ADIGRATUNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
&TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMNT OF CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY: NAME ID NO
ETAY HAILU 0457/06

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 DURATION

OF INTERNISHIP MARCH 25/03/2015 JUNE

25/07/2017

Declaration
I am fourth Year chemical Engineering student; I had undertaken Internship experience in
SLI from a period from April 2015 to July under the guidance of Mr.Hiluf or academic
supervisor & Mr. yareid (company advisor).

I certify that my work is original and compiled according to the internship report writing
guideline given by the Adigrat university industry linkage.

Name of the student Signature Date

Etay hailu

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As the students accadamic supervisor, I certify that the internship report written by the
student is her original work and compiled according to the guideline provided by the
institutes

Name of academic supervisor Signature Date

Mr.yareid

Acknowledgment

First and for most I would like to give my humble and greatest gratitude to Adigrat
University Institute of technology, which providing me a great opportunity to acquire
knowledge and skill on chemical engineering.
Next to my university I am very grateful to my academic mentor Mr. hailu who help me in
every possible way, and also give my deepest honor to all Chemical Engineering
departments member for their continuous support and encouragement during my study.
I also give my deepest gratitude to all company supervisors who guide and teach me in
every step to change my leather processing knowledge into practical, and to all employees

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of Sheba leather industry for their continuous support, cooperation and encouragement
during internship placement in the past four months.
Last but not least I am are very honor and lucky to work with hide production manager
yareid in my project and because of his help and guidance is help me to solve the problem
which encountered in my internship and for this I would like to acknowledge the great help
I get.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A process of converting raw animal skins, and hides in to leather is known as tanning.
Tanning process have been known to man for many years. Stone Age ancestors use different
methods to preserve skins and hides such as smoke, oils and fats later barks and fruits of
certain plant. IN modern tanning process chrome tanning is mainly used in almost all
tanning industries. Using chrome as tanning agent is very advantageous rather than using
other tanning agents.

Chrome tanned leather has high resistance to shrinkage at high temperature in different
operation in the process and open new area of the leather. Mainly in leather processing
industry raw skin and hides are the major raw materials. Skins are the outer covering of
small animals was as hides are the outer covering of large animals. Skins and hides are
passing through different process steps to convert in to leather starting from beam house
operations up to finishing operations. Each processing steps have their own advantages in
converting the raw skins and hides in to leather. The beam house operations are starting
from preservation up to pickling process. The tanning operations are starting from splitting

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process. Re-tanning operations are starting from re-tanning up to setting out operation.
Finishing operations are starting from drying up to measuring and packing.

Although the leather industry is beneficial in converting animal byproducts from the meat
industry in to valuable commercial goods, it is generally perceived as a producer of
pollutants with adverse environmental consequences. Some of the prejudice and stigma
attached to the leather industry as a whole emanates from the huge volumes of both liquid
and solid wastes it generates. In leather industry considerable amount of salts are realized
with the liquid wastes emanated from soaking and pickling operations. Although these salts
are not toxic the use for human and agricultural scopes of surface and underground water
is strongly limited by salinity. A high salt content has a negative effect both on drinkability
of the water and its use for human irrigation. Trivalent chrome is also present in several
streams of the leather processing specially in tanning and re-tanning operations.
Pretreatment is finalized to reduce this trivalent chrome.

Generally, environmental damage can result from liquid and solid wastes emanating from
leather industry if not correctly treated and properly dumped. Effluent discharge standards
are putting pressure on the tanning industry for cleaner production and also to improve
effluent treatment plants.

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Table of Contents
No table of contents entries found.

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CHAPTER ONE

1 Background of the company

1.1. History of the company

Sheba leather industry established in 1993 in wukro 45km from mekele.The industry
began operations with paid up capital of 10 million USD for the commencement of its
operation and it has a total investment of US Dollar 30 Million. The Company created
employment opportunities for more than 670 people. Itsone ofthesubsidiaries of the
Endowment Fund for the Rehabitation of Tigrai (EFFORT). The shoe factory has the
capacity to produce 1000 pair of shoes in one shift and tannery is able to process more than
40,000 ft of finished leather.

1.2 Introduction

The use of leather goes back to prehistoric times. The principal raw material is the hide or
skin of animals including, to a small extent, reptiles, fish and birds. The tannery operation
consists of converting the raw skin, a highly putrescible material, into leather, a stable
material, which can be used in the manufacture of a wide range of products. The whole
process involves a sequence of complex chemical reactions and mechanical processes.
Amongst these, tanning is the fundamental stage, which gives to leather its stability and
essential character.

Preserving pelts by tanning and performing various steps ofPre- and after-treatment
generates a final product with specific properties: stability, appearance, waterResistance,
temperature resistance, elasticity and permeability for perspiration and air, etc.
(C.Thorstensen, 1993). Leather is an intermediate industrial product, with numerous
applications in downstream sectors of the consumer products industry. For the latter,
leather is often the major material input, and is cut and assembled into shoes, clothing,
leather goods, furniture and many other items of daily use. These different applications
require different types of leather and requiring its own processSequences.(European
Commission, 2003)
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1.3 Mission and vision of the company
1.3.1Mission
To provide best soap products to the international market through maximum utilization of
the countrys soap & Detergent with continuous generation of wealth to the contribution of
regional & national economic development.
1.3.2 Vision
Manufacturing Interesting familiar quality soap and fully alkali quantified soap for
satisfying the customer need to an international market by 2019.

1.4 sources of the raw materials

The company collects the raw skin& hides from different regions of the country.
Almost all leather chemicals are imported from abroad while some chemicals such
as sulfuric acid, common salt& lime are available in local market.
The Tannery unit supply leather for the shoe units while all most all shoe
accessories& component are imported from aboard.
1.5 Main product the company
The company has a modern machineries & equipments. Moreover; latest Machineries that
are hydraulically, pneumatically and electrically controlled are already commissioned for
the new leather and leather products. The following products are currently produced by the
company namely:-
Finished leather Sheep for upper
Finished leather Sheep for glove
Finished leather Sheep for garment
Finished leather Sheep for lining
finished leather goat for Upper
Finished leather goat for Suede
Finished leather goat for lining
finished leather hide for upper

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 I love you like I love a day

when everything goes right

I love you like I love to lay
and watch the stars at night
I love you like I love the rain
its lustful calm embrace
I love you like I love to laugh
until it hurts my face
I love you like I love to drive
with no real destination
I love you like I love the thrill
of pure infatuation
But most of all I love you like
I love a cherished friend
Who holds me tight, dries my tears
and loves me to the end

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- Mel Wirtjes -

Fig.1.finished leather
1.6 The objectives of the company are:
To produce pickle, wet blue goat skin and wet blue hide 100% for export.
To produce finished hide for shoe production
To identify specifically the detail of causes for the prevalence of poor performance in
the Company with regards to production, purchasing, marketing, human resource
development and quality related activities.
Based on the details to strengthen the international competitiveness and develop
the efficiency and effectiveness of the Company.
To design and implement a comprehensive solution strategy to enhance the
performance of the Company towards attainment of most critical international
standards/parameters.
To implement performance improvement measures and makes the desired follow-
up on implementation of performance improvement activities in close collaboration
with management of the Company.

