Accommodation; and Environmental Qualities.
The methodology comprised a desktop study, over 250 random interviews with community members and
focused interviews with selected representatives of the community. The social impact assessment was
conducted for the local area (within a 20 kilometre radius of the pulp mill site); regional area (within a 50
kilometre radius of the pulp mill site; and the entire state of Tasmania (refer to Table 144). Results from
these community based assessments (perceived impacts) were then compared to the impacts and
management strategies outlined in the various technical assessments. Management strategies identified
as part of the social impact assessment were combined with those identified as part of the technical
studies and an overall consideration of social impacts derived.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Area Viewed
Local Study Area (12km Radius)
BEECHFORD
BEECHFORD
LOW
LOW HEAD
HEAD
KELSO
KELSO LEFROY
LEFROY
GEORGE
GEORGE TOWN
TOWN
George Town (M)
BELL
BELL BAY
BAY
ILFRAVILLE
ILFRAVILLE Site
Site Location
Location
PORT
PORT SORELL
SORELL BEAUTY
BEAUTY POINT
POINT LONG
LONG REACH
REACH
ROWELLA
ROWELLA
BEACONSFIELD
BEACONSFIELD
DEVIOT
DEVIOT
Latrobe (M)
MOUNT
MOUNT DIRECTION
DIRECTION
West Tamar (M)

Legend
Launceston (C)
Site Location
Road
GRAVELLY
GRAVELLY BEACH
BEACH
Local Government Area
BLACKWALL
BLACKWALL
EXETER
EXETER
LANENA
LANENA ABS Census Data
Collection District
Population by Urban Centres

RAILTON
RAILTON 3,000 to 127,000
2,000 to 3,000
0 4 8 12 1,000 to 2,000
0 to 1,000
Kilometres
Waterways
DATA SOURCE: Project:

COPYRIGHT 2005 180 Lonsdale St Gunns Limited IIA - Social Impact Assessment
This map must not be MELBOURNE VIC 3000
Prepared. SLP 19/05/05 Workspace Figure1.WOR copied in whole or part TITLE: Figure 7-1 Local Area Assessed for Social Imapct Assessment
without prior consent of
Checked. SLP 19/05/05 Location G:\31\16723\GIS\MapInfo\Workspaces Tel : 61 3 8687 8000
GHD Pty Limited
Fax : 61 3 8687 8111 Project No. 3116723 Date. 19/05/05 Scale: 1:200,000 A3 Sh 1 of 1 Rev. O
Approved. AH 19/05/05 Map Grid Lat\Long WGS 84
7.2 Methodology
The methodology adopted for this social impact assessment (SIA) includes a range of integrated
research and consultation activities. The outcomes of these activities have been used to inform the social
impacts identified in this report. The activities have included:
A review of the local and regional study areas including general development, population trends,
economic drivers and environmental qualities;
A comparative analysis of the social characteristics of the local area, regional area and the state as a
whole using Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2001 Census Data;
Focused consultation with key community service providers to determine existing levels of demand on
services and potential impacts associated with a significant population increase;
Over 250 random interviews with community members from the local, regional and state-wide areas;
The development of social assessment criteria based on key social indicators for the area;
An analysis of potential social impacts associated with the pulp mill proposal using the outcomes of
research and consultation activities undertaken; and
Identification and consideration of potential management measures to address likely social impact.
In addition to the above, relevant technical reports undertaken for the Draft IIS (Noise, Air Quality,
Transport, Visual Assessment, Economic) have been considered in light of associated social implications
and the overall implications evaluated and discussed.
7.3 Demographics / Social Characteristics

Within the George Town Council area, the industry sector is relatively large, comprising mainly of
manufacturing, processing and transport related industry. Located at Bell Bay, the Bell Bay Port and the
adjacent Bell Bay Industrial Estate are considered to be of Regional and State significance. The
Industrial estate is zoned heavy industrial and has an area of approximately 2000 hectares.
Apart from the Gunns woodchip mill, other operations being carried out within the Bell Bay Industrial
Estate include: an aluminium smelter (Comalco), an alloy smelter (TEMCO), a gas fired power plant (Bell
Bay Power), and other operations by Ecka Granules Australia, Mobil, ARTEC and Tas Fibre P/L, among
others. The estate employs approximately 1200 people, across some 30 businesses. Manufacturing
output for George Town is in the vicinity of $1 billion annually, or around 20% of the total Tasmanian
output (George Town Council, 2004). The Bell Bay Industrial Estate is primarily responsible for this
figure.
In addition to the above mentioned industries, viticulture as an industry has grown significantly in the past
ten years, with vineyards and wineries located on both the east and western aspects of the Tamar
Valley.
Tourism is also a noted industry, with tourist routes being developed in the area. An example of this is
the Tamar Valley Wine Route, which passes through the local study area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
7.3.1 Population
The population of Tasmania according to the 2001 Census was 456,650 people. In the region
surrounding the pulp mill site, the population was 136,909. This comprises 30.0% of the population in
Tasmania. In the local area, the population in 2001 was 10,013, comprising 2.2% of the total population
in Tasmania. This information is presented in Table 144.
There were 15,701 indigenous persons, (applicable to persons who are Aboriginal or Torres Strait
Islander origin), in Tasmania in 2001, representing 3.4% of the population. This compares to 3,739
persons in the region (2.7%) and 264 persons in the local area (2.0%).
There were 443,715 persons living in private dwellings in Tasmania, representing 97.2% of the
population. In a regional sense, 132,245 persons (96.6%) were living in private dwellings and in the local
area, 9,814 persons (98.0%) lived in a private dwelling.
The mean household size in Tasmania, the surrounding region and the surrounding local area was
consistent, being 2.4 persons in 2001.
Table 144: Population and Dwellings
Tasmania (State) Regional Local
2001 2001 2001
Total Persons 456,650 136,909 10,013
Total Private
443,715 97.2% 132,245 96.7% 9,489 94.8%
Dwellings (persons)
Mean household
2.4 2.4 2.4
size (persons)
7.3.2 Age
Table 145 provides an overview of the age structure for Tasmania, and for the regional and local areas.
The total number of persons in Tasmania under the age of 15 was 97,306 (21.3%) in 2001. This
compares to 28,782 persons (21.0%) in the region and 2,211 persons (22.8%) in the local area.
The total number of persons in Tasmania between the ages of 15 and 24 years inclusive was 60,036
(13.1%) in 2001. This compares to 18,434 persons (13.1%) in the regional area and 1,135 persons
(12%) in the local area. The total number of persons in Tasmania between the ages of 45 to 64 years
inclusive was 109,047 (23.9%) in 2001, comparing to 31,787 persons (23.2%) in the regional area and
2,450 persons (26%) in the local area.
The median age for Tasmania was 37 years, which is consistent with the median age for the region and
locally. The median age for Tasmania in 2001 was higher than previous years, having risen from 32
years in 1991 to 34 years in 1996.

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Table 145: Age
Age range Persons % Persons % Persons %
Age 0-14 97306 21.3 28782 21.0 2211 23.4
15-24 60036 13.1 18434 13.5 1135 12.0
25-44 126748 27.8 37832 27.6 2621 27.8
45-64 109047 23.9 31787 23.2 2450 26.0
65 and over 61214 13.4 19254 14.1 1022 10.8
Median Age 37 years 37 years 37 years
7.3.3 Families
In 2001, there were 124,131 families in Tasmania. Of these, 37,049 (29.9%) were located in the region
surrounding the pulp mill site, and 3,723 (3.0%) were located in the local area.
Of the families in the state, 42.7% were two-parent families with children and 16.0% were single parent
families. This compares to 41.3% of families comprising two-parent families with children and 17.0%
single parent families in the surrounding region, and 40.2% two-parent families with children and 14.4%
single parent families in the local area. Table 146 outlines a percentage breakdown of families in the
three study areas.
Table 146: Families
Family Type % % %
Two-parent families with

children 42.7 41.3 56.6
Two-parent families
without children 39.7 40.1 28.4
One parent family 16.0 17.0 14.5
Other family 1.5 1.6 0.5
7.3.4 Birthplace
Of the persons in Tasmania (excluding overseas visitors), 84.3% of the population reported their country
of birth to be Australia. In the regional study area, this figure was reported to be 84.6% of persons and in
the local area, the figure was reported to be 83.5%.
In Tasmania, 4.7% of persons stated that they were born in the United Kingdom, while 5.1% did not state
their country of birth. This compares to 4.6% of persons in the surrounding region stating they were born
in the United Kingdom, and 5.4% not stating their country of birth. In contrast, at the local study area

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level, 6.3% of the persons stated that their country of birth was the United Kingdom, and 5.3% of persons
did not state their country of birth. Table 147 provides an overview of birthplace by country for the local
and regional study areas.
Table 147: Birthplace by country
Birthplace Persons % Persons % Persons %
Australia 386036 84.3 116434 84.9 8052 83.5
Netherlands 2489 0.5 898 0.7 49 0.5
New Zealand 3575 0.8 973 0.7 84 0.9
United Kingdom 21318 4.7 6271 4.6 607 6.3
Other 19986 4.4 5080 3.7 334 3.5
Not Stated 23420 5.1 7326 5.4 520 5.3
7.3.5 Language
In Tasmania, 421,035 persons (92.2%) stated that their only language spoken was English. This
compares to 126,966 persons (92.7%) in the regional study area, and 8990 persons (95%) in the local
study area. Table 148 includes figures for other languages spoken for the three study areas.
Table 148: Language
Languages Persons % Persons % Persons %
English Only 421035 92.2 126966 92.7 8990 93.5
Other Language 14138 3.1 3405 2.5 38 0.4
Not Stated 19720 4.3 6032 4.4 431 4.6
7.3.6 Income
Table 149 sets out the median individual and household weekly incomes for the three study areas. Both
Tasmania and the regional study area have the same weekly median individual and family incomes,
being $300-$399 (individual) and $600-$699 (household) respectively. The local study area has both
household median income and individual median income in the lower brackets of $500-$599 and $200-
$299 per week respectively.

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Table 149: Median individual and household weekly income
Median individual income $300-$399 $300-$399 $200-$299
Median household income $600-$699 $600-$699 $500-$599
7.3.7 Labour Force Status
Of the total populations for the three study areas, participation in the workforce varied from 56.9% for
Tasmania, to 52.3% for the local study area. The unemployment rate for Tasmania as a percent of the
total labour force was 10.1% compared to 10.4% for the regional study area, and 8.0% for the local study
area. Table 150 shows more detailed figures on employment, both full time and part time, as a
percentage of the total labour force in the three study areas.
Table 150: Labour force status
Employment Persons % Persons % Persons %
Participation in Workforce 203,081 56.9 60,509 56.2 3778 52.3
Unemployed 20,490 10.1 6,264 10.4 512 8.0
Employed as % of labour force 182,591 89.9 54,245 89.6 3266 45.2
Total % PT 65,991 32.0 19,540 32.3 1166 16.1
Total % FT 111,212 54.1 33,266 55.0 1998 27.6
The 2001 census figures are the most recently available to provide the above breakdown, but base
employment rates are estimated by the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations quarterly.
These more recent estimates reflect the overall lowering of unemployment rates nationally. The
unemployment rate in George Town municipality is still above the national average, and was estimated
at 7.9 % in March 2006 estimates. West Tamar municipality had an estimated unemployment rate of 4.5
% and Launceston 5.6 % 28 . The estimated unemployment rate for Tasmania was 6.9 % for the March
quarter. Labour force participation in Tasmania has also improved at 61.4 %.
7.3.8 Industry
Table 151 outlines the breakdown by industry for each of the three study areas. In Tasmania, the largest
proportion of persons as per industry was in the retail trade area (14.3%), with the manufacturing
industry and health and community industry also reporting a large proportion of persons, at 11.8% and
11.1% respectively.
28
Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, Small Area Labour Markets March 2006

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At the regional study area level, the largest proportion of persons per industry was also in the retail trade
(16.4%), with the manufacturing industry and health and community industry also reporting a large
proportion of persons, at 14.5% and 11.3% respectively.
At the local study area level, the largest proportion of persons in a particular industry was in the
manufacturing industry (24.4%), with the retail trade industry and health and community industry also
reporting a large proportion of persons, at 12.7% and 9.4% respectively.
Table 151: Industry
Industry Persons % Persons % Persons %
Cultural and Recreation 4,292 2.3 1,214 2.2 39 1.2
Health and Community 21,162 11.1 6,281 11.3 310 9.4
Education 15,103 7.8 4,464 7.9 225 6.8
Government Admin Defence 9,734 5.0 1,736 3.1 79 2.4
Property Business 14,000 7.1 3,868 7.0 201 6.1
Finance and Insurance 4,552 2.1 1,500 2.5 30 0.9
Communication 2,757 1.4 680 1.2 30 0.9
Transport and Storage 7,879 4.3 2,947 5.4 218 6.6
Accommodation Caf and

Restaurants 9,406 5.2 2,629 4.9 162 4.9
Retail Trade 27,453 14.3 8,989 16.4 419 12.7
Wholesale Trade 8,294 4.3 2,933 5.5 142 4.3
Construction 9,318 5.1 2,778 5.1 146 4.4
Electricity Gas and Water 1,767 1.0 317 0.6 21 0.6
Manufacturing 21,232 11.8 7,510 14.5 806 24.4
Mining 1,526 1.2 261 0.6 77 2.3
Agriculture Forestry Fishing 12,275 9.7 2,760 5.9 211 6.4
Non classified 1,597 0.9 486 0.8 21 0.6
Other 6,817 3.5 1,844 3.2 72 2.2
Persons not stated 3,369 2.0 11,041 3.2 99 3.0
7.3.9 Occupation
In Tasmania, the largest proportion of persons as per occupation were in intermediate services, 16.0%,
with professionals, and trades and related occupations also reporting a large proportion of persons, at
15.5% and 12.5% respectively.

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At the regional level, the largest proportion as per occupation were also in intermediate services (16.6%),
with professionals, and trades and related occupations also reporting a large proportion of persons, at
15.3% and 12.9% respectively.
At the local study area level, the largest proportion of persons employed in a particular occupation was in
labourer and related and intermediate services occupations (20.5% and 17.2% respectively). The trades
& related, and professional occupations also reported a large proportion of persons, at 16.6% and 12.6%
respectively.
Table 152 provides a breakdown by occupation for the three study areas.
Table 152: Occupation
Occupation Persons % Persons % Persons %
Managers Administration 15800 9.6 4093 7.6 237 8.2
Professionals 30806 15.5 8601 15.3 363 12.6
Assoc Professionals 21051 11.2 5994 10.9 321 11.2
Trades and Related 22766 12.5 6994 12.9 478 16.6
Advanced Clerical Services 5194 2.7 1578 2.7 68 2.4
Intermediate Clerical, Sales and

Services 30585 16.0 9215 494 17.2 12.7
Elementary Clerical Services 17880 9.4 5404 10.4 217 7.6
Labourers and Related 18235 11.0 5776 10.7 590 20.5
Other 20160 12.1 6490 12.9 105 3.7
7.3.10 Education
Of the total population of Tasmania, 209,394 persons (59.0%) reported that they did not have any further
post-school qualifications, or had qualifications outside the Australian Standard Classification of
Education, the recognised education system in Australia. This compares to 63,712 (59.1%) reported
persons at the regional study area level and 4,776 (66.4%) persons at the local level.
In Tasmania, 27,145 persons (7.4%) reported that they had a Bachelor Degree, whilst 7,363 (6.9%)
persons and 312 persons (4.2%) reported this level of education at the regional and local study area
levels.
Table 153provides a breakdown of educational qualifications in the three study areas.

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Table 153: Education Status
Education Persons % Persons % Persons %
Education no post-school
qualifications 209,394 59.0 63,712 59.1 4776 66.4
Post Grad Degree 4,329 1.1 972 0.9 40 0.5
Post Grad Diploma 3,773 1.0 889 0.8 30 0.4
Bach Degree 27,145 7.4 7,363 6.9 312 4.2
Advanced Diploma 17,881 4.9 5,225 4.9 292 3.9
Certificate 54,329 15.3 16,969 15.8 1162 15.7
Not Stated 40,462 11.3 12,415 11.6 805 10.9
7.4 Community Interviews

Random interviews were carried out with community members from the local, regional and state-wide
study areas to consider their perspectives on the proposal. The purpose of the community interviews was
to:
Identify community values, networks and issues;
Determine the level of knowledge and understanding about the proposal;
Identify any real or perceived issues associated with the proposal;
Determine the level of support for the proposal and for Gunns generally; and
Identify community members who would like an on-going role in the Draft IIS consultation process.
The interviews were not intended to be statistically robust, but rather to identify issues from the
communitys perspective.
A total of 263 interviews were completed between 24th June 2005 and 7th July 2005. A total of 61
interviews were completed in the local study area, 160 interviews completed in the regional study area,
and 263 completed as part of the state area. Members of the SIA team randomly selected the
interviewees in the key retail/commercial precincts.
A breakdown of the interview structure has been provided in Appendix 10, Volume 8.
A summary and comparison of the key issues regarding the pulp mill, in all three study areas is
presented in Table 154 below.

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Table 154: Key Community Issues
Local % (as % Regional % (as % State % (as %

responses to question) responses to question) responses to question)
Positive issue
Employment 46 53 51
Value Adding 12 10 13
Economic Growth 11 9 10
Population Growth for 10 9 4

Area
Nil 5 9 10
Negative Issues
Environmental impacts 31 35 36
Increased Forestry 0 8 11
Practices
Nil/Not sure 14 11 12
In all three study areas the provision of employment was the greatest positive issue, whilst adverse
impact on the environment was regarded as the greatest negative. A slightly larger percentage of
interviewees at the state level did not perceive there to be any positive issues in regard to the proposal
(10%), when compared to the regional (9%) and local (5%) study areas.
Increased forestry practices, including increased old growth felling and demand for woodchips is a
significant perceived negative issue in the state (11%) and regional (8%) study areas. At the local study
area, not a single interviewee perceived this to be an issue at all.
Table 155 outlines the overall support for the proposal. Total support for the pulp mill is shown to be
greatest in the local study area (61.9%), and the lowest support is at the state study area level (41.1%).
This is also where the greatest indecision regarding support for the pulp mill occurred (23.6%).
Table 155: Overall support for the pulp mill
Study Support(%) If Unqualified Non-Support (%) Unsure (%)

Area environmental Support (no stated
safeguards are provisions) (%)
met
Local 4.9 61.9 23.8 14.3
Regional 1.9 51.8 26.8 23.1
State 2.7 41.1 35.4 23.6

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7.4.1 Summary
Key issues and opportunities identified during the consultation process to be considered as part of the
development of this SIA are:
George Town Council support the pulp mill provided environmental issues are appropriately
considered and addressed;
George Town Council, in common with almost all LGAs in Australia, has issues associated with
housing, transport, community services and roads and other infrastructure. The Draft IIS has
addressed each of these issues as they relate to the pulp mill project.
George Town is an established, close-knit community with residents valuing the local amenity and
lifestyle values;
Employment is a major concern of local and regional and throughout the State;
Employment opportunities and economic growth are considered to be the major positive impact
associated with the pulp mill. This was identified in each of the three study areas;
The majority of those interviewed in the three study areas had heard of the pulp mill, and of Gunns as
an organisation;
The highest level of support for the pulp mill was in the local study area (61.9%), the least support
was in the state study area (41.1%);
The major concern in the local, regional and state study areas was associated with the impact on
environmental qualities and values of the area;
Support for Gunns as an organisation directly correlate with support for the pulp mill, ie. Generally if
the interviewee supported Gunns they supported the development of the pulp mill; and
There is generally a high degree of support for the proposal if environmental guidelines and
requirements are met this applies to each of the three study areas.
7.5 Community Consultation Issues

Based on a review of the Community Consultation Report, the main issues identified during the
community consultation by Gunns were:
Environment Considerations (including emissions, noise, air quality and water supply);
Effluent and subsequent impact on the marine environment;
Visual impacts;
Traffic movements and road conditions; and
Employment opportunities and service provision.
7.6 Community Perceived Potential Impacts

Based on the outcomes of the community survey and interviews, the following section provides a
summary of the perceived impacts associated with the pulp mill under two scenarios: if the mill proceeds,
and if the mill was not to proceed. The tables do not describe actual impacts of the pulp mill, but set out
the impacts that have been identified by stakeholders and the public during the consultation and

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research activities undertaken by GHD, and have been separated into social impacts during construction
and during operation. Appendix 10, Volume 8 contains further detail as to these perceptions.
It must be noted when reviewing these tables that while interviewees raised various environmental
issues and concerns about the pulp mill, they did not have the benefit of the environmental studies being
conducted for the purpose of preparing the pulp mill Draft IIS.

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Table 156: Social Impacts during Construction
Impact Category Stakeholder Identified Impact if Pulp Mill Proceeds Stakeholder Identified Impacts if Pulp Mill Does Not Proceed
Community Profile There will be an increase in the overall population during the Population levels will most likely follow current trends and will
construction period. This will be due to a significant workforce continue to decline.
moving to the local and regional study areas for up to 26 months.
Population trends and level of diversity will remain consistent,
A greater diversity of people will be living and working in the local ie the likely continued ageing of the population and young people
and regional areas because of the pulp mill and ancillary continue to leave the area to seek employment opportunities.
infrastructure. This will be due to construction workers commuting or
relocating to the area from across the state or from mainland
Australia. Specialist team members would be sourced from across
the state, mainland Australia or internationally.
There will be predominantly male construction workers relocating

to local and regional areas during the construction period. These
workers will have specific lifestyle requirements that will need to be
planned.
While it is assumed that much of the construction workforce will

commute from local and regional areas or will be single males
moving to the area just for the pulp mills construction, there is
potential for families to move to the area. This may especially be
the case for long-term specialist team members sourced from
mainland Australia and internationally.
Current members of the community may decide to relocate

because their perceptions of the area may change.

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Community There is potential for division in the community between There is potential for division in the community between
Interaction supporters and opponents of the proposal. There may also be supporters and opponents of the pulp mill.
division between the temporary workforce and the permanent
Amenity of George Town will be maintained and lifestyles of
population.
current residents retained.
The behaviour of the construction workforce in the local area
may affect on the overall amenity of George Town and on the
lifestyles of permanent residents.
Anti-social behaviour of the construction workforce may affect

local and regional policing requirements or capacity to respond.
Potential for the social isolation of construction workers if they are

relocating to the local or regional areas without social, emotional or
support networks.
Possible impact on local recreational pursuits including fishing.

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Community An increase in individuals and families moving into the local and Community services and facilities will continue to meet the
Infrastructure regional areas will place pressure on existing community needs of the existing population.
facilities and services.
Upgrades to community services and facilities will occur on an
There will be predominantly male construction workers relocating as needs basis.
to local and regional areas during the construction period. The
Local business, emergency services, schools, recreational
workforce mix and the associated population change will affect the
and social facilities will continue to meet the needs of the
types of community facilities and services required in the local
existing population.
and regional areas. The most likely scenario is a predominantly male
construction workforce which will have specific impacts on health
planning and provision. The less likely scenario is a large proportion
of construction workers relocating families resulting in a larger and
broader impact on health education and other community facilities
and services.
Increased pressure on existing local and regional emergency

services because of the significant construction activity.
An increased demand placed on local school enrolments and

resources should families move to the area because of the
construction activities.
An increased demand on existing recreational and social

facilities in the local and regional areas.
Pressure will be placed on local retail outlets for the provision of

goods and service for the construction workforce.

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Landowner Neighbouring landowners and specifically those located to the west Landscape qualities retained.
Impacts of the project site (across the Tamar River) will have a significant
visual impact because of the pulp mills construction.
Temporary negative visual impacts would be experienced by

landowners located near the proposed pipelines.
Neighbouring landowners will be subject to an increased noise

level during the construction period because of machinery and traffic
movements.
Land values may fluctuate because of the pulp mill construction.

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Economic Growth The pulp mill will provide employment opportunities for members Economic confidence could decrease in the local regional and
and Activity of the local, regional and state communities. There will also be state study areas.
opportunities for people from mainland Australia and internationally.
Development opportunities for the local, regional and state
Increase in local, regional and state economic activity because economies to be sourced elsewhere and potentially from other
of the construction of the pulp mill. There will be opportunities for sectors. Potential for local area to focus on developing their tourist
businesses either directly related to the construction of the pulp mill industry.
or through supporting services, such as those required to cater for
Visitor and tourist numbers could be increased.
the population increase.
Because of the increased economic activity, local and regional

businesses will grow and prosper, as there will be more economic
confidence in the community.
Increased industrial development will further engrain the sector

in the local economy.
Average incomes in the local and regional areas will increase

because of the pulp mills construction. This will be facilitated
through direct and indirect employment opportunities.
Visitor/tourist numbers could be reduced, due to disruption (real

or perceived) related to the project.

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Traffic An increase in traffic movement on local and regional roads Level of traffic movements to remain relatively consistent.
and more specifically, an increase in heavy vehicle movements. There could be slight increases due to more visitors and tourists to
the area.
Increased traffic will disrupt local and tourist traffic during the
construction period. Quality and conditions of roads and general level of safety to
remain consistent.
The increased traffic and specifically the heavy vehicle movements
will have an adverse impact on the quality and conditions of
local and regional roads
Accommodation Impact on tourist accommodation opportunities in the local and Accommodation opportunities made available to local
regional areas if this accommodation is made available to members of the community to address the current need and
construction workers. identified shortage.
Pressure placed on the availability and affordability of Accommodation available for tourist and visitors to the area.
appropriate accommodation for the permanent population. This
relates to both rental and owner occupied accommodation.
Potential for the cost of accommodation in the local and regional

areas to increase due to increased activity in the real estate sector.

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Environmental Increase in the noise generated on the site during the construction Environmental qualities retained.
Qualities period. The increase in noise would be due to construction activities
being undertaken and the increased traffic movements.
Increase in the level of dust in the area because of construction

activities and increased traffic movements (perceived or real).
Increase in exhaust fumes due to the additional traffic

movements. Air quality could be further impacted on but is
dependent on the specific equipment that will be used during the
construction period.
Threat to local aquatic environments due to run-off from

construction activities or the inadequate disposal of waste, including
sediments and/or waste pollutants (perceived or real).
The local landscape will change during the construction period,

due to the size and scope of the pulp mill, wharf facility and
pipelines. Landscape changes will be witnessed from key vantage
points including West Tamar.
The development will affect the environmental values (perceived

or real) of the area. This will affect the overall image of the area, and
the character of the area may be viewed as changing by visitors and
community members alike.

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Table 157: Social Impacts During Operation
Community Profile There will be an increase in the overall population when the pulp Population levels will most likely follow current trends and will
mill becomes operational. This will be due to a significant permanent continue to decline.
workforce moving to the local and regional study areas.
Population trends and level of diversity will remain consistent,
A greater diversity of people will be living and working in the local ie the likely continued ageing of population and young people
and regional areas because of the pulp mills operation. This will be continue to leave the area to seek employment opportunities.
due to specialised skills being required for the pulp mills ongoing
operation.
There is a perception that current members of the community may

decide to relocate because their perceptions of the area may
change because of the pulp mills operation.
The average level of education in the community may increase

because of the pulp mill. This will be due to individuals and families
with specialised skills and capability relocating to the local and
regional areas. It will also be due to training being provided to local
staff employed at the pulp mill.
Community There is potential for division in the community between There is potential for division in the community between
Interaction supporters and opponents of the proposal. There is also potential for supporters and opponents of the proposal.
division between the established sectors of the community and new
Current amenity of George Town will be maintained and
individuals and families moving into the local and regional areas.
lifestyles of current residents retained.
Potential for the social isolation of individuals and families
relocating to the local or regional areas permanently and who do not
have social, emotional or support networks in the area.

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Community An increase in individuals and families moving into the local and Community services and facilities will continue to meet the
Infrastructure regional areas will place pressure on existing community needs of the existing population.
facilities and services.
Upgrades to community services and facilities will occur on an
Population change will affect the types of community facilities as needs basis.
and services required in the local and regional areas.
Local business, emergency services, schools, recreational
Increased pressure on existing local and regional emergency and social facilities will continue to meet the needs of the
services because of the ongoing operations of the pulp mill. existing population.
There will be pressure placed on local schools enrolments and

resources if families are to relocate to the local or regional area
permanently.
An increased demand on existing recreational and social

facilities in the local and regional areas.
Pressure will be placed on local businesses to support the

needs/demands of new members of the community.
Landowner Neighbouring landowners and specifically those located to the west Landscape qualities retained.
Impacts of the project site (across the Tamar River) will have a significant
visual impact because of the operation of the pulp mill.
Neighbouring landowners will be subject to increased noise due to

increased traffic movements and the use of machinery and
equipment in the ongoing operations of the pulp mill.
Land values may fluctuate because of the pulp mill construction.

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Economic Growth The pulp mill will provide employment opportunities for members Economic confidence could decrease in the local regional and
and Activity of the local, regional and state communities. There will also be state study areas.
opportunities for people from mainland Australia and abroad.
Development opportunities for the local, regional and state
Ongoing local, regional and state economic activity and economies to be sourced elsewhere and potentially from other
growth because of the operation of the pulp mill. sectors. Potential for local area to focus on developing their tourist
industry.
There is a potential for a boom-bust cycle if the economic
impacts during and post construction are not adequately managed. Visitor and tourist numbers could be increased.
Average incomes in the local and regional areas will increase Value adding to a proportion of Tasmanias timber industry to
because of the pulp mills operations. This will be facilitated through continue to occur off shore.
direct and indirect employment and commercial opportunities.
Visitor/tourist numbers could be reduced, due to disruption (real

or perceived) related to the project.
Wage Pressure on local and regional businesses and

organisations.
Value adding to the timber industry of Tasmania.
Traffic An increase in traffic using local and regional roads (real or Level of traffic movements to remain relatively consistent.
perceived), because of the pulp mills operations. There could be slight increases due to more visitors and tourists to
the area.
The communitys perception of road safety will be adversely
impacted. This will be due to an increased level of operational traffic Quality and conditions of roads and general level of safety to
using local and regional roads remain consistent.

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Accommodation Pressure placed on the availability and affordability of Accommodation opportunities made available to local
appropriate accommodation for the population. This relates to members of the community to address the current need and
both rental and owner occupied accommodation. identified shortage.
Potential for the cost of accommodation in the local and regional Accommodation available for tourist and visitors to the area.
areas to increase due to increased activity in the real estate sector.
Environmental Adverse impact on air quality and airshed due to emissions from Environmental qualities retained.
Qualities the pulp mill, specifically particulates (real or perceived). These
emissions are associated with the recovery boiler, the power boiler
and the limekiln.
The pulp mill will produce green power and may be eligible for
renewable energy credits.
Use and sourcing of large quantities of water for use in the

pulping process.
Environmental risk to natural environmental qualities of the local

and regional areas.
Perceived increase in the harvesting of timber because of the

pulp mill.
Odour associated with sulphate used in processing of the pulp.

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Increase in exhaust fumes due to the additional traffic

movements.
Threat to local aquatic environments (flora and fauna) due to

disposal of treated effluent (real or perceived).
Local landscape will change when the pulp mill is operational.

Landscape change will be witnessed from key vantage points
including areas of West Tamar.
Adverse impact on the environmental values (perceived or real)

of the area. This will affect the overall image of the area, and the
character of the area may be viewed as changing by visitors and
community members alike.
Recreational opportunities will be adversely impacted due to

(real or perceived) changes in the environmental quality of the area,
for example fishing, swimming and boating.

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7.7 Comparison of Perceived Impacts and the Outcomes of Technical Studies
On finalisation of the technical studies for the Draft IIS, a comparative analysis was undertaken between
identified social impacts (based on perceived social impacts) and identified technical impacts (based on
technical reports produced for the Draft IIS). The aim of undertaking the comparative analysis was to
define the rate or level of the perceived social impact from technical studies. The combined list is
provided in summary in Table 158 and in a more detailed table in Appendix 10, Volume 8.
Additional impacts were identified beyond those listed in the perceived social impacts table.
Not all issues have corresponding mitigation strategies identified. In most instances, this is because the
impact is positive and requires not mitigation. In other instances, there may not be obvious mitigation
strategies to deal with such impacts.

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Table 158: Summary of Impacts Identified in the SIA and Technical Studies
SIA Impact Category Technical Impact SIA Mitigation Technical

Identified Strategy Mitigation
Strategy
CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS
Community Profile
An increase in overall population 9
A greater diversity of people
Predominantly male construction workers 9 9
Potential for families to move to the area
Current community members to relocate
Increase in the average household income due to the wages of the construction workforce 9
Community Interaction
Division in the community between supporters and opponents to the proposal 9
Behaviour of the construction workforce 9 9
Anti social behaviour of construction workforce and policing requirements 9
Potential for social isolation of construction workers. 9 9
Possible impact on local recreational pursuits. 9
Community Infrastructure
Increase in population will increase pressure on existing community facilities and services. 9
Impacts of a predominantly male construction workforce on existing community facilities and services 9

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Strategy
Increased pressure on existing local and regional emergency services. 9 9
Increased demand on local school enrolments. 9
Increased demand on existing recreational and social facilities. 9
Pressure on local retail outlets. 9 9
Landowner Impacts
Significant visual impacts 9 9 9
Increased noise 9 9 9
Land values to fluctuate 9 9
Impact of vibration 9 9
Economic Growth and Activity
Employment opportunities for local, regional and state communities 9 9 9
Increase in local, regional and state economic activity 9 9
Local and regional businesses to grow and prosper. 9 9
Engrain local industrial development in the local economy 9
Average incomes in the local and regional area will increase. 9 9
Visitor and tourist numbers could be reduced. 9
Traffic
Increase in the amount of traffic movement on local and regional roads. 9 9 9
Disruptions to local and tourist traffic. 9 9 9

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Strategy
Heavy vehicle movements will adversely impact on the quality and condition of local and regional 9 9 9
roads.
Accommodation
Impact on tourist accommodation opportunities 9 9
Pressure placed on the availability and affordability of appropriate accommodation. 9
Potential for the cost of accommodation in local and regional areas to increase. 9 9
Environmental Qualities
Increase in noise 9 9 9
Increase in the level of dust 9 9 9
Increase in exhaust fumes. 9
Threat to local aquatic environments. 9 9 9
Local landscape will change 9 9 9
Impact on environmental values. 9 9 9
Impact on Aboriginal heritage values 9 9
Impact on historic site identities and locations (European) 9 9
OPERATIONAL IMPACTS
Community Profile
An increase in overall population 9
A greater diversity of people

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Strategy
Potential for families to move to the area 9
The average level of education in the community may increase. 9
Community Interaction
Division in the community between supporters and opponents to the proposal 9
Potential for social isolation of construction workers. 9
Community Infrastructure
Increase in population will increase pressure on existing community facilities and services. 9 9 9
Population change will impact on the types of community facilities and services required. 9
Increased pressure on existing local and regional emergency services. 9
Increased demand on local school enrolments. 9
Increased demand on existing recreational and social facilities. 9
Pressure placed on local businesses to support the needs/demands of new members of the 9 9 9
community.
Landowner Impacts
Significant visual impacts 9 9 9
Increased noise 9 9 9
Land values to fluctuate 9
Economic Growth and Activity
Employment opportunities 9 9 9

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Strategy
Ongoing local, regional and state economic activity and growth 9 9
Potential for a boom-bust cycle
Average incomes in the local and regional areas will increase
Visitor/tourist numbers could be reduced. 9 9
Wage pressure on local and regional businesses and associations
Value adding to the timber industry of Tasmania 9 9
Impact on agricultural and forestry industries 9
Impact on the information and technology sectors 9
Impact on the education and training industry 9 9
Impact on local and regional transport and shipping activities 9
Traffic
Increase in the amount of traffic on local and regional roads. 9 9 9
Communitys perception that road safety will be adversely impacted. 9 9 9
Accommodation
Pressure placed on the availability and affordability appropriate housing. 9 9
Cost of accommodation in the local and regional areas to increase. 9
Adverse impacts on the air quality and airshed. 9 9 9
Pulp mill will produce green power 9 9 9

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Strategy
Use and sourcing of large quantities of water. 9 9 9
Environmental risk of natural environmental qualities 9 9 9
Perceived increase in the harvesting of timber. 9 9 9
Odour emissions 9 9 9
Increase in exhaust fumes due to increased traffic movements. 9 9 9
Threat to local aquatic environments 9 9 9
Local landscape will change 9 9 9
Impact on environmental values 9 9 9
Recreational opportunities will be adversely impacted. 9
Offsite impacts from hazards associated with dangerous substances on the pulp mill sites 9 9
Health Impacts 9 9
Human health risk from air emissions 9 9
Human health risk from effluent emissions to marine environment 9 9

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7.8 Key Social Impacts
7.8.1 Assessment Methodology
Impacts may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, short or long term, temporary or irreversible.
A summary of positive and negative impacts to be borne by the community and the environment is
provided for each component of the proposal describing the impact of, or on, key social elements.
The impacts summary is a qualitative analysis of the positive and negative social impacts that may occur
because of the proposal. This assessment has been made based upon information provided through the
social impact assessment, technical studies undertaken for the Draft IIS and the professional experience
and knowledge of consultants.
7.8.2 Rating System
Each element is rated in terms of the level or severity of the potential impact (the impact rating).
Management strategies, where appropriate, are defined and the impact of the management rated in
general terms (the management rating). Taking the management impact into account, an overall rating
for each cost and benefit is provided. The key for each rating is defined below.
Table 159: Key For Each Rating Used Within The Cost-Benefit Assessment
Nature and Scale of Impact Interpretation
Major positive impact Classed as impacts that are beneficial to the physical,
biological or human environment. The impact is likely
to have a significant positive effect on the environment.
Moderate positive impact Classed as the impacts that are beneficial to the
physical, biological or human environment. The net
impact will not have any short or long-term negative
impact on the physical, biological or human
environment.
Minor positive impact Classed as impacts that are beneficial to the physical,
biological or human environment and the impact may
be managed through normal and appropriate
environmental management practices to enhance the
impact. The net impact will not have any long-term
negative impact on the physical, biological or human
environment.
Insignificant impact No negative or positive impact on the physical,

biological or human environment.

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Nature and Scale of Impact Interpretation
Minor negative impact Classed as impacts which are acceptable even without
normal and appropriate environmental management
practices. The net impact will not have any
unacceptable long-term impacts on the physical,
Moderate negative impact Classed as the impacts that are manageable through
normal and appropriate environmental management
practices. The net impact will not have any
unacceptable long-term impacts on the physical,
Major negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a significant
negative effect on the environment. Long-term impacts
on the physical, biological or human environment even
with environmental management practices.
Significant negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a

catastrophic negative effect on the environment. This
could include regional or national extinction of flora and
fauna species, short and long term human health
impacts or significant changes to the physical
environment on a regional scale.
Based on the outcomes of the perceived impact assessment and the technical studies, the following key
social impacts have been identified. These are impacts considered to have a moderate or high level of
overall impact (after mitigation has been considered) as identified in the technical studies.
Construction Impacts
Pulp mill construction noise;
Construction workforce and accommodation facility;
Increased employment opportunities;
Environmental qualities; and
Economic benefit to the local and Tasmanian economy.
Operational Impacts
Pulp mill operational noise;
Visual impact;
Increased employment opportunities; and
Economic benefit to the local and Tasmanian economy.
These impacts are discussed in more detail below.

