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Benchmark Study of Flow and Heat Transfer for External and Internal Flows
R.S. Amano1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Abstract hand, need tools for accurate predictions in both flow and heat
transfer behaviours. This paper deals with both external flow
This study presents the study of both experimental and over a bluff body and internal flow in gas turbine blade cooling
computational work of two different flows and conditions systems to demonstrate RANS/LES approaches as a potential
employing hybrid RANS/LES model; one is the flow behaviour tool for predictions of flows and heat transfer in wide range of
over an external body, and the other is a heat transfer study for an applicability.
internal flow. The predictions were demonstrated to be successful
and can be used for the industrial flow and heat transfer Ahmed Body Setting up
computations.
The experiment was conducted in a wind tunnel as shown
Nomenclature inFigure 2. The sensor is a six-axis force transducer made by ATI
Industrial Automation. Force readings are output through a DAQ
D Hole diameter of impinging jet card for the +/- x, y, and z directions. This sensor was chosen by
g gravitational acceleration the previous group for its operational force range and ease of use.
H Spacing between jets and the target plate The sensor is attached above to the upper mounting plate and
Nu Nusselt number below to the lower mounting plate. To ensure that the sensor was
Re Reynolds number accurately measuring data obtained from the Ahmed body it was
s specific entropy necessary to run several calibration tests. Known weight was
x Coordinate along the impinging jet plate placed on the mounting device at different locations. These
y Coordinate traversing the impinging jet plate recordings were then measured and averaged. The recorded was
z Coordinate perpendicular to the impinging jet plate limited to the value with less than 5% error. The assumed
thermal diffusivity average force created by the wind was 0.46 Newtons, which is
dynamic viscosity created by a 15 m/s wind velocity. The Ahmed body is shown in
kinematic viscosity Figure 2.
Introduction
Computational model
Presentation of Results
Ahmed body:
The computations were compared with four different turbulence
prediction methods (turbulence models and simulation methods)
and shown in Figure 4, where compared are the middle section
velocity profile surrounding the Ahmed body among LES, DES,
k-, and k- turbulence model and the experiment. Because the
LES and DES are unsteady flows, and the observed force
coefficients ; thus the velocity profiles of LES and DES represent
the ensemble averaged results. From the velocity profile
comparison in the upstream section (Figure 4(a)), we can see that
the simulations results are very close to each other, and LES is
Figure 3. Impingement jet chamber. even closer to the experimental measured results, and better
agreement can be reached at places where turbulent flow
For each of these configurations the exit flow has also been intensity is weaker. In the downstream region, however, some
varied to include both a single exit and double exit configuration. curves deviate from the experimental results. The prediction by
The time and overall area averaged Nusselt number is presented all the RANS and DES are quite similar, but LES prediction
as a function of jet Reynolds number. The results show that the gives better agreement with the experiment in a section towards
time averaged Nusselt number increases with increasing jet the rear section.
Reynolds number in both the local and spanwise averaged values.
The single exit configuration provides lower values of local and The computed turbulent eddies employing LES are shown in
spanwise averaged Nusselt number for all jet Reynolds numbers Figure 5.
studied compared to the double exit configuration. This reduction
(a) Near the leading edge (b) Near the trailing edge
Figure 4. Comparison of the velocity profiles between experimental and computational results along the Ahmed body.
third near the target plate. The predominant flow direction in this
figure is from left to right (Figure 6(c)). As observed for the
velocity distribution, the distinct regions of the flow domain are
clearly evident in the results; an impingement-dominated zone of
high heat transfer close to the feed-holes and a developed zone in
which the Nusselt number distribution is spatially repeating for
subsequent hole-rows. As would be expected from the velocity
data, the impingement zone is characterized by strong spatial
variations in Nusselt number that are associated with the rapid
distribution of the fluid into the jet nozzle array. The regions of
highest heat transfer on the end-wall occur where the jet nozzles
intercept the hot-skin surface and generate a stagnation region. In
the impingement zone distinct local features are evident that
indicate the probable presence of vortical flow structures (see
Figure 5. Turbulent eddies along the Ahmed body. Figure 7) for vortical motion.
Impinging jet:
flow
(a) At the exit of the nozzles (b) Half way between plates (c) Near the foil
Figure 6. Computed velocity distributions at different section in the chamber for a single exit case.
Figure 9 shows the Nusselt number distributions along the
centerline of the target plate for different H/D and Re cases. It is
clearly observed that the highest value of the peak of Nusselt
number appears at the second jet impingement floor for both h/D
is 3 and 4, but the highest value moves to the first jet spot for
H/D is 5. This is mainly because there is significant interaction of
moving flow along the plate and the impinging jets occurring for
H/D is 3 and 4. However, the interaction of the middle jet from
the outgoing flow is decreased for H/D=5 since the potential core
of the jet is shorter than 5D. According to Or, et al. [7], the
potential core length of the submerged jet was measured to be
3.8D, which clearly explains that both H/D=3 and 4 falls into the
potential core region through the chamber.
Figure 7. Iso-vorticity wakes simulated by LES, single exit,
Conclusions
z/D=3, Re=4,000.
The results obtained through both the RANS based turbulence
As would be expected from the velocity data, the impingement
models and the simulation techniques (LES and DES) are
zone is characterized by strong spatial variations in Nusselt
acceptable. A high-order LES stabilization technique has been
number that are associated with the rapid distribution of the fluid
applied satisfactorily for the first time to the industrial turbulent
into the pin-fin array. The regions of highest heat transfer on the
flow over the Ahmed body. An original near wall treatment based
end-wall occur where the pin-fins intercept the hot-skin surface
on a local relaxation of the technique threshold has been
and generate a stagnation region. In the impingement zone
implemented, which has considerably improved the results,
distinct local features are evident that indicate the probable
particularly the production of turbulence over the slant. Valuable
presence of vortical flow structures.
results have been obtained in globally good agreement with the
experimental results. The topology of the flow has been
The computations with two different treatments of turbulence recovered as the partial separation of the turbulent boundary layer
near-wall models are shown in Figure 8. The Nusselt number at the edge of the slant controlled by two strong contra rotative
distribution near the middle column shows somewhat zigzag trailing vortices. Horseshoe like vortices over the slant have also
shape for the computations with the standard wall function, but been captured by the LES results. Mean velocity as well as
that is straightened with the computations with V2F near wall turbulence kinetic energy profiles fairly agree with experimental
treatment. It is thus considered that the wall-function treatment in measurements in the symmetry plane. More intrinsic properties
the near-wall region does not provide reasonably stable of the turbulence were pointed out as the k5/3 energy density
computations. For this reason, the rest of the computations were decay in the inertial range as well as the anisotropy properties.
made with v2f treatment in the near-wall regions. However, improvements of the results should come from a better
description of the turbulent boundary layer dynamics over the
roof since the separation of the flow at the body front is expected
to be the main cause of the discrepancies with experiments. It
should also be mentioned as a consequence that the drag
coefficient that we presently obtain is overestimated. Solutions as
the decrease of the adverse pressure gradient by the confinement
as well as the implementation of viscosity kernel parameters that
could be selected adaptively by relating them to the dynamics of
the flow, i.e., the strain field, would involve higher resolutions.