1.7Consumer and end user

About 80% of the total production is exported to the international market in the form of finished
leather and shoe while the remaining 20% is sold to local market in the form of finished leather &
foot wear. The major destination countries for our products are Italy, china, Russia, India, Pakistan,

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France, Belgium, Sweden, Turkey, Malay

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 Fig.2.end product

1.8 THE OVER ALL ORGANIZATION STRACTURE OF THE CAMPANY

General Manager

Production Technique Administration Finance Marketing Purchasing Quality Plan &

manager manager manager manager manager & material &assurance program
manager manager manager
Human
Beam house Electric General Marketing Material Sport Producti
resources
head shop head account manager gloves on
Finishing General quality planner
Wet blue Cost Sales Purchasing assuranc
head service
head &budget Finishing
e Maintenan
manager
Utility head Foreign quality ce plan
Finishing
Account purchaser assuranc
departmen Work
Export order
t Central
quality super
work shop Local
Water Main purchaser vision
treatment Mechanic Wood work store
Data
al shop office
encoder
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Air Fund
conditioning Founder Carpenter operator

Finished
goods
Boiler Drum machine
store

General machine
Compressor

CHAPTER TWO
OVER ALL INTERSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 How we joined the company

We try to join Sheba leather industry by sending our request paper to the training division
of the human resource office but it was imposable to get in since they dont accept
individual internship request applications. However, they only accept students that are
sending from the campus for the internship attachment from the UIL (University industrial
linkage) office. So we contact the UIL office to make possible our request of joining to Sheba
leather, by the good help from the UIL we get the acceptance by the company.
At October 14, 2013 we start immediately our internship program since then we have been
working on in achieving our practical skill and accomplishing the main goal of the
internship.

2.2 The section of the company that I have been working

After one week the process manager of the company Mr. Gebremedhein will assigned to me
in hide section department that related to my field. Up to two & half month of the
internship I was observed only the whole process of the company starting from the raw
material hide to leather packing in order to understand how leather is produced. After that
my advisor yareid gives different assignments that submitted weekly. As I observed the
work flow of this section is so good. For example when I see the tannery department the
process is very interesting.

2.3Process Description for leather production

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Leather process: consists of converting of raw hide highly putrescible materials into leather
stable materials, which can be used in to manufacture of wide range of product .the whole
process involving a sequence of complex chemical reaction and mechanical process.
Leather process essentially consists of a series of physical and chemical operation where
by the raw hide of an irregular shaped, law strength organic materials that can petrify is
given an almost constant thickness and such characteristics as good flexibility, high
densitystrength, high resistance and finish with good appearance , finally coming out a
finishing leather.

Raw Hide Preservation

Preservation of raw hide/skin is not part of the actual tanning process, but is necessary to
preserve raw hides from decomposition. Salt, about 20% of the weight of raw hides, is
normally used for pickling of raw hides.
In addition, bactericides and insecticides are also used for preservation of hides/skins.
Therefore, prior to the actual tanning process, the salt must be removed which is normally
carried out by washing of the raw hides. This salt is the first type of solid waste generated
by the leather tanning process.

Fig.3. of raw hide that enter into drum

Operation for leather processing

1. Beam house operation

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 2. Tanning operation

3. Finishing operation

4.Post tanning operation

2.3.1Beam house operation

The term beam house" refers to the processes in the tannery between the removal of hides
from storage and their prepation for tanning. Before tanning the main important operation
for leather manufacturing done in beam house operation. Beam house operation consists of
soaking, liming, deliming, bating, picking, depicking and degreasing (if necessary).

The operation and their objective are listed below:

1. Trimming and weighting

Trimming is physical processes to selected tannable hides are trimmed to remove the tail,
shoulder, flanks, neck and trimmable portions correctly. Then those are weighted carefully
and the entire chemicals based on the weights.

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Fig.4.Trimming

2 .Soaking
During this step hides are rehydrated. Surfactants and alkaline are added for the removal
of dirt. The effluent from this process contains BOD, COD, salt, insecticides and bactericides,
flesh scraps, hair, skin and dirt. Tanneries often receive salted raw hides, which must be
cleaned and rehydrated through soaking, or by placing the skins or hides in water, usually
in mixers or drum. Soaking is the first tannery operation during curing hide lost large
amount of its physiological contents of the water and unless the former regain this water
during soaking operation is the treatment of hide with water in order to restore the lost
moisture during preservation and storage.
After washing the hide PH are decreasing to 9-10 to penetrate the chemicals (to activated
the chemicals). chemicals used in soaking are sodium silco floride used as anti-

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bacteria,euspon OC and sodash( sodium hydroxide)are used as washing agent, sodium
carbonate(NaHCO3) used to rise the PH of soaking, silastol EC used to penetrate water to
the hide, bacteria sidelike silco floride used to avoid bacteria.

The process of soaking can be classified into three stages:

Presoaking (dirt soaking): are washing only by water to remove the unwanted
materials.

Main soaking: the purpose of main soaking is to re-hydrate the material. in this
operation water , nonionic wetting agent sodash and preservatives are used.

Final soaking: only water is used for washing purpose in this operation.

Objectives of soaking

To remove the dirty, blood and dung from the hide

To remove the salt outside of the fiber causes an osmotic take up of water in to the
fibers

to rehidrate the hide protein

To clean off surface faith

Decrease the possible causes of bacteria degradation

Fig.5.Soaking drum

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 3. Liming and Un haring

Liming is a very imporant operation for leather manufacturing and the qualities of the
finished leather are a large controlled in liming processes. Liming process and unharing is
one of the steps which produce effluent with avery high population load. Waste water
discharged from this step contains waste of hair, epidermis as well as other dirty
accumulated in the hide .lime hides has a PH of about 12, the fibers are swollen and
distended, salt and odium sulfide ( for unhairing) together with a bacteria sucides and
insenticides accomulated in the hides will be discharged along with the effluent. The
effluent will have high PH, high concentration of BOD, COD, salt, sulfide insecticedes and
bacterioside, ammonia, alkaline and suspended solids. The degree swelling will be found
different at differentconcentration of acidic and alkaline swelling during unharing helps for
smooth handling of the mechanical action of flashing and splitting.