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Operational impacts of key perceived issues including transport, air quality, health and water quality at
the ocean outfall were considered to have only a minor negative social impact and have not been
reviewed further in this assessment.
7.8.3 Construction Impacts
Pulp Mill Construction Noise

Construction activity, including the initial earthworks phase, is proposed to occur 24 hours a day, seven
days a week. Blasting will be undertaken twice daily, at prescribed times between 9 am and 3 pm. The
noisiest period will be initial earthworks which will be undertaken for a period of six months. The overall
construction period is 26 months.
Modelling suggests staged construction activities being undertaken during nighttime under calm weather
conditions are unlikely to exceed the respective construction noise criteria at any of the modelled
receiver locations. Construction activities undertaken during nighttime temperature inversion have the
potential to exceed respective construction noise goals at the majority of modelled receiver locations
within the Rowella area.
Construction activities undertaken during daytime have the potential to exceed respective construction
noise goals at the majority of modelled receiver locations within the Rowella area.
Modelling was undertaken based on a worst-case scenario, with all construction equipment operating
simultaneously. As a result, predicted received noise levels are expected to slightly overstate actual
received levels and thus provide a measure of conservatism.
Residents in the Rowella area, particularly those closest to the pulp mill site will experience noise impact
through the construction period, particularly in the first six months. Whilst intense, blasting will not be a
significant noise source as charges will be detonated in such a way to minimise noise impacts and will
last a matter of seconds, at regular times of the day. Earthworks, particularly loading trucks with rocks,
will be a key source. Rock crushers will also be particularly noising.
Whilst noise levels should not affect sleep and other behavioural aspects, constant noise levels will
cause annoyance to residents in particular. To an extent, residents will become adjusted to the
background noise levels with time. However, in the early stages of the construction process, residences
will experience annoyance because of noise generated on the site. The level of irritation from
construction noise will vary with climatic conditions and from individual to individual.
Gunns will maintain ongoing liaison with neighbouring landowners before, during and after construction
to advise of significant activities and to work together to minimise issues and concerns.
Landowners will be encouraged to use the designated complaint mechanisms (e.g. Gunns 1800 number)
to manage issues and concerns. All issues and concerns of local landowners (and broader community)
will be recorded in a centralised database, which records key issues, contact details, follow-up actions
and key dates.
Overall, construction noise is considered to result in a moderate negative impact.

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Construction Workforce and Accommodation Facility
The following section discusses the likely local affects of the workforce proposed during pulp mill
construction. To some extent, assumptions made about workforce composition and origin (and therefore
accommodation demand) are speculative. At the time of the assessment, Australia is experiencing a
workforce skills shortage and levels of unemployment not known for decades. Much of this is driven by
infrastructure and resource projects in Western Australia and Queensland, where the demand for skilled
and unskilled workers is extremely high. Consequently, the pulp mill project will commence in an
environment of competitive workforce demand. This will influence workforce requirements and origins.
This has been factored into the following assessment.
A peak construction workforce of 2,900 will be required to construct the pulp mill, with a proposed 800-
person accommodation facility possibly to be constructed on the outskirts of George Town. Estimates
vary as to the likely origin of the workforce but what can be considered is that it is unlikely that the
majority of construction workers will come either from George Town or within a 40 km radius of the mill.
Accommodation
The accommodation facility, if required, will take six months to construct. This corresponds with initial
earthworks at the pulp mill site. Workforce demand is lowest during this period, and it is reasonable to
assume that most non-professional workers required during this period will be sourced within the region.
Accommodation pressure during this time will therefore be minimal.
Given the proposed shift timetable, the majority of the workforce will seek accommodation either locally
at George Town or at other centres including Launceston, Beaconsfield, Beauty Point or some of the
smaller centres in this area. As surveys of rental agencies indicate a current occupancy rate of between
95 to 97 % in the Tamar Valley, there will be significant accommodation pressure.
It is planned to optimise the available work force resources of Tasmania wherever possible, both during
construction and for the life of the mill. A conservative estimate of the construction workforce origin
suggests the following breakdown:
Mainland states : 50%

15% Victoria
15% NSW
5% QLD
10% SA
5% WA
Tasmania : 40%
Overseas : 10%
The Tasmanian Pulp Mill Task Force has studied the availability of existing stock 29 to provide
accommodation for those workers who will relocate to the area. Existing stock is defined as private
rental accommodation and tourism related accommodation within a 50 km radius from the pulp mill.
29
Pulp Mill Task Force, (May 2005), Update Report on Workforce Accommodation

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During the March quarter (the peak period) of 2004, occupancy of tourism related accommodation was
72.7 % of the 3,155 rooms available. The implied current availability is therefore 861 (27.3 % of 3155 =
861). During the month of March 2005, there were 200 dwellings available for rent. If half of these were
let by construction workers (assuming two bedrooms per house), this would accommodate a further 200
people.
Therefore, there is capacity within existing tourism and rental stock to accommodate approximately 1060
workers (Pitt and Sherry, 2006b).
It is expected that a number of the workers will come from the existing northern Tasmania labour force
and thus live within commuting distance of the site. It is unlikely that all of the remaining 1800 workers
will come from the existing local population and workforce. It is assumed that approximately 800 will be
from intra or interstate, and an additional temporary accommodation facility for those workers will
therefore be required (Pitt and Sherry, 2006b).
The design maximum capacity for the facility has accordingly been set at 800. If additional capacity is
ultimately required, it is considered that this will be adequately provided by the current accommodation
and land development proposals in the greater Launceston area. These include the C.H. Smith building
development, the York Cove development, the Canal site development and the old Launceston hospital
development.
Table 160 summarises the existing accommodation capacity and the temporary accommodation
requirement.
Table 160: Anticipated Accommodation Capacity
Accommodation option Number of workers Percentage of total expected

workforce
Existing local workers accommodated in 1040 36 %

existing residential facilities
New workers to the region accommodated in 1060 37 %

existing tourism and rental stock
New workers to the region accommodated in 800 27 %

temporary workers accommodation facility
TOTAL 2900 100 %
NB: numbers are approximate only
Regardless of the finer details of the accommodation scenario, there will be an extended period during
construction where there will be significant local accommodation pressure. The proposed workers
accommodation facility will provide a significant component of this accommodation gap.
The social implications of this demand may include:
Reduced (temporarily) availability of holiday accommodation. Peak demand for holiday

accommodation will most likely be only for the peak construction period and, depending on project
start-up, may or may not coincide with peak holiday demand. Decisions on availability of holiday
accommodation will come down to individual property owners who will need to balance issues such

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as rental security, tenant suitability, regular clients and other factors. Any losses in holiday revenue
would be more than compensated by the predicted $39m spent in the local economy by the
construction workforce.
Increased rental. Property owners who currently rent to long term tenants may be tempted to increase
rental to take advantage of increased demand. Again, this decision will be determined by individual
owners. Given the short-term nature of peak demand, there is likely to be less incentive to increase
rents than might be the case if the demand was sustained over a number of years. There is already
high rental demand regionally, suggesting that there is already upward pressure on rental prices.
Some property owners may also consider terminating rental contracts in order to accommodated
several workers in a residence at inflated rates. Again, the short-term duration of peak demand
makes such a scenario unlikely, given regular tenants may be sought after 10 or 12 months. The
desirability of a transient worker tenancy would also be a major consideration for property owners.
Overall impacts on accommodation are expected to be major for a short period (10 to 12 months) and
moderate for the balance of the construction period.
Social Interaction
The facility accommodation units will be clustered together to make small communities where units will
share indoor living rooms. This will afford privacy to small groups (3 to 5) of residents. Each resident will
need personal space where total solitude can be found. This will be provided by way of one-person
rooms (bedrooms) and ensuite.
In addition to basic needs such as accommodation, food and recreation, the accommodation facility
community will require support services and facilities of a good standard. The facility will take workers
needs and comfort into consideration in order to attract a skilled work force.
To achieve an acceptable level of privacy and protection, the residents will require the following:
Storage of their goods in a safe and secure place;

Access to mail by over-the-counter request from staff;
Secure storage of their vehicle; and
Access to laundry facilities after hours.
Internet connection will be available to each unit, but residents will need to supply their own computer.
Connections will also be available (for notebook computers) in the dry recreation room. Additional to this,
Internet facilities are available in George Town at the Memorial Hall 7 days a week. This is an On-Line
Access Centre, reliant on state government grants to operate. It is currently utilised fairly well with 5
Internet access computers meeting the current demand.
TV connection points will be provided in each unit to allow for private TV viewing if so desired. However,
some communal TVs will be provided.
Telephone communication will be reliant on residents carrying personal mobile phones or company gold
phones within the communal building facilities.
Given the proposed staggered shifts that the construction workers will work, and given the physical
nature of their work, it is likely that minimal laundry will be done on site by residents.

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As there will not be any phones to individual rooms, the residents will need to have some other form of
communication that can convey important messages to them about the town, their families, and the pulp
mill work. Personal notices will be able to be given to the residents with their mail. It is likely that a place
such as the administration/reception building will become a social focal point. A communications office
space will therefore be provided in the administration reception building as a communication hub.
In a community of this size it is probable that some residents will not go off-site other than to work at the
pulp mill. This will create some potential inconveniences for them as they may run out of cash, so an
EFTPOS facility will be provided.
The workers accommodation facility will be protected by a 24-hour security service. This will include a
boom gate operated by security personnel, security fencing around the perimeter of the accommodation
site and additional security personnel to attend to behavioural issues in the accommodation facility.
Entry onto the site will be allowed for holders of valid security cards. Residents, visitors and staff will be
issued with this card and unauthorised persons will be excluded from the site.
Regardless of the services provided at the accommodation facility, an introduced workforce of 1,740 is
approximately 1/6 of the local population of George Town, Beaconsfield, Beauty Point and surrounds. An
increase in population at George Town of a minimum of 800 persons represents a significant and
concentrated addition to the population. The integration of this population into the local community will
have significant implications as to the positive and negative affects during the construction phase.
Whilst most basic needs for the workforce can be met at the accommodation facility, workers will interact
with the local community for food, entertainment, sport and a number of other activities. In any such
predominantly single male workforce with high disposable income, the potential exists for both negative
and positive contributions with the local community. All such issues will be short term, but may have
lasting implications, particularly in relation to operational mill workforce. Potential issues will include:
anti-social behaviour;
workforce local rivalry, particularly in respect to conflict over relationships with the opposite sex;
boost to sporting activities and participation;
pressure on recreational pursuits;
boost in participation with interest groups; and
pressure on entertainment venues, particularly pubs and clubs.
Negative behaviour is typically a result of a minority of any given group, but such instances taint the
group as a whole. The pulp mill and construction phase is likely to be initially seen as a bonanza for the
local community. Negative incidents will quickly shift that view to considering the construction workforce
as a necessity to be endured.
Many of these issues can be successfully managed though a proactive program of engagement with the
community and providing the workforce with entertainment and recreational opportunities outside work
hours. Given the shift hours and seven days a week program, most workers will generally fall into an
eat/work/sleep routine, but require periodic external activities. Gunns and the facility management will
actively work with the local community including sports and special interest clubs, entertainment venues
and other groups to provide integrated opportunities for worker participation with the community,
including those residing at the workers accommodation facility and elsewhere. The facility manager will

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
develop a Communications Strategy and establish a community liaison group to enable relevant and
timely information to be distributed in the community and key stakeholders (such as police, emergency
services etc.) and through key tourism channels. A dedicated person will be appointed to coordinate
ongoing community and business liaison.
The facility manager will develop an induction program for project workers to enable a level of integration
with the local community. As part of this induction, workers will be briefed on the behaviour expected of
workers and explore the ideas of a code of conduct for employees as part of their conditions for work.
Anti-social behaviour will be closely monitored and strict rules established for worker behaviour.
With appropriate and proactive engagement of the local community, and clear limits on acceptable
behaviour for the construction workforce, overall impacts relating to social interaction are considered to
be major, purely as a result of the proportion of the workforce in relation to local population during the
peak 12 months of construction activity. Impacts will be moderate for the balance of the construction
period.
Impact on Services
The increased construction workforce will have an impact on services within the local community,
particularly George Town. Whilst all food, laundry, alcohol and many entertainment requirements will be
met at the accommodation facility, demand for these and other services, either directly or indirectly, will
increase. Likely services affected will include:
Medical - primarily demand for emergency service. Anecdotal information from other industrial
projects in George Town and elsewhere suggests that the workforce will seek routine medical advice
from their regular GP. The out-of-town workforce will also typically young, healthy males with few
medical complaints. Recent major industrial developments locally have not resulted in significant
additional emergency medical demands, suggesting that workplace safety is now paramount and
risks to workers minimal. Recent upgrade to George Town Hospital also means that it is well
established to deal with potential construction phase issues. The ambulance service is also able to
deal with most instances. A key demand may be workers seeking initial medical check-ups before
commencing work on site. This could place demand on current medical staff. Additional medical staff
may therefore be required to cater for such demand. Gunns and the facility manager will Involve local
and regional emergency service providers in the early development of the Emergency Management
Plan for the project and explore issues in relation to a site visit for emergency personnel to familiarise
themselves with the project and equipment or training needs for specific emergency response
conditions.
Recreational facilities it is likely that longer stay workers may wish to participate in local sporting
activities. This may included weekend competition fixtures (football, tennis, cricket, etc.) or on an ad-
hoc basis. Additional interest may result in over demand of facilities.
Law enforcement there will likely be pressure on law enforcement particularly concerning evening
entertainment outside the accommodation facility and traffic management. Some of this pressure will
be to satisfy local perception rather than driven by unacceptable behaviour.
Schools and childcare whilst the majority of workers will be single or without their families, some
workers may bring their families with them for the duration of the contract. Some of these families will
require schooling and childcare. Estimating the demand for these services is purely speculative and

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difficult to plan. It is considered that additional demand for schooling and childcare will not be
significant.
Retail outlets whilst many retail requirements will be available within the accommodation facility, a
significant proportion of workers will be sourcing food, clothing and other necessities direct from local
retail outlets. Residents at the accommodation facility will also source material from outside the facility
on a regular basis. George Town is well serviced with major supermarket, hardware, clothing and
variety stores, as well as a number of food outlets. Additional demands are unlikely to be outside the
capacity of the existing retail outlets, although additional staffing may be required.
Whilst there will inevitably be increased demand on services in George Town in particular, the town has
a well-established service base with capacity for expansion if required. Proactive pre-planning prior to
commissioning the workers accommodation facility will allow many of these issues to be suitably
addressed. Services can also readily be sought in Launceston (approximately 30 minutes drive away) if
not available locally.
Where synergies exist with operational phase affects (such as the requirement for an additional GP),
such services should commence during the construction phase to satisfy both requirements.
The increased construction workforce will create an increased demand for services. This demand can be
managed in part by engaging with all sectors of the local community to plan for such needs prior to
commissioning of the accommodation facility. Overall, with the implementation of appropriate planning
strategies, impacts on services are considered moderate.
Increase Employment Opportunities

Northern Tasmanian employment impacts in 2008 are expected to be in the order of 2,046 jobs (9.2 per
cent increase in total hours worked) both direct and indirect (Allens, 2006). George Town currently has
an estimated unemployment rate of 7.9 % in March 2006. West Tamar municipality had an estimated
unemployment rate of 4.5 % and Launceston 5.6 %.
There exists the opportunity for both skilled and unskilled local workers to obtain employment during the
construction phase, either directly or indirectly because of the project. Some people will choose to
change employment, to enter or re-enter the workforce while others will seek training opportunities which
will be offered.
The net outcome is that more people will have the opportunity to gain work than currently work, and
some will choose to improve their employment conditions, if only for the short-term construction phase.
The consequence of this is likely to include:

Higher income levels within the community;
Improved educational opportunities as a result of project training and subsequent improved
employment prospects once construction is complete; and
Improved health because of improved income levels.
Overall, benefits to employment opportunities will be major on a regional basis and moderate on a state
basis.

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Impacts on environmental qualities have been identified for the project primarily as a result of
construction activities. These qualities affected include:
Noise;
Flora and fauna;
Air quality (dust and vehicle emissions);
Aquatic environments;
Landscape; and
Aboriginal and historic heritage.
Impacts on each are summarised below.
Noise
Noise impact has been discussed above.
Overall, construction noise is considered to result in a moderate negative impact.
Flora and Fauna

Flora and fauna impact were identified in relation to the pulp mill site and associated infrastructure. Major
and moderate impacts were identified, primarily in relation to impacts on threatened species or
vegetation communities. From a social perspective, such impacts must be considered minor as there is
no public access to these sites and as such, no public values existed for these elements. The intrinsic
value of these sites in a local or regional context is not considered significant given that such habitats are
well represented locally, particularly the mill site which forms part of a significant area covering the
Tippogoree Hills.
Overall, impacts on flora and fauna from a social perspective are considered minor.
Air Quality
Dust and vehicle emissions during construction were modelled and assessed. Dust impacts on the
nearest sensitive receptors are well below State guideline values. There will be a minor increase in
vehicle emissions because of additional vehicle use on the main road networks.
Overall, impacts on air quality are considered minor.
Aquatic Environments
Potential impacts on aquatic environments during construction primarily relate to sediment and erosion or
accidental releases of pollutants such as fuels. Both issues will be managed through implementation of a
Construction Environmental Management Plan which will be developed by the construction contractor
and approved by DTAE.
Overall, impacts on aquatic environments are considered minor.

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Landscape
Construction activities will affect landscape (or visual impacts) for the pulp mill site and pipeline corridors
in particular.
The location of the pulp mill is consistent with the existing industrial land uses within the Bell Bay Industry
Zone on the eastern banks of the Tamar River. The scale of the pulp mill and its elevated location does
however result in visual impacts of varying magnitude over a wide area. The mill will be visible from most
areas on the Rowella peninsula, Beauty Point, Port of Launceston, Bell Bay Industrial Estate, the highest
elevated areas in Beaconsfield and George Town.
Those viewers within 2 kilometres of the mill site, particularly those directly opposite on the Rowella
peninsula, will experience high visual impact, with the mill occupying up to 65 of the centre field of view
and elevated above the viewing location. Management strategies will not significantly reduce this impact.
The mill will become less prominent in the landscape the further away the viewer is located. The majority
of residences and businesses on the Rowella peninsula will experience a moderate visual impact from
the built structure. Some of this impact can be reduced though management strategies.
Motorists travelling to or from George Town along the East Tamar Highway will experience high visual
impact due to the proximity and scale of the development, but only in areas immediately adjacent to the
site and where screening vegetation is not adequate to reduce visual impacts significantly.
All other potential viewers will experience low visual impact, primarily because of separation distances
but also because the mill will be compatible with surrounding industrial land uses and there will be
continuity of context when viewed from areas such as Beauty Point, Port of Launceston or Beaconsfield.
Overall, the pulp mill is considered to have a moderate visual impact, whilst recognising there are some
specific locations which will have a high visual impact. Clearing for the water supply and effluent
pipelines will have localised impacts in places. Overall, such impacts are considered minor.
Aboriginal and Historical Heritage

Aboriginal heritage sites have been identified within the pulp mill site and along pipeline corridors. Based
on consultation with the Aboriginal Heritage Office (DTAE), the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea
Council and Office of Aboriginal Affairs assessment of impacts and management strategies were
identified. With the implementation of these strategies, impacts are considered minor.
Several historic heritage sites were found on the pulp mill site. One of the sites is considered of state
significance. None of these sites will be directly impacted by the project. The historic heritage sites will be
incorporated into a reserve system to be established on the pulp mill site. Impacts on sites of historic
heritage are considered minor.
Overall impacts on Aboriginal and historic heritage sites are considered minor.
Economic Benefit to the Local and Tasmanian Economy

The construction the pulp mill will have a significant positive economic benefit to the local, regional, state
and national economies. Benefits to the local communities and Tasmania generally include:
An additional 3,400 jobs in Tasmania during the construction phase;

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An increase in transport road freight output of $14m in 2008. Tasmanian basic chemical industries will
grow by $8m by 2030;
Additional expenditure on the local economy of $39m by the construction workforce;
Increased impacts on trade and accommodation section of $98m in 2008; and
Gunns will implement a number of management strategies including:
A construction phase management plan to address potential negative impacts from the construction
workforce in George Town;
The workers accommodation facility at George Town;
Workforce training initiatives; and
sourcing employment and services preferentially in Tasmania.
It is envisaged that the local services required by the residents will include (but not be limited to):
Hairdressing;
Taxis;
Personal training;
Tutoring;
Mechanics;
Panel beating;
Travel consultation;
Fast food delivery;
Storage;
DVD/video/music rental service;
Pharmacy;
Sports;
Banking;
Tourist venues; and
Events.
These services will be opportunities for existing and new businesses to take up temporary high demand
created by the accommodation facility in its operational phase.
It is also predicted that the following products will be in high demand:

Snack foods;
Fast foods;
Groceries;
Fuel;

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Cigarettes;
Alcohol; and
DVDs.
The operation of the facility will rely on up to 78 staff members. The facility operator will be responsible
for staff provision, and therefore the actual figures could be different from these estimates. The following
breakdown has been used to predict what the staffing requirements are likely to be:
Administration 8
Housekeeping 15
Wet recreation 7
Kitchen 40
Security 8
An accommodation facility of this nature may require a range of services that cannot be facilitated on-
site. Contractual arrangements may be entered into with an operator to provide service delivery. The
required services will include (but not be limited to):
Employment agencies for staff;
Linen laundering;
Laundering service for residents;
Security;
Supply of alcohol;
Sanitary napkin disposal;
Refuse;
Shuttle service;
Essential Services Maintenance;
Food prep services; and
Supply of food.
Overall, the project is considered to have a major positive impact on the local, regional and Tasmanian
economy. The project is considered to have a minor positive benefit to the Australian economy.
7.8.4 Operational Impacts
Pulp Mill Operational Noise

Modelled results suggest that the pulp mill operated alone should not exceed operational noise goals.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
For operation of both the pulp mill and woodchip mills, noise mitigation scenarios were modelled to
ascertain whether the project specific noise levels could be met with new attenuation measures on the
woodchip mills. Results of the mitigated model scenarios suggest these conditions can be met at all
residences during daytime periods with the implementation of acoustic attenuation.
With a noise management strategy and attenuation measures outlined in this assessment, it is believed
noise emanating from the pulp and chip mill can be significantly mitigated and potentially meet the
project specific construction and operational noise goals.
Based on the implementation of management strategies on the woodchip mills, the impact on the noise
environment is considered minor overall.
Visual Impact
In addition to the visual impacts described during the construction phase, a wider area will be able to
view the steam plume from the stack, subject to weather conditions.
The majority of residences and businesses on the Rowella peninsula will experience a moderate visual
impact from the built structure, elevated to high when the steam plume is considered.
Motorists travelling to or from George Town along the East Tamar Highway will experience high visual
impact due to the proximity and scale of the development, but only in areas immediately adjacent to the
site and where screening vegetation is not adequate to reduce visual impacts significantly. The plume
will be visible from significant distances, particularly when it is located in the direction of travel.
All other potential viewers will experience low visual impact, primarily because of separation distances
but also because the mill will be compatible with surrounding industrial land uses and there will be
continuity of context when viewed from areas such as Beauty Point, Port of Launceston or Beaconsfield.
Management strategies detailed above will further reduce those impacts.
Overall, the project is considered to have a moderate visual impact, whilst recognising there are some
specific locations which will have a high visual impact.
Increase Employment Opportunities

The Northern Tasmanian region would see an expected increase of 1,332 jobs (4.4 per cent increase in
total hours worked) relative to the base case. Gunns expect to source the majority of the operational
workforce of 292 from Tasmania. Many additional indirect employment opportunities will be created.
Benefits to the local community will be similar to those discussed for the construction phase.
Overall, benefits to employment opportunities will be major on a regional basis and moderate on a state
basis.
Economic Benefit to the Local and Tasmanian Economy

The operation of the pulp mill will have a significant positive economic benefit to the local, regional, state
and national economies. Benefits to the local communities and Tasmania generally include:
On average, an additional 1,617 jobs during operation to a peak of about 2,000 jobs by 2030;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Development of training courses with TAFE and other institutes for accelerated training programs to
address skills shortages. Of the 292 operational jobs, 60% will require additional training;
A redistribution of an additional $424m in GST revenue to Tasmania from 2008 to 2030. For all
Australian Governments (state and national) nearly $1b in increased in tax revenue will be generated
between 2008 2030;
Operation road freight output will grow to $15m by 2030;
Tasmanian basic chemical industries will grow by $8m by 2030;
Increased impacts on trade and accommodation growing to $58m during operation; and
Overall, the project is considered to have a major positive impact on the Tasmanian economy. The
project is considered to have a minor positive benefit to the Australian economy.
7.9 Summary of Impacts

Table 161 details a summary of social impacts from the construction and operational phases of the
project.
Table 161: Summary of Social Impacts
Phase Impact Impact Rating
Construction
Pulp mill construction noise Moderate negative impact
Construction workforce and accommodation facility
Accommodation Major negative impact
Social Interaction Major negative impact
Impact on Services Moderate negative impact
Increased employment opportunities Major positive impact
Environmental qualities
Noise Moderate negative impact
Flora and fauna Minor negative impact
Air quality (dust and vehicle emissions) Minor negative impact
Aquatic environments Minor negative impact
Landscape Moderate negative impact
Aboriginal and historic heritage Minor negative impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Economic benefit to the local and Tasmanian economy Major positive impact
Operation
Pulp mill operational noise Minor negative impact
Visual impact Moderate negative impact
Increased employment opportunities Major positive impact
Economic benefit to the local and Tasmanian economy Major positive impact
7.10 Mitigation Measures

A detailed list of mitigation responses provided in the Social Impact Assessment and technical reports in
provided in Appendix 10, Volume 8. Key strategies are listed below.
Table 162: Mitigation Measures
Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
Construction Phase
Social and Community Management plan for limiting the impact of the influx of persons into the George Town
precinct.
Gunns has planned for the construction of accommodation facilities to house up to 800
workers if required to ameliorate these potential effects
Establish a community liaison group with local community and stakeholders
An emergency management and site safety plan will be prepared prior to facility
operation. The plan will integrate with other local and regional emergency response plans
and procedures.
Close consultation with local landowners at Rowella
Gunns will preferentially source labour and services in Tasmania
Environmental A Construction Environmental Management Plan will be developed in conjunction with

DPIW and DTAE to mitigate impacts during construction. Subplans will include:
Sediment and Erosion Control Plan
Rehabilitation Plan
Fire Management Strategy
Fauna Management Plan
Vegetation Management Plan
Traffic Management Plan
Waste Management Plan
Noise Management Strategy
Landscaping management Plan
Cultural Heritage Management Plan
Construction Traffic Management Plan
Remediation and Revegetation Plan for coast crossing for ocean outfall

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Noise Control of noisy construction activities including timing of blasting, location of noisy
equipment (crushers, batching plants)
Air Quality Dust management strategies

Flora and Fauna Gunns proposes to establish a compensatory offset for listed vegetation communities by
reserve and covenant (on title) from within the Gunns estate in the northeast region of
Tasmania, as close as practical to the pulp mill site.
Gunns plans to establish a network of reserves at the pulp mill site, which will incorporate
approximately 150 ha of native vegetation within the Mill site itself and in adjoining areas.
A Rehabilitation Management Plan will be developed for the landfill and quarry prior to
construction.
A Restoration and Revegetation management Plan will be developed for the shore
crossing for the effluent pipeline outfall at Four Mile Beach.
Aboriginal and Historic Preparation of a Cultural Heritage Management Plan on consultation with Tasmanian
Aboriginal Land and Sea Council and relevant Heritage Agencies.
Heritage
Developing protection and exclusion zones around key sites
Inclusion of key sites in the pulp mill reserve
Operation Phase
Technology Gunns will employ Best Available Technology in the design of the pulp mill
Gunns will comply with the Recommended Environmental Emission Limit Guidelines for
any New Bleached Eucalypt Kraft Pulp Mill in Tasmania Volume 2. The pulp mill will
also comply with all international environmental guidelines for modern bleached Kraft pulp
mills.
The bleaching technology will be elemental chlorine free (ECF) which uses chlorine
dioxide.
The pulp mill will be designed to comply with the Emission Guidelines
Gunns has committed to adopting new BAT if it is economic to do so, and the plant
proposed as part of this project will be capable of adaptation in the future.
Wood Supply The pulp mill will not result in any changes to forest access or intensification of forestry
operations.
No old growth pulpwood, as defined by the Tasmania Regional Forest Agreement (RFA),
will be used in the mill.
The wood supply for the pulp mill will be secured from forest managed in accordance with
the RFA (for so long as that Agreement or any reviewed, extended or replacement
Agreement or other instrument remains in force) and the Forestry Practices Act 1985 (or
any amending or replacement Act that regulates the forest industry in Tasmania).
The level of timber production from native forests is not expected to intensify, nor are the
areas of native forest available for timber production expected to increase, because of the
pulp mill.
Air Quality Use of BAT in emission control
Collection and incineration of concentrated and diluted malodorous gases and control of
the resulting SO2 emissions.
Water Quality First flush and contaminated stormwater treated in the effluent treatment plant. Release
to Tamar River during greater than 1 in 10 year storm event.
No effluent will be released into the Tamar River
Blasting is not required for construction of the wharf facility
Environmental flows into Cataract Gorge will not be reduced
Secondary treatment of pulp mill effluent before discharge

Effluent treatment will meet Emission Guidelines

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Transport Gunns preferred operation of the pulp mill proposes to utilise the rail transport network as
a method of freighting resources to the pulp mill
Undertake detailed traffic impact assessment to determine appropriate access locations
and traffic distribution for workers accommodation facility.
Undertake appropriate traffic management measures in George Town area to
accommodate general increase in traffic.
Environmental Controls All storage and process facilities at the chemical plant will be constructed maintained, and
operated in accordance with all relevant Australian chemical safety standards.
The handling of chemicals will comply with the Dangerous Substances (Safe Handling)
Act 2005, the Dangerous Substances (Safe Transport) Act 1998, and the Dangerous
Goods (Road and Rail Transport) Regulations 1998.
Gunns will extend their EMS certification to include its pulp mill processing operations.
As part of the Gunns Safety Health Environment and Quality Management System, an
environmental audit of the project on a 6 monthly basis will also be undertaken.
7.11 Conclusions
It is apparent that Tasmanians believe there are both positive and negative aspects of Bell Bay pulp mill
proposal. From the research and consultation activities undertaken, it is apparent that there are two
major perceived social impacts. Broadly speaking, the most positive aspect of the project is perceived to
be its potential to stimulate economic growth and employment opportunities. The most negative aspect of
the project is perceived to be its potential environmental effects. Support for the project is greatest within
the local community, although the levels of support for the pulp mill and for Gunns are lower across the
State as a whole.
Technical studies have identified a different set of impacts. Economic benefits and employment
opportunities are recognised as being a major positive benefit from the project, while noise and the
workers accommodation facility are considered the major social impacts.
Table 14 lists the perceived and technical impacts, prepared based on the consultation and research
undertaken by GHD, during and after the construction of the pulp mill. It must be noted when reviewing
these tables that while interviewees raised various environmental issues and concerns about the pulp
mill, they did not have the benefit of reviewing and understanding the technical studies being conducted
for the purpose of preparing the Draft IIS. Furthermore, community divisions on a project tend to be
greatest during the environmental impact assessment process. If the integrated impact assessment of
the pulp mill demonstrates that the environmental issues are not significant or can be managed in a way
to limit the environmental impacts of the pulp mill to acceptable levels, there should be no long-term
social ramifications of these environmental issues.
It is not possible to directly compare positive and negative social impacts in any quantified sense and
balance one against another. Conclusions which can however be drawn from this assessment are:
There are both positive and negative social impacts from the project.
The positive economic benefits are significant and long-term, and influence a large number of people
both directly and indirectly. The flow on from the economic benefits include improved social and
physical well-being and benefits for the majority of Tasmanians;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Construction phase negative impacts will affect a moderate number of people locally, and for a short
time. Persons affected will include some landowners closest to the pulp mill site at Rowella and those
affected by the influx of workers, primarily in George Town;
The main negative operational impacts (noise, visual impact etc.) will affect a small number of people
closest to the pulp mill site at Rowella; and
A small number of people may be subject to cumulative impacts which may result in a major negative
impact.
Table 163: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures Social
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Management Overall

Impact Impact Rating
Rating
Social
Improved economic and Major Major

physical wellbeing positive positive
impact impact
Influx of large number of Major Workers accommodation Minor positive Moderate

construction workers negative facility impact negative
impact impact
Major Workfoce management Minor positive Moderate

negative strategies impact negative
impact impact
Construction impacts at Major Construction EMP and Minor positive Moderate

Rowella negative community liasion impact negative
impact impact
Cumulative impacts Major Construction EMP and Minor positive Moderate

negative community liasion impact negative
impact impact
When assessed in this respect, the net social impact of the project is considered a major positive impact
on a state, regional and local level. A small number of individuals will experience major negative impacts,
either because of construction and/or operational impacts. Others may experience cumulative negative
impacts. Appropriate planning and consultation with the local community in particular will help mitigate
many of the negative impacts, particularly during the construction phase. A small number of individuals
will however experience significant negative impacts regardless of the strategies employed.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
8. Summary of Triple Bottom Line Assessment - Pulp
Mill
The summary tables from each element have been collated in the following table for ease of comparison.

Rating
Land Use and Planning
Inconsistencies with Minor Planning Scheme Minor positive Insignificant

subdivision approvals negative amendment impact impact
impact
To meet the requirements of Minor Environmental Minor positive Insignificant

Use and Development negative Management Plans and impact impact
Principles impact specific sub-plans such as
vegetation management,
landscaping etc.
Infrastructure and Services
Impacts on existing buildings Insignificant New buildings are Insignificant Insignificant

impact proposed for the site. impact impact
There are no impacts on
existing buildings
structures.
Increase in demand for water Moderate New raw water supply Moderate Insignificant
supply negative pipeline from Trevallyn positive impact impact
impact Dam
Increase in demand for Insignificant Independent sewerage Insignificant Insignificant

sewerage services impact treatment system impact impact
Increase in demand for power Insignificant New transmission line to Moderate Moderate
supply impact Bell Bay sub station. positive impact positive impact
Cogeneration facility as
part of the project
Increase in demand for gas Minor Utilise existing capacity in Insignificant Minor
negative gas network impact negative
impact impact
Increase in demand for Minor Utilise existing capacity in Insignificant Minor

telecommunications negative telecommunications impact negative
impact network impact
Relocation of services Minor Only require relocation of Insignificant Minor

negative transmission line to the impact negative
impact existing woodchip facility impact
Topography Climate and Meteorology
Climate change from Minor Biofuel power generation as Moderate Minor positive
Greenhouse gases negative part of pulp mill plant positive impact impact
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Air Quality
Construction Phase Dust Moderate Construction EMP which Minor negative Minor negative
Impacts negative includes details on dust impact impact
impact controls, operating
conditions, monitoring,
issues resolution and
responses
Operation Phase Air Major Use of BAT in emission Moderate Minor negative
Emissions negative control positive impact impact
impact
Operation Phase Odour Major Collection and incineration Moderate Minor negative
Emissions negative of concentrated and diluted positive impact impact
impact malodorous gases
Geology and Soils
Pulp mill design Moderate Geotechnical assessment Moderate Insignificant

negative and Acid Sulphate Soils positive impact impact
impact testing
Erosion of soils Moderate Sediment and Erosion Moderate Insignificant

negative Control Plan positive impact impact
impact
Landslip Moderate Appropriate consideration Moderate Insignificant

negative in design of banks and positive impact impact
impact batters as well as stabilising
treatments
Water quality and hydrology

Groundwater diversion and Moderate Segregated stormwater Major positive Minor positive
contamination negative system, treatment and impact impact
impact reuse of clean and
contaminated stormwater.
Moderate Sediment and Erosion Moderate Insignificant
negative Control Plan positive impact impact
impact
Moderate Spill management strategy Moderate Insignificant
negative and training, appropriate positive impact impact
impact construction and bunding of
chemical handling areas.
Construction Phase water Moderate Sediment and Erosion Moderate Insignificant
quality impacts negative Control Plan positive impact impact
impact
Moderate Water Quality Monitoring Moderate Insignificant
negative Plan positive impact impact
impact
Modification to Williams Creek Moderate Appropriate engineering Moderate Insignificant
hydrology negative design positive impact impact
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Release of contaminated Major First flush and Major positive Insignificant
stormwater negative contaminated stormwater impact impact
impact treated in the effluent
treatment plant.
Overflow stormwater only
released to surface waters
during 1 in 10 storm event.
Estuarine Ecology
Construction Phase Major Sediment and Erosion Moderate Minor negative
discharges to waterway negative Control Plan positive impact impact
impact
Major Water Quality Monitoring Moderate Minor negative
negative Plan positive impact impact
impact
Major Construction EMP Moderate Minor negative
negative positive impact impact
impact
Construction Phase Major Construction EMP Moderate Minor negative
negative positive impact impact
Accidental spills impact Chemical Spill Plan
Operational phase discharges Major Segregated stormwater Moderate Minor negative

to waterways negative system, treatment and positive impact impact
impact reuse of clean and
contaminated stormwater.
Operational phase Major Spill management strategy Moderate Minor negative
negative and training, appropriate positive impact impact
Accidental spills / failures impact construction and bunding of
chemical handling areas.
Terrestrial Flora
Loss and fragmentation of Major Minimise disturbance and Minor positive Moderate
native vegetation negative preparation of Vegetation impact negative
impact Management Plan impact
Major Offsets of 3.2 ha of Moderate Minor negative

negative Allocasuarina littoralis positive impact impact
impact forest
Major Establish a 150 ha network Moderate Minor negative

negative of reserves at the pulp mill positive impact impact
impact site
Major Rehabilitation of disturbed Minor positive Moderate

negative areas including retention of impact negative
impact seed bank impact
Loss or damage to significant Major Minimise disturbance and Minor positive Moderate
flora species negative preparation of Vegetation impact negative

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating

Spread and/or introduction of Moderate Weed management Minor positive Minor negative
weeds, pests and pathogens negative strategy and impact impact
impact
Introduction and spread of Moderate DPIW Interim Phytophthora Moderate Insignificant

Phytophthora cinnamomi negative cinnamomi Management positive impact impact
impact Guidelines
Alteration to fire and grazing Minor Fire management strategy Minor positive Insignificant
regimes negative and minimise disruption of impact impact
impact native herbivore grazing
Erosion and sediment Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

negative impact impact
impact
Impacts from dust and Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor negative
emissions negative impact impact
impact
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor negative

impact
Terrestrial Fauna
Habitat loss Major Minimise disturbance, Minor positive Moderate

negative offsets and preparation of impact negative
impact Fauna Management Plan impact
Habitat fragmentation Minor Fire management strategy Insignificant Minor negative

impact
Loss or damage to fauna Major Minimise disturbance and Minor positive Moderate
species negative preparation of Fauna impact negative
Major Timing of construction Minor positive Moderate

negative activities impact negative
impact impact
Alteration to fire regimes Minor Fire management strategy Minor positive Insignificant
negative and minimise disruption of impact impact
impact native herbivore grazing

impact
Impacts from dust, light, noise Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor negative
and emissions negative impact impact
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Reserves and Protected Areas
Impact on the values of the Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Minor negative
private reserve negative impact impact
impact
Minor Establish a 150 ha network Minor positive Minor negative

negative of reserves at the pulp mill impact impact
impact site
Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
Additional traffic generated Major Undertake detailed traffic Moderate Minor negative
from construction of workers negative impact assessment to positive impact impact
accommodation facility determine appropriate
impact access locations and traffic
distribution.
Major Undertake appropriate Moderate Minor negative

negative traffic management positive impact impact
impact measures in George Town
area to accommodate
general increase in traffic.
Short term traffic issues Moderate Prepare traffic management Minor positive Minor negative
associated with construction negative plan for construction and impact impact
of effluent pipeline impact consult with adjacent land
owners and effected
stakeholders.
New permanent intersection Moderate Comply with Forest Minor positive Minor negative
on East Tamar Highway for negative Practices Code 2000 and impact impact
quarry, landfill and water impact monitor traffic operations
storage reservoir and during the early stages of
temporary access roads for the development to
pulp mill evaluate and amend
trucking operations if
required.
Reduction of LOS of existing Moderate Modify junction to Minor positive Minor negative
Gunns access to pulp mill site negative Austroads Type C with impact impact
during construction impact extended left turn lane exit.
Moderate Monitor traffic operations Minor positive Minor negative

negative during early stages to impact impact
impact evaluate and amend if
necessary