Chemicals used in liming and un haring

Sodium sulphide and sulphahydrate are upon hydrolysis, sodium sulpahydrate and caustic
soda at the normal PH of liming.N2S used to give increased sharpening also results in
increasing alkaline, very sharp liming agent. NAHS for a milder action in leather industries
it allows the introduction of reducing action without raising the PH and to reduce the
swelling and produce smother and fire grain. Limepowder (calciumhydroxide) used to
swell the hide.

Objective of liming

To remove the hair and epidermis

To remove the non-structural proteins

To remove the natural fats saponification of grease

To swell up and to split up the fiber to the desired extent

To bring the collagen to a proper condition for salt factors tannages.

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Fig.6.Liming

4.Fleshing
Fleshing is a simple mechanical action but notanother chemical addition in thefleshing
excess tissue from under the pelt is removed by mechanical action. During this process the
section of the root hail, the navel, the knep caps and unwanted parts of the hide are cutoff. A
hide which has been limited unhaired will befleshed by a scraping machine. Subsequently
the fleshed hide will be split by splitting machine" main waste generated from this step is
fleshing and scraping. The liquid effluent from this step small in volume and has
asimilarcompetition as the waste water generated from the liming step, but with the lower
concentration.

Objective of fleshing

Removal of the fat, connectivity tissue and flash of the hide with the help of
mechanical action.

Give smooth and clean flash hide.

To helps chemical penetration for the following process and saves chemicals.

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Fig.7.Fleshing

2.3.2Tanning process section

1.Deliming

Is the process carried out in drum in the pelt where the liming present. After liming the
unhaired and fleshed hide known as pelt are taken for the next operation is called deliming.
The alkaline present in the pelt is of two types free alkaline and combined alkalines.

Free alkaline can easy be removed by repeated washing with water or by pressing the pelt
under the higher pressure.

Combined alkaline a chemical treatment always necessarily the process is carried out by
washing and by using water combined with neutralize chemicals. Chemicals used are
ammonium sulfate (NH4) SO4), ammonium chloride, acidic salt, sodium bisulphite,
hydrogen peroxide to decrease the PH from 12-13 to 8-9. After unhairing the lime or other
alkaline the hides is no longer required and cases hard and inflexible leather, prevents
proper tannage.

Objective of deliming

To prepare the unhaired hide chemicals and physically for tanning

To remove the alkaline the adjustments of PH for bating

To remove fat, flesh and scurd

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 To remove non structural protein

To reduce the swelling of the pelt

Solubilization of ca-soap

Fig.8.Deliming

2 .Bating
Is an enzymatic action for the removal of unwanted hide components consists of same of
the protein degradation products, epidermis, hair, the scud on the surface of the hide and in
the hair follicle and pores. It losses the hide structure and removes unwanted protein, and
is of the carried out deliming liquor. The bating process is quite effective for the removal of
fats from the hide through the adjustment of PH, temperature and detergent actions of the
natural soaps.

Bating is enzymatic treatment of the pelt, source of enzymes re plant, animal, bacteria,
fungus and moulds. The chemicals used is often as present bating materials which consists
of 50 percent wood flour (anothercarries) 30% deliming agent (ammonium chloride) and
15% pancreatic enzyme.

The important factors in bating operation are

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 1. Temperature: the most suitable temperature 37 oc which the enzyme trypsin
becames active. ata high temperature, the activities is lost the hide protein is
damaged at low temperature the enzyme activated is reduced.

2. Duration of bating: bating to long time may dissolve the pelt. Generally bating
period varies from 2-4 hours and sometimesovernight. The shorter time is favored
for leather which should not be too soft and strechy (sole, belting) and longer period
for glove leather should be soft.

3. Strength bating liquor the bating enzymatic re not real consumed but merely act as
catalyticagent.

4. PH value the maximum activity of trypasin is at the PH value of 8-9. the PH of the
limed pelt is usually 12.5 and lower to 8 or 9 by de liming.

Objective of bating

To produce smooth , fine and clean grain by enzyme action

To remove same of the non-structured collagen and other protein like albbimis,
globulins

The scud or dirty short hair, grasses and lime soaps darkcoloredpigments traces of
the epidermis, all are loss and easy removable by scudding.

To increase the degree ofstretch by the finished leather because it make the leather
softness and strechy.

To allow the splitting up of collagen fibers.

3. Degreasing

The process of removing natural fats from the hide. natural fats is not removed during the
manufacture of the leather may give raise to a number of faults in the finished product this
is speciallyimportant in sheep skins tanneries as the fat contents of their raw materials is

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large. The process uses solvents degreasing solvent, which are increasing substituted or
combined with a enzymes, include perochloroethylenc, monochlorobenzine and kerosene.

Chemicals used to decreasing are sodium bicarbonate washing agents and clausalk is used
to remove grass and for washing agent,

Decreasing temperature

1. for pelt 35oc-38oc

2. moist vegetable or synthetic tanned leather 40OC-45OC

3. moist chrome leather 60OC-70OC

4.Pickling

Is the treatment of hide with salt and acid to gring the hide to the desired PH for either
preservation or tanneries from soaking up to bating concerned with the removal of
unwanted components. On this hide fiber can now be built the chemical reaction which will
produce the desired character of the leather.Is the treatment of hide with salt and acid to
bring the hide the desired PH for either preservation or tanning pelt in drum.Provided a
proper quantity of salt is used to control the swelling and acid may be added and the PH
will be adjusted by the observation of the acid into the hide.

From soaking up to bating concerned with the removal of unwanted component on this
hide fiber can now be built the chemical reaction which will produce the desired character
of the leather. At the lower PH the acid penetrates in to the hide, but acid swelling is
avoided since the salt has already penetrated ahead of the acid. PH 0.8-1.0 will prevent the
growth ofbacteria and provided sufficient salt is present the acid will not damage the hide
the presence of large quantities of fat in light hides particularly in sheep, requires
disinfectants to preserve mold growth.

Pickling is done either for preservation or for immediate tanning. Pickling for preservation
of done to prevent the effect of bacterial degradation of protein and the preservation is due
to the lowering of PH and bacteriostatic effect of salt.