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Moderate Conduct road corridor Minor positive Minor negative

negative review to determine impact impact
impact additional construction
warning signage
requirements, and identify
existing road safety
deficiencies with road.
Decreased traffic on identified Minor Minor positive

road corridors positive impact
impact
Decreased log truck VKT on Moderate Moderate

Tasmanian road network due positive positive impact
to utilisation of rail compared impact
to the future base case
Increased log truck traffic on Moderate Prepare detailed route Minor positive Minor negative
Frankford Main Road if rail is negative corridor assessment to impact impact
not utilised impact ensure traffic management
along corridor is adequate
Increase in rail freight Minor Monitor all rail level Minor positive Insignificant
movements resulting from the negative crossings on haulage impact impact
use of rail impact routes for safety and
ensure rail infrastructure is
in an adequate and
serviceable state.
Road pavement deterioration Moderate Monitor roads with Minor positive Minor negative
arising from increased log negative identified increased log impact impact
truck activity impact truck and heavy vehicle
traffic movements and
upgrade as necessary
Wharf Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
Increased operational, Moderate Wharf design, Minor positive Minor negative

accidental and physical negative environmental management impact Impact
hazards as a result of Impact systems, spill controls and
additional shipping training
Waste Management
Waste generation and Moderate Waste Management Plan Minor positive Minor negative
minimisation negative construction phase impact impact
impact
Moderate Reuse opportunities Minor positive Minor negative

impact
Noise
Construction Noise Major Environmental Minor positive Moderate

negative Management Plan impact negative
impact impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Operational Noise Pulp Mill Moderate Noise Management Minor positive Minor negative
negative Strategy impact impact
impact
Operational Noise Major Noise Management Minor positive Moderate

Woodchip Mill negative Strategy impact negative
impact impact
Major Attenuation of existing Major positive Minor negative

negative chippers impact impact
impact
Vibration
Vibration Impacts Minor Environmental Minor positive Insignificant

negative Management Plan impact impact
impact
Vibration impact on structures Minor Detailed Blasting Risk Minor positive Insignificant
negative Assessment impact impact
impact
Vibration impacts on Minor Detailed Blasting Risk Minor positive Insignificant

aquaculture negative Assessment impact impact
impact
Visual
Contrast with the vegetated Major Implement a colour scheme Minor positive Moderate
backdrop negative which minimises contrast impact negative
impact and glare impact
Major landscaping management Minor positive Moderate

negative plan impact negative
impact impact
Major Minimise loss of screening Minor positive Moderate

negative vegetation especially on the impact negative
impact East Tamar Highway impact
Major Screening vegetation for Minor positive Moderate

negative key affected landholders impact negative
impact impact
Lighting Moderate Minimise light spill as per Minor positive Minor negative
negative Australian Standards impact impact
impact
Heritage
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Cultural Heritage Minor positive Minor negative

Heritage Sites negative Management Plan impact impact
impact
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Proposed reserve system Minor positive Minor negative
Sites TASI 9903 negative impact impact
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Further archaeological test- Minor positive Minor negative
Sites TASI 9896 (part) negative excavation impact impact
impact
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Application to re-locate the Minor positive Minor negative
Sites TASI 9905 negative artefacts impact impact
impact
Disturbance to Historic Moderate Flagging and exclusion Minor positive Minor negative
Heritage sites negative zone impact impact
impact
Moderate Cultural Heritage Minor positive Minor negative

impact
Insignificant Inclusion in reserve system Major positive Major positive

impact impact impact
Odour
Odour and Amenity effects Moderate BAT odour management as Moderate Insignificant
negative specified in Volume 1 positive impact impact
impact Section 6 of the Draft IIS
Moderate Difuse odour monitoring Moderate Insignificant

negative and community consultation positive impact impact
impact
Health
Direct chronic health effects Major BAT Emission controls as Moderate Minor negative
Health effects for the Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant
Launceston area negative specified in Volume 1 positive impact impact
Health effects from Dioxins Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant
Health effects from secondary Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant
exposure pathways negative specified in Volume 1 positive impact impact
Odour and Amenity effects Moderate BAT odour management as Moderate Insignificant
impact Section 6 of the Draft II
Greenhouse and Ozone Depleting Substances
CO2 Generation Moderate Cogeneration plant Major positive Minor positive

impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Transport Greenhouse Moderate Utilisation of Rail Transport Moderate Insignificant

Emissions negative positive impact impact
impact
Ozone Depleting Substances Insignificant Will not use ozone Insignificant Insignificant
impact depleting substances impact impact
Economic
Economic benefit to the Major Major positive

Tasmanian and Australian positive impact
economies impact
Accommodation pressure in Major Workers accommodation Minor positive Moderate

George Town negative facility impact negative
impact impact
Skill shortages for mill Moderate Training initiatives Major positive Minor positive
operators negative impact impact
impact
Employment opportunities Minor Preferential sourcing of Major positive Moderate

negative skills and services within impact positive impact
impact Tasmania
Social
Improved economic and Major Major positive

physical wellbeing positive impact
impact
Influx of large number of Major Workers accommodation Minor positive Moderate

construction workers negative facility impact negative
impact impact
Major Workfoce management Minor positive Moderate

negative strategies impact negative
impact impact
Construction impacts at Major Construction EMP and Minor positive Moderate

Rowella negative community liasion impact negative
impact impact
Cumulative impacts Major Construction EMP and Minor positive Moderate

negative community liasion impact negative
impact impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Wharf Facility

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
9. Description of the Proposed Wharf Facility
This chapter provides information about the potential impacts of the construction and operation of the
wharf facility. These potential impacts have been assessed using the impact assessment methodology
described in Volume 1. Details on the wharf facility design are derived from Maunsell (2005), which is in
Appendix 47, Volume 15.
9.1 Introduction
A key component of the proposal is to construct and operate a wharf facility. The proposed facility is
required to meet specific design criteria to facilitate the most cost effective method proposed for pulp
storage, handling and dispatch to market.
The proposed wharf will be situated on the Tamar River adjacent to the pulp mill. The facility will be
located on the east bank of the Tamar River, north of Dirty Bay and south of Big Bay in Long Reach
(Figure 9-1).
9.2 Infrastructure and Services
9.2.1 Wharf Infrastructure
The wharf facility has a service life of 50 years and will be designed, constructed and operated to
accommodate:
mooring of purpose built pulp freighters with capacity of up to 65,000 dead weight tonnage (dwt) and
a range of general cargo and container carriers with capacity of up to 50,000 dwt (Table 9.1);
dispatch and transport of pulp product from the warehouse/terminal using 64 tonne pay load flat deck
tractor trailers along side of the berthed self loading vessels;
receipt and handling of heavy plant and equipment for the pulp mill during the construction period;
and
receipt and handling of equipment by mobile cranes (one 400 tonne mobile crane and two 100 tonne
mobile cranes) required for ongoing pulp mill operations on a periodic basis. The facility will also be
able to accommodate a portainer crane as an option.
These requirements will be satisfied with the following proposed wharf specifications:
Loading quay (wharf deck) is 224m long;
Wharf deck level of RL+5m;
Depth along berthing face to allow for vessel draft of 13m;
The width of the quay allows tractor trailers to pass each other. The adopted width of the quay is 20m;
The width of the approach trestles is 10m; and
Heavy lift bay to facilitate operation of mobile cranes as required.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The facility is required to cater for Open Hatch Bulk Carriers (OHBC), Container vessels and Gearbulk
vessels (General Cargo vessels). In addition to these, the facility is also required to accommodate
barges. Details of the vessels considered in the design are noted below:
Table 164: Size Class Vessels to Use the Proposed Wharf Facility
Type Max Vessel Min Vessel Barge Barge
OHBC Gearbulk Vessel Heavy Plant Bell Bay Port No 4

and Equipment Barge
Star O Class
Dead Weight Tonnage 65,000 t 5,000 - 50,000 t - -

(dwt)
Length OA 230 m 105 m 230 m 50 m 24.4 m
Beam 32.26 m 15.8 m - 32 m 15 m 7.8 m
Laden Draught 12.02 m 6.4 m -12 m 3m 1.66 m
Laden Freeboard 4.5 m 2.7 m 4.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
Source: Maunsell Aecom, 2005.
The proposed wharf (Figure 9-1) will extend into the Tamar River approximately 185 m from the high tide
mark. This is necessary to achieve the required draft of RL -13 m. Situating the wharf at this location
prevents the need for dredging that would otherwise be necessary to accommodate the required draft of
the OHBC Star O Class and Gearbulk vessels at berth (Figure 9-2). Photographic Sheet 9-1 shows
typical shipping configuration for loading such vessels.
It is anticipated that maintenance dredging of the deep - water berth will not be required throughout the
life of the facility.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
FOR INFORMATION ONLY
GUNNS LIMITED Figure 9-1

FOR INFORMATION ONLY
GUNNS LIMITED Figure 9-2

Photographic Sheet 9-1. OHBC Star OClass vessel loading
9.2.2 Ship Loading
The design vessel (OHBC) is self loading and will not be moved during loading. The vessel includes two
overhead gantries that may load the ship simultaneously.
Based on a laden draft of 12.02m, it is proposed that a minimum underkeel clearance of 1m be adopted.
A minimum of 13m depth for the maximum design vessel will thus be required below lowest astronomical
tide (LAT): thus the seabed level adjacent to the wharf face is to be RL-13m or lower.
9.2.3 Pulp Storage Warehouse
The primary building constructed in association with the wharf facility is the proposed pulp storage
warehouse. This facility will be 14.0 metres high, will have a floor space of 20,000 m2, and, once
completed, up to 50,000 tonne of pulp will be stored here prior to dispatch to market. This facility will be
designed to maximise materials storage, handling and dispatch efficiency from the warehouse to the
loading gantry.
The building will be founded on reinforced cast-in-situ concrete foundations on ground. The floor slabs
will be power floated and treated with protective coating as required.
The lightweight roof structures will be constructed of galvanized anti condensate profiled steel sheets on
the galvanized roof purlins.
Storage will be ventilated by natural ventilation consisting of ridge ventilators and wall mounted grilled
openings.
The lower parts of the external walls will be constructed of block work or prefabricated concrete panels.
The upper parts of the external walls will be built using:

Galvanized structural steel z-purlins fixed to the columns; and
Vertical profiled, PVF2 finished, steel sheeting according to the detailed design.
9.2.4 Design Loads
Cargo
The OHBC and Gearbulk vessels will carry pulp stacks, organised into 32 tonne units. It is anticipated
that the units will be stacked and stored in a warehouse adjacent to the wharf. The stacking of units will
be carried out using forklifts, and transportation of pulp to the wharf/terminal will be by tractors and
trailers.
Terminal Tractor and Trailer Loads

Terminal tractors and trailers will be loaded such that the maximum total combined load of a single
tractor trailer will be 90 to 100 tonnes. The trailers will be approximately 3.6 m wide, have three axles
and be designed to support 64 tonnes (2 pulp units). The terminal tractor trailers will be similar to the
Kalmar terminal tractor trailers, used in Australian ports.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The terminal export operations considered involve the continuous shuttling of pulp units to the wharf
where they are loaded onto the vessel by the ships gear.
Other Material Loads

Salt will be unloaded from the Gearbulk vessels and either unloaded into truck loading hoppers or placed
directly on the deck by retrieval by front end loaders into trucks.
Measures will be required to address potential structure durability issues that will arise from this
operation.
Cranes
The wharf site will be used as a staging point for the importation of select equipment during the
construction of the new pulp mill. The size of some of this equipment impedes its transportation by road,
and the new wharf will therefore receive such items. It is expected that this gear will be brought onto site
by barge and unloaded off the barge at the wharf with the use of mobile cranes. Mobile cranes will also
be used for the occasional unloading of heavy cargo from vessels once the wharf is operational.
Allowance has been made for a heavy lift bay to facilitate the operation of these mobile cranes.
Wharf and storage warehouse construction

Construction of the proposed wharf facility will be a staged process over a 14-month period, which will
commence immediately after receipt of project approval. A preliminary design feasibility study
undertaken by Maunsell Aecom (2005) indicates that the preferred option is a piled deck with approach
bridges.
This option comprises a complete suspended structure on piles and two mooring dolphins. The
suspended structure consists of two approach trestles each approximately 10 metres wide and 95
metres long and a wharf deck, 20 metres wide and 224 metres long respectively. Generally, this
suspended structure consists of an in-situ reinforced concrete deck on prestressed concrete planks
supported by precast concrete headstocks.
The facilitys mooring dolphins (approximately 4 metres x 4 metres in dimension and supported on piles)
will be positioned upstream and downstream of the wharf deck with an offset of approximately 30 metres
from the approach trestles and a setback of 10 metres from the berthing face. Catwalks will provide
access to the dolphins.
A site specific geotechnical investigation has been undertaken for the proposed wharf facility. The
geotechnical investigation has discovered considerable depth of sediments (up to 40m) overlying dolerite
rock.
Pile size and pile bent spacings for the wharf were adopted after consideration of the geotechnical
conditions encountered on-site. Steel tubular piles 760 mm diameter with bent spacings reduced to 6 m
will be used. The total thickness of the deck will be 450 mm.
It is estimated that completion of bulk earthworks activities associated with the construction of the
storage warehouse will occur within five months of commencement. Within twelve months into the overall
project 26-month construction period, sections of the wharf will be completed to enable receipt of heavy

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
lift plant and equipment required for the construction of the pulp mill. This equipment will be transported
from the wharf to the pulp mill construction site.
Plant and equipment deployed on-site during the wharf construction will include dump trucks, bulldozers,
excavators, vibrating rollers, pile drivers, drilling rigs, barges, tenders, concrete pumps, mobile cranes
and concrete trucks.
9.2.5 Services
Water Supply
Potable water will be provided on the wharf. A non-potable water main will also be installed on the wharf
for deck and hopper wash down and fire fighting. An approved (by the Fire Brigade) 150 diameter main,
will need to be provided with hydrants at 60m centres for adequate coverage. Both potable and non-
potable water services on the wharf will be connected to water mains on land.
Sewerage
Domestic sewerage facilities will be required at the wharf facility. This service will be integrated into the
proposed sewer system associated with the pulp mill.
Lighting
General operational lighting on wharf for trucking operations and on mooring dolphins for line handling
will be required. For the purposes of reducing potential impact on neighbouring properties, lighting will
be baffled as required. Cope lighting will also be provided along the berthing face of the wharf.
Electricity
General power will be provided on the wharf. General Purpose Outlets (GPOs) will be positioned along
the wharf approximately every 40 metres.
Stormwater
Kerb and guttering will be provided and a stormwater system will be provided to drain the facility. The
stormwater system will comprise stormwater pits on the working platform and approach trestles which
will drain into Gross Pollutant Traps (GPT) installed on the wharf (suspended off the deck) or installed on
land. The water is subsequently pumped to the effluent treatment plant.
Natural Gas
Natural gas will not be required at this facility.
Telecommunications
Telecommunications services will be installed in the warehouse and at other locations on the wharf
facility as required.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
9.2.6 Containment of Hazardous Materials
Hazardous materials including liquid caustic soda, sulphuric acid bullets, and salt will be handled in a
specified bunded area on the wharf. The bunded areas will drain into a GPT through valves, installed on
the deck, which will be open when chemicals and other hazardous materials are not being handled. At
times when chemicals are being handled, these valves will be locked shut to guard against the possibility
of a spill into the stormwater system and to contain the spill in the bund.
Pipework will be provided on the wharf to allow for the pumping of caustic soda from the vessel to a tank
and transfer pump on the reclaimed land. The caustic transfer pipe outside the bunded area will be
installed inside a second outer pipe for safety and for containment of any leak should this occur.
Potable water will be provided on the wharf for a safety shower and eyewash for emergency washdown.
Salt handling operations will occur on the wharf and run off from this area will be through the stormwater
system into a GPT as for normal stormwater.
9.3 Design Options
9.3.1 Portainer Crane Option
Containers may also be utilised in the future for the transportation of pulp and, as a result, a portainer
crane option has been considered. The portainer crane option is based on the preferred wharf option
(piled deck with approach bridges) with additional crane beams and intermediate piles being introduced
to support crane loads and tie down. Other modifications to the preferred option include the provision of
a crane maintenance area.
For the portainer crane operation, the necessary wharf modifications are considered in two stages. Stage
1 includes works that are built into the wharf at the time of initial construction. Implementing the Stage 1
works will reduce the cost of those items that will be difficult to build into the facility at a later time. Stage
2 includes works that can be deferred until a later time without the need for significant modification of the
constructed wharf.
For the size of vessels using the facility (up to 65,000 dwt) the overall hatch coverage length is
approximately 150m. With buffers placed clear of the approach road, the coverage of the crane will be
177m (224m-20m-27m).
It is anticipated that the rail mounted ship to shore crane will be as detailed in Table 165.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 165: Typical Portainer Crane Dimensions and Loading
General Dimensions
Rail Gauge 25.4m
Length of crane between buffers 27m
Reach 40m
Distance between wheel bogie centrelines 12m
Loading
Wheels per leg 8 no.
Distance between wheels 1m
Load per wheel 60 tonnes
9.3.2 Modifications due to Portainer Crane Requirements
The modifications to the wharf facility include the addition of 2 crane beams (front and rear), extra piles to
support the crane loads and a crane maintenance area as shown in Sketch 20024505 - 007 in Appendix
47, Volume 15.
The Portainer Crane could be installed some time after commissioning of the wharf and thus only the
front crane beam will be provided in the initial construction (Stage 1). The front crane beam will be
constructed along the front row of piles, the front row piles will be 914OD.
The rear crane beam could be built as Stage 2 and prior to the commissioning of the Portainer Crane
and its construction could be carried out from the existing deck.
9.3.3 Heavy Lift Area
A heavy lift area will give greater flexibility in operation of the wharf. This heavy lift area will be used
initially for the unloading of large/heavy equipment brought by ship or barge (required for the construction
of the mill) and once the wharf is operational, be used for the occasional unloading of heavy cargo from
vessels.
The heavy lift area will consist of supplementary parallel RC beams that will be installed in the mid
section of the wharf. The heavy lift area will be located as shown in the drawings in Appendix 47,
Volume 15.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
10. Potential Environmental Impacts and Management
Measures Wharf Facility
10.1 Land Use and Planning
10.1.1 Land Use and Ownership

The wharf site encompasses both part of proposed lot 1 to be subdivided as part of the Project as well as
part of Long Reach Conservation Area along the foreshore (See Section 2.11 of this Volume 2). The
Department of Tourism, Parks, Heritage and the Arts manage the Conservation Area.
The objectives of a Conservation Area as outlined in schedule 1 of the National Parks and Reserves
Management Act 2002 includes the following objective.
(h) to provide for other commercial or industrial uses of coastal areas.
The construction and operation of the wharf facility is considered consistent with this objective.
The effect of an order declaring a project of State Significance is that the provision of any Act requiring
the approval, consent, or permission in connection with the use or development of reserved land that is
Crown land does not apply pursuant to Section 19 of the State Policies and Projects Act 1993 (Tas).
10.1.2 Planning Controls
Use, Zone and Use and Development Status

The proposed wharf will be located on land within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3) (refer to
Figure 4-1 Volume 1 of the Draft IIS).
Accordingly, the proposed wharf is an integral part of the pulp mill. Clause 2.6.1 Integral and Incidental
Use and Development of the Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme 1991 states: -
Where any proposed use or development constitutes an integral and incidental part of an
existing or proposed use, such development shall be treated as a development for that use and
similarly categorised under Part 4 of this Scheme.
As discussed in Section 2.2, the pulp mill is classified as a Heavy Industry under Part 4. The proposed
Wharf Facility will also be treated as a development for that use.
As illustrated in Figure 4-2 Volume 1 of the Draft IIS the wharf facility will be partially located on land
within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3), and partially located over the Tamar River, which is not
zoned. The proposed Heavy Industry use is Permitted Use or Development (Permit Required) under
Clause 5.9.2 of the Planning Scheme.
Despite the Use and Development status, a rezoning to maritime zone is recommended for the
provisions of the wharf facility both on land and structures over the water. This rezoning is consistent
with zoning approach adopted for other wharf facilities which service major industries within the Bell Bay
industrial area (i.e. associated with Gunns woodchip mill and Comalco).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Clause 5.9.4 of the Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme states that all other uses not listed in
5.9.2 or 5.9.3 are prohibited uses. A Heavy Industry use is not listed in 5.9.2 or 5.9.3 and is therefore a
prohibited use in the Maritime (M) zone. A site specific amendment will be required to facilitate the
proposed use, as detailed below.
An alternate approach is to separately categorise use and development of the proposed wharf facility as
either the Transport Depot or Ferry Terminal use. The definition for Ferry Terminal is:
means any land and buildings or structures erected over land or water used for the purpose of or
appurtenant to the provision of a docking facility for ships, ferries or vessels predominantly
transporting persons and motor vehicles. It includes all wharves, mooring facilities, docking
facilities, maintenance facilities, fuel storage tanks, car parks, storage areas and buildings,
marshalling areas, loading facilities, booking a reception facilities, kiosks, passenger waiting
areas appurtenant to the operation of a ferry service
The definition of a Transport Depot is:
means land or premises used for the garaging or parking of any motor vehicles or aircraft which
are used or intended to be used for carrying persons or goods for hire or reward or for any
consideration, or land or premises used for the transfer of persons and goods from such motor
vehicles or aircraft and includes maintenance and minor repairs of such vehicles or aircraft;
A Transport Depot is Discretionary within the Bell Bay Major Industrial zone and Permitted (Permit
Required) in the Maritime zone. Clause 5.9.4 of the George Town Planning Scheme states that all other
uses not listed in 5.9.2 or 5.9.3 are prohibited uses. Ferry Terminal is not listed in 5.9.2 or 5.9.3 and is
therefore a prohibited use in the IN3 zone. Within the Maritime Zone a Ferry Terminal is also a Permitted
(Permit Required) use.
The difficulty in applying the Ferry Terminal definition is that the proposed wharf facility is not
predominantly transporting persons and motor vehicles. While the definition of Transport Depot
definition includes the carrying [of] goods it does not include provision for a wharf facility.
The Municipality of George Town Draft Planning Scheme 2003 also makes provision for a Transport
Depot within the Bell Bay Development Plan to be made in accordance with the definition of a Transport
Depot and Distribution. The definition of a Transport Depot and Distribution under the Draft Scheme is:
Means use and development of land for distributing goods or passengers, it may incorporate
facilities to park and service vehicles. Examples are an airport, bus terminal, heliport, mail centre,
railway station, road or rail freight terminal, taxi depot and a wharf.
Accordingly, the preferred approach is to define the proposed wharf facility as an integral an incidental
part of the pulp mill under Clause 2.6.1 of the Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme 1991.
10.1.3 Planning Scheme Amendments
Two planning scheme amendments are proposed. Firstly, to rezone the wharf from the existing Bell Bay
Major Industrial Zone (IN3) to Maritime Zone (M). The proposed amendment provides an appropriate
planning response for the following reasons:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The rezoning of the site to the Maritime zone is consistent with existing zoning of other port facilities
which service major industries within the Bell Bay industrial area (i.e. associated with Gunns
woodchip mill and Comalco).
The site for the proposed wharf facility is located partly within an area designated as a Wharf
Development Investigation Area under the Bell Bay Development Plan, which indicates that the
development of a port facility at this location is part of overall strategic direction for the Bell Bay
industrial area. The proposal is therefore entirely consistent with the strategic directions for the Bell
Bay Major Industrial Zone set down in the Bell Bay Development Plan.
The proposed wharf facility is entirely consistent with the purpose of the Maritime Zone intent and
standards.
The proposed wharf facility, which is categorised as a Heavy Industrial use is prohibited in the Wharf
Zone. A planning scheme amendment is therefore recommended to remove this inconsistency, as
follows:
Amend Part 3 Specified Departure of Scheme by inserting after Clause 3.1.6,
10.1.4 3.1.7 On land zoned Maritime the use and development of Heavy Industry for the purposes of
a wharf facility as identified on Figure 1-3 Volume 1 of the IIS dated [#] 2006 and approved by
the Commission on [#] 2006 shall be Permitted Use or Development (No Permit Required).
Changes as a Consequence of the Long Reach Conservation Area
The area of the wharf facility that extends below the highwater mark will become Crown land under the
Crown Lands Act 1976. Unless a lease is sought that area, the managing authority would be the Crown
Land Services section of the Department of Primary Industries and Water.

The objectives of a Conservation Area as outlined in schedule 1 of the National Parks and Reserves
Management Act 2002 includes the following objective.
(h) to provide for other commercial or industrial uses of coastal areas.
The construction and operation of the wharf facility is considered consistent with this objective.
associated with infrastructure and services is provided below.

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Table 166: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures Land Use and
Planning
Rating
Inconsistencies with subdivision Minor Planning Scheme Minor positive Insignificant

approvals negative amendment impact impact
impact
To meet the requirements of Use and Minor Environmental Minor positive Insignificant
Development Principles negative Management Plans and impact impact
impact specific sub-plans such as
landscaping etc.
Overall impacts on planning and land use are considered to be insignificant.
10.2.1 Management Measures
Design, construction and operation of the wharf and associated services such as water, sewer, and
electricity will be undertaken according to industry best practice. These services will be delivered to the
wharf facility through extension of the proposed service networks from the pulp mill. As such,
management measures implemented during the installation of these services at the pulp mill will similarly
be implemented for the wharf facility.
associated with infrastructure and services is provided below.
Table 167: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures infrastructure and
services
Rating
Building and Services
Minor positive Insignificant
Increase in demand for water Minor Utilise raw water supply
impact impact
supply for washdown and fire negative
fighting purposes impact
Increase in demand for power Minor The pulp mill will be an
impact impact
supply negative electricity co-generation
impact facility

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Increase in demand for Minor Treatment through the pulp
impact impact
sewerage services negative mill effluent treatment plant
impact
Increase in demand for Minor Existing capacity available
impact impact
telecommunications negative
impact
Overall impacts on buildings and services from the wharf facility are considered to be insignificant.
10.3 Topography, Climate and Meteorology
10.3.1 Topography
Earthworks activities will be necessary to undertake required site preparation and to facilitate
construction of the warehouse facility. As such, localised alteration to the existing topography of the
proposed wharf site will occur. This will be limited to the required construction footprint that will enable
safe and efficient construction processes.
10.3.2 Climate
Construction and operation of the wharf facility is unlikely to affect local or regional climatic conditions.
10.3.3 Meteorology
Construction and operation of the wharf facility is unlikely to affect local or regional weather conditions.
Disturbance to the topography in the area will be limited to the construction footprint of the warehouse
and wharf facility.
No management measures are required for climate and meteorological conditions.
related to topography, climate and meteorology is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 168: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures topography,
climate and meteorology

Rating
Localised disturbance to the Moderate Limit disturbance to the Minor positive Minor
topography negative warehouse and wharf footprint. impact negative
impact Details to be provided in the impact
EMP
Overall Impacts on Topography Climate and Meteorology are considered to be minor.
10.4 Air Quality

The potential impacts on air quality resulting from construction and operations activities have been
grouped with potential air quality impacts of the pulp mill. Construction and operation activities of the
wharf and pulp mill will be conducted in parallel and for the purposes of a cumulative impact assessment,
air quality specifically relating to the wharf component can not be separated out.
The wharf facility is not expected to contribute major adverse emissions during construction and
operation. Minor emissions will be generated through the use of construction equipment and trucks and
ships using the wharf. Emissions from construction equipment will be temporary only. Refer to Section
4.5 of this Volume for details on the air quality assessment.
Dust will be generated during site preparation works as part of the construction phase.
Best practice methods will be implemented to prevent emissions during construction. Such methods
include:
Regular maintenance of construction equipment;
Suppress the generation of dust by using a water cart to dampen soil;
Cease works in strong wind conditions;
Cover load on haul truck;
Speed limits for on-site vehicles;
Sealed surfaces are to be kept swept of accumulated surface silt;
Unsealed haul routes will be clearly marked, maintained, and kept damp by watering with trucks and
directional cannon sprays. Vehicles will keep to designated routes.
Site managers will keep abreast of weather forecasts and make preparations at the site for the onset
of high wind frontal systems coming through the site.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Stockpiles with high silt content material will be kept damp using directional cannon sprays.
Construction staff will be proactive in notifying\eliminating visible sources of dust emissions.
related to air quality is provided below.
Table 169: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures air quality

Rating
Air Quality
Vehicular emissions Minor Regular maintenance of Minor positive Insignificant

negative construction equipment impact impact
impact
Generation of dust Moderate Construction Phase EMP Minor positive Minor

negative impact negative
impact impact
Based on the dust generation modelling undertaken in Section 4.5, impacts on air quality as a result of
the wharf construction are considered to be minor.
10.5 Geology and Soils

The preferred wharf option consists of a suspended concrete structure on piles, connected to the shore
by trestle structures. Geotechnical investigations have found consolidated sediments to depths of at least
44 m. As a consequence, friction piles will be used. Piles will be driven into deep sediments by a barge-
mounted pile-driver. No blasting will be required. Pile driving will not result in the disturbance of
significant quantities of sediment and as such, impacts will be very localised. Impacts associated with
pile driving are considered minor.
The land reclamation and earthworks associated with creating a construction pad for the warehouse
offers a potentially higher risk for estuarine impacts. An area of approximately 100 m by 300 m will be
reclaimed. The footprint of this area is approximately 20 m above the low water mark so as to minimise
disturbances to the estuarine systems.
Ground disturbances will occur during site preparation works including clearance of vegetation, cut and
fill activities and the creation of stockpiles. Exposed onshore surfaces will be susceptible to wind and
water erosion. This may result in a loss of soil particularly during rainfall events and create the potential
for particulate matter to enter the Tamar River. Effective management procedures will be implemented to
prevent sediment entering the water.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Construction plant and equipment will contribute to the compaction of the soil, particularly in areas of
high traffic movement. Compacted soil results in less water being absorbed into the soil profile and an
increase in run-off.
No geoconservation areas are listed on or surrounding the proposed development site (Parks and
Wildlife Service 2004).
The following management measures will be implemented to minimise potential impacts on soils and
geology. These management measures will be included in the Environmental Management Plan for the
project and will be monitored and reported as specified.
Management measures:
Prepare and implement an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan prior to commencement of works as
specified in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS. The plan will address such measures as drainage systems,
sediment and pollution control measures during site preparation and construction works;
Monitor potential erosion areas particularly during site preparation and construction works;
If required, river bank stabilisation works will be undertaken during wharf and warehouse construction
to minimise river bank instability, erosion and sedimentation. The requirement for such works will be
identified during the detailed design phase;
Plant and equipment utilised during construction and operation will be required to refuel within
designated bunded fuel locations (in accordance with Australian Standards) to enable containment of
accidental spills during refuelling;
All plant and equipment will be operated by appropriately qualified personnel and will be equipped
with emergency spill containment kits; and
Regular maintenance checks will be required to be undertaken and logged to ensure equipment is
operational to required performance standards.
Management regarding clean-up procedures and emergency spill kits will be implemented through the
Environmental Management Plan. More details are provided in Volume 4.
related to geology and soils is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 170: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures geology and soils

Rating
Geology and Soil
Localised disturbance Minor Limit disturbance to the wharf Minor positive Insignificant
negative and warehouse construction impact impact
impact footprint
Erosion Minor Implement erosion and Minor positive Insignificant

negative sediment control plan for impact impact
impact construction and operation
phases
Contamination Minor Bunded areas for chemical and Minor positive Insignificant
negative equipment storage. impact impact
impact
Regular maintenance of
equipment
Based on the implementation of the Construction EMP, impacts on geology and soils are considered to
be insignificant.
10.6 Groundwater and Hydrology
10.6.1 Groundwater
It is unlikely that construction of the wharf facility will impact upon groundwater resources.
10.6.2 Drainage and Catchments
Ephemeral drainage lines and sub-catchments will be minimally affected by the construction of the wharf
facility. Minor impacts will be experienced in association with construction and operation of the transport
corridor linking the pulp mill to the warehouse facility.
Stormwater
Stormwater runoff from hardstand areas, buildings and roads associated with the wharf and transport
corridor will be captured, and diverted to the effluent treatment plant. This will include the installation and
regular maintenance of stormwater treatment pits, gross pollutant traps and the implementation of best
practice safe and clean work place policies.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
10.6.3 Water Quality and Hydrodynamics
Water Quality
Construction of the wharf and associated infrastructure has the capacity to impact water quality in the
Tamar River through a variety of mechanisms. These may include:
runoff of suspended sediment laden stormwater and overland flow from the construction footprint
during site preparation and earth works activities;
generation of turbidity plumes from re-suspended sediment associated with wharf construction
procedures including; pile driving, rock armouring, trestle installation, and vessel movement;
accidental spills of diesel and oil associated with the operation and maintenance of earth moving
equipment and heavy plant equipment required during site preparation and wharf construction
activities;
accidental spills of building and construction materials such as concrete or road surface sealant
(asphalt);
Operation of the wharf and associated infrastructure also has the capacity to impact water quality in the
Tamar River through a variety of mechanisms. These may include:
accidental oil or diesel spills associated with shipping movements and activities at the wharf;
release of anti-fouling chemical (TBT) from ships hull during berthing, mooring, loading and
disembarking procedures;
accidental spill of chemicals, salt or other pulp mill materials during unloading and handling of these
goods at the wharf face;
accidental spill of pulp product or product packaging during dispatch and consignment from the
warehouse; or
stormwater runoff polluted with hardstand contaminant residues such as oil, grease, vehicle
emissions residues (heavy metals).
Construction and operational environmental risks will be minimised through the implementation of best
practice construction and operation management procedures. These will focus on a preventative
approach to environmental management and will include:
implementation of a site specific Environmental Management Plan for both construction and operation
of this facility (Volume 4 Draft IIS);
implementation of construction and operational staff training on the requirements of the relevant site-
specific EMPs;
utilisation of appropriately qualified and experienced personnel including plant operators,
maintenance service crew, and vessel operators throughout the project; and
the implementation of best practice construction and operational procedures focussing on operations
undertaken in and adjacent to waterways. Mitigating measures will include but not be limited to:
strictly controlled refuelling and service zones; on-site storage of spill response kits; appropriate
installation of stormwater, runoff and sediment control devices; and implementation of a receiving
waters water quality monitoring program.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Sediment Quality
Construction and operation of the wharf and associated infrastructure also has the capacity to impact
sediment quality in the Tamar River through a variety of mechanisms. These may include:
release of anti-fouling chemical (TBT) from ships hull during berthing, mooring, loading and
disembarking procedures;
accidental spill of chemicals, salt or other pulp mill materials during unloading and handling of these
goods at the wharf face;
accidental oil or diesel spills associated with shipping movements and activities at the wharf; and
re-suspension of seabed sediments during wharf construction procedures including; pile driving, rock
armouring, trestle installation, vessel movement and general vessel movement during the operation
phase.
The impact of construction and operational environmental risks to sediment quality will be minimised
through the implementation of best practice construction and operation management procedures. This
will be undertaken through the implementation of both the construction EMP and the Operation EMP
referred to in the above mentioned water quality section.
Hydrodynamics
Full details of the hydrodynamic modelling assessment are provided in Appendix 64, Volume 18. A
summary of the assessment is provided below.
A hydrodynamic assessment has been undertaken in:

response to the project requirement for a sound understanding of the impacts of the proposed wharf
facility on the hydrodynamics of the Tamar River; and
recognition of the fact that an accurate assessment of hydrodynamics can provide a stronger
understanding of the interaction of the facility with the water body, and hence can ensure greater
levels of confidence in the predictions of the impacts of the new structure on the environment.
To achieve the above objectives, two high-resolution regional models were developed to provide detailed
coverage of the Tamar River with emphasis on the fine scale representation of hydrodynamics within the
river. Both models used quasi-orthogonal, boundary fitted curvilinear grids in the horizontal and were
nested in a large-scale model which covered the Tamar River and northern Tasmanian coastline.
All models were operated in two-dimensional, depth-integrated mode and were forced by the tide,
constant river discharge and time varying wind fields applied at the free surface of the water body.
The hydrodynamic models were operated for the period July 01 to July 15, 2004 - a spring to neap tidal
cycle corresponding to the upper limit of the observed tidal range. During the simulation period, river
discharges in the North Esk and South Esk Rivers reached a peak of 3,000 ML/day and 8,200 ML/day,
respectively.
The models provided predictions of water levels, currents and bed shear stress and a means to quantify:
the existing currents at the wharf site;
the changes that these currents may incur in response to construction of the facility; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
the erosion potential of the currents for the simulated period in terms of threshold current speed.
For the purpose of model verification, a comparative assessment was undertaken at Low Head and Bell
Bay between measured, predicted (by Seafarer and IOS method) and modelled tidal elevation for the
simulation period.
Model results for Low Head yielded very good agreement with the IOS predictions during the entire
simulation period. The results compared favourably, but to a lesser degree, to the Seafarer prediction
due to the larger number of constituents used for the generation of the Seafarer prediction. All
predictions used in the verification process were obtained for George Town. Because of the distance
separating Bell Bay from George Town, the verification for Bell Bay was only indicative, that is, based on
the comparison of observation data and simulation results. No attempts were made to adjust the model
to observation data which was significantly impacted by non-tidal effects such as low frequency motions,
which are generated outside of the study area.
However, it is noted that any discrepancies observed between observations and simulation results during
the process of verification of the model will not affect the conclusions from the current study which is
based on a relative assessment of impacts.
Three different visualisation techniques have been implemented to assess the results of the simulation.
The techniques - frequency histograms, tidal orbits and the conventional time-series, substantially
complement each other. Each presentation format has advantages over the remaining two. For instance,
it has been possible to quantify even minor changes in current magnitude and direction owing to the
adoption of frequency analysis. Alternatively, the correlation between changes in current magnitude and
corresponding shifts in current direction is best preserved, hence identifiable and quantifiable, in the form
of tidal orbits and time-series.
The results from the modelling exercise have been visualised at a representative cross-section of 12
locations established in the immediate vicinity of the proposed wharf facility as follows (refer inset in
Figure D-1):
monitoring stations A, B, C and D were positioned across the river;
monitoring stations E, F, G and H were positioned along the east bank of the river; and
monitoring stations I, J, K and L were positioned along the shipping berth of the wharf.
The following conclusions have been reached:
Impacts from the proposed wharf facility on local scale hydrodynamics in the vicinity of the proposed
wharf facility are detectable but minimal - generally of the order of 2-3 %, reaching on one occasion 5-
7%. More significant impacts, however, in terms of current and BSS magnitude and direction, are
observed in the area upstream of the land reclamation associated with the proposed facility. These are
described in detail below:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 10-1 Schematic map showing the location of numerical monitoring stations along the Tamar River 1
Current magnitude
The most significant impact on current magnitude is observed at monitoring station D. Owing to the
reclamation of land associated with the proposed wharf facility, the results from the analysis indicate that
current magnitude at monitoring station D has been significantly reduced in comparison with the current
magnitude corresponding to existing conditions, that is, the 12.5 to 37.5 cm/s range of current magnitude
is nil. Post-construction peak current magnitude is reduced down to 14 cm/s from 37 cm/s; mean current
magnitude corresponding to existing conditions (16.1 cm/s) is reduced down to 2.5 cm/s. The findings
indicate that a stagnation point will form at this location. This may warrant further investigations of the
area from a water quality point of view and the need for assessment of sediment deposition.
At all other monitoring stations, the predicted changes are observed to be low to negligible, that is, of the
order of few percent. Accurate estimates of these can be found in Appendix 64, Volume 18.
Peak current velocities for existing conditions are predicted at station B and reach 74 cm/s during spring
tides; according to the predictions, no change in peak current velocities is expected at station B during
post-construction conditions.
Predicted post-construction peak current velocities along the shipping berth are in the 45 to 55 cm/s
range, unchanged from existing conditions.
Current direction
As in the case of current magnitude, the most significant impact on current direction is observed at
monitoring station D. The impact from the proposed facility in terms of current direction translates into a
shift from the 300 - 330 degree bins into the 270 -300 degree bins on the ebb tide for more than 50% of
the time and a shift from the 150 degree bin into the 30 degree bin on the flood tide for more than 55% of
the time. The shift in direction is best illustrated by the comparison of tidal orbits presented in the bottom
right panel of Figure D-16;
At all other monitoring stations, the predicted changes in current direction are observed to be low to
negligible, that is, of the order of few percent. Accurate estimates of these can be found in Appendix D of
Bed shear stress magnitude

The most significant impact from the proposed wharf facility is predicted at monitoring station D. BSS
have been significantly reduced by the presence of the wharf (refer Figures D-12 to D-15 in Appendix 64,
Volume 18); the BSS pertaining to the 0.125 to 0.375 N/m2 bin and the 0.375 to 0.625 N/m2 bin under
existing conditions, are no longer detected in post-construction conditions;
At all other numerical monitoring stations without exception, the impacts from the proposed wharf facility
are observed to be low to negligible (maximum 3%). Accurate estimates of these can be found in
A maximum in post-construction bed shear stress magnitude is predicted at monitoring station B

1.35 N/m2, down from 1.39 N/m2 at pre-construction stage.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Bed shear stress direction
For the purpose of frequency analysis, bed shear stress (BSS) direction has been subdivided in 30.0
degree bins with their respective axis set at 0 degree, 30 degree, 60 degree, 90 degree, 120 degree,
etc., and the results plotted in Figures D-12 to D-15 in Appendix 64, Volume 18. Comparison of the plots
for existing and post-construction conditions lead logically to the same conclusions as those obtained
from the analysis of current direction (refer Current Direction above).
Erosion potential
Erosion potential of the river bed in the immediate vicinity of the wharf facility has been assessed based
on a correlation between the median grain diameter D50 (mm) which is considered as representative for
the surface sediment layer at the site and the threshold current speed for motion of sediment by steady
currents. Based on field data collected by Aquenal Pty Ltd, D50 has been determined as pertaining to the
0.125-0.063 mm range for this study. Assuming that water depths are in the 2 m to 10 m range, the
threshold current speed for motion of sediment by steady currents has been determined from Figure D-
19 to fall in the 0.35 m/s to 0.45 m/s range.
The results indicate that station B has the maximum erosion potential, that is, the representative bed
material is predicted to be mobilised approximately 60% of the time. Station H ranks in second with bed
material predicted to be mobilised approximately 40% of the time. At all other stations mobility of the bed
material is predicted to occur in less than 20% of the time. At station D, the erosion potential is predicted
to be nil.
Note that:
the above results do not necessarily imply a significant rate of erosion of riverbed material. The real
rate of erosion will be subject to availability of the material at the surface layer of the bed and may be
significantly reduced by armouring effects.
no transport and water quality processes were included in the scope, hence sediment processes were
not included in the model. However, photographs of the proposed wharf site taken in the report
prepared by Aquenal Pty Ltd show that the shoreline in the region of the proposed wharf facility is
predominantly rocky intertidal habitat, therefore the wharf is not expected to interrupt any littoral
transport processes which will then cause erosion on either side of the facility.

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Figure 10-2 Comparison of existing (red diamonds) versus post-construction (blue diamonds) tidal orbits: A, B, C and D
Figure 10-3 Comparison of existing (red diamonds) versus post-construction (blue diamonds) tidal orbits: E, F, G and H
Figure 10-4 Comparison of existing (red diamonds) versus post-construction (blue diamonds) tidal orbits: I, J, K and L
Management of the quality of the receiving waters and sediment during construction and operation of the
wharf facility will be undertaken in accordance with two key documents, namely:
Environmental Management Plan (construction); and

Environmental Management Plan (operation).
Both documents will specify construction and operational requirements with specific reference to the
proposed wharf facility.
related to groundwater and hydrology is provided below.
Table 171: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures Water Quality and
Hydrodynamics

Rating
Water Quality and Hydrodynamics
Increase in sediment loading Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

and run-off negative impact impact
impact
Contamination of water through Minor Construction and Operation Minor positive Insignificant
accidental spills negative EMP impact impact
impact
Changes to hydrodynamics of Moderate Minimal footprint wharf design Minor positive Minor
the river negative (trestles) impact negative
impact impact
Based on implementation of a Construction EMP and the use of a trestle design wharf structure, impacts
on Water Quality and Hydrodynamics are considered to be minor.
10.7 Estuarine Ecology

The baseline survey of current ecological condition associated with the intertidal and sub - tidal habitats
at the proposed wharf facility identified several key findings (refer Section 2.8 of this Volume and
Appendix 25, Volume 11). The following section addresses the implications and likely environmental
impacts with respect to these key findings.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
10.7.1 Intertidal and Sub-tidal Aquatic Environments
Within the proposed construction footprint, localised alteration of the intertidal and sub-tidal aquatic
environments during construction and operation of the facility will be significant. Based on the
conceptual design study (Maunsell 2005), approximately 35,200 m2 of the intertidal and sub-tidal aquatic
environments will be directly impacted by earthworks associated with the cut and fill pad for the proposed
warehouse facility. However, off-site impacts are expected to be minimal given the implementation of
appropriate work place and environmental management procedures during both construction and
operation.
Disturbance to the intertidal habitat will impact localised communities of the Van Diemans Land siphon
shell (Siphonaria diemenensis) recorded in the intertidal zone of the proposed wharf facility. This species
is a limpet listed as protected under the Tasmanian Living Marine Resources Management Act (1995).
Hydrodynamics and Sediment Plumes
The main findings from the hydrodynamic studies (Appendix 64, Volume 18) include:
The most significant impact from the proposed wharf facility on local scale hydrodynamics is identified
in the upstream direction from the facility. The impact is associated with the proposed land
reclamation which is part of the facility and is relatively limited in extent.
Predictions are that the effect of the land reclamation will translate into a local obstruction of the
currents along the eastern bank of the river and a reduction of post-construction peak current
magnitude down to 14 cm/s from 37 cm/s. Mean current magnitude corresponding to existing
conditions (16.1 cm/s) will be reduced down to 2.5 cm/s.
Other conclusions from the study can be summarised as follows:
The majority of the structure for the proposed facility will be constructed on pylons, with a small amount
of land reclamation. The installation method of the pylons, expected to be piling, and construction of the
reclamation area is expected to cause little suspension of sediments and therefore associated turbidity
plumes should be localised and short term.
With the exception of the area located upstream from the land reclamation associated with the proposed
wharf facility, the facility is predicted to cause little effect on the hydrodynamics of the river. The impacts
from the proposed facility on current magnitude and direction are perceptible but can be qualified as low
to negligible.
Hydrodynamic modelling of suspended sediment plumes generated during the construction of the wharf
facility as a result of pile driving, rock armouring and vessel movement have been shown to be negligible.
This indicates that the risk to seagrass meadows upstream and downstream of the facility will be minimal
as these key habitats are not likely to be exposed to turbid plume migration as a result of construction or
operation of the facility. The preferred design option comprises a complete suspended structure on piles.
Hydrodynamic conditions resulting from the construction of the facility in this manner are unlikely to
cause erosion concerns upstream or downstream of the facility.
It is unlikely that re-suspension of sediments during construction will affect water column dissolved
oxygen concentrations given that sediments to 90 cm depth are aerobic. Similarly, re-suspension of
sediments poses little risk to increasing bio-availability of metals, given that mercury, arsenic and zinc
were recorded in slightly elevated concentrations above ANZECC 2000 Low level sediment quality

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
guidelines. Heavy metal concentrations were not detected above ANZECC 2000 High level sediment
quality guidelines.
10.7.2 Pile Construction
The preferred wharf option consists of a suspended concrete structure on piles, connected to the shore
by trestle structures. Geotechnical investigations have found consolidated sediments to depths of at least
44 m. As a consequence, friction piles will be used. Piles will be driven into deep sediments by a barge-
mounted pile-driver. No blasting will be required. Pile driving will not result in the disturbance of
significant quantities of sediment and as such, impacts will be very localised. Impacts associated with
pile driving are considered minor.
10.7.3 Introduced Pests

The construction and operation of the wharf facility will create a large area of micro-habitat suitable for
the Pacific oyster to colonise. Similarly, other species of introduced marine pests that currently occur in
the Tamar Estuary are also likely to colonise the wharf environment given suitable conditions.
International shipping activity associated with export of both woodchip and pulp has potential to result in
the introduction of both marine and terrestrial introduced pests during operation of the proposed wharf
facility. This risk is managed through the implementation of shipping environmental protocols and the
AQIS ballast water management strategies with which all shipping vessels are required to comply. As
such, ships servicing the proposed wharf facility will be required to adhere to all necessary ballast water
management procedures to minimise risk of introducing new exotic species into Tasmanian waters.
The pulp will be shipped for export from a dedicated wharf. Currently, woodchips are shipped from a
wharves at the woodchipping facilities. As a result of the pulp mill operations, initial vessel movements
(for the first four years of operation) will significantly reduce, with a corresponding reduction in
operational risks. In the medium term (years five to 14), vessel movements will be similar to current
levels. Long term vessel numbers will be higher than current shipping levels, but similar to that forecast if
the pulp mill does not proceed. Risks from the long-term shipping operations will initially be no greater
than current, and ultimately, no greater than forecast woodchip exports.
. As demonstrated from the activity levels of the woodchip berths which have been operational since
1971, there has not been a significant issue relating to the introduction of exotic aquatic pests.
The environmental impact associated with the construction of the wharf facility will be localised. It will
primarily disturb and significantly alter habitats within the proposed wharf footprint. Off site impacts are
likely to be minimal, however receiving environment monitoring programs will be required to confirm this
outcome.
Environmental management of the construction and operation phases of the wharf facility will be in
compliance with site specific Environmental Management Plans. These documents have been developed
to facilitate best practice environmental management during construction and operation processes.
Preparation of the Construction EMP should be undertaken in consultation with DPIW, particularly in
relation to impacts on cetaceans.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
This will include implementation of a receiving environment construction monitoring program to
determine off site impacts to water quality, sediment quality and key habitats experienced during
construction and operation of the wharf facility.
Key management aspects of the construction methodology include:
Initial earthworks and deposition of fill material within the intertidal zone will occur at low tide so as to
minimise disturbance of sediment and creation of a sediment plume. Once the bund wall is
established, such works will be able to be undertaken in all tidal phases;
Detection of marine mammals during construction activity;
Where possible, timing works outside periods of sensitivity for marine mammals; and
Piles will be driven and no blasting undertaken.
related to estuarine ecology is provided below.
Table 172: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures estuarine ecology

Rating
Estuarine Ecology
Increase in sediment loading Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

and run-off negative impact impact
impact
Disturbance to intertidal habitat Moderate Construction EMP and minimise Minor positive Minor
negative footprint impact negative
impact impact
Impacts from pile driving Major No blasting, use of bubble Minor positive Moderate
negative curtain if considered impact negative
impact appropriate impact
Based on the implementation of a Construction EMP and avoidance of blasting during pile driving, overall
impacts on the estuarine ecology are considered moderate.
10.8 Terrestrial Flora

A total of 12 potential ecological impacts have been identified in relation to the proposed wharf. These
impacts are briefly described below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Loss or damage to native vegetation (general)
The construction of the Wharf would result in the direct loss of 4.6 hectares of non-threatened native
vegetation in relatively good condition. It may also result in a localised reduction in species richness, via
localised extinction (within the study area) of species. It is difficult to accurately quantify impacts in a
local context without surveying the local (5 km radius) area. However, it should be noted that similar
habitat and vegetation communities are common within the local area.
Fragmentation of native vegetation
The Wharf site is relatively intact and unfragmented, with only one narrow firebreak/track at the northern
end of the Wharf access road. Construction of the Wharf would fragment the landscape, with vegetation
on the Peninsula on the south side of Big Bay becoming increasingly isolated.
Loss or damage to a population of a nationally significant flora species
No nationally threatened flora species have been identified from within the Wharf site. However, there is
potential habitat within the site for one species of National significance, Glycine latrobeana. It is highly
unlikely that this species is present within the study area, owing to the intensity of the field surveys.
Therefore, any potential impact is deemed unlikely.
Loss or damage to a population of a State significant flora species
One State significant flora species (Pimelea flava subsp. flava) is present within the proposed Wharf
access road. There is likely to be a direct impact upon this species resulting in the removal of
approximately 214 individuals of Pimelea flava subsp. flava, based on the proposed works footprint. In
addition, there are two State significant species (Aphelia pumilio, Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata)
that occur in grassland immediately adjacent to the eastern boundary of the Wharf near the coastline.
These species may be impacted by the proposed development if works extend beyond the current
footprint. There is also potential habitat within the site for six species of State significance previously
recorded within 5 km of the Wharf, but not within the site itself.
Introduction of environmental weeds

There is potential for the introduction of environmental weeds during the construction phase of the Wharf,
particularly via heavy machinery that may be carrying viable weed seeds on their bodies or wheels.
There are currently no known environmental weeds occurring at the Wharf site.
Introduction and spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi
At the Wharf site, no EVCs have been identified as being highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi
by the Forest Practices Authority (2005). It should be noted that plants within the Epacridaceae,
Fabaceae, Proteaceae and Mimosaceae families are especially susceptible to the pathogen (Barker and
Wardlaw 1995) (see Appendix 29, Volume 12 for a complete list of species occurring within these genera
within the greater pulp mill site). None of the threatened species present within the site are known to be
particularly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi, although it should be noted that little information
exists for most of these species. There was no evidence of Phytophthora cinnamomi at the Wharf site.
Soil testing is the only way to ascertain with certainty whether the pathogen is present within the study
area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Altered fire regimes
The most likely fire-related impact relating to construction of the Wharf involves a potentially higher
frequency/low intensity fuel reduction burning program associated with protection of wharf infrastructure.
However, this is unlikely to have a major impact on community structure, species richness and species
composition, owing to the relatively high fire frequency already encountered at the site. A change in the
fire regime to a higher or lower frequency may adversely impact some threatened flora species.
Erosion and/or sedimentation

There is currently minimal evidence for soil erosion within the Wharf site. The construction of the Wharf
may result in an increase in on-site erosion, with a corresponding increase in levels of sediment
deposited into the Tamar River. In the absence of mitigation measures, the major impact is likely to be
associated with direct sedimentation within the Tamar River, with construction works occurring within the
water and on the banks of the river. This may result in sediment plumes, which have the potential to have
a minor impact on estuarine communities in the local area during the construction phase. Erosion and
sedimentation control issues are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
Altered surface water runoff into waterways
Following rainfall events, surface water runoff may flow straight into the Tamar River. In the absence of
any mitigation measures, any such runoff may collect chemicals/pollutants spilled at the site during the
construction phase and deposit these materials in the Tamar River. Runoff and pollution control issues
are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
Inhibition of plant photosynthesis and reproductive capability due to airborne dust
During the construction phase of the wharf there would be extensive soil disturbance, which is likely to
lead to the generation of large amounts of dust. This may result in a potentially negative impact on plant
species growth and seed viability in the vicinity (i.e. <100 m) of the works footprint.
Altered hydrology
Earthworks associated with construction of the wharf may facilitate localised changes to the groundwater
table, which may subsequently influence vegetation community structure and composition.
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed prior to the construction phase. The EMP
will incorporate the following measures.
A. Minimising or altering the footprint of disturbance
The clearance of native vegetation is listed as a threatening process under the Tasmanian Threatened
Species Strategy 2000. Therefore, every effort will be made to avoid and/or minimise the clearance of
native vegetation, particularly threatened communities and species, in order to comply with the strategy.
In addition, owing to the degradation of the Tamar estuary foreshore, the Planning Guidelines for Tamar
Estuary and Foreshore state that areas in marginal condition should be protected from further
degradation (Watchorn 2000).
The significance of the footprint of disturbance will be modified and/or minimised by locating roads and
other infrastructure to avoid or minimise damage to threatened EVCs and threatened species.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
B. Avoiding accidental loss or damage to native vegetation
Clearance of native vegetation will require a certified Forest Practices Plan, which will identify the area
proposed to be cleared. These areas would be flagged clearly prior to operations commencing and
maintained accordingly, in order to avoid any inadvertent damage to vegetation that is planned to be
retained.
C. Development of a Vegetation Management Plan

A Vegetation Management Plan will be developed prior to the construction phase. An example of an item
that should be included in the VMP is the development of measures to protect and manage threatened
species and EVCs. Mitigation measures for dealing with the direct loss of any threatened EVCs would be
considered, with the principles of such mitigation to be outlined in the Plan. The Plan will also incorporate
aspects of weed and fire management. Development of a VMP would help to ensure that retained
vegetation is appropriately managed for conservation purposes.
D. Retaining a seed bank for threatened species
Recolonisation of disturbed areas by threatened species is likely to occur for disturbance-tolerant species
such as Pimelea flava subsp. flava. However, for species intolerant of soil disturbance, or for species
whose tolerance to disturbance is unknown, alternative mitigation measures will be employed.
In areas proposed to be disturbed where there are known populations of threatened species, and the
area is proposed to be rehabilitated following disturbance, topsoil will be carefully scraped from the
surface (5-10 cm depth) and stockpiled, in order to retain as much of the soil seed bank as possible,
particularly seed of threatened species. Retained topsoil will then be used for rehabilitation works. Soil
will be stockpiled for the shortest possible time to prevent premature germination prior to use in site
rehabilitation works. Where threatened species are known to not typically recruit from soil-stored seed,
seed will be collected prior to vegetation clearing, in order to be used in rehabilitation works.
E. Minimising the introduction and spread of environmental weeds
To prevent the establishment of new environmental weeds or the spread of existing environmental
weeds, a Weed Management strategy will be developed and incorporated in the Vegetation Management
Plan. The strategy will be developed prior to construction and will include a specific program to monitor
and control any weed invasions arising from the proposed works. Any environmental weeds that
establish following the works will be eradicated as a matter of high priority. Vehicle wash-down points will
be established (at the same location as the Phytophthora wash down point) to remove weed seeds from
material attached to earth-moving equipment.
F. Minimising the spread and reducing the impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi
A series of measures will be undertaken to prevent the introduction and/or minimise the spread of
Phytophthora cinnamomi within the site. These include the following:
Undertaking a formal assessment of the presence and extent of Phytophthora cinnamomi within the
study area;
Establishing wash-down points for vehicles and earthmoving equipment entering and departing the
site, in order to prevent/minimise the spread Phytophthora cinnamomi;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Avoiding the use of Phytophthora-infected gravel in track construction works;
Minimising the area of soil disturbance and new road/track development where possible;
Coordinating construction activities over summer (where practicable) when soils are dry and least
likely to facilitate the spread of the pathogen; and
Minimising vehicular movement between any infected and uninfected areas, and/or closely monitoring
access to infected areas.
Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi will be in accordance with DPIW Interim Phytophthora
cinnamomi Management Guidelines (Rudman 2005).
G. Fire Management Strategy
A Fire Management Strategy will be established and incorporated into the Vegetation Management Plan.
The strategy will need to take into consideration the regenerative requirements of species and set
achievable targets for fire regimes within the study area. Fire regimes will be designed to maintain
biodiversity, while serving the dual purpose of asset protection. Fire regimes will also be designed to
minimise the encroachment of shrubs and trees onto remnant grasslands. The Fire Management
Strategy will accommodate the needs of all species, including threatened flora species.
H. Minimising the width of firebreaks
Firebreaks will be kept to the minimum required width. Maintenance of the firebreak should be by
slashing rather than maintaining bare earth. The location and extent of firebreaks will also take into
consideration the location of threatened species and EVCs. The minimisation of firebreak width is a
measure that is likely to reduce the effect of habitat fragmentation, albeit in a small manner compared to
the overall impact of the project.
I. Maintenance of native herbivore grazing regimes
Native herbivores will be allowed to continue grazing in retained vegetation, rather than be totally
excluded from the site by fences. This will help to maintain an open grass sward and high species
diversity within the highly significant native grassland remnants that are scattered throughout the study
area.
J. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas
Any revegetation/landscaping of temporarily disturbed areas will be undertaken using locally indigenous
species appropriate to the position in the landscape. Detailed rehabilitation measures will be outlined in
the Environmental Management Plan once the project gains planning approval.
K. Timing of construction activities
The likelihood of impacts upon ecological values can be reduced through appropriate timing of
construction activities. For example, potential disturbance to ephemeral wetland communities is likely to
be minimised if construction activities occur during the dormant phase of most species (i.e. summer-
autumn) and topsoil is retained for rehabilitation purposes.

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L. Development of an Environmental Management Plan
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed prior to the construction phase. The EMP
will incorporate the recommendations made within this report. The EMP will also include dust
suppression measures to minimise the impact of dust upon plant growth and reproduction.
A summary of the likelihood and consequence of occurrence for each potential impact, together with the
significance of the impact, is outlined in Table 173. A range of potential management measures to
minimise the impact are also provided in this table, and an overall cost-benefit rating has been
determined, assuming that all management measures will be implemented.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 173: Summary of potential flora-related impacts of wharf construction and management measures
Impact Description of nature and extent of Likelihood Consequence Significance Proposed Overall
impact of impact of impact of impact Management Rating
2. Native vegetation loss Loss of 4.6 ha of non-threatened EVCs Almost Major Very high A, B, C, J Major negative
(general) certain impact
Potential loss of species richness in local Unlikely Minor Low A, B, C, J 0

area
3. Fragmentation of native Potential increased barrier to seed Possible Minimal Low A, B, J -

vegetation dispersal and subsequent loss of long-
term genetic fitness in certain species
Increased edge effect greater likelihood Likely Moderate High A, E Moderate

of weed invasion negative
impact
4. Loss or damage to a Potential loss of unrecorded species due Highly Major Moderate # A, B, C, D 0
population of a nationally to vegetation clearing unlikely
significant flora species
5. Loss or damage to a Loss of 214 individuals of Pimelea flava Almost Minor High A, B, C, D Moderate
population of a state subsp. flava (c. 2% of total population certain negative
significant flora species within broader pulp mill) impact
6. Introduction of Potential for introduction of environmental Likely Minor Moderate E Moderate

environmental weeds weeds via machinery and colonisation of negative
bare surfaces impact
8. Introduction and spread Potential for introduction of Phytophthora Unlikely Substantial High F 0
of Phytophthora cinnamomi via infected machinery
Potential for spread of existing infestation Unlikely Substantial High F 0

of Phytophthora via infected machinery
and alteration to site hydrology
9. Altered fire regimes Potential localised species extinctions if Unlikely Minor Low G 0
fire frequencies are too high

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impact of impact of impact of impact Management Rating
11. Erosion and/or Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate K, L 0
sedimentation through removal of habitat by soil erosion
Potential damage to retained vegetation Almost Moderate Very high K, L 0

(on- and off-site) by sedimentation of certain
waterways
12. Altered surface runoff Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate L 0
into waterways (on- and off-site) by chemical spills,
pollution, etc
13. Inhibition of plant Potential short-term impact resulting in Possible Minor Moderate L -
photosynthesis and reduced growth and seed output in certain
reproductive capability due species
to dust
15. Altered hydrology Potential long-term impact on community Possible Minimal Low None available -
structure and composition
* Impact will not occur given current works footprint, but may occur if development strays outside this footprint
#
Impact dependent upon presence of threatened species, which have not been found during intensive surveys

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Overall impacts on flora from the construction and operation of the wharf are moderate.
10.9 Terrestrial Fauna

The wharf facility cannot be assessed in isolation from the rest of the pulp mill site given the small area
involved and the transitory nature of fauna utilisation and movement throughout this area. As a result, the
fauna impact assessment for the pulp mill site (Section 4.10 this Volume) includes the wharf facility
footprint.
10.10 Reserves and Protected Areas

Assessment of impacts on the Long Reach Conservation Area has been considered in Section 4.11.
10.11 Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access

Transport impacts associated with construction and operation of the proposed wharf facilities have been
addressed in Section 4.12 and 4.13 of this Volume.
Potential environmental impacts associated with shipping activities are classified into three potential
hazard categories. These comprise:
Operational hazards, which include ballast water management, waste disposal, leakages and
spillages associated with general shipping operations and maritime cargo handling activities;
Accidental hazards, which include leakages and spillages as a result of collision, or other accidents;
and
Physical hazards, which result in damage to habitats (such as reef systems) as a result of groundings
(ANZECC, 1996).
All of the above potential impacts and associated risks are directly related to the number of vessels using
the Bell Bay Port.
As demonstrated in Section 4.13, the overall effect in shipping movements (including both pulp and
woodchip vessels) as a result of the pulp mill will ultimately be similar to that experienced currently.
Operations for the first 14 years will result in significantly reduced ship numbers to current.
As a consequence of this minimal change to shipping movements, overall hazards and risks are
considered to be unchanged. The summary from Section 4.13 is provided below.

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Table 174: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures wharf
infrastructure, traffic and access

Rating
Increased operational, Moderate Wharf design, Minor positive Minor

accidental and physical negative environmental impact negative
hazards as a result of Impact management systems, Impact
additional shipping spill controls and training
Based on appropriate management of vessel movement and use of the wharf facility, the reduced vessel
numbers will result in a minor negative impact as a result of increased vessel movements at peak
production.
10.12 Noise
10.12.1 Construction
Construction of the proposed wharf facility will be a staged process over a 14-month period, which will
commence immediately after receipt of project approval. A variety of construction activities associated
with heavy earth works, marine construction and building construction will be undertaken during this
period. As such, it is likely that the following plant and equipment will be utilised on-site at various stages
throughout the construction period:
dump trucks;
bulldozers;
excavators;
rock breakers;
pile driver;
drilling rig;
vibrating roller;
barges;
tenders; and
concrete pumps and concrete trucks.
Construction phase impacts for the wharf facility have been included in the overall site preparation and
construction noise assessment in Section 4.15 of this Volume.
The assessment recognises that there will be construction phase noise impacts for residences
immediately opposite the pulp mill on the western bank of the Tamar River. Management strategies have
been identified to minimise noise impacts from these construction works.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
10.12.2 Operation
Noise impacts associated with the operation of the wharf facility will include the operation of terminal
tractor-trailers, gantry facilities, loading cranes, and shipping traffic. It is expected that noise generated
from these activities will be consistent with industrial port activities currently undertaken within the Bell
Bay Port at the existing woodchip mill wharfs. As detailed in the transport assessment, vessel numbers
will be initially significantly lower, reducing potential noise impacts as a direct result.
Table 175: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures noise and
vibration

Rating
Noise

impact impact
Increased operational Minor Initial reduction in shipping Minor Positive Minor

noise as a result of Positive movements Impact Positive
additional shipping Impact Impact
10.13 Vibration
Pile driving will be required for the construction of marine structures. The location of the proposed
marine facilities is about 1 kilometre from adjacent properties. At this distance, and assuming a hammer
energy of 10,000 kgm, vibrations are expected to be negligible at less than 1 millimetres per second
(Whyley and Sarsby, 1992).
Table 176: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures vibration

Rating
Vibration

impact
10.14 Waste Management

Solid waste from the mill will be disposed of in a dedicated landfill, which is an integral component of the
pulp mill, but will be located east of the East Tamar Highway, away from the main site, although still
within the Bell Bay Major Industrial area. Throughout the life of the pulp mill, beneficial reuse will be
maximised to the extent practicable.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The wharf facility will have waste management facilities to appropriately handle and manage general
domestic waste generated through the operation of the wharf facility and associated shipping traffic.
Industrial activities associated with the operation of the wharf are not expected to result in the generation
of industrial wastes. Should disposal of industrial waste at the wharf facility be required, it will be
transported in the appropriate fashion by a suitable carrier to a landfill licensed to handle the waste
material. These issues will be addressed as part off the waste management plan.
No wastes from vessels will be disposed of at the wharf facility.
All vessels will be required to manage ships wastes as required by Tasmanian and Australian legislation.
Such matters are managed by the Bell Bay Port.
Management of general waste disposal facilities and enforcement of Bell Bay Port waste management
requirements.
related to waste management is provided below.
Table 177: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures waste
management

Rating
Waste Management
Waste generation and disposal Minor Controlled waste disposal Minor positive Insignificant
negative facilities and maintenance impact Impact
impact of waste management
10.15 Visual Amenity

As the wharf being located at the Bell Bay site, the potential impact the wharf may have on the visual
amenity i has been addressed in Section 4.17.
10.16 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage

As the wharf being located at the Bell Bay site, the potential impact the wharf may have on Aboriginal
and Historic heritage has been addressed in Section 4.18.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
10.17 Summary of Triple Bottom Line Assessment
A summary of potential environmental, economic and social and community impacts and management
measures to be implemented to minimise potential impacts is provided below.
Rating
Inconsistencies with subdivision Minor Planning Scheme Minor positive Insignificant

approvals negative amendment impact impact
impact
To meet the requirements of Use and Minor Environmental Minor positive Insignificant
Development Principles negative Management Plans and impact impact
impact specific sub-plans such as
landscaping etc.
Building and Services

Increase in demand for water supply Minor Utilise raw water supply
impact impact
for washdown and fire fighting negative
purposes impact
Increase in demand for power supply Minor The pulp mill will be an
impact impact
negative electricity co-generation
impact facility
Increase in demand for sewerage Minor Treatment through the
impact impact
services negative pulp mill effluent
impact treatment plant
Increase in demand for Minor Existing capacity available
impact impact
telecommunications negative
impact
Localised disturbance to the Moderate Limit disturbance to the Minor positive Minor
topography negative warehouse and wharf impact negative
impact footprint. Details to be impact
provided in the EMP
Air Quality
Vehicular emissions Minor Regular maintenance of Minor positive Insignificant

negative construction equipment impact impact
impact
Generation of dust Moderate Construction Phase EMP Minor positive Minor

impact impact
Geology and Soil
Localised disturbance Minor Limit disturbance to the Minor positive Insignificant

negative wharf and warehouse impact impact
impact construction footprint

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Erosion Minor Implement erosion and Minor positive Insignificant
negative sediment control plan for impact impact
impact construction and operation
phases
Contamination Minor Bunded areas for chemical Minor positive Insignificant

negative and equipment storage. impact impact
impact
Regular maintenance of
equipment
Water Quality and Hydrodynamics
Increase in sediment loading and run- Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant
off negative impact impact
impact
Contamination of water through Minor Construction and Minor positive Insignificant

accidental spills negative Operation EMP impact impact
impact
Changes to hydrodynamics of the river Moderate Minimal footprint wharf Minor positive Minor
negative design (trestles) impact negative
impact impact
Estuarine Ecology
Increase in sediment loading and run- Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant
off negative impact impact
impact
Disturbance to intertidal habitat Moderate Construction EMP and Minor positive Minor
negative minimise footprint impact negative
impact impact
Impacts from pile driving Major No blasting, use of bubble Minor positive Moderate
negative curtain if considered impact negative
impact appropriate impact
Increased operational, accidental and Moderate Wharf design, Minor positive Minor
physical hazards as a result of negative environmental impact negative
additional shipping Impact management systems, Impact
spill controls and training
Noise

impact impact
Increased operational noise as a Minor Initial reduction in shipping Minor Positive Minor
result of additional shipping Positive movements Impact Positive
Impact Impact
Vibration

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
impact
Waste Management
Waste generation and disposal Minor Controlled waste disposal Minor positive Insignificant
negative facilities and maintenance impact Impact
impact of waste management

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
11. Description of the Landfill (Solid Waste Disposal
Facility), Quarry and Water Reservoir
11.1 Overview
A solid waste disposal site, quarry and water reservoir are proposed to the north east of the East Tamar
Highway.
The landfill will accept all waste except hazardous waste generated during construction and operation of
all components of the pulp mill and ancillary infrastructure.
The quarry will provide construction material for the pulp mill and wharf in the event that there is a
shortfall of fill from the mill site.
A water reservoir is proposed for water supply for the operation of the pulp mill.
A detailed description of these facilities is provided below and their detailed location is shown in Figure
12-1.
11.2 Landfill
11.2.1 Overview
Pitt and Sherry (2006a) prepared a Solid Waste Landfill Conceptual Design report. This forms the basis
of the design description and some impact areas for this section. A copy of the report is provided in
A landfill is proposed to be constructed in the northeast corner of a site east of the East Tamar Highway.
Refer to Figure 11-1 for the proposed location. A new landfill facility is required as the existing municipal
facilities at George Town are inadequately sized and are facing closure. Alternative facilities at
Launceston are prohibitive given the costs of transport and the significant burden such a quantity of
material will place on the landfill.
The design capacity of the landfill is 1.1 million cubic metres and has a design project life of 20 years.
There is room on the site for expansion of the landfill to extend the project life to 50 years. The landfill will
receive waste from the pulp mill only. It is not for use by the public, other industry or municipalities.
11.2.2 Waste Types
During the construction and operation of the pulp mill, a range of waste types will be generated. Waste
types are:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 178: Waste Types
Waste type Waste classification* Approximate quantity per year

3
Solid waste domestic type Putrescible 5,000 m /y
Solid waste boiler ash Controlled waste 11,000 m3/y boiler ash
Solid waste - green liquor process dregs, Controlled waste 40,000 m3/y
slaker sands and lime kiln electrostatic
precipitator dust
Total 56,000 m3/year

* Pursuant to the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide 2004 and the National Environment Protection Measure (Movement of the
Controlled Waste between States and Territories) 2004.
The landfill has been designed to accept all solid wastes (worst case scenario) such as boiler ash, green
liquor process dregs, slaker sands and lime kiln electrostatic precipitator dust. The solid wastes are
primarily inorganic in nature and relatively benign.
Approximately 220 t of hazardous waste will be generated annually. This will consist of used lubrication
and hydraulic oils, used electrical equipment and various maintenance chemicals and materials. All
hazardous waste will be transported to an established landfill approved for that purpose. The likely
landfill for hazardous waste will be Remount Road, in Launceston. These materials will be handled,
stored and disposed of in accordance with relevant Australian Standards and the requirements of EMPC
(Waste Management) Regulations.
Based on the available chemical and physical information on the pulp mill solid wastes requiring
disposal, it is proposed to co-dispose the green liquor dregs, lime slaker sand, lime kiln electrostatic
precipitator dust and combined boiler ashes. Co-disposal of the wastes will maximise landfill space and
minimise solid waste volumes.
The pulp mill wastes for disposal will be weighed and mixed at the pulp mill.
It is estimated that the mixed waste will have a moisture content of up to 50 % with typical solid sizing in
the millimetre range for process dregs, slaker grit and fly ash, and typical solids sizing of <0.1 mm for the
lime kiln electrostatic precipitator dust and fly ash.
The mixed solid waste will consist primarily of calcium and sodium hydroxides and silicates, carbonates
with some phosphates and unhydrolysed oxides. The chemical characteristics of the wastes suggest no
significant likelihood of adverse reactions between the waste types (apart from an initial and temporary
heat of reaction due to lime hydration). Nevertheless, the nature of the process wastes necessitates cell
lining and leachate collection.
Domestic waste produced at the mill site (eg. canteen and sanitary waste) will be disposed of to
dedicated smaller internal cells inside the main waste cells, thereby using the cell lining and the leachate
collection system of the parent cells.

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495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Integrated Impact Statement
0 90
-
180 270 360 450
Metres
1:15,000
5445000
5445000
EA
ST
TA
M
AR
HI
G
HW
AY
B
EL
L
B
AY
LI
N
E
_
^
LAUNCESTON BEL
LB
AY
LIN
E
HOBART
FIGURE 11-1
495000
Legend
Pulp Mill Project Site River Railway Roads
LANDFILL
Date: 16/06/06
Builtup Area Outfall Dam National/State Highway
Projection: Map Grid of Australia
Zone 55, GDA94 Workers Accommodation Water Supply Pipeline Gas Pipe - Local Major Arterial Road
LOCATION
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001and LIST-
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Quarry Effluent Pipeline Leachate Pipeline Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Access Road
Water Reservoir Landfill Boundary Transmission Line
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_1\
fig12_1_landfill_location.mxd Mill Layout
During the construction phase of the pulp mill, construction waste will also need to be disposed of.
Gunns will maximise the recycling of construction waste but estimate that there will be a residual
25,000 m3 of unrecyclable construction waste that will need to be disposed of in the landfill. This will be
inert material. It will not require a cell liner or leachate collection, and the cell design for the construction
waste will therefore be much simpler than it will need to be for process waste. George Town Council has
advised Gunns that due to disposal area constraints, the George Town Tip is unable to accept any inert
or putrescible waste from the pulp mill project (per comms Gunns).
Domestic waste will also be produced during the construction phase from the workers accommodation
facility that will be established in George Town. It is estimated (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a) that a total of
5,000 m3 (before compaction) of this type of waste will be produced. The disposal needs for waste
produced during the construction phase will arise well in advance of the need to dispose of process
waste. If the accommodation facilitys domestic waste was disposed of to the landfill, the landfills
leachate collection system will need to be constructed and operational approximately 3 years before the
system was required for the process waste. Because the 5,000 m3 of domestic waste from the workers
accommodation facility is relatively small (particularly when compaction is allowed for), it is considered to
be more efficient and cost effective to take this waste to an established landfill, probably Remount Road.
In summary, the waste that will be disposed of in landfill comprises approximately:

A total of 25,000 m3 of construction waste during the construction phase
Up to 51,000 m3/year of process waste during the operational phase
Up to 5,000 m3/year (before compaction) of putrescible waste during the operational phase.
Following approval of the project, detailed design of the landfill will be undertaken.
11.2.3 Waste Recovery
The solid process waste produced by the pulp mill will come primarily from minerals in the raw wood,
from the unusable fraction of limestone and from other impurities in process inputs.
The solid process wastes are boiler ash, green liquor process dregs, slaker grits (sand) and lime kiln
electrostatic precipitator dust.
Boiler ash is inorganic (mineral) residue left from the combustion of wood in the plants boilers.
Green liquor dregs are nonreactive and insoluble materials left after smelt (inorganic process chemicals)
from the recovery furnace is mixed with water. They consist of carbonaceous material and compounds
of calcium, sodium, magnesium and sulphur.
Lime sludge is produced when lime is mixed with green liquor to produce white liquor through a
recausticising process. The lime kiln converts this sludge into lime with a high content of active calcium
oxide. Slaker grits are made of overburned and/or underburned lime that is produced in the lime kiln.
The grits contain sodium, magnesium and aluminium salt.
The lime dust from the lime kiln will be recovered with an electrostatic precipitator. Depending on the final
selection of the recausticizing equipment, the non-process elements (NPE) from the chemical recovery

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11-660
system (lime kiln and recaustisization) are purged out, either with lime kiln dust or through the pre-coat
lime of the dregs filter.
Collectively, the process wastes from a Kraft mill are caustisizing materials with a pH of at least 11,
containing varying proportions of calcium, aluminium, iron, sodium, potassium, sulphur, magnesium and
chlorine, with calcium the predominant component (RMT Inc, 2003).
Caustisizing materials generally do not exhibit a significant environmental hazard, typically having low
concentrations of heavy metals and no RCRA corrosivity or toxicity (RMT Inc, 2003).
Beneficial use methods for causticizing residuals tend to take advantage of the calcium content and/or
alkalinity of these materials. The USA National Council for Air and Stream Improvement has reviewed
potential beneficial uses for pulp mill solid process wastes as follows (RMT Inc, 2003):
Soil amendment: Land application is the most commonly practised beneficial use for causticizing
materials, with lime mud being the material that is most commonly used as a soil amendment. The
residuals serve as liming agents, replacing agricultural limestone as a means of raising soil pH to a
range that enhances crop production. Causticizing residuals tend to neutralize soil more rapidly than
agricultural limestone because they generally consist of smaller particles. Causticizing materials have
also been successfully applied as a forest soil amendment. They have been shown to raise the pH of
acidic soil and promote the growth of trees.
Alternative daily cover: Lime slaker grits have been successfully used as an alternative cover
material to the traditional (15 cm) of daily soil cover used for active faces of a landfill. The use of grits
as an alternative daily cover helps to control blowing litter, animals, and insects at the landfill.
Raw material in cement manufacturing: Causticizing materials are utilized as feedstocks in the
production of cement. The basic raw materials required to make cement are calcium, silicon,
aluminium, and iron. Causticizing materials have high percentages of calcium, aluminium, and iron,
and if properly washed (as is the norm), they generally are low in constituents that can negatively
impact the production and quality of cement, such as sulfur and sodium.
Soil stabilization: Soil stabilization is the alteration of soil properties to improve the chemical or
engineering performance of the soil. Lime slaker grits have generally been used in this application.
Lime slaker grits, when mixed with sand and compacted in lifts, have been shown to handle heavy
truck traffic better than typical soil surfaces. Lime slaker grits has also been shown to be effective as
a dust suppressant on unpaved roads. While the dust from the grit/sand roads is finer than that
produced from native soil roads, the grit has a better liquid holding capacity, which improves
efficiency for dust suppression techniques.
Fine aggregate in asphalt paving: Lime mud, lime slaker grits, and green liquor dregs have been
used successfully as a substitute for fine aggregate in hot mixed asphalt.
Other: Causticizing materials have also been used in surface mine reclamation, for feedstock in
compost, as an admixture to hydraulic barrier material, as a settling aid in wastewater treatment, for
pH adjustment of process water, and as an ingredient in manufactured soil.
Firm reuse opportunities for process waste from the Gunns pulp mill will depend on the demand for that
material within economic and environmentally efficient transport distances from the mill site.