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 pickling for preservation

Acidity: 1.5%-2%

Salt: 10%-1.5%

PH: below 1

pickling for tanning

Acidity: 0.5%-1%

Salt: 8%-10%

PH: 2-3

There are two general rules to befollowed in the pickling of hide

1. sufficient saltmust be available to prevent acid swelling

2. the quantity of acid used must be carefully determined for the particular
formulation must be added on a proper time schedule

The weaker acid the is the higher rate of the pickle rate of the pickleacid. acetic acid
penetrates faster than sulfuric acids strong acid have a tendency to add harsh grain to the
leather and organic acid are good masking agents for chrome complexes expect for their
height cost.

5. Dipicking

The acid used during pickling is removed out of total amountof acid used for pickling about
90% is absorbed by the pelt which exists free and bound in the pelt. Washingwith 5%-6%
salt helps to remove a considerable amount of free acid and helps smooth handling of the
chemical depickling.

Depickling may be doneby a mildalkali like sodium bicarbonate.

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Tanning

Tanning stabilizes the collagen structure of the hide using natural or synthetic chemicals.
The process imparts a particular feel to the leather. Is leather manufacturing the most
outstanding process istanning. This process is that converting theputrescible hide in to
non-putrescible leather........
physical

chemical

biological process

There is various process of tanning such as chrome tanning , semi chrome tanning,
vegetable tanning, oil tanning, zr tanning, alumtanning, white tanning etc. among this Sheba
tannery use chrome tanning.

Chrome tanning

Chrometanning leatheraccount for approximately 90% for all the leather produced in the
world. Tanningstabilizes the collagen structure of the hide used systematic chemicals.
Tanning is completed with a basification to bind the chromium in the leather.

In chrome tanning the reaction with the chromium salts gives a very stable hide fiber which
is resistant to bacterial attack and to high temperature. chrome tanning salts a value .......
+3 they are soluble in strong acid but will usually precipitate as chromiumhydroxide,
orhydratedchromium oxide, at PH abovetheyreact with a number of organic materials to
form colored salt at higher PH values and will precipitate soluble proteins.

chemicals used in tanning are chrometanning salt with average of 14% ( used in the
amount of 8-12% for the common prices and 5-6% for the lower chrome process ,1%
sodium bicarbonate)( basify agent to adjust the PH) 0.5% masking agent( sodium formate),
and up to 0.9% fungic acid.

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Objective of tanning

To convert the putrescible hide into non putrescible leather

To raise the shrinkage temperature andto increase the resistance to hot water of the
leather

To reduce the ability to swell when wet back

To increase the strength properties of leather

To stabilize the leather against enzymatic degrading

To make dries, soft and elastic

To make easy to design in to pattern

Fig.9.Chrome tanning of hide

6. Basification
during basification, the PH value is now slightly raised which makes the chromium
particles in the hide grow larger and connect with the hide collagen in at last to place this
connection between tanning agents and hide materials is called tanning .

8.Summing:
Summings brings leather to a uniform semi dewatered state. The leather is passed through
assuming machine that sequencesharp less water out of the leather. The wet blue which are
soaking wet, are placed on the summing machine and to felt rollers pressout the part of the
water underhigh pressure. After wards the combined hide cut into two sides, because sides

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are easier to be handled in the further process.Too much of the Moisture is a hindrance for
the next operation splitting. Hence, the excess moisture from the wet blue is removed by
this machine called Summing machine.

Fig.10.Summing machine

9.Splitting:
Hides which have been limed (unhaired) will be fleshed by scraping machine, mainwaste
generated form this step is fleshing scraping the liquid effluent from this step is small in
volume similarcompletion has the waste water generated from the liming step but with a
lower concentration.

Fig.11.Splitting machine

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3.7 Shaving:
Is the operation in which the thickness is adjustment based on the customers
requirement and prepare the leather is willing to accept further chemicals in the next
process. Its purpose is to make it uniform thickness both side of the flesh and grain.

Fig.12.Shaving machine

10. Trimming
Trimming is the operation of removing the unwanted portion of the leather and this helps
in reducing the chemical consumption.

Fig.13.Trimming

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11. Selection of the wet blue house

1. size

A. large

B. ex-lager

C. medium

D. small

E. very small

Fig.14.Size measurement

2. Grading system

A. 1-4 ( table running)

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7( which is rejected)

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Fig.15.Grading system

2.3.3 Re tanning operation

Is a subsequently treatment with the most different tannages. The tanned leather is
subjected to additional tannages with similar tanning materials. The agents may be used to
lighten the color of the leather, to produce a filling of the fullness and to aid the penetration
of dyes. Minerals tanned leather particularly chrome or aluminum tanned leather a really
weighs retanned with retanning chemicals a view to modify the properties of the finished
leather to suit the modern demand.

Re tanning is divided in to four main stages. Neutralization, retanning, dyeing and fat
liquoring

Objective of retanning

To achieve strength properties for the crust as per for the desired end product

To fill the loss portion of the chrome tanned or wet blue leather with avegetable or
synthetic tannins

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 To increase the cutting value or usable area after filling even at the belly (flank area).

To achieve less shrinking during drying and for easier drying

To achieve good tightness , bufability, imposing and finishing properties

To improve the penetration of an ionic type fat liquors, dyestuff and finished
adhesion.

1. Neutralization

The processes of acidification or the access of free or easy liberated strong acids on the
leather or formed during the process of storing. Neutralization is slightly acidic wet blue to
require the PH by adding with the mild alkaline chemicals like sodium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate and sodium acetant to penetrated the subsequent chemicals

Objective of neutralization

To remove the neutral salts and uncombined chromium salts from the leather

Neutralization of the free acid in leather formed by the hydrolysis of the chrome
complex

To control the affinity of the leather for an ionic material particularly dye staff the
end an ionic oil emission by regulating its electrostatic charge.

Fig.16.Retanning and dyeing

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2. Dyeing
The chrome tanned leather is blue in color and must be dyed toobtain the desired color. To
color the leather as required by the customers this should be un even color and should
cover any grain defacts. The colors should be light fast and washing fast is the finish is not
covering typically dye staffs are water based on acidic dyes. Basic and reactive dyes are less
common used.

Acid dyes

on ionic materials due to the presence of sulfuric acid groups on the dye the acid dyes
are attracted to the leather through the positively charged groups 0f the hide. Therefore at
alower PH the acid dyes will be fixed more readily than at a higher PH, but they will be
penetrate deeper in to the hide as the PH value is increase. The dye acts as basecolor for
finishing and the depth of dye penetration and the leather color are great important.

3. Fatliquoring

Its a very important operation for leather manufacturing and it depends on the type of
leather to product manufactured. Leather must be lubricated to achieve the product
specificallycharacteristics to reestablish the fat content lost in the previous procedures.
Chrome tanning materials dries out hard and crust in an stable for most purpose. Small
quantities of oil, present as11 emission know as fat liquors make a significant difference to
the handled.The fullness, softness or flexibility among other factors.

Parametersfat liquoring

Time of application: main fat liquoring for chrome tanning leather usually following
deacidification, often together with a dyeing and retanning. In the case of sulphated
liquorsits the separate both.

Preliminary fat liquoring: already performed during pickling or chrome tanning. It

provides greatersoftness andimproves breaking strength compared to main fat liquoring in
its own.

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Top fat liquoring: it provides special superfinial fat liquoring affects two way nap and
seasoning effects on suede end nubuk leather.

Objective of fat liquoring

To illubricate the leather fiber soaps to reduce internal friction while in use and to
increasedurability

To form physical or chemical cross links between the fibers , thereby to avoid
collapsing or striking even after drying

To achieve softness , pliability, stretch, compressibility and tensible strength

retaining and dyeing type of product

Fig.17.retanning and dyeing type of product

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4. Fixing

This is the process of addition of milder Acids to the fat liquoring & Dyeing bath. On fixing
the acid break the oil in water emulsion and makes the fats & oils fix to the fibers of the
leather. Also, this helps in the fixing of dyes to the leather. This is a very important
operation. This operation is carried out in Drums.
To fix the dyes and fat liquoringpermanently with the leather
To avoid bleed even in dry condition a rubbing

5. Crust

The crust that results after retanning and dyeing is subjected to a number of finishing
operation. The purpose ofthis operation is to make thehide softer and mask small
mistakethe hide is treated with an organic solvent or water based dye and varnish.

6. Pilling

To proper fixing and distribution of chemical offered

To avoid fold increase so after unloading

Conditioning for next an setting out

Fig.18.Pilling

7. Summing setting out

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This is very important mechanical operation by which the leather are placed in..... two
rollers and grain is from belly on the grain inside as well as flesh side.

Objective of summing setting out

To make the leather absolutaly flat by removing all bagginess of pockets

To remove wrinkles and bagginess

To remove wrinkles and bagginess

To smoothen out coarse adrawn grain

To avoid of folding

For minimization of wrinkle

Fig.19.Summing setting out

8. Drying

The primary purpose of dyeing is to remove moisture drying is one of the mostimportant
steps in maintain leather quality. It affects that feel softness area and even color of the
tanned hide.Drying techniques include summing, setting, leatrifuging; hang drying, vacuum
drying toggle drying and plastic drying. Generallysumming and setting are used to reduce
the moisture content mechanically before anotherdrying technique is used to dry the
leather further.The retanning drying and flat liquoring chemical are allowed to penetrate
and distribute with in the collaged fiber structure before n the PH islowered
thestrengthcauses them to "fix the tanned materials.

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Batches of leather are commonly toggle dried on frames in heated tunnels for 4-6 hours or
arevacuum dried individually for 2-10 minutes. Drying is usually followed by buffing
conditioning and staking or milling the resultant crust materials resistant to microbar
attack and contains all the leathering propertiesdesired of leather and is ready for finishing.
Leather is dried usingvacuums drying, suspension drying, toggling, paste drying, micro
wave drying or a combination of these.

Air drying:

In which hides are hung on hooks orstrikes and dried by passage of fair around the hides.

Vacuum drying:

Vacuum drying machine works on the hydraulic, pneumatic and mechanical principal. In
this sequence of operation leather dries as well as sets the grain. The machine is provided
with hot water circulating pump to maintain constant drying temperature, hydraulic pump
to operate the dryer and the pneumatic valve to create and release the vacuum. In which
the leather is spread out chrome plated polished steel surface. Heat is applied by a built to
heat exchanger and the temperature is maintained by a thermostatic control of circuiting
hot water vacuum dried is the operation used to reduce the excess moisture of the leather.

Objective of vacuum drier

To smooth to smooth the grain side of leather

To increase the strength

To decrease the moisture

To remove wrinkling of the leather

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Fig.20.Vacuum drier machine

Overhead drying:
Theoperation like vacuum drying after setting out and for same products used to remove
the moisture content % in the leather around to 14%-18% time taken from 8-12 hour with
the help of atmospheric air or current weather.

Fig.21.Overhead drying

9. Conditioning:

The process of returning same moisture when the leather is over drying weather invacuum
or overhead drying.

1o.Staking

the purpose of vibrating staking is ;

1. To flatten
2. To soften
3.For the upper of grade
Vibratory staking:

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 Vibratory staking is aprocess takes place after condition if the leather is over drying in
which the leather gets its more softness to same extent and to remove folding.

Fig.22. Vibratory staking

Rotary staking:

Rotarystaking is the operation that is carried out for the purpose of more softness, flatness
and to increase the area of the leather by adjusting the pressur

Fig.23.Rotary staking

11. Trimming:

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This is an operation where the unwanted portions of the leathers are trimmed off. If the
trimming is not done the leather get caught in the machine and may end up into torn bits
resulting in a huge loss. Also, gives a better appeal to the leather.
However, if this operation is done without proper control we might end up in a big area
loss.Trimming has three main operations.

Fig.24.Trimming
Dry shaving machine:
This is the mechanical operation which is used to balance the level of the leather specially
to reduce theneck part of the leather and to make it the thickness by the need of customer.

buffing:
Abraiding of the leather surface and removing the resulting dust from the leather
surfacedry milling,( mechanical softening). In buffing the flesh sides are cleaning by the
help of 180-1000 gand paper.

Buffing has the following functions:

Cleaning the flesh side from irregular find residues of connective tissue in order to
create uniform pressure conditions for mechanical finishing processes (plate and
glaze finishing) and furthermore to give the leathers an attractive appearance for
sale.
Giving suede and nuke leathers the desired even nap length (velveteen, short nap,
longer two-way nap).

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 Fine buffing of grain for grain correction or for production of corrected grain side
leathers.
Buffing is performed by means of cylinder-type buffing machines or cylinder-type
through-feed
Buffing machines. Wet buffing on rotating oval pumice stones or dry or wet buffing
on buffing

Fig.25.Buffing machine

Dedusting machine
To remove the dust or to clean un wanted materials.