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11.2.4 Leachate Characteristics
The landfill will produce leachate as a result of moisture in the process waste, and rainwater infiltration.
Conceivably, there could also be some infiltration from water sprayed for dust suppression but the great
majority of this is more likely to evaporate than infiltrate. The leachate will vary in strength and volume
depending on many factors, including waste type and properties, size of landfill, age of landfill and landfill
cover design.
Based on the information available, including experience in Finnish pulp mills, the leachate quality should
have the following chemical properties:
Relatively high pH of approximately 9.5 to 12;

Potential saturation with calcium hydroxide;
Dissolved heavy metals and metalloids at elevated pHs; and
Elevated electrical conductivity and dissolved solids.
The chemical analysis of the leachate will depend on the relative mix of wastes and also on the amount
of rain infiltration into uncovered waste. Indicative leachate parameters are provided in Table 179.
Table 179: Typical leachate quality expected
Parameter Range Units

o
Temperature 10 25 C
pH 9.5 12
Conductivity 200 2500 mS/m
Total suspended solids 50 1000 mg/L
Chemical oxygen demand 200 2200 mg/L
Biological oxygen demand 50 500 mg/L
Total phosphorus 1 15 mg P/l
Total nitrogen 5 30 mg N/L
Sodium 2000 5500 mg/L
Chloride 500 1500 mg/L
Sulphate (SO4) 100 - 500 mg/L
Phenol 0.05 0.25 mg/L
Cadmium 0.00005 0.0005 mg/L
Mercury 0.0001 0.0003 mg/L
Lead 0.0004 0.006 mg/L
Zinc 0.03 0.08 mg/L
Cobalt 0.002 0.005 mg/L
Molybdenum 0.03 0.08 mg/L
Nickel 0.02 0.031 mg/L

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11-662
Leachate quantities will vary throughout the life of the landfill. When the first landfill cell is
commissioned, practically all of the incident rainfall onto the open cell will flow directly to the leachate
collection system.
As the waste builds up in the first operating cell, some of the rainfall will be absorbed by the waste until
saturated, which will significantly moderate the leachate flow from the cell.
As the landfill cells are filled and closed, the quantity and quality of leachate produced will fluctuate.
For the overall leachate design, the volume of leachate from an open active cell plus that from the closed
cells needs to be considered.
11.2.5 Landfill Design
Design Criteria
Due to the waste type classifications, the landfill is subject to Category C design criteria (secure landfill)
under the DPIWEs Sustainability Guide for the Siting, Design, Operation and Rehabilitation of Landfills,
2004.
The main landfill design criteria are summarised as follows:
Achieve the design volumes for the three different types of waste (construction waste, process waste
and domestic waste);
Minimise the amount of rainfall collected and leachate produced by the developing landfill;
Minimise the amount of solid waste to be disposed of to the landfill;
Minimise the area of the landfill;
Develop the landfill progressively using individual cells with a nominal 100,000 m3 capacity;
Fully cover individual cells as filled;
Utilise favourable geological and geographical features in the design; and
Incorporate a cell liner design and cover that minimises risks to the receiving environment (Pitt and
Sherry 2006a).
Other considerations such as surface water quality, drainage, leachate and groundwater are addressed
in the design.
Landfill Design
The landfill will be located in a gently sloping gully near the headwaters of Williams Creek, as shown in
Drawing H05069-R1 in Appendix 55, Volume 16. The floor and sidewalls of the gully in the landfill area
are generally less than 5 % slope.
Natural constraints on the landfill size include a saddle to the northwest and two drainage lines running
from the east above and below the site, and potential visibility from roads, tourist lookouts and residential
areas. To achieve the required landfill volume within these constraints, a two-layer design will be used.

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The layout of the landfill minimises its visibility. Line of sight details are provided in Appendix 55, Volume
16, show that the landfill will not be visible from the key vantage points of the Mount George scenic
lookout and the Batman Highway. It is also unlikely to be visible from the East Tamar Highway.
Although a sight line (number 3) from the highway looking north intercepts the landfill, the natural tree
coverage in front of the landfill is likely to screen it from view.
The landfill will consist of one construction waste cell of 25,000 m3 capacity and up to 10 process waste
cells, each with an average of 100,000 m3 capacity and a surface area of up to 23,500 m2. Individual
cells will be constructed, operated and closed progressively.
The first cell will be constructed at the upper end of the landfill site.
Two layers of cells will be constructed. The lower layer will be constructed first and will consist of the
construction waste cell and four process waste cells. The upper layer will consist of six cells constructed
on top of the four lower layer process waste cells following their closure.
The construction waste cells wall will stand on natural ground. The lower layer process waste cell walls
will also stand on natural ground. The upper layer process waste cell walls will stand on the compacted
clay capping of the lower cells, which in turn sit on the compacted process waste. Because of the fine
grain size and the homogeneity of the process waste, the lower process waste cells will provide a stable
platform for the upper cell walls.
Appendix 55, Volume 16 describes process waste characteristics. The process waste will have a
specific density of 1000 kg/m3. This is greater than the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide minimum
compaction requirement for secure landfills of >850 kg/m3, even without compaction. Compaction by
earthmoving equipment will increase this waste density further. Putrescible waste will be compacted by
earthmoving equipment to achieve the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide minimum compaction
requirement for putrescible waste of >650 kg/m3. The compaction requirements will be specified as part
of the geotechnical considerations for the detailed design of the landfill.
The conceptual design avoids having any cells sitting on top of the construction waste cell. The waste in
this cell will by its nature be difficult to compact well enough to provide a secure platform to construct
over. The construction waste cell will therefore be structurally independent from the process waste cells,
apart from incidentally providing an upslope headwall for the first process waste cell of each layer.
The construction waste will be inert and benign but will be of various shapes, sizes and materials. Waste
destined for this cell will be residual waste that cannot otherwise be reused or recycled. It is therefore
not possible to identify a particular filling sequence for the construction waste - waste will be placed in the
cell as it arises. However, to all practical extents, waste will be placed in the cell to minimise the
creation of large voids that could cause instability. Waste will be compacted by running heavy machinery
over it, and will be progressively covered with earth to assist stabilisation and to minimise use of voids by
vermin. On final closure, the construction waste cell will be capped and revegetated.
Both layers of the landfill will be constructed in a sequence from upslope to down-slope to minimise the
size of the cell catchments and hence minimise ingress of surface water into the cells. Each layer will
have its own leachate collection system. A schematic layout of the first and second layers of the landfill is
shown in Figure 11-2 and Figure 11-3 respectively. More detail is provided in Drawings in Appendix 55,
Volume 16.

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A cell of 100,000 m3 volume will take approximately 2 years of process waste if there was not waste
reuse. I
The two-layer design means that very high cell walls are not required. Higher cell walls take up an
exponentially greater volume of otherwise useable air space. The two-layer design optimises the use of
available air space.
Source: Pitt and Sherry, 2006a
Figure 11-2 Schematic Layout of Landfill Layer 1

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Source: Pitt and Sherry, 2006a
Figure 11-3 Schematic Layout of Landfill Layer 2
11.2.6 Cell Design and Leachate Management
A schematic diagram of the arrangement of layers for leachate containment and collection and cell
capping is provided in Figure 11-4.
Process waste cells will be in two levels, and the cross-section of the upper level cells will be different to
that of the lower level cells. The conceptual design of each level is shown in Drawings H05069-R10_1
and H05069-R11_1 in Appendix 55, Volume 16. The conceptual design will form the basis for detailed
design.

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11-666
Process waste Putrescible waste
Shallow rooted native vegetation

Topsoil 450 mm
Native clay 300 mm
Drainage sand 150 mm
HDPE membrane 1 mm
Daily cover 150 mm
Protective waste/sand mix 150 mm
Geotextile (nonwoven) 1 mm
Washed stone aggregate 300 mm
Protective geotextile (nonwoven) 1 mm
HDPE membrane 1.5 mm
Geosynthetic clay liner 6 mm
Prepared native clay 300 mm
Witness sump Leachate drain

(at downstream end of cell) (through whole length of cell)
Figure 11-4 Schematic layers of landfill process waste cell base and cap
It is possible that the cell(s) at the lower end of the landfill may be exposed to an approaching water table
during weather wetter than that which occurred prior to the conceptual design site investigations. If this
risk were significant, an additional drainage layer will be constructed underneath the bottom liner of that
cell. The risk to the upper cells of an approaching water table is negligible.
Under the conceptual design, construction of the lower cell will not occur until approximately 8 years after
the commencement of operations. During that period, regular monitoring of groundwater levels will be
undertaken as part of routine operations, and the risk will therefore be well quantified. An appropriate
drainage layer could therefore be designed well in advance of it being needed. The thickness of any
required drainage layer will be determined by the demands of a calculated 1 in 100 year flow.
The density of the overlying cell layers and waste, and the ability of the geosynthetic clay liner to
withstand deformation, will mean that even in exceptional flows greater than the 1 in 100 year
expectancy, any impact on the integrity of the landfill will be unlikely to be significant. The most likely
consequence of an exceptional flow, if indeed it posed a risk at all, will be for the water table to rise either
side of the landfill and seep into the landfill cutoff drains, to be taken away as surface flow.
An additional or alternative means of releasing an accumulation of groundwater below the cell could be
to install drainage groundwater bores lower down the gully. These bores could drain passively and/or be
pumped out when necessary to relieve any build up of hydrostatic pressure. Such a system could be
supported by the installation of pressure transducers underneath the liner. This will be considered as
part of the detailed design.

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Leachate Collection
A composite geosynthetic and membrane liner will contain the process and domestic waste and
associated leachate for each cell. Leachate will be collected in each cell of both the lower and upper
landfill layers and then directed to the leachate sump, from where it will be pumped to the mills
wastewater treatment plant. The leachate will not present any problems for the wastewater treatment
plant. The high pH of the leachate will slightly reduce neutralization chemical use in the treatment plant
due to the effluent being slightly acidic.
Construction waste cells

The construction waste will be inert and leachate collection from this cell is therefore not required.
However, a drainage system will be required, to take away internal cell drainage that would otherwise
accumulate behind the cell wall, particularly while the cell is open and uncapped.
Initially, pending the construction of the first process waste cell and hence the leachate drainage system,
the drainage collection system of the construction cell will simply be piped through the cell wall to a
sediment trap and energy dissipater, allowing drainage to continue to run along the natural drainage line
without causing erosion. When the first process cell is constructed (immediately down-slope of the
construction waste cell) the drainage collection pipe from the construction waste cell will be connected to
the head of the leachate collection system in the process waste cell.
Following capping of the construction waste cell, its drainage system will continue to remove any rainfall
that percolates through the capping.
Lower layer process waste cells

The undersurface of the process waste cells will be prepared from native (ie. in situ) clay ripped to a
depth of approximately 300 mm and compacted to provide a smooth surface, free of sharp rocks that
might puncture the overlying geosynthetic clay liner.
The 6 mm thick geosynthetic clay liner will be unrolled and laid in overlapping panels onto the prepared
base. A 1.5 mm HDPE membrane will then be laid on top of this. This membrane is the primary barrier
to leachate escape. The geosynthetic clay liner is a secondary barrier against any leakage through
perforations in the membrane. The membrane will then be covered with a protective geotextile (non-
woven) to reduce the potential for the overlying aggregate to puncture the membrane.
A 300 mm layer of crushed stone aggregate will be laid on top of the membrane to provide a leachate
drainage layer. The leachate collection pipe network will be positioned at the bottom of this layer.
The drainage layer will be covered with a 1 mm geotextile (non-woven) layer to prevent overlying fines
clogging drainage spaces. The geotextile will be covered with a 150 mm layer of protective mix of waste
and sand (proportioned to achieve a driveable surface for waste delivery trucks and the waste spreading
machinery). Waste will then be deposited and spread over the top of the protective layer. Because the
leachate is likely to be saturated with calcium salts and have a pH of up to 12, there is a potential for
post-precipitation of calcium salts (carbonate, sulfate, phosphate and hydroxide) onto the geotextile liner
surface or in the pores of the geotextile. Lime dust might similarly move onto the geotextile surface or
into its pores. These effects could bind the geotextile and restrict movement of leachate down into the

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collection system. This risk will be mitigated by use of a geotextile with an appropriate fabric structure
and pore size.
A conceptual design of the leachate collection system is provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
The PVC leachate collection pipe will be a heavy walled 300 mm spine with 150 mm feeders running
obliquely outwards and slightly uphill to the extremities of the cell in a herringbone pattern.
The main cell leachate collection will service indirectly the internal 'domestic' type waste cell also, thus
keeping the leachate system simpler and reducing infrastructure costs. A sump will be installed towards
the lower section of the cell underneath the leachate collection pipe to collect any liner leaks and monitor
the effectiveness of the cell liner and leachate containment system.
As the landfill cells are developed downhill, the leachate collection system will be developed
progressively.
The sump will only be extended through the cell wall to the next cell. Each individual cell will contain its
own sump that eventually will be buried by that cells successor.
A main leachate collection pipe will be progressively installed down the centre of the landfills lower layer
as the four lower layer cells are sequentially operated and closed out. Offshoots outwards from the main
leachate collection pipe approximately every 25 m towards the extremity of each individual cell will
ensure control of the phreatic zone throughout the cell.
Upper layer process waste cells

The six upper layer cells will have two leachate collection pipes on either side of the upper level cells due
to the final surface slopes of the underlying cell. Inward offshoots from these leachate collection pipes
approximately every 25 m will ensure control of the phreatic zone throughout the cell.
The leachate collection pipe(s) will be piped from the landfill footprint to a buffer storage tank(s),
downstream of the landfill. The tank(s) will serve as a monitoring site and moderate leachate flows to the
pulp mill effluent treatment system. The tank(s) will have an emergency overflow to Williams Creek.
The tank(s) will be sized to store at least a nominal days worth of landfill leachate, so that the landfill
leachate can be removed from the pulp mill effluent treatment plant during preventative or corrective
maintenance or other effluent treatment plant offline times.
Leachate will be treated in the mills wastewater treatment plant. The nature of the wastes means that
there is little risk of significant environmental harm or nuisance at the landfill site (or even at the
wastewater treatment site). It is possible that oils in the domestic leachate could react with caustic in the
process waste, leading to some saponification but the high water hardness should moderate frothing if
that occurs. If there are high dissolved ammonium salts in the waste, ammonia could be produced at
high pH, potentially causing odour. High pH could also cause metals to precipitate out as hydroxides.
None of these products, however, are problematic, and they will be dealt with at the treatment plant.
Metal sulphides, such as calcium sulphide and sodium sulphide, will exist in very small quantities in the
process waste. In acidic conditions, these sulphides are potentially sources of hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
which is a malodorous gas. However, calcium sulphide and sodium sulphide are stable at the high pH of
the process waste and its leachate. In any event, the total quantities of metal sulphides present in the

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process waste will be too small to cause environmental nuisance at this remote location. Although the
sulphides could dissolve in the leachate and be carried into the mills wastewater treatment plant, this
plant will not have acidic conditions, thereby preventing the production of hydrogen sulphide.
11.2.7 Capping
Each cell (including the construction waste cell) will be capped with multiple layers to reduce rainfall
infiltration, and hence leachate generation.
Construction waste will be left uncovered until the construction waste cell is no longer required, which is
expected to occur prior to or soon after the commencement of operations and hence the commencement
of process waste production.
Process waste will be progressively covered as it is deposited with a 150 mm intermediate cover of
locally sourced soil and/or clay, which will act as a dust suppressant and, in the case of the putrescible
waste, a barrier to odour and nuisance fauna. This intermediate cover will be compacted to assist with
reducing rainwater infiltration but it is not intended to be a primary rain barrier.
When a process waste cell reaches its fill capacity, the intermediate cover will be overlaid with a 1 mm
HDPE membrane, which will be the primary rain barrier. A 150 mm drainage layer of sand will be placed
over this membrane, followed by a 300 mm layer of compacted native clay and then 450 mm of topsoil.
The construction waste cell will be capped similarly.
Shallow rooted native vegetation will be planted to bind the topsoil and assist with waterproofing.
The capping will slope at approximately 5% to direct surface water into the landfills cutoff drains.
11.2.8 Leachate Volumes
Potential leachate volumes have been calculated using HELP (Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill
Performance) (Qian et. al., 2002).
At this conceptual design stage, calculations were performed for an assumed unit process waste cell
having a surface area of 1 hectare in either an uncapped or a capped state. More detailed modelling will
be undertaken during the detailed design stage.
Modelling used a simulated 20 - year set of weather data, created by Visual HELPs Weather Generator.
The Weather Generator creates synthetic daily precipitation over the nominated period (in this case 20
years) by adding statistical variation around a core set of actual weather observations. The core set
used was the Bureau of Meteorologys records for Low Head. The simulated temperature and rainfall
data sets are shown in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
A summary of the modelling results is provided in Table 180 for an uncapped cell and Table 181 for a
capped cell. The full modelling report is provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16.

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Table 180: Uncapped - Estimated water balance for a nominal 1 hectare landfill cell in an
uncapped state
Over 20 % of rainb Annual Daily Peak

a c d e
years average average daily
Precipitation m3 89262.0 100 % 4463.1 12.23 392.0
3
Runoff m 983.8 1.1 % 49.2 0.13 176.8
3
Evapotranspiration m 37618.0 42.1 % 1880.9 5.15 -
3
Collected leachate m 48738.0 54.6 % 2436.9 6.7 22.8
3
Leaked leachate m 48.4 0.1 % 2.4 0.007 0.02
a: The 20 year period is for the purposes of weather simulation only. Any given cell will only
be open for approximately 2 years.
b: The amount as a percent of precipitation
c: The 20 year accumulated total divided by 20
d: The annual average divided by 365
e: The peak daily volume over the 20 year simulated data set
Table 181: Capped - Estimated water balance for a nominal 1 hectare landfill
cell in a capped state
Over 20 % of rainb Annual Daily Peak

yearsa averagec averaged dailye
Precipitation m3 89262.0 100 % 4463.1 12.2 392.0
3
Runoff m 10.6 0.01 % 0.5 0.002 10.2
Evapotranspiration m3 84561.0 94.7 % 4228.1 11.6 -
3
Collected leachate m 1867.8 2.1 % 93.4 0.26 0.33
3
Leaked leachate m 4.0 0.005 % 0.2 0.0006 0.0009
a: The 20 year period is for the purposes of weather simulation.

b: The amount as a percent of precipitation
c: The 20 year accumulated total divided by 20
d: The annual average divided by 365
e: The peak daily volume over the 20 year simulated data set
Collected Leachate
The expected daily average volume of leachate collected by the drainage system of a nominal 1 hectare
process waste cell during its uncapped state is 6.7 m3, with an expected peak daily volume of 22.8 m3.
The expected daily average volume of leachate collected by the drainage system of a nominal 1 hectare
process waste cell during its capped state is 0.26 m3, with an expected peak daily volume of
approximately 0.33 m3.

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At the full operating development of 9 closed cells and 1 remaining open cell, the estimated average
daily volume of collected leachate is therefore 6.7 + (9 x 0.26) = 9.0 m3, with a peak daily volume of 22.8
+ (9 x 0.33) = 25.8 m3.
These average and peak daily volumes at full development correspond to flow rates of 0.1 L/s and 0.3
L/s respectively.
These rates are 3 orders of magnitude less than the capacity of the 300 mm leachate collection pipes
that will be used.
Leaked leachate
The expected daily average volume of leachate leaking through the bottom liner of a nominal 1 hectare
process waste cell during its uncapped state is 0.007 m3, with an expected peak daily volume of 0.02
m3.
The expected daily average volume of leachate leaking through the bottom liner of a nominal 1 hectare
cell during its capped state is 0.0006 m3, with an expected peak daily volume of approximately 0.0009
m3.
At the full operating development of 9 closed cells and 1 remaining open cell, the estimated average
daily volume of leaked leachate is therefore 0.007 + (9 x 0.0006) = 0.01 m3, with a peak daily volume of
0.02 + (9 x 0.0009) = 0.03 m3.
These average and peak daily volumes at full development correspond to leakage rates from the fully
developed landfill of 10 L/day and 30 L/day respectively.
Post-closure
Following the complete closure of the landfill (ie. all 10 process waste cells closed and capped), the
average and peak daily leachate collection rates will be 10 x 0.26 = 2.6 m3 and 10 x 0.33 = 3.3 m3, ie.
2600 L/d and 3300 L/d or 0.03 L/s and 0.04 L/s respectively.
Following the complete closure of the landfill (ie. all 10 process waste cells closed and capped), the
average and peak daily leachate leakage rates will be 10 x 0.0006 = 0.006 m3 and 10 x 0.0009 = 0.009
m3, ie. 6 L/d and 9 L/d.
11.2.9 Landfill Gas Management
The main process wastes to be disposed of to the landfill are inorganic and inert (eg. green liquor dregs,
lime slaker and lime kiln electrostatic precipitator solids and boiler ash etc.). No green wastes will be
disposed of to the landfill. All wastes with a calorific value will be reused as fuel for power production.
The waste type with the potential to produce gas is the domestic waste. The domestic waste will be
placed in each of the ten individual process waste cells in a separate dedicated cell for each main cell.
There will therefore be 10 separate domestic waste cells, one each in the 10 process waste cells. The
annual production of domestic type waste will be approximately 760 t/a or 5,000 m3/a (a bulk density of

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0.15 before compaction). This amounts to approximately 10% of the maximum amount of wastes for
disposal, ignoring compaction.
Each domestic waste cell will have a gas discharge pipe installed after final capping to prevent gas build
up under the cap. Given the volume of domestic waste stored in each individual domestic cell, gas flaring
is not proposed and the amount of gas generated will be small and will have negligible commercial value.
Landfill gas collection will not be economic, and will not be undertaken.
11.2.10 Surface Water Management
As no water quality data are available to establish site-specific water quality objectives for Williams
Creek, the State Water Policy defers to the trigger values outlined in the ANZECC Guidelines (2000) for
the protection of 95% of aquatic ecosystems.
Provided that the water quality of the surface waters flowing through the landfill complies with the
ANZECC trigger values for Protected Environmental values (PEVs), the State Water Policy will be
satisfied. If any trigger value is exceeded, a risk assessment will need to be undertaken to determine
what, if any, management action is necessary.
Diversion
Designing an appropriate surface water management system is of primary importance when a landfill
location impinges on natural watercourses. The location of the landfill and its design has endeavoured to
minimise interference to the natural waterways in the area.
The area of natural drainage that reports to Williams Creek and requires diversion around the western
and eastern sides of the landfill is approximately 20 and 64 ha respectively. The area of natural drainage
that reports to Williams Creek and requires diversion at the lower eastern end of the landfill is
approximately 198 ha. These catchment areas were determined from 1:25000 site topographic maps.
Surface water diversions are a key component of the landfill layout.
A permanent surface water cut off drain will be installed along the western side of the ultimate landfill
footprint adjacent to the access road and along the eastern side of the landfill adjacent to the ultimate
landfill footprint. These drains will also collect diverted surface water from above and to the east of the
landfill.
A permanent surface water diversion drain will be installed to divert surface water from a relatively large
(but still ephemeral) drainage line flowing from the east at the lower end of the landfill.
The above surface water infrastructure will remain for the life of the landfill and will be integral to the final
close out plan for this area of the landfill. The surface water diversion drains will be directed at an
appropriate velocity and slope back into the natural Williams Creek watercourse below the landfill
footprint.
The drains will be designed to handle a 1:50 year rainfall event at the nominal time of concentration for
the individual catchments. The drains will be designed and constructed to appropriate design standards
and for ease of ongoing maintenance.

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During the operation of the lower layer of cells, temporary drains closer to the boundary of those cells will
be installed, in addition to the ultimate outside permanent drains.
The DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide specifies design criteria for surface water management for a
1:50 year storm event of 24 hours duration.
The intensity of rainfall and associated surface water flow rates from a 24 hour duration storm may not
be indicative of good engineering design for different locations.
For the catchments mentioned above, the time of concentration (overland flow time) for surface waters
reporting to or around the landfill area is approximately 30 minutes. Using the more appropriate 30-
minute rainfall event for design purposes (which gives much higher rainfall intensities and hence flow
rates), the surface water cut off drain on the western side of the landfill must be able to handle 100 L/s.
The surface water diversion and cut off drain on the upper eastern side of the landfill must be able to
handle 3,500 L/s. The surface water diversion drain on the bottom eastern side of the landfill must be
able to handle 9,000 L/s (Pitt and Sherry 2006a).
The calculations for the above information are contained in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
The conceptual design is for the permanent earth drains to be cut into the natural ground around the
landfill with nominal dimensions of 2 m wide by 1 m deep and 45 sides with nominal downhill slopes of
1%.
The flow that such a drain could handle has been calculated at approximately 7,500 L/s. This design is
more than enough for the western and upper eastern drains. The lower eastern drain has a slope of
approximately 10% and at this slope the flow capacity of the 2 m x 1 m drain is approximately 24,000 L/s,
which is also more than adequate (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a). Further detail on surface water drainage is
provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
11.2.11 Groundwater Management
Based on preliminary geotechnical information, the siting of the landfill will not interfere with current
groundwater movement. The watertable level is approximately 16 m below the surface level at the landfill
area at its top end but may be less than 5 m below the surface at its lower end.
The landfill leachate quality has the potential to affect quality of the groundwater, especially the pH and
conductivity, in the event of a significant breach in the landfill liners integrity. However, the weathered
soil between the landfill and the groundwater will attenuate the impact of any leachate lost from the
landfill, and the effectiveness of this attenuation will depend on where the breach occurs. Attenuation will
be much greater for a breach at the upper end of the landfill than for a breach at the lower end, although
the concept design does not rely on this attenuation.
Based on the conceptual landfill design, the proposed liner and capping system, the underlying geology
and the leachate collection system, the risk and therefore the requirements for groundwater management
are minimal.
The adoption of the proposed landfill liner design will minimise the potential risk of ground water
contamination and the extent of potential contamination in accordance with Section 24.1 of the State
Policy on Water Quality Management 1997.

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Permanent groundwater monitoring bores will be installed in strategic locations, above and below the
landfill footprint, to monitor the groundwater levels and quality.
11.2.12 Hours of Operation
It is proposed initially to operate the landfill between 7 am and 5 pm, seven days a week. These hours
may change as mill operations dictate.
The details that may affect the proposed hours of operation are:
Amount of waste produced; and

Amount of waste diverted to beneficial reuse rather than landfill disposal.
Number of trucks to be employed, truck capacities and frequency of the turn around at the landfill
(taking into account the time required for spreading and compaction of the wastes). It is envisaged
that only one truck will be needed to transport the amount of pulp mill solid waste for disposal,
provided that the pulp mill solid waste generation rate is reasonably constant and that the pulp mill
has solid waste storage capacity for weekend storage.
A work practices study after commencement of operation may recommend adjustments to the proposed
operating regime.
11.2.13 Staffing
Approximately 10 truck loads per day, each carrying approximately 20 m3 per load will be required to be
loaded at the pulp mill, carted to the landfill, unloaded at the landfill and spread across the open
operating cell (10 deliveries per day x 20 m3 x 250 workdays/year = 50,000 m3 per year).
There will not be a permanent presence on site. Landfill operators will be on site on as as-required
basis. It is envisaged that the staffing levels at any given time for the facility will be 2 people. One
person will be the supervisor and direct operations. The other is likely to be a qualified plant machinery
operator.
There will be a small crib room/office and workshop that will be opened and used as needed.
11.2.14 Waste Handling
To all practical extents, construction waste will be beneficially reused or recycled, rather than disposing
of it to the landfill. Examples of this would be steel and other metals, packaging materials, timber pallets,
glass and plastics etc. Only residual waste that cannot be reused or recycled will be taken to the landfill
for disposal.
It is proposed to cool and wet the individual pulp mill process wastes prior to mixing and temporary
storage in a dedicated storage area at the mill. The mixed process wastes will then be carted in covered
trucks to the landfill site. The trucks will access the open operating cell by temporary gravel roads onto
the previously spread and compacted fill.

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The individual waste layers will progress from the near roadside western side of the cell across to the
western side of the cell. This will be achieved by having a truck tipping face about 0.5 m high
established at the western side of the cell that will progress eastwards spreading over the entire area of
the cell for each waste layer. The tipped waste will be spread and compacted level with the 0.5 m depth
profile for the individual layer.
When putrescible waste is deposited in the landfill, it will be covered with at least 30 cm of soil and/or
process waste at the end of the day to minimise odour generation and vermin infestation. To reduce
disposal space wastage, the upper portion of this cover will typically be pulled back the next day (without
disturbing the underlying waste) prior to depositing the next days waste, which in turn will be covered
again.
11.3 Quarry
Gunns proposes to establish a quarry to provide construction material and road bases, road sheeting
and crushed stone for the development of the Bell Bay site.
The quarry will be located north of the East Tamar Highway adjacent to the proposed landfill and water
reservoir components of the project (Figure 11-1).
The quarry will only be established if there is insufficient dolerite resource required for the development
of the Bell Bay site for the pulp mill and wharf.
The total reserve is estimated to be 180,000 cubic metres of dolerite. Production is proposed to be
100,000 cubic metres in the first year and approximately 20,000 cubic metres for the subsequent four
years. The proposed rock extraction method is drill and blast. Blasting will be required.
It is proposed to carry out crushing and screening at the quarry.
A settling pond (approximately 25 m x 10 m x 2 m deep) will be maintained during operation to manage

stormwater runoff from the site and any waters used for washing or screening.
The operation hours will be from 7 am to 7 pm during weekdays and from 8 am to 4 pm on weekends.
The quarry will be a Level 2 extractive industry and materials handling.
The quarry will be designed and operated to meet the requirements of the Quarry Code of Practice
(QCOP). Following mining of the quarry, the quarry site will be rehabilitated in accordance with the
QCOP.
Expolosives will be stored on site during site preparation. The storage of explosives on the site will be in
licensed magazines which will comply with AS 2187.1-1998 and AS 2187.2-2006. Any Transport of
explosives on public roads will comply with the Dangerous Substances (Safe Handling) Act 2005,
Dangerous Substances (Safe Transport) Act 1998, the Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport)
Regulations 1998 and the Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail.
Further details are provided in the completed Environmental Impact Information (EII) Mining and
Extractive Industries form in Appendix 39, Volume 14.

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11.4 Water Reservoir
11.4.1 Overview
Local water storage is required for a back-up water supply for the pulp mill in the event of an emergency
such as the unlikely event of a water supply pipeline failure. Refer to Appendix 44, Volume 15 for details
on water supply for the pulp mill.
The water reservoir will contain up to seven days of water consumption. For the production of up to 1.1
million of air dry tonnes of pulp per year this will require up to 670 ML of storage. Water allowances have
been made for any possible further use by other industries along the pipe corridor.
Design Parameters of the Water Reservoir

The water reservoir will comprise an earth embankment constructed across a valley in the Tippogoree
Hills immediately to the east of the mill site. It is located in close proximity to the proposed landfill and
quarry (refer to Figure 11-1 for the proposed location).
Design parameters of the water reservoir are provided in Table 182.
Table 182: Summary of the Pulp Mill Site Water Reservoir
Item Design Basis
Embankment Level To RL 92.0 m maximum (to avoid overtopping to the east of the
saddle)
Dam Top Water Level RL 90 m providing 2.0 m freeboard
Lowest Operating Levels RL 85 m
Embankment Crest Lengths 460 m East and 370 m West
Embankment Crest Width 5.0 m
Maximum Wall Height 17.0 m (toe level at RL 75 m)
Upstream Wall Batter 1 vertical to 3 horizontal
Downstream Wall Batter 1 vertical to 2.5 horizontal
Construction Method Earth/rockfill embankment with 5.0m wide central clay core
Storage Capacity Up to 670 ML
Embankment Volume 200,000 m3
Spillway Invert Level RL 90 m
Spillway Width 5m
Design Flow 6.325 m3/s (0.8 m head)
Source: GHD, 2005 (see Appendix 44, Volume 15)

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The water reservoir will be filled by gravity from the balance/control tank. Successful operation of this
section will depend on air being prevented from entering the pipeline from the balance/control tank. This
is best achieved by throttling the flow at the local site storage so that pipeline is always flowing full. It is
proposed that an outlet flow control manifold be installed just upstream of the water reservoir. This valve
will be actuated/regulated via a signal from the balance/control tank water level or from a pressure
sensor in the outlet pipe just downstream of the balance tank. An alternative means of control would
involve installing a flow meter just upstream of the valve manifold and regulating its setting based on a
preset flow to achieve a fully drowned hydraulic grade line.
The above signals will be linked to a central pulp mill SCADA System.
The reservoir will not take any water from Williams Creek.
Final design of the dam will be subject to a detailed geotechnical investigation of the area; particularly
with regards to sourcing clay and rock material. The water reservoir is likely to be considered a High B
Hazard category. The relevant regulations under the Water Management Act 1999 require that dams of
this hazard must be designed by an expert team.

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12. Potential Environmental Impacts and Management
Measures
This chapter provides details of the potential impacts of the construction and operation of the landfill,
quarry and water reservoir components of the project.
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir are proposed to be located east of the East Tamar Highway in the
vicinity of the Tippogoree Hills Figure 11-1.
The potential impacts have been assessed using the impact assessment methodology described in
Chapter 3. The potential environmental, economic and social and community impacts are discussed for
each component in Chapters 4 to 12.16.
12.1 Land Use and Planning
12.1.1 Use, Zone and Use and Development Status (Landfill)
In accordance with Part 4 of the George Town Planning Scheme 1991, the Landfill is classified as a
Utility Service (Major). The definition for Utility Service (Major) is:
means any land used for a utility service which is not a minor utility service defined elsewhere
in this Scheme and includes a water supply/treatment plant, a sewerage treatment plant, a
refuse disposal site, a waste transfer station, a power generating works and an electricity
substation or switching station or more than 110kV.
The proposed landfill will be located within both the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone and the Agricultural
Zone. Under the provisions of the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone, Utility Service (Major) is classified as a
permitted use or development (permit required). Under the provisions of the Agricultural Zone, Utility
Service (Major) is classified as a discretionary use or development.
12.1.2 Use, Zone and Use and Development Status (Quarry)
In accordance with Part 4 of the George Town Planning Scheme 1991, the Quarry is classified as an
Extractive Industry. The definition for Extractive Industry is:
Means;
the extraction of from any land of sand, earth, soil, clay, turf, gravel, rock, stone, minerals,
or similar substance; or
the treatment or processing or manufacture of articles or products from any of the foregoing
on the land from which the same was extracted or on adjacent land.
The proposed quarry will be located within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone and subject to the
provisions of the Skyline Protection Special Area. Under the provisions of the Bell Bay Major Industrial
Zone, Extractive Industry is classified as a permitted use or development (permit required).

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12.1.3 Use, Zone and Use and Development Status (Water Storage Pond)
In accordance with Part 4 of the George Town Planning Scheme 1991, the Water Reservoir is classified
as a Utility Service (major). The definition for Utility Service (major) is:
Means any land used for a utility service which is not a minor utility service defined elsewhere
in this Scheme and includes a water supply/treatment plant, a sewerage treatment plant, a
refuse disposal site, a waste transfer station, a power generating works and an electricity
substation or switching station of more than 110kV.
The proposed Water Reservoir will be located within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone and is subject to
the Skyline Protection Special Area. Under the provisions of the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone, Utility
Service (major) is classified as a permitted use or development (permit required).
12.1.4 Use, Zone and Use and Development Status (Leachate Pipeline)
In accordance with Part 4 of the George Town Planning Scheme 1991, the Water Reservoir is classified
as a Utility Service (major). The definition for Utility Service (Minor) is: -
means any land used for the reticulation to the local area of a water, sewerage, stormwater,
electricity or telephone service and includes a sewerage pump station, an electrical substation
of not more than 110kV capacity, a water supply reservoir or source and a telephone
exchange;
The proposed pipeline will be located within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone. Under the provisions of
the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone, Utility Service (Minor) is classified as a permitted use or
development (permit required).
12.1.5 Use, Zone and Use and Development Status (Subdivision)

In accordance with Clause 5.9.5 of the Planning Scheme, subdivision in the Bell Bay Major Industrial
zone (IN3) shall be determined on the specific requirements of approved developments. No subdivision
shall be approved without prior development approval.
Gunns intend to purchase a 624.11 hectare parcel of land to be subdivided from CT 143039/1, upon
which the pulp mill and some of the associated infrastructure will be located. The 624.11 parcel of land
that would be created by the subdivision will be sold by Comalco Aluminium (Bell Bay) Limited if approval
for the Project is received and the Project proceeds. The subdivision is therefore a development required
as part of the Project.
12.1.6 Purpose of the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone

Clause 5.9.1 defines the purpose of the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone. Table 183 below lists the main
objectives and provides comment on how the Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir components of the
proposal meet the objectives.

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Table 183: Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone - Assessment
Purpose of Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone Comment
The Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone represents a The land upon which the landfill, water reservoir and
unique opportunity to identify and make available quarry associated with the pulp mill is proposed to be
land suitable for the expansion of industrial use and constructed is clearly identified as suitable for future
development at Bell Bay and its consolidation as one industrial expansion in the Bell Bay region. The Bell Bay
of the principal industrial estates in the State. Major Industrial Zone was created to entice new
industries to locate within the area. The proposal to
construct what will be one of the States major industries
on this land is entirely consistent with the intent of the
zone and will further strengthen Bell Bay as one of the
principal industrial estates in the State.
The inherent qualities of this area for industrial use The inherent qualities mentioned in the objective are
and development including its deep water precisely part of the reason the site was selected for the
anchorages, existing transport infrastructure, pulp mill and its associated infrastructure.
availability of services and the separation from
The site for the landfill, quarry and water reservoir has
incompatible uses, are recognised by this zoning.
been chosen due to its proximity to the pulp mill itself
and ease of accessibility to the East Tamar Highway.
Section 10 Volume 1 of the Draft IIS demonstrates fully
the attributes of the site and why it was chosen.
It is submitted that the very qualities that the Bell Bay

Industrial Zone is trying to support are integral to the
reason the site was chosen for some of the infrastructure
associated with the pulp mill.
The intent of this zone is to promote the use of the The landfill, water reservoir and quarry are integral to the
area as a strategic location and clear focus for the operation of the pulp mill and therefore further this
establishment of major industries for value added objective.
resource processing and requiring the locational
advantages the site has to offer.
The provisions of this zone also establishes a The Development Plan referred to was prepared but
framework for the provision of major infrastructure never formally incorporated into the George Town
services and the preparation of a Development Plan Planning Scheme 1991. Whilst the development controls
to provide the detailed controls to further guide outlined in the Development Plan have no formal
developments. statutory standing, the appropriateness of the project
against the strategic intent of the Plan has been
assessed in Section 1.3.2 of this report.
The establishment and ongoing monitoring of This Draft IIS will examine all possible environmental
industries will be subject to the appropriate impacts. As a POSS the Project is taken out of relevant
environmental approvals under the Environmental legislation including the Environmental Protection and
Protection Act 1973. Quantified risk assessment shall Pollution Control Act 1994, which replaced the
be performed on proposed industrial developments. Environmental Protection Act 1973.

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12.1.7 Use and Development Principles (Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone)
Use and development in the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone is guided by a set of principles for the
assessment of development applications as listed in Clause 5.9.6 of the Planning Scheme. Table 184
below provides an assessment of the project against the principals.
Table 184: Use and Development Principles (Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone)
Use and Development Principle Comment
To encourage major industrial use and development The Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir components of
to consolidate in this strategically important location. the project are integral to the pulp mill itself as a major
industrial use.
To discourage small scale industrial activities except N/A

where such uses service or support major industrial
use and development
To promote industries, which have as their primary As ancillary infrastructure to the pulp mill the proposed
market, the Region, the State, national or Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir components of the
international markets and whose activities have a project further this.
significant multiplier effect on the States economy.
To recognise the importance of the road, rail and N/A

water transport infrastructure and the need to protect
the safety and efficiency while planning for its further
development and integration with use and
development in the zone.
To maximise the utilisation of existing service N/A

infrastructure and to provide for and co-ordinate the
provisions or expansion of major services, including
electricity, natural gas and water supply.
To ensure land abutting the Tamar River Crown The site for that landfill, water reservoir and quarry is
Reserve is reserved for industries, which specifically located on the eastern side of the East Tamar Highway,
require access to the water for wharf and associated well away from the Tamar Foreshore.
installations.
A foreshore corridor shall be provided to maintain the N/A

environment and visual amenity of the river
foreshore. Development shall be set back a minimum
60 metres from the Tamar River Crown Reserve or
as provided in the development plan, except where
specifically required for wharf and associated
installations.

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Highway corridors shall be provided for purposes of The Quarry and Landfill sites are set back over 400 m
visual amenity and future road widening or from the East Tamar Highway and are screened by a
augmentation requirements ridgeline. These facilities will not be visible from the
Highway. The closest section of the water supply
reservoir will be located approximately 150 m from the
Highway and may be partially visible through screening
vegetation for a short length of the highway. None of the
sites interfere with future widening of the highway.
Separate access points onto the East Tamar An existing access point to the Comalco buffer land will
Highway and Bridport Main Road are to be limited, be used to access these facilities. This access will need
and use and development should be served by to be upgraded from the current dirt access road to cater
internal roads. for waste truck and maintenance vehicles. These
requirements are detailed in Section 4 Volume 2 of the
Draft IIS.
To provide appropriate separation between There are no incompatible uses within the Bell Bay
incompatible industries within the zone. Major Industrial Zone. The existing site essentially
comprises an industrial buffer in support of the Comalco
smelting plant.
Emissions at the boundary of the zone shall meet the Emissions are discussed in Volume 2, Section 14.
necessary environmental quality requirements of the
adjoining zoning.
To ensure activities within the zone are established The adjoining land is State Forest. Appropriate buffer
at an adequate safety distance from the boundary of zones have been included within the design layout (and
the zone and other activities within the zone; area proposed to be rezoned) to ensure that there is no
impact on surrounding land uses.
To encourage retention of vegetation cover by the The proposal will involve the removal or disturbance of
application of the Tree Preservation Provisions under vegetation. The potential impacts and mitigation
Clause 6.4. measures proposed is outlined in Appendix 29, Volume
12. This includes commitment on behalf of Gunns to
provide offsets to compensate for proposed loss of
vegetation. These offset areas will be protected by
virtue of reserve and covenant of title.
The development plan shall incorporate landscape Specific landscaping will include:
assessment analysis and developments shall comply
Rehabilitation of areas disturbed during construction
with the landscape assessment. Extensive
which lie outside the facility footprints;
landscaping for all developments will be required and
such landscaping to be in accordance with the Rehabilitation of closed landfill cells;
planning authority approved plans. Rehabilitation of the quarry site should in accordance
with the Quarry Code of Practice.

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Subdivision of land shall be only approved on the See Section 2.2 of this Volume.
basis of approved development.
To protect water storages and catchments. Management measures will be implemented to protect
water storages and catchments. Discussion is provided
in Volume 2, Section 14.
To protect use and developments within the zone A Fire Management Strategy will be implemented to
and adjacent forest areas from wildfire including protect surrounding areas and assets.
provision of buffer zones of cleared land.
Unless otherwise provided in the development plan, N/A

the height, form and appearance of buildings and
structures shall be determined in accordance with
Schedule 5.
Corridors of native bushland are to be retained within Outside the facility construction footprints, native
the zone to provide for the protection of wildfire and vegetation will not be disturbed
native flora
The preferred staging of use and development and A Detailed construction-staging plan is provided in
provision or extension of infrastructure. Volume 1 of the Draft IIS. Provision exists to expand the
landfill site if required. It is not expected the quarry or
water supply reservoir will require expansion.
12.1.8 Skyline Protection Area
The George Town Planning Scheme (1991) identifies the Tippogoree Hills as a Skyline Protection
Area. Under the Scheme:
5.10.6.3 ii) A lot shall not be located such that the resulting residential use or development
could significantly alter, or have an adverse impact on the environment, flora and fauna
habitats, watercourses, skyline and tree and particularly areas where defined as Skyline
Protection Areas.
6.4.1 (i) For the purpose of securing or of preserving the amenity in any Village, Low Density
Residential, or Tourist Facility Zone, or Skyline Protection Area, no person hall ringbark, cut
down, top, lop, remove, injure or wilfully destroy any tree or trees, except with the consent of
the planning authority given with or without such conditions as the planning authority deems
necessary.
The proposed landfill is situated in a depression in the lower section of the Tippogoree Hills, below the
ridgeline. This positioning reduces the visual impact from the clearing of trees required for construction of
the landfill, thus protecting the integrity and scenic qualities of the Skyline Protection Area. Specific
landscaping will include the rehabilitation of areas disturbed during construction that lie outside the
facility footprints and rehabilitation of closed landfill cells. It is noted that consent of the planning
authority pursuant to Section 6.4.1 (i) of the Planning Scheme does not apply to a declared project of
state significance.

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12.1.9 Exploration Licence
The landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir are located within an area covered by a Retention Licence
under the Mineral Resources Development Act 1995. Licence RL3/1997 Category 3 construction
materials, is held by Tasmanian Hardrock Pty Ltd over an area of 7 km2. The licence expires on 19
December 2007 30 .
Under provision in the Mineral Resources Development Act 1985, landowners are permitted to use stone
on the property on which it was mined without the need to obtain a mining lease. When Gunns purchase
this property, they will be able to utilise the quarried dolerite on the site. Gunns will still need to seek
permission from Tasmanian hardrock to mine the site.
12.1.10 Planning Scheme Amendment
While a planning scheme amendment is not required in order to facilitate the proposed landfill, a
rezoning for that portion of the landfill located within the Agricultural Zone to Bell Bay Major Industrial
Area is recommended. This would ensure that the whole of the facility is located within the one zone and
that future works to the landfill will be considered permitted. The proposed rezoning provides an
appropriate planning response for the following reasons:
The development of this site for a landfill will aid in the establishment of the Gunns pulp mill, a major
resource value adding industry, also to be developed within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone.
The use and development of the site as a landfill furthers the strategic importance of this area/zone
for major industrial use and development.
The location of the site maximises the existing road and rail infrastructure and ensures an integrated
and efficient method for disposing of the waste material to be generated by the pulp mill.
The location of the site is such that there is substantial separation from incompatible or other uses on
which the development may have an impact.
The proposed site maximises the use of the existing site features and topography.
The adjoining land is State Forest. Appropriate buffer zones have been included within the design
(and area proposed to be rezoned) to ensure that there is no impact on surrounding land uses.
Best practice landfill design and operation in accordance with Department of Primary Industries,
Water and Environment (2004) Sustainability Guide for the Siting, Design, Operation and
Rehabilitation of Landfills will prevent any adverse impact on the surrounding natural environment
during the construction and operation of the landfill.
The proposed landfill is situated in a depression in the lower section of the Tippogoree Hills, below
the ridgeline. This positioning reduces the visual impact from the clearing of trees required for
construction of the landfill, thus protecting the integrity and scenic qualities of the Skyline Protection
Area.
The landfill is not compatible with the Agricultural Zoning of the land on which part of the development is
located. An amendment to the planning scheme is required to reflect approval of the project under the
Project of State Significance assessment process.
30
The List http://www.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/ accessed 13/06/06.

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The area bounded by the GDA 1994 MGA Zone 55 coordinates 493827E, 5445540N to 494465E,
5445954N to 495056E, 5444944N to 494983E, 5444902N to 494614E, 5445400N back to 493827E,
5445540N, as shown in Figure 3, needs to be rezoned from Agricultural to Bell Bay Major Industrial, ie:
Amend the George Town Planning Scheme Map by drawing a black line around the section of property
PID 2535084 as shown in Figure 3. Rezone the area contained by this line to Bell Bay Major Industrial.
Area to be
rezoned
(h d d )
Figure 12-1 Area to which the amendment relates
The proposed planning scheme amendment is outlined in more detail in Appendix L of Appendix 55,
Volume 16, Volume 8 - Pitt and Sherry 2006a, Gunns Pulp Mill Solid Waste Landfill Conceptual Design.
related to infrastructure and services is provided below.

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Table 185: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures land use and
planning

Rating
Landfill not all located within the Minor Planning Scheme amendment Minor Insignifican
Bell Bay Industrial Zone negative positive t impact
impact impact
To meet the requirements of Minor Environmental Management Minor Insignifican

Use and Development negative Plans and specific sub-plans positive t impact
Principles impact such as vegetation impact
management, landscaping etc.
Impact on the Skyline Minor No clearing or infrastructure Minor Insignifican

Protection Area negative located above ridge crests positive t impact
impact impact
Overall, impacts on land use and planning are considered insignificant.
12.2.1 Buildings
Landfill
A demountable site office and an ablutions block are proposed as part of the landfill component (Pitt and
Sherry, 2006a). The demountable office and ablutions block will be located uphill of the landfill, above
Cell 1, at the end of a permanent access road.
Quarry
No buildings are proposed as part of the quarry development.
Water Reservoir
No buildings are proposed for the water reservoir component.

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12.2.2 Services
Water Supply
Landfill
Water for the landfill operations will be supplied from a 25,000 L storage tank fed from office building roof
run off; and a small pond to be constructed on a small upstream tributary of Williams Creek, which will
augment water roof run off from the office building.
The 25,000 L landfill operations water supply tank will also fulfil the requirements for a fire fighting water
supply. This tank will be filled as necessary by water tanker during extended dry weather periods.
Potable water supply for the office and ablution buildings will have a separate dedicated 13,000 L tank
filled solely by water tanker. The toilet and wash/shower facility will be a transportable system which can
be easily relocated, with effluent entering an in-ground septic tank and absorption trench, to be installed
in accordance with George Town Council requirements.
After the initial construction period, a maximum of only two operators will work at the landfill at any given
time. Approximately 200 L per operator per day of wastewater will be produced. The maximum 400 L of
wastewater produced each day and treated through a septic system and associated trench should not
present a significant risk to ground water or surface waters (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Quarry
During construction and operation of the quarry, water supply will be required as a management
measure for dust control and to assist in rehabilitation of exposed surfaces.
During construction, the proposed water source will be the water reservoir and existing water services
available at the woodchip mill.
However, during operation, a settling pond (approximately 25 m x 10 m x 2 m deep) is proposed in which

water may be drawn from where necessary.
Water Reservoir
The water reservoir is designed to meet the water supply needs of the pulp mill. A detailed description of
the water reservoir is provided in Section 11.4. Water will be sourced from Trevallyn Dam at Launceston.
Additional water supply will not be required for the construction and operation of the water reservoir.
Sewerage
During construction of the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, a toilet and wash/shower facility will be
available and will be a transportable and relocatable system, with effluent reporting to an in-ground septic
tank and absorption trench. The toilet and wash facility will be installed in accordance with George Town
Council requirements.

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Following the initial construction period, a maximum of two operators will work at the landfill. An
estimated 200 L per operator per day of wastewater will be produced, which equals a maximum 400 L of
wastewater and treatment through a septic system per day.
Electricity
There is no existing infrastructure that can be used to provide electricity to the proposed landfill, quarry
and storage dam.
Electricity supply is required for:
Power and lighting;

Hot water, ovens and fridge;
Pumping of water to the landfill spray monitor;
Potable water supply to amenity building;
Fire fighting pump;
Flood lighting for night time operations; and
Leachate collection buffer storage pond pumps.
New transmission and distribution plant will be required to provide power to the landfill and storage dam
areas.
Power will be transmitted to the landfill and storage dam areas at 22 kV from a proposed substation at
the pulp mill site.
The transmission route will traverse three major services: an overhead electricity (high voltage)
transmission line, a railway line (the East Tamar Rail Link), and the main traffic route into George Town
(East Tamar Highway).
The type of construction proposed for the transmission line to the landfill is a mixture of underground
cable and overhead open line construction. The total distance from the edge of the pulp mill site to the far
side of the highway reserve (a distance that could potentially require underground cable) exceeds 500 m.
Cable for underground transmission at 22 kV is available and is the method of choice for crossing
existing services. However, the cost is relatively high when compared with overhead construction, and its
use will necessarily be limited to essential areas only. The installed cost will be especially sensitive to
ground conditions if, for example, significant rock is present.
The proposed transmission line has been broken up into segments illustrated in Appendix H of
For the purposes of conceptual design, underground cable is proposed under the HV transmission line
and the railway. However, underground cable may also be used under the East Tamar Highway, subject
to investigation during detailed design. The remainder of the line will use overhead open wire
construction.
At the landfill site, a 50kVA pole-mounted transformer will be installed. This will supply three-phase
power to a main switchboard, from where power will be distributed to the leachate pump and amenities

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building. No detailed load demand has been calculated since 50 kVA is the smallest practicable three-
phase load to be provided from a pole-mounted substation. The same applies to the water reservoir
electrical supply.
At the water reservoir, a second 50kVA pole-mounted transformer will be installed. This will feed three
phase power to a main switchboard, from where power will be fed to the storage dam pump station and
other loads, as required.
In the event that quarry operations are implemented, the electrical demand will increase substantially. In
this case, the 50kVA pole-mounted transformer will be replaced with a 500 kVA unit, suitable for
operating a crusher and other loads. The 500 kVA transformer will supply the landfill and the quarry
loads through separate main switchboards. To provide flexibility for the location of the quarry main
switchboard, a substation low voltage circuit breaker cubicle is proposed at the landfill transformer. This
will have an isolator on the incomer from the transformer, a single circuit breaker for the landfill main
switch board, plus space for a future circuit breaker to feed the quarry main switchboard. This
arrangement will protect a longer mains cable to the quarry main switchboard and has the advantage of
simplifying the future installation works.
A generator could well be cheaper to install than a transmission line. However, when comparing a
generator versus a transmission line, running costs will be quite different. More details on the option of a
generator vs transmission line are provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
Natural Gas
Natural Gas is not currently available at the site and will not be required to operate the landfill, quarry or
water reservoir.
Telecommunications
No telecommunications, optic fibres or lines will be required for construction and operation of the landfill,
quarry or water reservoir. Mobile phone and/or radio services will be provided for telecommunication
purposes.
Road
The construction and operation of the proposed landfill, water reservoir and quarry will result in a
cumulation of traffic utilising the new access to these components of the pulp mill. Refer to Section
12.10.
Rail
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir will not impact on rail services.
The need for buildings, water supply, sewerage infrastructure and electricity supply will not result in an
increase in current service demands. Management measures to meet the service requirements of the

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project are included as part of the project concept design and therefore, no management measures as
such are recommended.
To minimise the impact of traversing the high voltage transmission line, East Tamar Rail Link and East
Tamar Highway, options for overhead and underground transmission lines will be considered more
closely in the detailed design phase. To minimise disruption Gunns will liase with the service providers
and notify service users about potential temporary disruptions.
related to infrastructure and services is provided below.
Table 186: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures infrastructure and
services

Rating
Construction of a new Moderate Consider overhead and Minor positive Minor

transmission line will traverse a negative underground options. Method to impact negative
high voltage transmission line, impact be determined in the detailed impact
East Tamar Rail link and East design phase.
Tamar Highway.
Liase with relevant services
Temporary disruption to service providers.
supply.
Advise service users of any
temporary disruptions.
Overall, impacts on infrastructure and services are considered minor.
12.3 Topography, Climate and Meteorology
12.3.1 Topography
Landfill
Landfill construction and operation activities will result in local disturbance to the topography. Excavation
activities associated with the establishment of the landfill cells and permanent and temporary access
roads will occur.
The design of the landfill has considered topographic constraints including the saddle to the north west
and two drainage lines running from the east above and below the site and potential visibility from roads,
tourist lookouts and residential areas. To achieve the required landfill volume within these constraints, a
two layer design is proposed (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).

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Both layers will be constructed in a sequence from up-slope to down-slope. Progressive clearing works
are proposed.
The 20-year design life landfill will consist of up to 10 cells, each with an average 100,000 m3 capacity
and a surface area of up to 23,500m3. Additional cells could be added to extend the life if necessary
depending on waste disposal rates.
When a cell reaches its fill capacity, the intermediate cover will be overlaid with a 1 mm HDPE
membrane, which will be the primary rain barrier. A 150 mm drainage layer of sand will be placed over
this membrane, followed by a 300 mm layer of compacted native clay and then 450 mm of topsoil.
Shallow rooted native vegetation will be planted to bind the topsoil and assist with waterproofing.
The capping will slope at approximately 5% to direct surface water into the landfills cutoff drains.
Quarry
Due to the nature of quarrying, the local topography will be physically impacted. The operational activities
will involve the removal of vegetation, rock blasting, excavation, ground disturbance and the
development of stockpiles and trenches.
The quarry is proposed to be approximately 300 metres wide, 200 metres long with two working
interfaces, each ten metres high. Figure 12-2 shows the concept design of the quarry and topography
stages.
Figure 12-2 Quarry Concept Design Operational Phase
Following the removal of 180,000m3 of dolerite and soil, rehabilitation of the site will occur. The planned
crest length along the face will be a maximum of 200 metres at completion. In order to reduce the
unnatural contours, the uppermost benches will be reduced in height, to approximately 5 metres high and
200 metres wide, near completion. The benches will be spread with stockpiled topsoil and overburden
and subsequently ripped.

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The quarry faces will be rounded at the top edge to the extent possible in dolerite by using an excavator
with a view to converting near vertical faces to more rounded features with minimal near vertical
sections. Following rehabilitation of the quarry, the topography will be dominantly benches with
recontoured faces (refer to Figure 12-3).
Figure 12-3 Quarry Concept Design Following Rehabilitation
Water Reservoir
The water reservoir will comprise two earth embankments constructed across a valley in the Tippogoree
Hills, immediately to the east of the mill site (GHD, 2006e). The water reservoir will change the
topography of the local area.
12.3.2 Climate
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir will not have any impact on the climate in the region.
12.3.3 Meteorology
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir will not have any impact on the meteorology in the region.
Management measures to minimise the potential impacts on the topography are listed below:
Use progressive works for clearing and construction of the landfill cells;
Develop an ongoing landfill rehabilitation plan prior to operation of the landfill;
To prevent accidental disturbance to any area, all quarry boundaries are to be clearly marked;
Rehabilitation of the quarry will be in accordance with the Quarry Code of Practice, including
levelling of bunds and stockpiles, rippable benches recontoured, overburden backfilled, bench heights

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reduced to 5 m (10m bench heights will be split into 2 x 5m benches by spreading overburden near
the face), slope disturbance less than 30 m, fill to increase the height of the interfaces;
Revegetation of the quarry face will occur as detailed in Section 12.7; and
Minimise the construction footprint and disturbance to topography during construction of the water
reservoir.
A summary of potential impacts and management measures on topography, climate and meteorology,
resulting from associated activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 187.
Table 187: Summary of potential impacts and management measures topography, climate and
meteorology

Rating
Topography, Climate and Meteorology
Localised physical impacts on Minor Clearly mark areas to be Minor positive Insignificant
the topography resulting from negative excavated to minimise impact impact
excavation impact accidental disturbance.
Exposure of surfaces Minor Rehabilitation Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Changes to site topography Minor Rehabilitate the landfill and Minor positive Insignificant
negative quarry areas. impact impact
impact
Minor Prepare a rehabilitation plan Minor positive Insignificant

negative in accordance with the impact impact
impact Quarry Code of Practice
Minor Prepare and landfill Minor positive Insignificant

negative rehabilitation plan. impact impact
impact
Overall, impacts on topography, climate and meteorology are considered insignificant.
12.4 Air Quality
Landfill
The majority of the solid waste transported from the pulp mill will be relatively coarse and contain a
substantial amount of water. The moisture content is estimated to be up to 50%.
Fly ash and lime kiln precipitator dust has the potential to be dusty. The waste will be transported to the
landfill in trucks with tarpaulin covering of the loads. Loads could be up to 25 m3 but 20 m3 loads have

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been assumed for truck movement calculations. If necessary, the waste will be wetted prior to transport.
Unloading and spreading at the landfill will be managed to minimise dusting. A water monitor spray will
be strategically located to wet the unloaded waste as required.
Waste has the potential to create dust and odour emissions. A number of management measures are
discussed in 12.4.1 to minimise potential impacts.
Prevailing winds are from the northwest, which means that the principal dust movement direction will be
into the forested hillside. This will restrict dust propagation.
Domestic waste will be wetted as required and will be compacted and soil or process waste covered as
required to minimise dust nuisance as well as to minimise the risk of odours, wildlife scavenging and fire.
Spraying waste in the landfill for dust suppression will be required if and when moisture in the waste
surface layer has evaporated sufficiently to dry the surface. Spraying will only be to rewet the surface,
and should not involve large volumes. Over use of spraying to the point where significant amounts of
water might percolate below the waste surface layers to potentially generate leachate will be a waste of
water, and serve no ongoing purpose for dust suppression.
Provided dust suppression spraying controls avoid the over use of water, there should therefore be little
additional leachate generated.
The main solid wastes to be disposed of to the landfill are inorganic and inert (eg. green liquor dregs,
lime slaker and lime kiln electrostatic precipitator solids and boiler ash etc.).
No green wastes will be disposed of to the landfill. All wastes with a calorific value will be reused as fuel
for power production. The waste type with the potential to produce gas is the domestic waste. The
domestic waste will be placed in each of the ten individual main cells in a separate dedicated cell for
each main cell.
There will therefore be ten separate domestic waste cells, one each in the ten main cells. The annual
production of domestic type waste will be approximately 760 t/a or 5,000 m3/a. This amounts to
approximately 10% of the maximum amount of wastes for disposal. The domestic cell for each main cell
will have dimensions of approximately 75 m x 25 m x 5m, for the disposal of approximately 10,000 m3
during the nominal two year minimum life expectancy of the main cells.
Each domestic type cell will be closed out along with each main cell and a new one constructed as part
of the new main cell. Each domestic waste cell will have a gas discharge pipe. Given the volume of
domestic waste stored in each individual domestic cell, the amount of gas generated will be small and
will have negligible commercial value.
Quarry
Due to the nearest residence being approximately 3 km from the quarry, and prevailing winds from the
north west dust is not perceived to be a hazard to neighbours or traffic on the East Tamar Hwy.
Truckloads will not be covered as the loads will primarily be dolerite rock (coarse particles unlikely to
generate dust problems).

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Water Reservoir
Site preparation works will result in some dust generation. As per above, prevailing winds are from the
northwest, which means that the principal dust movement direction will be into the forested hillside. This
will restrict dust propagation.
Management measures to minimise the potential environmental impacts on air quality are recommended
below:
Trucks carrying fine particle loads will be covered;
Wastes will be wetted at the pulp mill prior to transporting to the landfill facility if necessary;
A water monitor spray will be strategically located to wet the unloaded waste as required;
Domestic waste will be wetted as required and will be compacted and soil or process waste covered
as required to minimise dust nuisance as well as to minimise the risk of odours, wildlife scavenging
and fire;
Spraying waste in the landfill for dust suppression will be required if and when moisture in the waste
surface layer has evaporated sufficiently to dry the surface. Spraying will only be to rewet the surface,
and should not involve large volumes. Over use of spraying to the point where significant amounts of
water might percolate below the waste surface layers to potentially generate leachate will be a waste
of water, and serve no ongoing purpose for dust suppression;
Unsealed access roads and the quarry will be kept damp by water trucks to suppress dust;
Make provisions for windy conditions;
Use equipment that is regularly serviced and operate efficiently to minimise air emissions; and
Turn equipment off when not in use.
A summary of potential impacts and management measures on air quality resulting from associated
activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 188.

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Table 188: Summary of potential impacts and management measures air quality

Rating
Air Quality
Generation of dust and odour Minor Cover loaded trucks carrying Minor positive Insignificant
negative fine particulate matter impact impact
impact
Minor Hydrate wastes Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Minor Wet and cover domestic Minor positive Insignificant

negative waste when required impact impact
impact
Minor Spray waste in the landfill Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Minor Spray unsealed haul roads Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Generation of fuel emissions Minor Use equipment that is Minor positive Insignificant
negative regularly serviced impact impact
impact
Minor Turn equipment off when not Minor positive Insignificant

negative in use. impact impact
impact
Overall, impacts on air quality are considered insignificant.
12.5 Geology and Soils
12.5.1 Landfill
The geology and soils of the landfill area will be disturbed. Site preparation works will involve clearing
vegetation, exposing soils to elements making it susceptible to erosion. Topsoil will be removed and
stockpiled for later use and excavation will occur at various stages throughout the operation of the
landfill. The 20 year concept design life landfill will be approximately 1 km long and 200 m wide. The
landfill will be approximately 10 metres deep. A cross-section of the landfill is provided in Appendix 55,
Volume 16.
The Bell Bay area is dominated by a northwest trending graben structure formed by large-scale normal
faulting in the Tertiary. A major normal fault along the eastern edge of the Tamar River defines the
eastern edge of the Tamar Graben and separates Jurassic dolerite on the eastern side from Tertiary
sediments and basalt on the western side.

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The Tippogoree Hills are marked by a large number of lineations, some of which parallel the major
normal fault along the Tamar River, and the landfill site is situated above a fault. Any reactivation of
these structures at the site is considered to be unlikely, however, as there are no known active faults in
Tasmania, although there are some that are suspected of having been active within the last thousand
years or so, such as the Lake Edgar fault in southwest Tasmania.
Fault movement is very unlikely to occur, and if it did, the movement is likely to be in the order of
centimetres rather than metres. Nevertheless, it is possible that movement of the fault where it underlies
the landfill could cause differential settlement of the landfill, including its liner.
Differential settlement can be characterised by the distortion of the liner, defined as vertical settlement
over horizontal distance. Small vertical movement over a large horizontal distance is low distortion,
whereas large vertical movement over a small horizontal distance is high distortion. If distortion is high
enough the resultant tensile strains may cause the landfill barrier layer to crack and lose its ability to
retain leachate.
Tests (LaGatta et al, 1997 cited by Qian in Pitt and Sherry 2006a) have shown that a geotextile encased,
needle punched GCL can maintain a hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10-9 m/sec even with a distortion as
large as between 0.18 and 0.30 vertical movement to horizontal span, corresponding to a tensile strain of
5 to 16%. In addition, the swelling and self-healing ability of bentonite enables panel overlaps to maintain
their hydraulic integrity despite slippages over several centimetres. GCL panels are typically installed
with overlaps of 300 mm, which should be adequately for any reasonable credible fault slippage
scenario. If added security was required, even greater overlaps could be used.
There is therefore negligible risk of the proposed composite GCL barrier being breached due to fault
movements.
12.5.2 Quarry
The maximum disturbed area for the next five years is approximately seven hectares including access
roads.
The resource will be worked in a systematic manner, generally across or down the slope so that worked-
out sections can be rehabilitated as mining progresses.
Site preparation works will involve removal of vegetation as described in Section 12.7, and subsequent
exposure of soils.
Topsoil depth ranges from 300 mm to 1,500 mm of clay over dolerite. The subsoil depth varies 300 mm
to 1,200mm.
Blasting will be required to break up the dolerite. Blasting is proposed to occur twice per week for the first
six months of operation. Precautions to prevent fly-rock, noise and vibration include the following and are
as per the Quarry Code of Practice (June 1999).
The quarry is proposed to have two working interfaces, ten metres high. The planned crest length along
the face will be 200 m at completion. The uppermost benches will be reduced in height, to approximately
5m high and 200 m wide, near completion. The final landform will be benches. Potential small

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hydrocarbon spills from machinery during operation will be relocated to a bunded area for oil and
subsequently disposed of as hazardous waste.
The Standard Attenuation Distances in the Draft Quarry Code of Practice (2006) of 1,000 m for blasting,
750 m for crushing 500 m for screening and 300 m for extraction will all be met.
Rehabilitation of the site will be undertaken as per the Quarry Code of Practice (June 1999).
12.5.3 Water Reservoir
A preliminary site investigation of the proposed storage was undertaken as part of this study (GHD,
2006e).
The site is a small, extremely weathered dolerite valley between two dolerite hills, with a saddle to the
northeast end. The hills and saddle exhibit varying degrees of weathering. The northern side supports
more vegetation, typically eucalypt bush. The southern side exhibits more extensive outcrops of hard
rock with scattered she oak scrub. The valley is densely vegetated with ti-tree and paper bark with an
access track skirting the southern side of this vegetation.
A level traverse was undertaken to establish the top water level limits of the site and a number of test
holes were excavated around the perimeter. These test holes could only be excavated to an average
depth of 0.7 m deep with some reaching refusal at 0.5 m depth. The test holes confirmed varying
degrees of weathering of the dolerite predominantly consisting of cobbles and boulders in a clay matrix.
No samples were taken for laboratory testing from these test holes.
A number of test holes were excavated across the site where existing access permitted, thus minimising
site disturbance. All the test holes on the slopes were consistent, with the only variable being the depth
of refusal. The test holes in the valley revealed a good depth of clay, being over 3 m deep in some
areas. Four samples were taken at different depths from two of the test holes that were excavated in the
valley. Table 189 shows the test pit and sample locations and depths. BFP Consultants tested the
samples for Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limits, Linear Shrinkage and Emerson Class Number.
Table 189: Details of Test Holes
Test Hole Easting (m) Northing (m) Depth of Depth of Topsoil

Excavation (m) (m)
TP1 494888 5444286 3.5 0.3
TP2 494997 5444355 2.0 0.3
S1 - - 0.6 -
S2 - - 3.5 -
S3 - - 1.0 -
S4 - - 2.0 -
The preliminary work undertaken as part of this study indicates that this site should be suitable for water
storage with a substantial clay deposit for the embankment core sourced within the impounded area.

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Further clay deposits should be found in the adjoining valley immediately east of the saddle. Rock for
the embankment will most likely be sourced from the pulp mill site works.
No geoconservation areas are listed on or surrounding the proposed development site (Parks and
Wildlife Service 2004).
Management measures to minimise the potential environmental impacts on geology and soils include:
The landfill cell liner will be capable of retaining its integrity should minor seismic activity or land
instability occur;
Removal of vegetation to occur at stages;
Rehabilitated exposed surfaces as soon as possible to prevent erosion;
Reuse of overburden and stockpiled soil;
An Erosion and Sediment Control Plan will be prepared prior to construction and implemented for the
project;
Traffic access will be restricted to designated traffic access paths and roads;
A rehabilitation Management Plan will be developed prior to construction in accordance with legislation
and the Quarry Code of Practice;
A sediment pond will be built to capture stormwater and minimise potential erosion from water; and
Erosion and surface water control measures such as sediment traps, silt fences will be implemented
in accordance with the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan prior to commencement of construction
activities.
A summary of potential impacts and management measures on geology and soils, resulting from
associated activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 190.
Table 190: Summary of potential impacts and management measures geology and soils

Rating
Geology and Soils
Erosion and sediment transport Moderate Erosion and Sediment Control Minor positive Minor
to Williams Creek negative Plan Impact negative
Impact Impact
Overall, impacts on geology and soils are considered minor.

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12.6 Groundwater and Hydrology
12.6.1 Groundwater
Landfill
Based on preliminary geotechnical information, the siting of the landfill will not interfere with current
groundwater movement.
The watertable level is approximately 16 m below the surface level at the landfill area at its top end but
may be less than 5 m below the surface at its lower end. The landfill leachate quality has the potential to
affect the quality of the groundwater, especially the pH and conductivity, in the event of a significant
breach in the landfill liners integrity. However, the weathered soil between the landfill and the
groundwater will attenuate the impact of any leachate lost from the landfill, and the effectiveness of this
attenuation will depend on where the breach occurs. Attenuation will be much greater for a breach at the
upper end of the landfill than for a breach at the lower end. The concept design does not rely on this
attenuation, however.
Based on the conceptual landfill design, the proposed liner and capping system, the underlying geology
and the leachate collection system, the risk and therefore the requirements for groundwater management
are minimal.
The adoption of the proposed landfill liner design will minimise the potential risk of ground water
contamination and the extent of potential contamination in accordance with Section 24.1 of the State
Policy on Water Quality Management 1997.
Permanent groundwater monitoring bores have been installed in strategic locations, above and below the
landfill footprint, to monitor the groundwater levels and quality (Appendix 55, Volume 16).
It is envisaged that risk to groundwater is mitigated by the following measures:
1. The geology of the area is dolerite, with drainage lines following fracture lineaments. It is
expected that major groundwater movement will essentially follow these fractures. The
groundwater level is deep (c. 15 m) at the head of the landfill and shallow at the foot (c. 3 m). The
design has the first cell at the head, where there is no significant risk of the water table
approaching the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide limit of 5 m. By the time cell number 4 at the
foot needs to be constructed, there will be some 8 years of detailed groundwater monitoring data
available, which will enable any risk from a shallow water table in that area to be addressed
through detailed engineering design (eg. the installation of a drainage layer under the liner).
2. Groundwater levels will rise and fall in response to infiltration from rainwater running down
natural drainage lines during wet conditions. The drainage lines are just that drainage lines and
not permanent creeks. The cutoff drains that will be constructed either side of the landfill will
intercept surface runoff that will otherwise have run into the landfill areas natural drainage line to
recharge the groundwater. The cutoff drains are very conservative in design (factors of 31, 132
and 38 more so than the DPIWE guidelines). The diversion will mean that the recharge from that
water will then occur down-slope of the landfills foot, and groundwater levels under the landfill
area should drop accordingly. The important groundwater monitoring will therefore come once

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those cutoff drains have been installed it will then be possible to monitor the actual groundwater
behaviour that will occur in the presence of the landfill. Attempting to model that future behaviour
at this stage will be very expensive and largely academic.
3. The design uses both a geosynthetic clay liner and an HDPE membrane liner. Calculated
leachate seepage rates are low an order of magnitude lower than the Victorian EPA guideline 38
of 10 L ha/day, for example. Potential contamination rates of underlying groundwater are
correspondingly low, even ignoring further attenuation that could occur in the intervening soil.
4. The process waste itself is inorganic and relatively benign. It is primarily the high pH that
warrants the landfills classification as Category C. No hazardous waste will go to the landfill. The
leachate should therefore contain no intractable toxic chemicals, and if any leachate seepage does
encounter groundwater it will be quickly attenuated.
5. The groundwater is not a potable water supply nor are there surface potable water sources in
the area. Further, there are no known wetlands or other surface water bodies in the vicinity of the
landfill that will be fed by groundwater seepage, meaning that there is no identifiable risk of
contamination of aquatic ecosystems should leachate seepage enter groundwater (Pitt and
Sherry, 2006a).
12.6.2 Drainage and Catchments
Landfill
The proposed landfill project will affect one ephemeral tributary in the upper Williams Creek catchment
and approximately 800 m of Williams Creek itself. The location of the landfill and its design has
endeavoured to minimise interference to the natural waterways in the area.
A section of Williams Creek will be impacted by the proposed landfill. The landfill will be constructed at
the head of Williams Creek, making use of the natural gully formed by the creek. Cutoff drains will divert
natural overland flow around the landfill, and back into the creekline below the landfill. The drains will
also capture runoff from the surface of the landfills capped cells. The net impact on the flow in Williams
Creek down-slope of the landfill will therefore be insignificant but within the landfill footprint the natural
drainage line of the creek will be lost.
The area of natural drainage that reports to Williams Creek and requires diversion around the western
side of the landfill site is approximately 20 ha. The area of natural drainage that reports to Williams Creek
and requires diversion around the upper eastern side of the landfill is approximately 64 ha. The area of
natural drainage that reports to Williams Creek and requires diversion at the lower eastern end of the
landfill is approximately 198 ha. These catchment areas were determined from 1:25,000 site topographic
maps.
Surface water diversions are a key component of the landfill layout. A permanent surface water cut off
drain will be installed along the western side of the ultimate landfill footprint adjacent to the access road.
A permanent surface water cut off drain will be installed along the eastern side of the landfill adjacent to
the ultimate landfill footprint. This drain will also collect diverted surface water from above and to the east

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of the landfill. A permanent surface water diversion drain will be installed to divert surface water from a
relatively large (but still ephemeral) drainage line flowing from the east at the lower end of the landfill.
The above surface water infrastructure will remain for the life of the landfill and be integral to the final
close out plan for this area of the landfill. The surface water diversion drains will be directed at an
appropriate velocity and slope back into the natural Williams Creek watercourse below the landfill
footprint.
The drains will be designed to handle a 1:50 year rainfall event at the nominal time of concentration for
the individual catchments. The drains will be designed and constructed to appropriate design standards
and for ease of ongoing maintenance.
During the operation of the lower layer of cells, temporary drains closer to the boundary of those cells will
be installed, extra to the ultimate outside permanent drains. The DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide
specifies design criteria for surface water management for a 1:50 year storm event of 24 hours duration.
The intensity of rainfall and associated surface water flow rates from a 24 hour duration storm may not
be indicative of good engineering design for different locations.
For the catchments mentioned above, the overland flow time for surface waters around the landfill area is
approximately 30 minutes.
Using the more appropriate 30-minute rainfall event for design purposes (which gives much higher
rainfall intensities and hence flow rates), the surface water cut off drain on the western side of the landfill
must be able to handle 100 L/s. The surface water diversion and cut off drain on the upper eastern side
of the landfill must be able to handle 3,500 L/s. The surface water diversion drain on the bottom eastern
side of the landfill must be able to handle 9,000 L/s.
The conceptual design is for the permanent earth drains to be cut into the natural ground around the
landfill with nominal dimensions of 2 m wide by 1 m deep and 45 sides with nominal downhill slopes of 1
%. The flow that such a drain could handle has been calculated at approximately 7,500 L/s.
This design is more than enough for the western and upper eastern drains. The lower eastern drain has
a slope of approximately 10% and at this slope the flow capacity of the 2 m x 1 m drain is approximately
24,000 L/s, which is also more than adequate. An important point to be addressed at the detailed design
phase is the velocity of the surface water in the drains, which is estimated to be approximately 2.5 m/s
for the 1% slope and 8.0 m/s for the 10% slope. Armouring of the drains may be required to prevent
erosion and to mitigate the kinetic energy of the water, particularly those on the eastern side of the
landfill. This armouring will be considered at the detailed design phase.
The DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide specifies a design that deals with a 50 year 24 hour storm
event, ie. a one in 50 year rain spread over 24 hours. The use of a 30 minute storm event is even more
conservative, ie. a one in 50 year rain spread over only half an hour. The 24 hour spread is equivalent to
2 mm of rain each half hour, compared with 28 mm for the half hour spread.
The conservative assumption betters the DPIWE rainfall guidelines by a factor of 14. For the cutoff drains
themselves, a minimum practical size of 2 m wide by 1 m deep has been assumed. On the slopes on the
eastern and western sides of the landfill a drain this size will take 7.5 cumecs of runoff. On the steeper
slope below the landfill the drain will take 23.8 cumecs.