Fig.26.Dedusting machine
2.3.4 Finishing

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After the leathers are fat liquored and dyed following the tanning process, they are
processed with a series of coatings on the surface in order to improve their resistance and
produce appealing and uniform surface effects. the object of finishing is to give atreatment
coatings to the grand surface to protect it against dirty, staining, wetting, mechanical stress
like rubbing , scafing , flexing etc. leveling or evening out of the colour of the grain surface,
hiding grain blemishes and up grading its quality improving the aesthetic apple and the
sales value of the product. By the finishing process the grain surface of the leather is cated
with a varioussubstance and is then submitted to different mechanical operation depending
upon the purpose intended where

By the appearance of leather can be highly influenced to make it more useful, attractive
and appealing to user. finishing may be employed impart colors, a uniform shade, special
pattern a smooth or grained or printed/imposed surface, luster ( matt or glossy) as well as
opaque ( covered) or transparent( aniline/semi-line) appearance to the leather surface.
finishing operation is the most vital part of the processing of leather at the final product is
judged by its appearance evenness ofcolor and surface , feel, handle , break, gloss etc. they
are also expected to correct whatever faults that have occurred during the earlier
operation.

Its an art rather science.

The leather, like wood without finish lacks the feel, texture, resistance to scuffing the
resistance to water designed in the final product made for those remarkable
materials.

The overall objective of finishing is to enhance the appearance of the leather and to
provide theperformance characteristics expected of the finished leather with respect
to: color gloss handle flex, adhesion, rub fastness, as well as other properties
including extensibility,Break,light-an perspiration fastness, water vapor
permeability and water resistance as required forthe end use.

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Fig.27. Roller coater

1. Toggling:

This machine toggles the leather to remove the excess stretchiness in the leather. For our
shoe making we need a leather which needs to have minimum stretch otherwise shoe will
get deformed. As a result of toggling we get increased in area which will add to tanners
profitability.
Toggling helps us to preset the degree of stretch required by us. We can also set the
production target for the operatives by setting the timer. This is used to increase the surface
area of the leather it will be flat and ready to finishing by adjust the temperature 40 OC-
42OCare stretching.

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Fig.28.Toggling
2. Spray machine
Spray machineis the adding the reference the color through pigments auxiliary and
binaries to cover the defects, to make the leather more attractive and improve the
appearance of leather.

Fig.29.Spray machine

3.polishingplating embossing
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These operations may be carried out before or after applying a coat, or between the Applications
of coatings applying a surface coat
The purposes of applying a surface coat are:

To provide protection from contaminants (water, oil, soiling)

To provide color either to modify dyed color or reinforce that provided by the dyes

To even the color or to disguise defects

To provide modifications to handle and gloss performance

To provide attractive fashion or fancy effects

To meet other customer requirements.

Plating
The Plating action is performed to get the leather have flatter& smoother grain surface. The
pressure and temperature are adjusted to make sure that we get the product to the
customers requirement.
Embossing machine:
Embossing operation is done by the same machine. Here the surface of the leather gets the
Print which we desire to produce on the leather. Here again the temperature & pressure are
adjusted as per customers requirement.Is the Maine important machine and its more
expensive in the tannary.in this operation the products are soft ness, shinness, the grade are up
from C-A and where the defects are cover or remove it.

Fig.30.Embossing machine

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4. Ironing:
Ironing is done to subdue the grains which get aggravated on certain finishing operations.
Ironing helps in the grain surface getting flatter and smoother. The ironing machine in
operation is having two rollers. The top roller is a heated one and the other roller is a
rubber roller and positioned below the heated roller. This machine helps in gripping the
leather to the machine.Inthis operation the finishedproduct are to make more shining, smooth,
flat and attractive to the customer.

Fig.31.Ironing
5. Quality control
After finishing the leathers are sent to the Quality control department. The leathers are first
checked for Product such as finish, Color, Shine level, softness, Thickness, Fullness, Size and
any other requirement by the customer. Later the Grading is done based on the defect free
surface of the whole leather.
6. Measurement:
The leathers are measured using the electronic measuring machine. Measurementis the
process of adjusting the finished products thickness based on the customer requirement. The
measuring mechanism is done by the following factors.

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 1.Ft square
2. Grade
Grading system

Grade Visually assessed allowable defects Requirements as

specified
1 Leather with eventual cutting value of 90%-100%. To pass the test
2 Leather with eventual cutting value of 75%-89% To pass the test
3 Leather with eventual cutting value of 65%-75 To pass the test
4 Leather with eventual cutting value of45%-65% To pass the test
5 Leather with eventual cutting value of 25%-45% To pass the test

6 Leather with eventual cutting value of 15%-24% To pass the test

7 Leather with eventual cutting value of 0%-14% To pass the test

Fig.32.Grading System

3. Thickness
extra small <23
small 23-32
medium 32-42
large 4251
Extra-large >51

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 Fig.33.Mesuring machine
7. Packing
Packing is the process of store the product in the inner plastic or other packing materials.in
packing writes the following factors.
amount
grade
color
customer name
size
thickness
date

Fig.34.Packing machine

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Process overview
Briefly the production in both units is divided into three major sections:
1. Beam house operations, where the raw hides are cleaned and prepared for processing
into leather. This is the most polluting section, contributing around 50-55 per cent of the total
pollution load of the tannery.
2. Tanning operation. The hide is transformed into leather by tanning.
The hides may be vegetable-tanned or chrome-tanned depending on the desired product. This
section is the major contributor of chrome pollution to the environment.
3. Post tanning, finishing operation. Here the tanned hides is dyed to impart color and
fat-liquored to soften the leather. Some mechanical operations to enhance the quantity of the
leather are also performed in this section.
Chapter three
41 | P a g e
Mass balance and Energy balance
Mass balance techniques involve the quantification of material flows going
into and out of a process, where one could see the information of the inputs
and outputs to estimate the discharge to the environment or other n=unit
operation. This method can be applied to an individual process unit or to the
overall and the process and information available about the process streams
will determine that. All streams and information about the inputs and out
puts must be accounted for. For cases where the assumptions made are
relaxed ,particularly when there is a chemical reaction, the reaction taking
place have to be incorporated accordingly in the equation since a substance
could either be produced or consumed in the system.

In some cases a material accumulates within the system over a certain

period and that depends on the process being looked at. When doing the
mass balance, all the information given must be considered and the
assumptions to be made must be appropriate and justifiable.
Listing unit operations;

Constructing process flow diagrams;

Defining a process inputs;

Quantifying process outputs;

Assembling inputand output information for unit operations;

Deriving a preliminary mass balance for unit operations.