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For the assumed conservative 30 minute storm event, the eastern drain will need to take 3.4 cumecs, the
western drain 0.8 cumecs and the lower drain 8.8 cumecs, giving safety factors of 2.2, 9.4 and 2.7
respectively. Combined with the conservative rainfall assumption, the safety margins for the three drains
are therefore 31, 132 and 38 respectively.
If even these conservative design constraints are exceeded, stormwater will overflow the cutoff drains
and potentially erode the sides of the landfill cells. During the operational life of the cells, this erosion
could readily be repaired. If the erosion occurred post-closure, repair work could be more problematic.
Even though the conservative design means that this risk is already very low, rock armouring of the
edges of the closed cells will be considered during detailed design. Overflow water could also enter any
open operating cell. Its flow will be buffered by the waste in the cell, and eventually it will emerge as
leachate and be piped to the WWTP (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Quarry
Williams Creek is located approximately 50 m north west of the proposed quarry site. The watercourse
will not be physically impacted by the quarry. Management measures such as erosion and sediment
control will be implemented to prevent any sediment entering the water body.
A sediment pond 25 m by 10 m and 2 m deep has been designed to store runoff for a two year, one hour
duration rainfall events.
Run-off from the quarry will flow in the direction of the natural topography towards Williams Creek
towards the settling pond. Run-off from working areas and roads, which contain sediment, will be
collected in settling ponds, sediment in the water will be settled out, outflow from the pond will be filtered
through rip-rap before flowing into native vegetation.
Water Reservoir
The water supply reservoir has been located so as to not directly impact on Williams Creek. The eastern
embankment is located approximately 40 m away from the creek enabling construction to take place
without disturbing the banks of the creek. Sufficient room exists to locate access roads and sediment and
erosion controls within this area.
The upper reaches of an ephemeral drainage line which flows to Williams Creek will be directly affected
and a small area of catchment lost. As the reservoir is located at the upper extent of this drainage line,
and as the total reservoir footprint is small (approximately 16 ha), any impact on flows will be
insignificant.
Appropriate sediment and erosion controls will be implemented to address protential sedimentation
impacts during construction.
Implement an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan prior to commencement of construction works.

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A summary of potential impacts and management measures on groundwater and hydrology and
infrastructure, resulting from associated activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided
in Table 191.
Table 191: Summary of potential impacts and management measures groundwater and
hydrology

Rating
Groundwater and Hydrology
Contamination of groundwater Major Geosynthetic clay liner and an Moderate Minor

from the landfill negative HDPE membrane liner positive impact negative
Impact impact
Major Exclusion of hazardous Moderate Minor

negative materials from the landfill positive impact negative
Impact impact
Interception and diversions of Moderate Diversion of flows around Minor positive Minor
flows to Williams Creek negative landfill Impact negative
Impact Impact
Contaminated stormwater Moderate Diversion of potentially Minor positive Minor

entering Williams Creek negative contaminated flows and storage Impact negative
Impact on site Impact
Erosion and sedimentation of Moderate Erosion and Sediment Control Minor positive Minor
Williams Creek from landfill negative Plan Impact negative
Impact Impact
Overall, with the implementation of the above drainage and leachate controls, the landfill, quarry and
water reservoir is unlikely to impact on water quality.
12.7 Terrestrial Flora

A total of 14 potential ecological impacts have been identified in relation to the proposed
landfill/quarry/water reservoir. These impacts are briefly described below.
Loss or damage to native vegetation (State threatened Ecological Vegetation Community)
The development of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir will result in the loss of approximately 9.1 hectares
of threatened native vegetation, including a portion of one State significant Ecological Vegetation
Community, Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland (DOV). The actual area of DOV proposed to be
cleared is 9.1 ha. It should be noted that the current landfill proposal has a 20 year design life, which is
the footprint used to calculate native vegetation losses in this area. However, there is potential for the
landfill design life to be extended to 50 years, to bring it in line with the design life of the pulp mill. If the
landfill was expanded to accommodate the increased design life, the southern boundary of the landfill
would be extended approximately 400 m further down the valley, which would involve the loss of an

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additional 6.0 ha of DOV. As no firm plans are currently available for such an extension, this calculation
is an approximation that is based on the landfill following its current contour lines for 400 m downslope
from the existing southern edge.
Loss or damage to native vegetation (general)
The development of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir would result in the direct loss of 14.3 hectares of
non-threatened native vegetation communities in relatively good condition. It may also result in a
localised reduction in species richness, via localised extinction (within the study area) of a small number
of species. It is difficult to quantify impacts in a local context without surveying the local (5 km radius)
area. However, it should be noted that similar habitat and vegetation communities are common within the
local area.
Fragmentation of native vegetation
The landfill/quarry/water reservoir has undergone a minor level of fragmentation in the past, via clearing
or slashing of native vegetation for the establishment of firebreaks and tracks. Development of the
landfill/quarry/water reservoir would increase the level of fragmentation within the local landscape.
Loss or damage to a population of a nationally significant flora species
No nationally threatened flora species have been identified from within the landfill/quarry/water reservoir.
However, there is potential habitat within the site for one species of National significance, Glycine
latrobeana. It is highly unlikely that this species is present within the study area, owing to the intensity of
the field surveys. Therefore, any potential impact is deemed unlikely.
Loss or damage to a population of a State significant flora species
A total of two State significant flora species are present within the landfill/quarry/water reservoir. There is
likely to be a direct impact upon one of these species (Pimelea flava subsp. flava), based on the
proposed development footprint. In addition, one State significant species (Ranunculus sessiliflorus var.
sessiliflorus) may be impacted by the proposed development, as it occurs very close to the north-western
edge of the proposed landfill. There is also potential habitat within the site for six species of State
significance previously recorded within 5 km of the pulp mill, but not within the site itself.
Introduction of environmental weeds

There is potential for the introduction of environmental weeds during the construction and development
phase of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir, particularly via heavy machinery that may be carrying viable
weed seeds on their bodies or wheels.
Spread of existing environmental weeds
In addition to the impact identified above, existing environmental weeds at the landfill/quarry/water
reservoir may be spread on- and off-site by the various trucks and construction vehicles moving
elsewhere after visiting the site. Although the site currently has a very low weed cover, there are weed
species already present (e.g. Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia, Cortaderia selloana) that may take
advantage of recently cleared ground.
Introduction and spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi
At the landfill/quarry/water reservoir, one EVC, Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland (DOV), has been
identified as being highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi (Forest Practices Authority 2005). with

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heathy shrub species occurring within this EVC particularly susceptible. Plants within the Epacridaceae,
Fabaceae, Proteaceae and Mimosaceae families are especially susceptible to the pathogen (Barker and
Wardlaw 1995) (see Appendix 30, Volume 13 for a complete list of species occurring within these genera
within the greater pulp mill site). None of the threatened species present within the site are known to be
particularly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi, although it should be noted that little information
exists for most of these species. There was no evidence of Phytophthora cinnamomi at the
landfill/quarry/water reservoir. Soil testing is the only way to ascertain with certainty whether the
pathogen is present within the study area.
Altered fire regimes
The most likely fire-related impact relating to construction of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir involves a
potentially higher frequency/low intensity fuel reduction burning program associated with protection of
infrastructure. However, this is unlikely to have a major impact on community structure, species richness
and species composition, owing to the relatively high fire frequency already encountered at the site. A
change in the fire regime to a higher or lower frequency may adversely impact some threatened flora
species.
Altered grazing regimes

Exclusion of native herbivores within the landfill/quarry/water reservoir may have an impact on the
ecology of native grassland communities by allowing the grass sward to increase in density,
consequently shading out light-sensitive herbaceous species that occur in the inter-tussock spaces
(Barker 1999). This is likely to lead to a decrease in species richness.
Erosion and/or sedimentation
There is evidence of soil erosion along tracks and cleared areas in the south of the site. The
development of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir may result in an increase in on-site erosion, with a
corresponding increase in levels of sedimentation within waterways flowing through the site and into the
Tamar River. In the absence of mitigation measures, increased erosion may damage or destroy localised
areas of retained native vegetation (on- and off-site), while sedimentation may have a deleterious effect
on aquatic, semi-aquatic and riparian flora. Erosion and sedimentation control issues are discussed in
Volume 4 of the IIS.
Altered surface water runoff into waterways
Following rainfall events, surface water runoff may be altered into waterways flowing through the site. In
the absence of any mitigation measures, any such runoff may collect chemicals/pollutants spilled at the
site during the construction phase and eventually deposit these materials in the Tamar River. Runoff and
pollution control issues are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
Inhibition of plant photosynthesis and reproductive capability due to airborne dust
During the development and operational phase of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir there would be
extensive soil disturbance, which is likely to lead to the generation of large amounts of dust. This may
result in a potentially negative impact on plant species growth and seed viability in the vicinity (i.e.
<100 m) of the works footprint.

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Altered hydrology
Earthworks associated with development and operation of the landfill/quarry/water reservoir may
facilitate localised changes to the groundwater table, which may subsequently influence vegetation
community structure and composition.
A number of management measures can be undertaken to minimise the impact of the proposed
development. Management measures are listed below.
A. Minimising or altering the footprint of disturbance
The clearance of native vegetation is listed as a threatening process under the Tasmanian Threatened
Species Strategy 2000. Therefore, every effort should be made to avoid and/or minimise the clearance of
native vegetation, particularly threatened communities and species, in order to comply with the strategy.
In addition, owing to the degradation of the Tamar estuary foreshore, the Planning Guidelines for Tamar
Estuary and Foreshore state that areas in marginal condition should be protected from further
degradation (Watchorn 2000).
The significance of the footprint of disturbance could be modified and/or minimised by locating roads and
other infrastructure to avoid or minimise damage to threatened EVCs and threatened species.
B. Avoiding accidental loss or damage to native vegetation
Clearance of native vegetation will require a certified Forest Practices Plan, which will identify the area
proposed to be cleared. These areas would be flagged clearly prior to operations commencing and
maintained accordingly, in order to avoid any inadvertent damage to vegetation that is planned to be
retained.
C. Development of a Vegetation Management Plan

A Vegetation Management Plan (VMP) would be developed prior to the construction phase. An example
of an item that should be included in the VMP is the development of measures to protect and manage
threatened species and EVCs. Mitigation measures for dealing with the direct loss of any threatened
EVCs would be considered, with the principles of such mitigation to be outlined in the Plan. The Plan
would also incorporate aspects of weed and fire management. Development of a VMP would help to
ensure that retained vegetation is appropriately managed for conservation purposes.
D. Retaining a seed bank for threatened species
Recolonisation of disturbed areas by threatened species is likely to occur for disturbance-tolerant species
such as Pimelea flava subsp. flava. However, for species intolerant of soil disturbance, or for species
whose tolerance to disturbance is unknown, alternative mitigation measures should be employed.
In areas proposed to be disturbed where there are known populations of threatened species, and the
area is proposed to be rehabilitated following disturbance, topsoil should be carefully scraped from the
surface (5-10 cm depth) and stockpiled, in order to retain as much of the soil seed bank as possible,
particularly seed of threatened species. Retained topsoil should then be used for rehabilitation works.
Soil should be stockpiled for the shortest possible time to prevent premature germination prior to use in

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site rehabilitation works. Where threatened species are known to not typically recruit from soil-stored
seed, seed should be collected prior to vegetation clearing, in order to be used in rehabilitation works.
E. Minimising the introduction and spread of environmental weeds
To prevent the establishment of new environmental weeds or the spread of existing environmental
weeds, a Weed Management strategy should be developed and incorporated in the Vegetation
Management Plan. The strategy should be developed prior to construction and should include a specific
program to monitor and control any weed invasions arising from the proposed works. Any environmental
weeds that establish following the works should be eradicated as a matter of high priority. Vehicle wash-
down points should be established (at the same location as the Phytophthora wash down point) to
remove weed seeds from material attached to earth-moving equipment.
F. Minimising the spread and reducing the impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi
A series of measures should be undertaken to prevent the introduction and/or minimise the spread of
Phytophthora cinnamomi within the site. These include the following:
Undertaking a formal assessment of the presence and extent of Phytophthora cinnamomi within the
study area;
Establishing wash-down points for vehicles and earthmoving equipment entering and departing the
site, in order to prevent/minimise the spread Phytophthora cinnamomi;
Avoiding the use of Phytophthora-infected gravel in track construction works;
Minimising the area of soil disturbance and new road/track development where possible;
Coordinating construction activities over summer (where practicable) when soils are dry and least
likely to facilitate the spread of the pathogen; and
Minimising vehicular movement between any infected and uninfected areas, and/or closely monitoring
access to infected areas.
Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi will be in accordance with DPIW Interim Phytophthora

cinnamomi Management Guidelines (Rudman 2005).
G. Development of a Fire Management Strategy
Establish a Fire Management Strategy and incorporate into the Vegetation Management Plan. The
strategy would need to take into consideration the regenerative requirements of species and set
achievable targets for fire regimes within the study area. Fire regimes should be designed to maintain
biodiversity, while serving the dual purpose of asset protection. Fire regimes should also be designed to
minimise the encroachment of shrubs and trees onto remnant grasslands. The Fire Management
Strategy should accommodate the needs of all species, including threatened flora species.
H. Minimising the width of firebreaks
Negative impacts on retained native vegetation will be minimised if firebreaks are kept to the minimum
required width and the break consists of slashed native vegetation, rather than an earthen firebreak. The
location and extent of firebreaks should also take into consideration the location of threatened species
and EVCs. The minimisation of firebreak width is a measure that is likely to reduce the effect of habitat
fragmentation, albeit in a small manner compared to the overall impact of the project.

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I. Maintenance of native herbivore grazing regimes
Native herbivores should be allowed to continue grazing in retained vegetation, rather than be totally
excluded from the site by fences. This will help to maintain an open grass sward and high species
diversity within the highly significant native grassland remnants that are scattered throughout the study
area.
J. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas
Any revegetation/landscaping of temporarily disturbed areas should be undertaken using locally

indigenous species appropriate to the position in the landscape. Detailed rehabilitation measures would
be outlined in the Environmental Management Plan once the project gains planning approval.
Rehabilitation of the site will be undertaken as per the Quarry Code of Practice (June 1999).
K. Timing of construction activities
The likelihood of impacts upon ecological values can be reduced through appropriate timing of
construction activities. For example, potential disturbance to ephemeral wetland communities is likely to
be minimised if construction activities occur during the dormant phase of most species (i.e. summer-
autumn) and topsoil is retained for rehabilitation purposes.
L. Development of an Environmental Management Plan
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should be developed prior to the construction phase. The
EMP should incorporate the recommendations made within this report. The EMP should also include
dust suppression measures to minimise the impact of dust upon plant growth and reproduction.
A summary of the likelihood and consequence of occurrence for each potential impact, together with the
significance of the impact, is outlined in Table 192. A range of potential management measures to
minimise the impact are also provided in this table, and an overall cost-benefit rating has been
determined, assuming that all management measures will be implemented.

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Table 192: Summary of potential flora-related impacts and management measures, including the overall cost/benefit rating if
management measures are fully implemented, Landfill/Quarry/Water Reservoir -
impact of impact of impact of impact mitigation significance
of impact
1. Native vegetation loss Potential loss of <0.1 ha (potentially up to Possible Substantial Very high * A, B, C (as Major negative
(threatened EVCs) 0.5 ha) of NAL (this represents <0.2% of detailed in impact
NAL in the bioregion and <0.1% of NAL in Section 7.2.2)
Tasmania1)
Loss of c. 9.1 ha of DOV (this represents Almost Substantial Very high A, B, C (as Major negative
0.7% of DOV in the bioregion and 0.1% of certain detailed in impact
DOV in Tasmania1) Section 7.2.2)
2. Native vegetation loss Loss of 14.3 ha of non-threatened EVCs Almost Substantial Very high A, B, C, J Major negative
(general) certain impact
Potential loss of species richness in local Unlikely Minor Low A, B, C, J 0

area
Establishment of firebreaks loss of at Likely Minor Moderate A, G, H Moderate

least 2 ha of native vegetation negative
impact
3. Fragmentation of native Potential increased barrier to seed Almost Minimal Moderate A, B, J -

vegetation dispersal and subsequent loss of long- certain
term genetic fitness in certain species
Increased edge effect greater likelihood Likely Moderate High A, E Moderate

of weed invasion negative
impact
4. Loss or damage to a Potential loss of unrecorded species due Highly Major Moderate # A, B, C, D 0
population of a nationally to vegetation clearing unlikely
significant flora species

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of impact
5. Loss or damage to a Loss of c. 280 individuals of Pimelea flava Almost Major Very high A, B, C, D Moderate
population of a State subsp. flava (2% of total population within certain negative
significant flora species broader pulp mill) impact
Potential loss of c. 10 individuals of Possible Minor Moderate A, B, C, D 0

Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus
(100% of total population within broader
pulp mill)
6. Introduction of Potential for introduction of environmental Likely Minor Moderate E Moderate

environmental weeds weeds via machinery and colonisation of negative
bare surfaces impact
7. Spread of existing Potential for spread of environmental Possible Minor Moderate E Moderate
environmental weeds weeds via machinery negative
impact
8. Introduction and spread Potential for introduction of Phytophthora Possible Substantial Very high F 0
of Phytophthora cinnamomi via infected machinery
Potential for spread of existing infestation Unlikely Substantial High F 0

of Phytophthora via infected machinery
and alteration to site hydrology
9. Altered fire regimes Potential localised species extinctions if Possible Major High G 0
fire frequencies are too low (or high)
Potential invasion of woody species into Likely Major Very high G 0

native grasslands, resulting in reduction of
grassland area and localised species
extinctions
10. Altered grazing regimes Potential exclusion of sensitive Possible Major High I 0
herbaceous species (including threatened
species) if native herbivore grazing is
removed

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of impact
11. Erosion and/or Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate K, L 0
sedimentation through removal of habitat by soil erosion
Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate K, L 0

by sedimentation of waterways
12. Altered surface runoff Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate L 0
into waterways by chemical spills, pollution, etc
13. Inhibition of plant Potential short-term impact resulting in Possible Minor Moderate L -
photosynthesis and reduced growth and seed output in certain
reproductive capability due species
to dust
15. Altered hydrology Potential long-term impact on community Possible Minimal Low None -
structure and composition available
* Impact will not occur given current works footprint, but may occur if development strays outside this footprint
#
Impact dependent upon presence of threatened species, which has not been found during intensive surveys
1
Based on TASVEG 1.0 data provided by Sib Corbett (DPIW). It should be noted that bioregional and statewide extent of non-forest EVCs
given here is usually a significant underestimate of the actual extent, owing to the scale at which TASVEG mapping has been undertaken
(1:25,000). This mapping scale effectively excludes many highly localised non-forest EVCs (particularly ephemeral wetlands) from being
mapped at a scale of 1:25,000, consequently resulting in an underestimate of total extent.
NAL Allocasuarina littoralis forest
DOV Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland

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The quarry site will be rehabilitated in accordance with the Quarry Code of Practice (1999).
Rehabilitation will include:

The stabilisation of all worked-out areas to minimise ongoing erosion;
Revegetation of worked-out areas with suitable plant species. Revegetation will include direct
seeding, soil spreading; fertiliser application; browsing controls; soil tillage/ripping; spreading of seed
slash. Follow up fertiliser; weed control and re-sowing for crop failure.
Minimisation of visual impacts by retaining the vegetation buffer near the East Tamar Highway and
revegetating the benches;
All worked-out areas will be safe for any future uses;
Removal of plant and rubbish;
Levelling of bunds and stockpiles;
Compacted areas and roads deep ripped;
Rippable benches recontoured;
Signage/security around remnant benches;
Overburden back filled;
Slope distance less than 30m
Bench heights reduced to 5 m
Settling ponds to remain
Weed identification and control.
12.7.3 Offsets
Offsets are planned to compensate for the proposed loss of 9.1 ha of Eucalyptus ovata forest and
woodland (DOV), which is a state threatened forest community. Gunns has indicated a commitment to
reserve and covenant (on title) DOV from within the Gunns estate in the north-east region of Tasmania,
as close as practical to the pulp mill site. A total of three times the area proposed to be cleared (that is
27.3 ha) is proposed to be set aside as an offset. This will then potentially be incorporated into the
statewide reserve system. At this stage, offsets have not been finalised, but will be subject to negotiation
and approval by DPIW.
related to reserves and protected areas is provided below.

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Table 193: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures terrestrial flora

Rating
Terrestrial Flora
Major Rehabilitation of disturbed areas Minor positive Moderate

negative including retention of seed bank impact negative
impact impact
Loss or damage to Major Minimise disturbance and Minor positive Moderate

significant flora species negative preparation of Vegetation impact negative
Major Rehabilitation of disturbed areas Minor positive Moderate

negative including retention of seed bank impact negative
impact impact
Spread and/or introduction Moderate Weed Management Strategy and Minor positive Minor
of weeds and pests negative DPIW Interim Phytophthora impact negative
impact cinnamomi Management impact
Guidelines
Alteration to fire and grazing Minor Fire management strategy and Minor positive Insignificant
regimes negative minimise disruption of native impact impact
impact herbivore grazing

impact
Impacts from dust and pulp Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor
mill emissions negative impact negative
impact impact
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor

impact impact
Overall, based on the management strategies identified and the conservative nature of impact
assessment applied, the impact of construction and operation of the pulp mill is considered to be
moderate.
12.8 Terrestrial Fauna

Potential impacts and management measures for the landfill, quarry and water reservoir site are included
in the fauna assessment of the Bell Bay site, grouped with the pulp mill and wharf sites. Refer to Section
4.10 for details of the fauna assessment for this component.

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12.9 Reserves and Protected Areas
No protected areas or reserves will be directly or indirectly impacted by the proposed construction or
operation of the landfill, quarry or water reservoir facilities.
12.10 Transport, Traffic and Access
12.10.1 Site access
A gravel access road will be constructed from a junction with the East Tamar Highway to the landfill,
quarry and water reservoir site. The proposed alignment of this road is shown in Figure 12-4.
Figure 12-4 Proposed alignment of landfill, quarry and water reservoir access road
An analysis of the junction between the site access road and the East Tamar Highway is provided in
Appendix J of Appendix 55, Volume 16.
Access to the proposed landfill/quarry/water reservoir site is located approximately 1.4 km north of the
existing woodchip plant access, on the eastern side of the highway. It is also 5.6 km north of the Batman
Highway intersection and 7.3 km south of the Bridport Main Road intersection.
The access location has been assessed on the basis of available sight distance for the posted speed
limit.

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Sight distance was measured in accordance with the criteria contained in the Austroads Guide to
Intersections at Grade. For the posted speed limit and design speed of 100 km/h, the Safe Intersection
Sight Distance is 250 m.
Available sight distances measured in both directions from the anticipated access location are >300 m
north and 265 m south.
Sight distance to the north for southbound traffic could be extended to 340 m with some clearing of
overhanging tree foliage. A southbound overtaking lane merges back to a single lane between 340 m
and 272 m from the access location.
The DIER Guidelines for Traffic Impact Assessment require that the assessment consider the traffic
conditions 10 years after commencement of the development. In this case it is assumed that the
projected level of operations will remain static over a 20 year period from commencement. (Landfill traffic
levels may be less than this assumption, depending on the extent of beneficial reuse of mill process
waste that is achieved).
For the purpose of this assessment, it was assumed that the pulp mill will generate up to 200 tonnes of
material to be disposed to landfill per day. The waste material may be transported to the site in a range
of trucks with varying capacities. For example, for a single 8 hour shift per day:
10 t truck means 20 round trips/day, ie. 2.5 trips/hr, ie. 24 min cycle time
15 t truck means 13 round trips/day, ie. 1.6 trips/hr, ie. 38 min cycle time
20 t truck means 10 round trips/day, ie. 1.3 trips/hr, ie. 48 min cycle time.
A 24 minute cycle time could be achieved on the route. If the cycle time was slightly longer then either
the truck capacity could be increased or a longer shift worked.
Associated activities may add 4 round trips per day for light utility vehicles. If 50% of the associated
movements occurred within one hour, the peak hourly movements will be 5 trips per hour in and out of
the site.
The critical turning movement at the site is the right turn entry against southbound traffic. Department of
Infrastructure, Energy and Resources traffic statistics record the 2004 evening southbound as having a
peak of 310 vph (vehicles per hour). The 2025 extrapolated southbound volume is 460 vph.
Because the turning volumes are very small, being approximately 50% of the quantity required for the
installation of a type B intersection, no intersection widening works are required by strict interpretation of
the guidelines.
However, the primary turning traffic will be relatively slow moving trucks. It will be a lowering of the
overall traffic standard of the highway to install a new intersection where northbound traffic were required
to pass a right turning truck on the gravel shoulder. Therefore, it is considered that the intersection
should be upgraded to the Type B standard due to the nature of the turning and entering traffic.
The location of the new intersection may be varied marginally from the existing access location provided
that sight distances are maintained. The critical sight distance is to the north both for trucks turning into
the landfill access and for trucks exiting via a left turn.

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The traffic to be generated by the transport of waste to the landfill and associated activities has been
assessed as less than 5 trips per hour. This provides a 100 % margin to the Type B turning volume
threshold and 400 % to the Type C turning volume threshold of 20 turns per hour. Therefore, the
resulting access construction will result in an access with a large degree of flexibility should pulp mill
operations be altered significantly.
The road will be constructed to meet Class 2 (Significant feeder road) standards under the Forest
Practices Code 2000.
It will be surfaced with an all-weather gravel pavement, having a pavement width of 5.5 m, a 0.6 m
shoulder and a maximum gradient of between +8 and 10%. Design, construction, drainage and
surfacing will meet the Codes requirements. The target speed limit for the road is 50 kmh.
At the landfill itself, the road will continue along the western side of the landfill, immediately adjacent to
the ultimate landfill footprint, and will be a permanent road at least for the life of the landfill. The road will
be designed and constructed to allow heavy vehicles to pass.
The road will extend up to a large turning circle at the top of the landfill where the office, amenity block
and water storage tanks will be located.
12.10.2 Cell Access Roads
The individual cells will be accessed from the main permanent road by temporary gravel roads into each
individual cell as the landfill develops.
The temporary access roads into the individual cells will be constructed to meet Class 4 (Minor (spur)
road) standards under the Forest Practices Code 2000. These roads will be designed for single vehicle
access only with no double passing.
The locations of the roads around and into the landfill are indicated schematically in Figure 11-2 and
Figure 11-3 and on the conceptual engineering drawings Appendix F of Appendix 55, Volume 16.
The temporary roads into individual cells will be removed and the material reused for the construction of
the next cell access road if it has remained fit for that purpose.
The progressive construction of the six upper layer cells will ultimately cover the remnants of all the
temporary lower cell layer access roads.
The construction of the proposed landfill, water reservoir and quarry will result in a cumulation of traffic
utilising the new access to these components of the pulp mill.
The cumulative traffic generation of these three components will impact on the intersection of the new
road with East Tamar Highway, and to a lesser extent, the junction of the existing access road to the
Tamar woodchip mill. Both junctions have been assessed as being adequate for this purpose from road
capacity and road safety perspectives.
Traffic volume increases will also impact on the East Tamar Highway, however the relatively low traffic
volume arising from these construction activities will not have an impact on the level of service of the
road.

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12.10.3 Quarry
Access to the proposed quarry is via the East Tamar Highway along a gravel roadway situated at the
same location as the landfill and water reservoir road. An access road is proposed at the lower end and
sides of the two quarry benches.
During periods of peak activity, an estimated 50 truck loads per day will be required to haul the estimated
6,000 cubic metres of rock. The trucks will travel between the quarry and the pulp mill site during the
construction phase.
12.10.4 Water Reservoir
Access to the water reservoir site will be required for construction purposes and for occasional
maintenance during the operation of the pulp mill. Access to the water reservoir will be via the access
roads outlined for both the landfill and quarry.
The construction of the water reservoir will generate a small amount of heavy vehicle and associated
traffic.
Management measures for transport, traffic and access include:

Consultation with DIER
Comply with Forest Practices Code 2000; and
Monitoring traffic operations during the early stages of the development to evaluate and amend
trucking operations if required.

A summary of potential impacts and management measures on transport, traffic and access, resulting
from associated activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 194.

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Table 194: Summary of potential impacts and management measures transport

Rating
Transport, traffic and access
New permanent intersection on Minor Consult with DIER. Insignificant Minor

East Tamar Highway for quarry, negative impact negative
landfill and water storage Comply with Forest Practices impact
reservoir impact
Code 2000.
Monitor traffic operations during

the early stages of the
development to evaluate and
amend trucking operations if
required.
12.11 Noise and Vibration

The three sites (landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir) are located over 3 km from the nearest
residence, being those on the western banks of the Tamar River at Rowella. The pulp mill site will be
located between the residences and the three sites.
Landfill
Appendix 55, Volume 16 states the location of the site is well away from any residential or other sensitive
land use areas, and is largely within the well-established Bell Bay Major Industrial Area. Prevailing winds
are from the northwest, which means that the principal noise direction will be into the forested hillside.
This will restrict noise propagation.
There will be some temporary construction noise, mainly from earth moving machinery but possibly also
from rock breakers. Operational noise will be limited to that from waste delivery trucks and waste
spreading machinery. Given the low level of noise likely to be generated from the landfill, and the lack of
nearby sensitive land uses, it is not considered likely that there will be any significant noise impacts.
During operation it is proposed initially to operate the landfill on weekdays during normal operating hours.
This may change to 12 hours per day, seven days per week when more operating details are available.
Quarry
Blasting for the site will be carried out in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2187.2 -1993.
The blasting risk assessment undertaken for the pulp mill site by Orica (Appendix 49, Volume 15)
identified three blasting effects (airblast, flyrock, and ground dislocation), which were assessed and
considered to be manageable during construction works based on the following:
Airblast Orica considered that due to the blasting methods employed and the nature of the
structures surrounding the site, airblast would be below levels that may potentially cause damage;

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Flyrock flyrock resulting from blasting is expected to be contained with the nominated stemming
heights. Orica suggest that additional ground cover material may be required in critical areas. A
blasting management safety plan will need to be in place for blasting activities; and
Ground dislocation Due to the distance between the proposed blasting areas and nearest receivers,
ground dislocation was not identified as a significant issue. There are no existing structures close to
the quarry site.
As such, the effects of blasting during quarrying works of the site are not expected to be a significant
issue.
Water Reservoir
Noise generated from construction activities will be similar to the landfill component.
The noise source for the water reservoir is a water pump. Due to the nearest sensitive noise receptor
being located approximately 4 kilometres from the water reservoir, noise emissions from the operation of
the water pump will be insignificant.
related to reserves and protected areas is provided below.
Table 195: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures noise

Rating
Noise
Construction Noise Major Environmental Moderate Minor

negative Management Plan positive impact negative
impact impact
Operational Noise Moderate Noise Management Minor positive Minor

Quarry negative Strategy impact negative
impact impact
Based on the implementation of the above management strategies, the impact on the noise environment
is considered to be minor.

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12.12 Visual
12.12.1 Landfill, Quarry and Water Supply Reservoir
All facilities for the landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir are to be located in a narrow valley which
runs north-east to south-west parallel to the highway. The centre of the valley is approximately 700 m
north-east of the highway. The valley is separated from the highway by a small ridge which rises nearly
50 m above the highway elevation.
The landfill is proposed to be located in the upper end of the valley, the quarry in the middle and the
water reservoir further down, with the dam wall to be located in a small saddle.
The development area, particularly the landfill, falls within the Skyline Protection Area as detailed in the
George Town Planning Scheme.
The landfill and quarry will be virtually completely shielded from views from the highway as all works will
be undertaken below the ridgeline and as such there will be no obvious evidence the facility is located
close to the Highway other than the entrance road. Avoiding significant visibility from vantage points was
a design prerequisite for the landfill, and a determinant of the final concept design.
The water supply reservoir wall will be constructed within a small saddle approximately 250 m from the
highway. One wall will face the highway with a length of 460 m and maximum height of 17 m. That wall
will be an earthen wall (Appendix 44, Volume 15) which will span the saddle. The dam wall will consist of
an earthen batter at 1:2.5 slope.
The dam wall will be screened by topography and vegetation on the approaches from north and south
along the highway. The wall will be visible from the highway immediately adjacent to the dam regardless
of the retention of screening vegetation, although all vegetation between the road and wall will minimise
exposure and the extent of view modification. Revegetation of the dam wall with grasses will be
undertaken (trees and shrubs will not be permitted to grow as they can weaken the structure) to minimise
the visual impacts and stabilise the wall from erosion impacts. Given the narrow view to the site, 100 kmh
speed limit and proposed construction (earthen dam), it is considered that there will only be very short
duration views to the site and that visual impacts will be low.
Based on the above, the works proposed in this area will not significantly alter, or have an adverse
impact on the environment, flora and fauna habitats, watercourses, skyline and tree in contravention to
the Skyline Protection Area provisions of the George Town Planning Scheme.

There will be no clearing of vegetation above the ridgeline within the Williams Creek catchment to
ensure no visual impacts from the landfill or quarry;
Retention of all screening vegetation between the Highway and water supply reservoir;
Stockpiling topsoil from the water supply reservoir for use on the rock embankment for the dam wall
so as to allow rehabilitation with grasses and small shrubs where possible.

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related to noise and vibration is provided below.
Table 196: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures visual

Rating
Visual
Landfill and quarry visible from Moderate No clearing of vegetation above Minor positive Minor
highway and west of the site negative the ridgeline within the Williams impact negative
impact Creek catchment impact
Reservoir visible from highway Moderate Retention of screening Minor positive Minor
negative vegetation impact negative
impact impact
Moderate Vegetation of reservoir Minor positive Minor

negative embankment impact negative
impact impact
Overall, visual impacts of the landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir are considered minor.
12.13 Waste Management

As discussed throughout this Draft IIS, the landfill is required to accommodate process waste generated
from the pulp mill.
Waste generated as a result of construction and operation of the landfill, quarry and water reservoir will
include:
Soil;
vegetation following clearing of the site; and
Domestic waste from personnel on site.
Overburden resulting from quarry activities will be a temporary waste product.
Overburden will be stockpiled for reuse in the rehabilitation phase of the quarry.
Domestic waste during the construction phase will be disposed at Remount or George Town.

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A summary of potential impacts and management measures on waste management, resulting from
associated activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 197.
Table 197: Summary of potential impacts and management measures waste management

Impact Rating Impact Rating
Waste Management
Disposal of construction waste Minor negative Overburden to be Minor positive Insignificant

impact stockpiled impact impact
Minor negative Domestic wastes to Minor positive Insignificant

impact existing landfill impact impact
Overall, waste management impacts of the landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir are considered
minor.
12.14 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage
12.14.1 Aboriginal Heritage
Three site are located within the area proposed for a solid waste disposal site and quarry (TASI 7485,
7486 and 7487). The three sites will be directly impacted.
TASI 7485, 7486, 7487

These sites are recorded as artefact scatters, located within the area to be developed for the solid waste
disposal site. Only one isolated artefact has been located by a representative of the Aboriginal Heritage
Office (DTAE) at the recorded locality of these sites, previous searching of the area failed to locate any
evidence of the sites (Stone and Stanton 2006).
TASI 10003, 10009

These sites are located in the vicinity, but outside the area to be developed. No impacts on these sites
are anticipated.
12.14.2 Historic Heritage
One site of Historic Heritage Significance has been identified within the area to be developed for the local
water reservoir: the Williams Creek Fence Posts.

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The following management measures were developed in consultation with the Aboriginal Heritage Office
(DTAE), the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea Council and Office of Aboriginal Affairs.
A Cultural Heritage Management Plan will be prepared prior to the construction phase for the
management of Aboriginal and historic heritage sites.
Aboriginal Heritage
The area containing sites TASI 7485, 7486 and 7487 will be searched thoroughly in a final attempt to
locate the sites. A permit to relocate will be required. Relocated artefacts will be moved to the adjacent
permanent reserve area to the north of the current locality. Ministerial permission will be sought under
the Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 for a suitably skilled and experienced Aboriginal Heritage Officer to
relocate these artefacts to a culturally appropriate, alternative site.
If the artefacts are unable to be located, a permit to destroy the sites will be required.
The areas containing the sites TASI 10003 and 10009 will be maintained as restricted areas, ensuring no
accidental damage to sites.
Historic Heritage
As the Williams Creek Fence Posts were identified as having minimal significance, no recommendations
were made for management. All three components of this site are located within the area to be cleared
and inundated for the local water reservoir. Further work is currently being undertaken to determine if any
additional management requirements, including potential salvage, are required.
Cultural Heritage Management Plan

A Cultural Heritage Management Plan will be prepared prior to the construction phase for the
management of both Aboriginal and historic heritage sites.
The following procedure will be incorporated into the Cultural Heritage Management Plan, for the event
that further Aboriginal or historic heritage sites are located during clearing and construction activities.
cease works immediately;
contact Heritage Tasmania immediately;
assess the significance of the site utilising an appropriately qualified specialist;
arranging a site visit for a staff member of Heritage Tasmania, if necessary, to determine the
significance of the site; and
depending on the significance, determining appropriate actions with regard the continuation of works,
including, as appropriate, approval from the Tasmanian Heritage Council.
All site specific management prescriptions and clear indication of the location of sites will be incorporated
into the Cultural Heritage Management Plan.

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A summary of potential impacts and management measures on heritage, resulting from associated
activities with the landfill, quarry and water reservoir, is provided in Table 198.
Table 198: Summary of potential impacts and management measures Aboriginal and
historic heritage

Rating
Aboriginal and Historic Heritage
TASI 7485, 7486 and 7487 will Minor Seek permits to relocate Minor positive Insignificant
be directly impacted negative these artefacts impact impact
impact
Impacts on TASI 10003 and Minor These sites will be Minor positive Insignificant
10009 negative maintained as restricted impact impact
impact areas
Overall, impacts on Aboriginal and historic heritage are considered to be minor.
12.15 Risk Assessment
Landfill
A hazard analysis of the conceptual design has been undertaken in accordance with AS/NZS 4360 Risk
Management (Australian/New Zealand Standard 4360:2004 Risk Management) methodology.
The hazard analysis matrix for the landfill is provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16. In that matrix, the
aspects considered are consistent with those identified in the acceptable standards of the DPIWE Landfill
Sustainability Guide.
For each aspect, an inherent risk was initially determined and then management measures were applied
to reduce that to a net risk.
The assessed net risk of the conceptual landfill design is low for most aspects and assessed as
moderate in a few.
This overall level of risk is therefore concluded to be readily acceptable by all reasonable standards,
including those specified in the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide.
Quarry
Blasting for the site will be carried out in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2187.2 -1993.