Evaluating the mass balance.

Step 1: Listing unit operations

The unit operations are listed in table 1, with processes which do not produce liquid waste
as their major waste in bracket
3.1.1HIDE MASS BALANCE
Assumptions: Soaking

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 Production capacity: 600hides/day

Working days: 285/year

Wet salted hide:40% 0f the total purchase

Dry hide: 60% 0f the total purchase

Proposed process: Splitting after liming

Basis: day
1. WET SALTED HIDE
Step 1: Salted stock
Where:
H1= Wet salted hide
H2=Shacked hide
N1=Shacked salt
H1=16kg/hide, given
N1=1-2% of H1
H2=0.24kg/pcs (pcshide)
Input=Output
H1=H2+N1..(1)
From equation (1)
,H2=H1-N1
H2 =16-0.24=15.76kg/pcs
Step 3: Liming
C2=4.7504%H2W2= 200% 0f H2
=0.748kg/pcs
P=17kg/pcs, given.
Based on Salted weight
Input=Output =31.52kg/pcs
SH+C2+W2=P+E2.(3)
E2= (SH+C2+W2)-P

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 = (17.336+0.748+31.52)-17
=32.604kg/pcs
Step 3: Fleshing, Trimming
Where: FTP=Fleshed& Trimmed pelt .
M=Pelt fleshings&trimmings
P=17kg/pcs
M=40% of H2 = 6.304kg/pcs
Input=Output
P=FTP+M (4)
FTP=P- M
=17-6.304
=10.696kg/pcs
Re-tanning and dyeing of wet blue hide for Dyed softy leather.

Basis: Grain leather (Shaved weight=3kg/side).

Step 1: Chrome tanning
Assumptions:
Degree of exhaustion: (1) Chrome= 75%
(2) Organic tannins=75%
(3)Fat liquors=70%
(4)Dyestuffs=75%
Where: SS=Shaved side
RDS: Re-tanned and dyed side
Capacity=300sides/day.
Based on shaved side weight,
W=1100%+Axel level
=11*3+ (3800-900)/300 Where: 3800, axel level
=42.66kg/side. 900=Drum capacity
C1 (Organic Tannins) =12.5%
=0.125*3
=0.375kg/side.

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C2 (Fat liquors) = 16.5%
=0.165*3
=0.495kg/side.
C3 (Dyestuffs) =4.5%
=0.045*3
=0.135kg/pcs.
C4 (Neutralizing agent) =4.5%
=0.045*3
=0.135kg/side
C5 (Acids) =2.2%
=0.022*3
=0.006kg/side.
C6 (Tan chrome AB) =3%
=0.03*3
=0.09kg/pcs
Step 2: chrome tanning
Th=Tanned hide
Assumptions:
At the end of chrome tanning, some 75% of the chrome offer remains in the collagen
structure.
Some amounts of other chemicals and auxiliaries such as acids and basis ( in the form of
soluble reaction salts remains in the wet blue leather (in terms of weight all such residues
can be disregarded.
If the same assumption is applicable for flesh split pelt,
Chemical extracts (25% Cr2O3), Tan chrome AB
Offer: 5.2 % of FSP
=0.052*3.0732
=0.1598 kg/pcs.
Exhaustion (75%),
= 0.75*0.1598

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 = 0.1198kg/pcs.
The rest (0.1598-0.1198) =0.04 kg/pcs, is going to be discharged to the ETP.
Let C=0.04kg/pcs.
Therefore, at unsteady state operation,
Input+ Generation =Output+ Accumulation
But, Generation=0
Implying,
Input= Output+ Accumulation.. (7).
Again, W4=100%*FSP
=3.0732kg/pcs
C=5.5%*FSP
=0.1690kg/pcs
Assume except that 75% of the chrome offer all chemicals including water will go to the
ETP.
Thus, E4=W+C+0.3% Tan base
=3.0732+0.04+0.003*3.0732
=3.1224kg/pcs.
Hence:
FSP+C4+W4=Th+E4 .(7)
Th= (FSP+W+C4)-E4
= (3.07323.0732+0.1690)-3.1224
= 3.193kg/pcs.
3.2 ENERGY BALANCE OF THE TANNERY BEAM HOUSE
The energy requirements for the leather tanning industry are
Considerable and depend primarily on nonrenewable fuels such as oil and natural gas.
However, some percent, approximately 1.85 x 10 BTU/year, of the energy needed to
support the Tanning industry may be met through an active conservation program.
This program would be directed at the recovery of the energy available in the leather
waste; the raw and finished tanned leather trimmings and cuttings resulting from tannery
operations. At the present time, leather waste is being disposed of in landfills. This

46 | P a g e
represents an environmental problem and a significant loss of potential energy and of
valuable chromium d h compounds that can be utilized in the tanning process.
Recovery of energy and chrome compounds can result in a saving of some million dollars
per year for the industry. The paper presents a pyrolysis method for handling leather
tanning wastes to recover energy and chromium compounds for use in the tanning process.
Energy and cost savings are estimated.
Assumptions
1 Hide = 70 Pounds, with 45% Moisture
Waste = 50% of Hide Weight
Waste Heating Value=8850BTU/Pound
Heat Value of Waste =170 x 103 BTU/Hide
Chromium Present as Chromium Trioxide = 8% Cr203
CrZ03 Recovery Effectiveness= 80%
Chrome Waste 50% of Waste Material
Net Recovered Cr203 0.616 lb/Hide
To Process One Ton of Ore to Cr203 (10):
Fuel Consumption = 50 x 106 BTU/Ton
Electricity = 1000 kwhr/ton
Transportation = 500 kwhr/ton
1 kwhr = 3412 BTU
Energy to Produce Recovered Cr203 = 192.8 x 103 BTU/Hide
Pyrolysis Operating Temperature = 600F
Specific Heat of Leather Waste = 0.5 BTU/lboF
Moisture Content of Wastes 45%
Energy Required for Drying 1700 BTU/lb
Energy Required for Pyrolysis = 1.8 x 103 BTU/Hide
Energy required for Drying = 1.19 x 103 BTU/Hide
Price of New Chrome material = $2000/Ton