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The blasting risk assessment undertaken for the pulp mill site by Orica (Appendix 49, Volume 15)
identified three blasting effects (airblast, flyrock, and ground dislocation), which were assessed and
considered to be manageable during construction works based on the following:
Airblast Orica considered that due to the blasting methods employed and the nature of the
structures surrounding the site, airblast would be below levels that may potentially cause damage;
Flyrock flyrock resulting from blasting is expected to be contained with the nominated stemming
heights. Orica suggest that additional ground cover material may be required in critical areas. A
blasting management safety plan will need to be in place for blasting activities; and
Ground dislocation Due to the distance between the proposed blasting areas and nearest receivers,
ground dislocation was not identified as a significant issue. There are no existing structures close to
the quarry site.
Expolosives will be stored on site during site preparation. The storage of explosives on the site will be in
licensed magazines which will comply with AS 2187.1-1998 and AS 2187.2-2006. Any Transport of
explosives on public roads will comply with the Dangerous Substances (Safe Handling) Act 2005,
Dangerous Substances (Safe Transport) Act 1998, the Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport)
Regulations 1998 and the Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail.
Given the extensive buffer distances, management of blasting activities, explosives and transport, the
overall level of risk is considered to be acceptable.
Water Reservoir
A secure and reliable water supply is fundamental to the operation of the pulp mill. It is proposed to
provide onsite storage near the mill.
A preliminary assessment of the consequences of failure of the local site storage was undertaken as part
of the water supply study (GHD, 2006e). This preliminary assessment identified that the following key
issues will relate to the likely hazard category of this proposed dam:
1. potential flooding of the East Tamar Highway, which is runs parallel to the proposed dam
embankment, some 200 m downstream of the toe;
2. potential flooding of the pulp mill site;
3. potential flooding of the Bell Bay Rail Line; and
4. potential flooding of the major overhead power transmission lines.
The preliminary assessment of the consequences of dam failure suggested that there is a population at
risk of between 11 and 100 persons and, in accordance with Appendix D of ANCOLD Guidelines on
Assessment of Consequences of Dam Failure, the likely damage and loss will be Major. This indicates
that the dam is likely to be assigned a hazard category of High B. Accordingly, this dam will be designed
to meet appropriate standards to ensure any such risks are minimised.

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Site Storage Spillway Design
A desktop assessment of the likely spillway design flow was undertaken using Sections 4 and 6 and
Bulletin 53 of Australian Rainfall and Runoff. This process uses statistical data from throughout Australia
to develop predicted rainfall events for various critical durations and recurrence intervals.
The key assumptions for this assessment included:
1. calculation of the critical storm duration using the Bransby Williams formula (Australian Rainfall
and Runoff, Volume 1, Section 1.3.2);
2. use of the approximate formulas in Table 9, Section 6 of Australian Rainfall and Runoff to
determine the storm intensity; and
3. adoption of a blanket coefficient of runoff of 0.9 for the entire catchment (assuming the
catchment was supersaturated during the storm event).
The recurrent interval storm was set at the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) in accordance with an
estimated population at risk of 10 to 100 and a severity of damage of Major.
The spillway will consist of a 5 m wide concrete lined channel. This means that the maximum water level
over the spillway for the PMP storm event will be 0.8 m.
Determination of Reservoir Wave Height

The reservoir wave height was determined in accordance with ANCOLD guidelines. The wave run-up
freeboard requirement is 0.6 m using an 85 kmh design wind speed (or 1 in 1,000 year return period).
Wave set-up was also computed for a 1 in 1,000 year event, however it is below 10 mm and
consequently was disregarded in calculations.

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12.16 Summary of Triple Bottom Line Approach
A summary of the potential impacts and management measures is during construction and operation of
the landfill, quarry and water reservoir is provided below.

Rating
Planning and Land Use
Landfill not all located within the Minor Planning Scheme amendment Minor positive Insignificant
Bell Bay Industrial Zone negative impact impact
impact
To meet the requirements of Use Minor Environmental Management Minor positive Insignificant
and Development Principles negative Plans and specific sub-plans impact impact
impact such as vegetation management,
landscaping etc.
Impact on the Skyline Protection Minor No clearing or infrastructure Minor positive Insignificant
Area negative located above ridge crests impact impact
impact
Construction of a new Moderate Consider overhead and Minor positive Minor

transmission line will traverse a negative underground options. Method impact negative
high voltage transmission line, impact to be determined in the impact
East Tamar Rail link and East detailed design phase.
Tamar Highway.
Liase with relevant services
Temporary disruption to service providers.
supply.
Advise service users of any
temporary disruptions.
Topography, Climate and Meteorology
Localised physical impacts on Minor Clearly mark areas to be Minor positive Insignificant
the topography resulting from negative excavated to minimise impact impact
excavation impact accidental disturbance.
Exposure of surfaces Minor Rehabilitation Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Changes to site topography Minor Rehabilitate the landfill and Minor positive Insignificant
negative quarry areas. impact impact
impact
Minor Prepare a rehabilitation plan in Minor positive Insignificant

negative accordance with the Quarry impact impact
impact Code of Practice
Minor Prepare and landfill Minor positive Insignificant

negative rehabilitation plan. impact impact
impact

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Rating
Air Quality
Generation of dust and odour Minor Cover loaded trucks carrying Minor positive Insignificant
negative fine particulate matter impact impact
impact
Minor Hydrate wastes Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Minor Wet and cover domestic waste Minor positive Insignificant

negative when required impact impact
impact
Minor Spray waste in the landfill Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Minor Spray unsealed haul roads Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Generation of fuel emissions Minor Use equipment that is regularly Minor positive Insignificant
negative serviced impact impact
impact
Geology and Soils
Erosion and sediment transport Moderate Erosion and Sediment Control Minor positive Minor
to Williams Creek negative Plan Impact negative
Impact Impact
Groundwater and Hydrology
Contamination of groundwater Major Geosynthetic clay liner and an Moderate Minor

from the landfill negative HDPE membrane liner positive impact negative
Impact impact
Major Exclusion of hazardous Moderate Minor

negative materials from the landfill positive impact negative
Impact impact
Interception and diversions of Moderate Diversion of flows around Minor positive Minor
flows to Williams Creek negative landfill Impact negative
Impact Impact
Contaminated stormwater Moderate Diversion of potentially Minor positive Minor

entering Williams Creek negative contaminated flows and Impact negative
Impact storage on site Impact
Erosion and sedimentation of Moderate Erosion and Sediment Control Minor positive Minor
Williams Creek from landfill negative Plan Impact negative
Impact Impact

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Rating
Terrestrial Flora

Loss or damage to significant Major Minimise disturbance and Minor positive Moderate
flora species negative preparation of Vegetation impact negative

Spread and/or introduction of Moderate Weed Management Strategy Minor positive Minor
weeds and pests negative and DPIW Interim impact negative
impact Phytophthora cinnamomi impact
Management Guidelines
Alteration to fire and grazing Minor Fire management strategy and Minor positive Insignificant
regimes negative minimise disruption of native impact impact
impact herbivore grazing

impact
Impacts from dust and pulp mill Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor
emissions negative impact negative
impact impact
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor

impact impact
Transport, traffic and access
New permanent intersection on Minor Consult with DIER. Insignificant Minor

East Tamar Highway for quarry, negative impact negative
landfill and water storage Comply with Forest Practices impact
reservoir impact
Code 2000.
Monitor traffic operations

during the early stages of the
development to evaluate and
amend trucking operations if
required.
Noise
Construction Noise Major Environmental Management Moderate Minor

negative Plan positive impact negative
impact impact

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Rating
Operational Noise Quarry Moderate Noise Management Strategy Minor positive Minor
impact impact
Visual
Landfill and quarry visible from Moderate No clearing of vegetation Minor positive Minor
highway and west of the site negative above the ridgeline within the impact negative
impact Williams Creek catchment impact
Reservoir visible from highway Moderate Retention of screening Minor positive Minor
negative vegetation impact negative
impact impact
Moderate Vegetation of reservoir Minor positive Minor

negative embankment impact negative
impact impact
Waste Management
Disposal of construction waste Minor Overburden to be stockpiled Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Minor Domestic wastes to existing Minor positive Insignificant

negative landfill impact impact
impact
Aboriginal and Historic Heritage
TASI 7485, 7486 and 7487 will Minor Seek permits to relocate these Minor positive Insignificant
be directly impacted negative artefacts impact impact
impact
Impacts on TASI 10003 and Minor These sites will be maintained Minor positive Insignificant
10009 negative as restricted areas impact impact
impact

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13. Abbreviations
Abbreviation Definition
A
a annum
A Acid stage in bleaching, area
A&NZ Australian and New Zealand
AA active alkali, AA=NaOH+Na2S
AAPC Australian Aluminium Production Commission (now Comalco)
AAS Australian Amalgated Stevedores
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ADI Acceptable daily intake
ADt Air (90%) dry tonne
ADt/a Air dry tonnes per annum
ADtbl Air (90%) dry ton, bleached
AET Alliance for Environmental Technology
AFS Australian Forestry Standard
AGSO Australian Geological Survey Organisation
AGV Air guideline value
AHD Australian Height Datum
Al Aluminium
Al2(SO4)3 Aluminium sulphate (alum)
ALARP As low as reasonably practical
AMC Australian Maritime College
AMSA Australian Maritime Safety Authority
AMT Accepted modern technology
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
ANZECC Australia and New Zealand Environmental Conservation Council
AOX Absorbable organic halogens
APIA Australian Petroleum Industry Association
AQ Anthraquinone
AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
AQMS Air Quality Monitoring Station
ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand
AS Australian Standard
ASL Above sea level
ASS Acid Sulphate Soils
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Disease Registry (United States)
AUD Australian dollar
B
bar(a) Pressure (absolute)
bar(g) Pressure (gauge)
BAF Bioaccumulation factor
BAT Best available technology
BCC Bioaccumulative chemicals of concern
BCF Bioconcentration factor
BCTMP Bleached chemi-mechanical pulp
BDS Bone dry solids
BDt Bone (100 %) dry tonne
BDU Bone dry unit
BEK Bleached eucalyptus kraft
BEKP Bleached eucalypt kraft pulp

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BFB Bubbling fluidised bed combustion boiler
BFP BFP Consultants Pty Ltd
BHKP Bleached hardwood kraft pulp
BKME Bleached Kraft mill effluent
BKP Bleached Kraft pulp
BL Black liquor
BLEVE Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
BMF Biomagnification factor
BOD Biological oxygen demand
BOD5 Biological oxygen demand, five day test, SCAN-W 5:71
BOM Bureau of Meteorology
BoP Balance of plant
Boral Boral Forest Resources
BP Before present
BPEM Best practice environmental management
BPR Boiling point rise
BPT Best practicable technology
BSAF Biota-to-sediment accumulation factor
BSKP Bleached softwood Kraft pulp
BSS Bed shear stress
BTEX Butyl, Toluene, Ethylene, Xylene
BTRE Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics
BW Body weight
BWDSS Ballast Water Decision Support System
C
C Chlorination stage in bleaching, carbon, concentration
C Celsius-degree
CBS Bed sediment bulk density
CF COPC Concentration in fish
CFish Concentration of contaminant in fish
CFish n Contaminant concentration in top predator fish
Cl Total concentration of a chemical in whole organism/tissue divided by the lipid fraction
Cs Total concentration of a chemical in sediment
Csb Concentration of contaminant sorbed to bottom (bed) sediment
Csoc Total concentration of a chemical in sediment divided by the fraction of organic carbon in
sediment.
Cw tot Total water concentration
Ca2CO3 Calcium carbonate (lime stone)
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
Ca(HSO3)2 Calcium bisulphite
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
CAMBA Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Peoples
Republic of China for the Protection of Migratory Birds and their Environment
CaO Calcium oxide (burnt lime)
CAR Comprehensive, Adequate, Representative
CCT Corrugated crush test (edgewise compression strength measurement)
CCTV Closed-circuit television system
CE CE marking (product meets the requirements of all relevant European Directives)
CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan
CEN Committee Europ de Normalisation
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CGE Computable general equilibrium

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(CH3)2S Di-methyl sulphide
(CH3)2S2 Di-methyl disulphide
CH3SH Methanethiol
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Cl2 Chlorine (gas)
ClO2 Chlorine dioxide (gas)
CMT Crisis Management Team
CNCG Concentrated non-condensable gases
CO Carbon monoxide
CoA Co-enzyme A
CoC Chain of Custody
CO(NH2)2 Urea
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CO3 Carbonate
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CODcr COD, chromium measurement method
COPC Chemical of potential concern
CR Consumption rate
CRA Comprehensive Regional Assessment
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Cth Commonwealth
D
d day(s)
D Chlorine dioxide stage in bleaching
DI Daily intake of contaminant
dbs Depth of upper benthic sediment layer
dwc Depth of water column
D0 First chlorine dioxide stage in bleaching
D1 Second chlorine dioxide stage in bleaching
D2 Third chlorine dioxide stage in bleaching
dB Decibel
dB(A) Sound pressure level units (A scale)
DCS Distributed control system; data collection system
DD Drum displacement (washer); double disc (refiner)
DDE Dichloro-diphenyl-ethane
DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
DEH Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage
DELM Department of Environment and Land Management
DEM Digital elevation model
DF Dilution factor
dia Diameter
DIAR Draft Integrated Assessment Report
DIER Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources
dm3 Cubic decimetre
DMS Dimethyl sulphide; document management system
DN Diameter nominal (pipes)
DNCG Diluted non-condensable gases
DO Dissolved oxygen
DPHTA Tasmanian Department of Parks, Heritage, Tourism and the Arts
DPIWE Tasmanian Department of Primary Industry, Water and Environment
DR Displacement ratio
DS Dry solid; dissolved solid; degree of substitution
DTAE Tasmanian Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment

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DTPA Diethylene triamine penta acetate
DVD Digital versatile disk
DWT Dead weight tonne
E
E Alkaline extraction stage in bleaching; E-value (washing efficiency)
EA Effective alkali, EA=NaOH+1/2Na2S
EC Electrical conductivity; Environment Canada
ECL Electrical conductivity level
EC50 Chronic toxicity- median effective concentration (required to induce a 50% effect)
ECF Elemental chlorine free
EDD Electronic device description
EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
EEC Exclusive Economic Zone
EFTPOS Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale
EHV Extra high voltage
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIL Environmental investigation level
EIP Environmental Improvement Programs
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EMPCA or EMPC Tasmanian Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994
Act
EMS Environmental Management System
EOP Oxygen and peroxide enhanced alkali extraction stage in bleaching
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (or Authority)
EPBCA or EPBC Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Act
EPNs Environment Protection Notices
EPP Environment Protection Policy
ER Environmental Representative
ERP Enterprise resource planning; emergency response plan
ESA Commonwealth Endangered Species Act 1992
ESD Ecologically sustainable development
ESFM Ecologically sustainable forest management
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
ETM Elaborately transformed manufactures
ETP Effluent treatment plant
EU European Union
EVCs Ecological Vegetation Communities
F
fl Lipid fraction
foc Fraction of organic carbon in sediment
fbc Fraction of total water body contaminant concentration sorbed to bed sediment
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FBE Fusion bonded epoxy
FCM Trophic level-specific food chain multiplier
FEA Forest Enterprises Australia Ltd
FEP Permanent easement
FIAR Final Integrated Assessment Report
FIBC Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers
Flyway, the East Asia Australasian flyway
FPA Tasmanian Forest Practices Act 1985
FPP Forest Practises Plan
ft Foot/feet

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FW Feed water
[fish] Contaminant concentration in fish tissue
G
g Gram
GBE Government Business Enterprise
g/l Grams per litre
GC Gas
GDP Gross domestic product
GHD Gutteridge, Haskins & Davey (GHD) Pty Ltd consultancy firm
GHG Greenhouse gas emission
GIS Gas insulated switchgear
GIS Geographic Information System
GJ giga joule
Gl or GL giga litre
GLC Ground level concentration
GLOSS Global Sea Level Observing System
GMt Green metric tonnes
GPT Gross pollutant traps
GRP Glass-fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics
GSP Gross State Product
Gunns Gunns Limited
GWP Global warming potential
H
h Hour; height
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
H2SO4 Sulphuric acid
H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
ha Hectares
HAZID Hazard identification
HAZOP Hazard and operability study
HBL Hot black liquor
HC High consistency
HCB Hexachlorobenzene
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HD High density
HDD Horizontal directional drilling
HDPE High density polyethylene
HEC Hydro-Electric Corporation
HERB High energy recovery boiler
HHRA Human Health Risk Assessment
HHV Higher heating value
HI Hazard index
HNO3 Nitric acid
HOCl Hypochlorous Acid
HP High pressure (steam); horse power
HQ Hazard quotient
HRA Health risk assessment
HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
HVLC High volume, low concentration (diluted odorous gases)
HW Hardwood
HWL Hot white liquor
Hz Hertz

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I
I Iodine
IFish Daily human intake of fish
I/O Input/output
ID Induced-draft (fan)
IDP Integrated chlorine dioxide plant
IIS Integrated Impact Statement
IMO International Maritime Organisation
INP Industrial Noise Policy
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPPC Integrated pollution prevention control
ISO International Standard Organisation, http://www.iso.org
ISQG High Interim Sediment Quality Guideline High
ISQG Low Interim Sediment Quality Guideline Low
IUCN World Conservation Union
IWC International Whaling Commission
J
JAMBA Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Danger of Extinction and their Environment
JAS-ANZ Joint Accreditation System for Australia and New Zealand
JP Jaakko Poyry Oy
K
K Potassium; Kelvin; dissociation constant
Kow Log oil: water partition coefficient
KCl Potassium chloride
Kdbs Bed sediment/sediment pore water partition coefficient
kg Kilogram
kL Kiloliters
km Kilometres
KmnO4 potassium permanganate
KP Kilometre points
KPI Key Performance Indicators
kV Kilovolt
kVa Kilovolt amps
kWh Kilowatt hour
L
L Litres
L/W Liquor-to-wood ratio
LAT Low astronomical tide
LC Low consistency
LC50 Lethal concentration 50 (concentration in water having 50 % chance of causing death to
aquatic life)
LC50/EC50 Acute toxicity
LCS Laboratory control sample
LEL Lower explosive limit
LGAs Local Government Areas
LGM Last Glacial Maximum
LHV Recovery boiler efficiency, low heating (heat) value
LOEC Lowest Observed Effect Concentration
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and other Matter,
Convention 1972
LOR Limit of reporting
LOS Level of service
LP Low pressure (steam, ~ 4 bar)

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LPG Liquid petroleum gas
LUPAA or LUPA Tasmanian Land Use Planning and Approvals Act
Act
LVHC Low volume high concentration (gases)
LWHRP Launceston Wood Heater Replacement Program
M
m Metres
m2 Square metres
m3 Cubic metres
m3/s Cubic metres per second
m3/s Cubic metres per second
m3/y Cubic metres per year
m3 l Cubic metre loose
m3sob Cubic metre solid over bark
MAOP Maximum available operating pressure
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
MAST Marine and Safety Tasmania
max Maximum
MBACI Monitoring before, after, control and impact
MBAS Methylene blue active substances
MBB Moving biological bed technology (reactor)
MC Medium consistency; moisture content
MCC Motor control centre; modified continuous cooking
MCR Maximum continuous rating (load)
MDF Medium density fibreboard
MDL Method detection limits
MDS Multi-dimensional scaling
MEI Mechanical, electrical and instrumentation
MeOH Methanol
MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee
MES Manufacturing execution system
MF Machine finished
MFDP Marine Farming Development Plan
MFPA Tasmanian Marine Farming Planning Act 1995
MG Machine glazed
mg Milligram
Mg(HSO3)2 Magnesium bisulphate
MgO Magnesium oxide
MgSO3 Magnesium sulphite
MgSO4 Magnesium sulphate
MHA Member of House of Assembly
MIC Maximum instantaneous charge
min Minimum; minute
MJ Mega joule
MJ/kgDS Mega joule per kilogram of dry solids
MJ/s Mega joules per second
MJ/scm Mega joule per standard cubic metre
ML Mega litres
ML/d or ML/day Mega litres per day
MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solids
MLVSS Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
mm Millimetres
MMP Mitigation Management Plan

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MMRF Monash Multi-Region Forecasting
MMS Maintenance management system
Mn Manganese
MnO Manganese oxide
Montreal Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987
Convention
MP Medium pressure (steam, ~ 12 bar)
MP Member of Parliament
Mpa mega Pascal (pressure)
MPA Marine Protected Area
MRT Mineral Resources Tasmania
MS micro Siemens; matrix spike
MSD Matrix spike duplicate
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
MVA mega watt ampere
MVR Mechanical vapour recompression
MW Megawatt
MWC Medium weight coated (paper)
MWWB Mill Wide Water Balance
N
Na2O Sodium oxide
Na2S Sodium sulphide
Na2S2O3 Sodium tiosulphate
Na2S2O4 Hydrosulphite (dithionite)
Na2SO3 Sodium sulphite
Na2SO4 Sodium sulphate
NaCl Sodium chloride
NaClO3 Sodium chlorate
NaCO3 Sodium carbonate
NaHSO3 Sodium bisulphite
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NATA Australian National Association of Testing Authorities
NCG Non-condensable gas
NCTC National Counter-Terrorism Committee
NE North east
NEPC National Environment Protection Council
NEPMs National Environment Protection Measures
NFPS National Forest Policy Statement 1992
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NGS National greenhouse strategy
(NH4)HSO3 Ammonium bisulphite
(NH4)SO3 Ammonium sulphite
NH2SO3H Sulfaminacid
Nm3 Normal cubic meter (gases)
nm Nautical miles
NNE North-north-east
NNW North-north-west
North North Forest Products
NOEC No Observed Effect Concentration
NOx Nitrogen oxides
NPI National Pollutant Inventory
NPV Net present value

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NPW Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970
NRM Natural Resource Management
NSW DEC New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation
NSW RTA New South Wales Road Traffic Authority
NTRDB Northern Territory Development Board
NTU Normal (nephlometric) turbidity unit
NWQMS National Water Quality Management Strategy
NZS New Zealand Standard
O
O Oxygen delignification stage
O&M Operating and maintenance
O2 Oxygen
O3 Ozone
OCP Organochlorine pesticide
OCS Office of Chemical Safety
OCsed Fraction of organic carbon in bottom sediment
OD Oven (100 %) dry
OD MSCL Outer diameter Mild Steel Cement Lined
OH&S Occupational Health and Safety
OHBC Open hatch bulk carriers
OMB Overall material balance
OSPAR Oslo and Paris Conventions on the pollution of the North Sea, also known as the
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic
P
P Peroxide stage in bleaching, phosphorus
P&Ids Piping & instrument diagrams
Paa Per acetic acid
PAHs Polcyclic Aromtic Hydrocarbons
PBDD Polybrominated dibenzodioxin
PBDF Polybrominated dibenzofuran
PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl
PCDD Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
PCDD/F Poly-Chlorinated Dibenzo--Dioxin/ Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran
PCDF Polychlorinated dibenzofuran
PE Polyethylene
PEFC Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
PEVs Protected Environmental Values
PFRP Private Forest Reserves Program
pg Picogram (one-trillionth of a gram)
pg/L Picogram per litre
pH Potential of Hydrogen negative 10-base log (power) of the positive hydrogen ion
concentration; measure of acidity
PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis
PHAST Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool
PIC Person in charge
PIMS Process information management system
PLC Programmable logic controller
PM10 particles with aerodynamic diameters of up to 10 m
POL Port of Launceston
POPs Persistent organic pollutants
POSS Project of State Significance
ppb Parts per billion

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PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ppm Parts per million
ppq Parts per quadrillion
ppt Parts per trillion
PPV Peak particle velocity
PSSA Particularly sensitive sea areas
psu Practical salinity unit
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PWS National or Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service
Q
Q Chelating stage in bleaching; flow rate
QAP Quality assurance plan
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
QCS Quality control system
QoS Quality of service
R
RAC Resource Assessment Commission
Ramsar The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Convention
RAP Resolved Area for Protection
RB Recovery boiler
REC Renewable energy credits
REDOX Reduction oxidation
RFA Regional Forest Agreement
RL Relative level
RMP Rounds per minute
RO Reverse osmosis
ROW Right of way
RPD Relative percent difference
RPDC Resource Planning and Development Commission (Tasmania)
RPM Revolutions per minute
S
s Second; solid
S Sulphur
SAC Scientific Advisory Committee
SAN Storage area network
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCAN Scandinavian Pulp, Paper & Board Testing Committee, standard
SHE Safety, environment and health
SHEQ Safety, health, environment and quality
SHEQ-MS Safety, health, environment and quality management system
SHTA Stony Head Training Area
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SLA Statistical Local Area
SMP Safety Management Plan
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SO4 Sulphate
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SPPA or SPP Act Tasmanian State Policies and Projects Act 1995
SRC Safety, rehabilitation and compensation
SRCC Safety, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Commission of the Australian Government
SRS Sulphate removal system
SS Suspended solids; stainless steel

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SSE South-south-east
SSP Tasmanian State Policies and Projects Act 1993
SVI Sludge volume index
SVP Sewer vent pipe
SW Softwood; south west
T
t Tonne (metric)
T/y Tonnes per year
TA Total alkali
TAPM The Air Pollution Model
TAPPI Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (USA), standard, http://www.tappi.org
Tas Tasmania
TASI Tasmanian Aboriginal Site Index
TASVEG The ongoing State Government program of mapping Tasmania's vegetation at high
resolution, primarily at 1:25,000, across the whole State
TBT Try butyl tin
TCDD Tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDF Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
TCF Total chlorine-free
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/internet protocol
TDI Tolerable daily intake
TDS Total dissolved solids
TEA Tensile energy absorption
TEF Toxicity emission factor
TEMCO Tasmanian Electro Metallurgical Company Pty Ltd
TEQ Toxicity equivalents
TIGER Tasmanian Information on Geoscience and Exploration Resources
TJ/d Tera joule per day
TMI Tolerable monthly intake
TNGP Tasmanian Natural Gas Pipeline
Tpa Tons per annum (TPA)
Tpd Tons per day (TPD)
TPLUC Tasmanian Public Land Use Commission
Tpy Tons per year (TPY)
TRAC Tamar Residents Action Committee
TRMPA Tamar Regional Management Planning Authority
TRS Total reduced sulphur
TSP Total suspended particulates
TSPA Tasmanian Threatened Species and Protection Act 1995
TSS Total suspended solids
TV Television
TVAS Tamar Valley Air Shed
U
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCLOS United Nationals Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UPI Unique parcel identifier
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
V
V Volts
VOC Volatile organic-compounds
VOIP Voice over internet protocol

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VSD Variable speed drive
W
W Watt
WAS Waste activated sludge
WBL Weak black liquor
WHO World Health Organisation
WL White liquor
WMA Tasmanian Water Management Act 1999
WSP Water supply pipeline
WTP Water Treatment Plant
WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant
Z
ZID Zone of Initial Dilution
Others
% Percent
% ISO Brightness of pulp, ISO 2410
bs Bed sediment porosity
g/L Micro-grams per litre

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14. Glossary
Term Definition
Activated sludge A biological method of cleaning up waste waters in three stages. Stage I
treatment involves (anaerobic) equilibration. In stage II activated sludge containing
micro-organisms is led into an aeration basin to speed up oxidation of
organic matter and ammonia. In stage III the sludge is allowed to settle and
the treated waste water is run off. Some sludge is removed and a portion is
returned to the aeration basin.
Accepted Modern Accepted Modern Technology is defined in the State Policy on Water
Technology Quality Management 1997 and Draft Environment Protection Policy (Air
Quality) and Regulatory Impact Statement 2001 as a technology which has
a demonstrated capacity to achieve the desired emission concentration in a
cost-effective manner, takes account of cost-effective engineering and
scientific developments and pursues opportunities for waste minimisation.
Acid sulphate soils Acid Sulfate Soils (ASS) contain iron sulfides (mainly pyrite) which can
generate large amounts of sulfuric acid when exposed to air. These soils
formed naturally over the last 10,000 years, and are safe unless dug up or
drained. Large scale drainage of coastal flood plains for flood mitigation,
urban expansion and agriculture has exposed large areas of ASS. Acid
leachate, plus the aluminium, iron and the heavy metals, which it releases
from soils, can cause significant environmental and economic problems 31 .
Air shed The area that is defined by natural or topographical features affecting air
quality 32 .
Anthropogenic Caused by human activity
Aquifer An aquifer if a geological area which produces a quantity of water from
permeable rock
Archaeology The scientific study of past human cultures by analysing the material
remains (sites and artefacts) that people left behind
Australian Forestry This standard has been developed for Australias unique forest
Standard (AS4708) environments and ancient soils. It focuses on sustainable wood production
and is applicable to exotic and native hardwood (eucalypt) and softwood
(pine) forests. The standard applies management controls and the science
of forest management to identify the social, environmental, ecological and
economical criteria that contribute towards sustainable wood production in
Australia 33 .
Ballast water Ballast water is carried in unladen ships to provide stability, or to raise/lower
it in the water column.
Benthic Relates to the ocean bottom
Best available The best technology treatment techniques, or other means which the
technology Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and
31
Definition from NSW Department of Primary Industries (Agriculture) http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/soil-acidss/ass-what.htm
32
Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment 2000, National Environment Protection Measure for Ambient Air
Quality: Monitoring Plan for Tasmania, unpublished report.
33
Definition from Australian Forestry Standard website, http://www.ncsi.com.au/downloads/ForestryStandardflyer_1.pdf

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Term Definition
not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into
consideration) 34
Best Practice Defined in the Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994
Environmental as the management of an activity to achieve an ongoing minimisation of the
Management activitys environmental harm through cost-effective measures assessed
against the current international and national standards applicable to the
activity.
Bioaccumulation Broadly refers to the accumulation of a chemical via direct transfer from the
water column and/or sediment, plus accumulation through the diet
Biodiversity Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms: the
different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they contain, and
the ecosystems they form. This living wealth is the product of hundreds of
millions of years of evolutionary history. 35 .
Bio-flocculation Activated sludge process
process
Bio-fuel Gas or liquid fuel made from plant material (biomass). Includes wood, wood
waste, wood liquors.
Biogeochemical Relating to the partitioning and cycling of chemical elements and
compounds between the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem 36
Biomagnification A cumulative increase in the concentration of a persistent substance in
successively higher trophic levels of the food chain.
Biota The animals, plants, and microbes of a particular location or region.
Biota-to-Sediment The ratio of the lipid-normalised concentration of a contaminant in tissue of
Accumulation Factor an aquatic organism to its organic carbon-normalised concentration in
surface sediment.
CAR Reserve System The Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative (CAR) reserve system
comprises areas of both public and private land that are reserved
specifically for conservation purposes, and where the tenure of the reserved
areas is secured by legislation or other methods appropriate for the area
concerned 37 .
Chain of Custody Set of procedures to account for the integrity of specimen or sample by
tracking its handling and storage from point of specimen collection to final
disposition of the specimen or sample.
Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine dioxide is used as a bleaching agent in the fibre line. It attacks the
aromatic ring of the lignin but does not react with carbohydrates, thus
preserving pulp yield and giving superior pulp strength compared to other
oxidants.
Contaminated land Land that retains residues resulting from a current or previous use, ranging
from building materials to the chemical by-products of former industrial
activity.
Controlled waste Controlled waste is defined in the Environmental Management and Pollution
34
Definition from www.nsc.org/ehc/glossary.htm
35
Definition from DEH website: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper1/index.html#1
36
Definition from www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php
37
Definition from Australian Government, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry website, www.affa.gov.au

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
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Term Definition
Control Act 1994 (EMPCA) and the Environmental Management and
Pollution Control (Waste Management) Regulations 2000. Once a waste is
classified as being a controlled waste and is allocated a suitable code,
special arrangements should be made with a suitably qualified and
approved waste management company to provide advice on transport,
treatment and disposal.
Cost Benefit Analysis Analysis of the potential costs and benefits of a project to allow comparison
of the returns from alternative forms of investment.
Design life Period of time for which a facility is expected to perform its intended
function.
De-superheating A process of spraying demineralised water to control the steam temperature
Dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are collectively called dioxins. Co-planar
polychlorinated biphenyls (co-planar PCBs) possess toxicity similar to that of
dioxins and are called dioxin-like compounds. Dioxin or dibenzo furan
molecules consist of two benzene rings joined together by oxygen atom(s)
with various amounts of chlorine or hydrogen atoms attached in the
numbered positions. There are 75 kinds of PCDDs, 135 PCDFs and more
than 10 co-planar PCBs. The different types of dioxins are called congeners.
Dioxins have no known industrial use but occur as unwanted by-products of
some industrial and combustion processes such as metal smelting and
burning wastes and fuel. 38
Diurnal Belonging to or active during the day
Ecologically The National Strategy defines Ecologically Sustainable Development
Sustainable (ESD) as using, conserving and enhancing the communities resources so
Development that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained and quality
of life for both present and future generations is increased
Elemental chlorine A bleaching process that uses no chlorine gas, no chlorine water and no
free sodium hypochlorite as bleaching agents, with the only chlorine-containing
bleaching agent being chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Environmental A plan to undertake an array of activities that provide for the sound
Management Plan environmental management of a project so that adverse environmental
impacts are minimised and mitigated; beneficial environmental effects are
maximised; and sustainable development is ensured.
Environmental A management approach that enables an organisation to identify, monitor
Management System and control its environmental aspects. An EMS is part of the overall
(EMS) management system that includes organisational structure, planning
activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources
for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the
environmental policy. 39
Environmental Policy Statement by the organisation of its intentions and principles in relation to its
overall environmental performance, which provides a framework for action
and for the setting of its environmental objectives and targets 40 .
38
Definition from Toxikos, Toxicology Consultants, Human Health Risk Assessment- Bell Bay Pulp Mill Effluent, Draft for Comment,
prepared for Gunns Ltd. December, 2005.
39
Definition from www.peercenter.net/glossary/
40
Definition from www.peercenter.net/glossary/

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Term Definition
Ethno-historic The study of especially native or non-Western peoples from a combined
historical and anthropological viewpoint, using written documents, oral
literature, material culture, and ethnographic data 41
Fugitive emissions Emissions which can escape from the process since they are not collected
at the source of origin
Geographic Digital mapping system that allows the capture of spatial (that is, location)
Information System data and of associated attributes for that spatial feature.
(GIS)
Green Energy According to the Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA), green
energy or power is renewable energy that is bought by energy suppliers on
behalf of their customers and independently audited and verified by the
National Green Power Accreditation Steering Group.
http://www.basslink.com.au/Envir_GreenEnergy.html
www.greenpower.com.au .
Green Energy According to the Sustainable Energy Development Authority ( SEDA ),
green energy or power is renewable energy that is bought by energy
suppliers on behalf of their customers and independently audited and
verified by the National Green Power Accreditation Steering Group.
http://www.basslink.com.au/Envir_GreenEnergy.html
www.greenpower.com.au .
Green liquor The term given to the recovery boiler smelt dissolved in weak white liquor
due to its green appearance
Greenfield Undeveloped land
Gross State Product The total value of goods and services produced in the state, after deducting
(GSP) the costs of goods and services used in the production processes.
GTSpot A GIS database that lists recorded sightings of threatened plant and animal
species as identified in the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act
1995.
Hardwood Eucalypt
Homeostatic Balanced state of the living body despite variations in the environment
Intertidal The zone between high and low tide.
ISO14001 Environmental Management System International Standards Organisation
(ISO) 14001: 2004
Kappa Number The number assigned according t the amount of residual lignin, or the de-
lignification degree. A high Kappa number indicated high residual lignin in
the pulp. The higher the kappa number the higher the use of bleaching
chemicals.
Kraft German adjective for strong. (The Kraft process is the dominant chemical
pulping process worldwide because of its superior pulp strength properties).
Land Capability Capability of land for long-term sustainable agricultural production
Lime Mud Very fine mud formed of microscopic crystals of calcium carbonate
Meso-tidal Tides that have a strong, but not necessarily dominant, influence on the
estuarine environment and have a typical range of 2 - 4 m
41
Definition from http://www.answers.com/ethnohistoric&r=67

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Term Definition
Native Growth All native forest excluding old growth as defined by the RFA
Operational life The duration of time that an activity is in operation or being actively
managed.
Permeability Ability of a substance to transmit fluids through pore spaces
Permit A legal document giving official permission to do something (license)
Pharmacokinetic Pharmacokinetics is the study of the time-course of a drug in the body. It
modelling deals with both the rates and extent of drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism and elimination, and the mechanisms of these processes. By
applying mathematical modelling techniques, pharmacokinetic analysis
enables the prediction of a drugs concentration in the body at a given time
after exposure 42
Pipe jacking Pipe jacking involves hydraulically pushing pipes from a constructed drive
shaft. There are various types of equipment that fall under the pipe-jacking
category, including micro-tunnelling and auger boring.
Planning Scheme Legal instrument, that sets out the provisions for land use, development,
and protection
Polymer Large organic molecule formed by combining many smaller molecules
(monomers) in a regular pattern.
Pulp Mill A manufacturing facility where woodchips undergo a series of processes
including screening, cooking, bleaching and drying to separate the wood
fibre from the water and natural glues (lignin), leaving cellulose fibre for the
production of paper. Pulp is the intermediate stage between wood fibre and
paper.
Sensitive Sites For example residences, motels, schools, nesting sites
Silviculture Care and cultivation of forest trees (forestry)
Softwood Pine
Stratification Division into distinct layers
Stripper gas Non-condensible gases from the condensate stripping column. (The stripper
column removes chlorine from the chlorine dioxide gas and reduces the
chlorine content in the chlorine dioxide solution to approximately 0.2 g/l by
stripping with air.)
Subtidal Portion of a tidal-flat environment below the level of mean low tide mark
Sustainability The ability to provide for the needs of the world's current population without
damaging the ability of future generations to provide for themselves. When a
process is sustainable, it can be carried out over and over without negative
environmental effects or impossibly high costs to anyone involved. 43
Total chlorine free uses no chlorine-containing bleaching agents
Triple Bottom Line Whole set of values, issues and processes that companies must address in
order to minimise any harm resulting from their activities and to create
economic, social and environmental value
Water or Wastewater A location where water of wastewater (e.g. sewerage) is treated
Treatment Plant
Web a web is the term used for the continuous sheet of pulp formed on the wire
of a pulp machine
42
Definition from http://www.adelaide.edu.au/health/pharm/research/clinpharm1.html
43
Definition from www.sustainabletable.org/intro/dictionary/

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
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5.

5.1 Process Description

5.2 Hazardous Chemicals

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

Chlorine dioxide is manufactured on site in an integrated chlorine dioxide plant.

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

Integrated Chemical Plant Merchant Case

Chemical Amount Present (tonnes) Amount Present (tonnes)

Chlorine 0.054 0.054

Chlorine dioxide solution 18 18

Sodium Chlorate 118 368

Liquid Oxygen 102 201

Acetylene 0.4 0.4

Natural Gas 1.1 1.1

LPG 9.7 9.7

Nitrous oxide 0.018 0.018

Hydrogen 0.00088 0.00088

5.3 Site Layout and Site Boundary

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

Consequence Assessment: Frequency Analysis:

Acceptable N Risk Reduction

Operational Risk Levels

Figure 5-3 Risk Assessment Process

This methodology is consistent with the following regulations and standards:

5.4.1 Hazard Identification

5.4.2 Consequence Analysis

The objectives of the consequence analysis are to:

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The processes used to complete the analysis are;

5.4.3 Frequency Analysis

5.4.4 Assessment of Results

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5.5.1 HAZID Methodology

The steps followed in the HAZID process are summarised below:

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Table 134: HAZID Attendance

Name Position / Role Company

Lawson Harding Environmental Systems Coordinator Gunns Ltd

Sven Lundgren Engineering and Construction Manager Gunns Ltd

Peter Ryder Consultant Jaakko Pyry

Richard Fawkes Environmental Manager Gunns Ltd

Greg Stanford Infrastructure Manager Gunns Ltd

Steve Cooper Facilitator GHD - Qest

Chris Griffioen Facilitator GHD - Qest

5.5.3 HAZID Systems and Guidewords

Table 135: Systems Identified

System No System Description

2 Fibre line, including chip storage and screening

3 Recovery; waste evaporators / power boiler / turbine / water treatment

4 Recausticising lime kiln

7 Electrical substation / HV connections

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8 Solid waste disposal

9 Water supply line and pipeline (including Trevallyn Dam)

Table 136: Actions identified and agreed in the HAZID Workshop

Action No Area Description Responsible

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5 Electrical Ensure there is protection on site access road to protect Gunns

6 Wharf Provide adequate pumping capacity at the wharf to Gunns

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Scenario Distance to ERPG 3