FUELQUANTITYHEAT VALUE BTU

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Distillate 353,600 bbl2.06xl012
Residual 432,100 bbl2.70xl012
Coal 96,700 short ton 2.53xl012
Gas 4.6xl09ft 3 4.75xl012
Other, not specified 4.44xl012
TOTALl6.48xl012
Representative Tannery -To provide a set ofenergyandcost figure for representative
leathertanning and finishing plant, a plant processing 1000 hides per working day has been
selected. On the assumption that there are 252 working days per year, his total raw material
produced is 19.25 tons/day and waste available forpyrolysis is 9.63 tons/day.
Based on these assumptions the following estimates result for the 1000 hide per day plant:
Heating Value of Waste = 1.7 x 108 BTU/day
Energy for Pyrolysis = 0.12 x 108 BTU/day
Energy Required for Liquor Drying = 0.12 x 108 BTU/day
Amount of Cr203 Recovered = 0.31 Tons/day
Energy to Produce Cr203 from Ore = 0.17 x 108 BTU/day
Cost Saving due to CrZ03 Reuse = $620/day 142 ESL-IE-79-04-16

The energybalance for this representative tannery operation isshown in Figure 5. The net
energy saving for a representative 1000 hide per day tannery is the sum of the direct and
indirect energysaving in the process ~minus the energy added to the process:
Net Energy Saving 0.79 x 108 + 0.17 x 08 -0.12 x 108 0.84 x 108 x 108 BTU/day
At present approximately 140,000 BTU (See Fig. 3) are required to process 1 hide.
Therefore, 1000 hides require 1.4 x 108 BTU/day.
The above energy saving, through the use of pyrolysis, represents: an energy saving of 60%
forthis representative plant.
Total Tannery Savings -On the assumption that 22 x 106 hides are processed each year
inthe U;.S. the following estimates of energy and costs savings have been developed through
the use of the precedein assumptions and calculations.

48 | P a g e
Net Energy Savings = 1.85 x 1012 BTU/year
Net Cost Saving = $26.2 x 106/year
Required data;

Steam temperature = 600c

Water temperature= 300c

Cp of hide =8.9 KJM/kgk

Calculation

Energy in = energy out

Energy in = MCP (T T0) = 742.7 kg *8.9kJM/kg*k (60 30) K =199,000 KJ/dy

Energy out = Energy in the form of evaporation& materials removed with water

Consider the material removed by evaporate surpluses with water = 10 kg.

So, Energy out =10*8.9(60 -30) =2700kj /Day

Energy net = Energy in Energy out

(199,000 - 2700) kJ/dy =196,300 kJ / Dy

196,300 kJ /Dy *365yr / Dy = 71,649,500 kJ / yr.

49 | P a g e
CHAPTER FOUR

OVERALLBENEFITSGAINEDFROMTHE INTERN

4.1 Theoretical skill

From technology From the company I gate different theoretical skills .for example

What is raw material hide, fleshing,

The procedures of leather production process.

The difference between the products of leather.

How the four types of leather are differ to each other.

How line one and line two are differ each other, there leather capacities, in
which line of these are have good quality of leather.

The preparation of leather production.

Working principle of some machines.

4.2Practical skill

I had already learned what is tanning. So in the internship period I saw how it is
work practically.

I saw how the vacuum dryer is work practically and also how raw material is ready
forthe beam house operation..

4.3 Team playing skill

The company worker does not allowed to us to work with them since it needs some experience
and taker. So most of my internship time is spent with asking different workers, with the other
internship student by sharing ideas and by reading of different books in the documentation room.

50 | P a g e
4.4 Leadership skill
From the internship I gained different leadership skill like:

How to asking and giving response for persons politely.

How to cooperate for peoples.

How to encourage workers.

How to solve problems.

4.5 Work ethics

Since work ethics is the most important thing so from my internship we learn the following.

Punctuality

Honesty

Reliable

Responsibility

loyalty

4.6 Entrepreneurship skill:

I hadalready taken the course of Entrepreneurship so that from this we gained and
understand:

by create group you can success in work

Proper use of money can leads to an entrepreneur.

51 | P a g e
CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendation

5.1Conclusion
So here we conclude that the leather production in Sheba WUKRO FACTORY is performed
its operation with organized procedural to meet their goals but there is some case of
hindrance such as process design,process modeling and using of the appropriate raw
material finally the operation is ended with asking someeffort cost and energy.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Your factory better engaged in doing its productive capability by introducing the
best parameters like chemical engineers.
Your factory should have close relation with neighbor society; costumer and
suppliers for the win- win agreement.
Your factory should have better focusing on the raw material of whole production.
The tanners must be committed with the improvement process and the
recommended approach is a systematic one to reduce and prevent pollution and to
use adequately the human, technical and environmental resources.
To assure a good implementation of new and advanced technologies best
operational practices
And basic process improvements must be considered before as the basis of the
implementations
Technical and technological solutions oriented to obtain better environmental
quality, must be jointly worked out with action in association and institutional
relationships
The wastes must be integrated to the leather productive chain to give it value and to
generate profit for the industry in an associative way.

52 | P a g e
 CP implementation requires that the tanners become owners of the process of
change. For this reason, it is recommended to speed up and to strengthen the
interinstitutional work and make the CPpart of the decision making process.
The regulatory frame cannot be a constraint on the Improvement process. The
approach must switch from the sanction industries, as well as giving CP a normative
frame, going beyond a willingness agreement.

5.3 REFERENCES
Analysis of Economic Potential of Solar Thermal Energy to Provide Industrial
Process Heat, Iner technologyReport No. 00028-1, Feb. 1977
Gebremedhinkahsay who is selector, profession animal science in Sheba factory
wukro
Jones B. H., Recovery of Chromium from Tannery Waste, Leather Manufacturer, Aug.
1977 I
Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry EPA Report 143, Nov. 1976
Personal Communication, Dr. Bialy, USDA, Wind more, Pa., Dec. 1978
Pierce, R., Recycling of Chrome Tanning Liquors, J. Am. Leather Chern., 71 (4), 161
1976
St. Clair, C. W., Resource Recovery Update, Pollution Engr., Sept. 1978
Young, H. H., Continuous Method for Reclaiming Chromium Hydroxides through
Agitation and Continuous Filtration, U.S. Patent 3,950, 131, April 13, 1976
Tesfaytewelde who is quality control (inspector) profession applied chemistry..
Gebremedhinkahsay who is selector, profession animal science in Sheba factory
wukro.
RESTORM project.
Young, H. H., Continuous Method for Reclaiming Chromium Hydroxides through
By asking different operators that found in Sheba factory wukro at each process site.

53 | P a g e
6.1.4 APPENDICES
Pc production cleaner
Trtable running
Wbh wet blue hide

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