Chapter 13: Frequency Response

Exercises
Ex. 13.3-1
Vo ( ) 1
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) 1 + j C R
1
gain =
1 + ( C R) 2
phase shift = tan 1 C R
1
When R = 104 , = 100, and C = 106 , then gain = = 0.707 and phase shift = 45o
2

Ex. 13.3-2

Vo ( ) R
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) R + j L
R
gain =
R 2 + ( L) 2

2
30
30
2

30 .6
0.6 = = = 20 rad s
30 + (2 ) 2
2 2

Ex. 13.3-3

I ( ) 1
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) R + j L
1
gain =
R 2 + ( L) 2
L
phase shift = tan 1
R

When R = 30 , L = 2 H, and = 20 rad/s, then

1 A 40
gain = = 0.02 and phase shift = tan 1 = 53.1
30 + 40
2 2 V 30

13-1
Ex. 13.3-4
Vo ( ) 1
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) 1 + j C R
1
gain =
1 + ( C R) 2
phase shift = tan 1 C R

tan (45 )
45 = tan 1 (20 106 R ) R= 6
= 50 103
2010

Ex. 13.3-5

Vo ( ) 1
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) 1 + j C R
1
gain =
1 + ( C R) 2

, C , and R are all positive, or at least nonnegative, so gain 1. These specifications cannot be met.

Ex. 13.4-1
(a) dB = 20 log (.5) = 6.02 dB

(b) dB = 20 log 2 = 6.02 dB

Ex. 13.4-2
1
20 log H = 20 log 2 = 20 log ( )-2 = 40 log


slope = 20 log H ( 2 ) 20 log H (1 ) = 40 log 2 + 40 log 1 = -40 log 2
1
let 2 = 10 1 to consider 1 decade, then slope = 40 log10 = 40 dB
decade

13-2
Ex. 13.4-3
j A A
When C >> B, H ( )  =
j C C
A
(d ) H ( ) in dB = 20 log10 H ( ) = 20 log10
C
(b) H ( ) does not depend on so slope = 0
j A A
When C << B, H ( )  = j
B B
A
H ( ) in dB = 20 log10 H ( ) = 20 log10 +20 log10
B
(c) The slope is the coefficient of 20 log10 , that is, slope = 20 dB
decade
B
(a) The break frequency is the frequency at which C = B, that is, =
C

Ex. 13.4-4

R
Vo ( ) = 1+ 1 Vc ( )
R2
R 1
= 1+ 1 Vs ( )
R2 1 + j C R
Vo ( ) R1 1
H ( ) = =1+
Vs ( ) R2 1+ j C R

R1
When R C = 0.1 and = 3,
R2
4
then H ( ) =

1+j
10

13-3
Ex. 13.4-5

a) 1
Zo = R2 +
j C
1
R2 + 1+ j
Vo Zo j C 1
= = =
Vs R1 + Z o 1
R1 + R2 + 1+j
j C 2
1
where 1 = = 16.7 rad/s
R2 C
1
and 2 = = 5.56 rad/s
( R1 + R2 )C

vs ( t ) = 10 cos 20 t or Vs = 100

Vo
=
(
1+ j 20
16.7 )
Vs 1+ j (
20
5.56 )
1+ j 1.20
= = 0.417 24.3
1+ j 3.60
b) So

Vo = 4.17 24.3

vo (t ) = 4.17 cos(20t 24.3) V

13-4
Ex. 13.4-6

Ex. 13.5-1
2.5 107
a) Q o RC = R C = 8000 = 20
L 40 103

o 1 1
b) BW = = = = 500 rad s
Q Q LC 3 7
20 (4010 ) (2.510 )

Ex. 13.5-2
Q=
0 = 10
7
= 50
BW 2 105
1 1 1
Now o = L = = = 1 mH
LC 2
o C (10 ) (10 1012 )
7 2

Ex. 13.5-3
1
o = 1 = 1
= 104 rad s
LC
(103 )(105 ) 2

Q =
o = 10
4
= 100
BW 2 (15.9)
(104 )(103 )
o L
R= = = 0.1
Q 100

13-5
Ex. 13.5-4
a) o = 1 C = 1 = 100 pF
LC (106 ) 2 (0.01)
BW 103
= 1
Q= o
BW o RC R = 2 C
=
(106 ) 2 (1010 )
= 10
o
b)
Q =
o = 10
6
= 1000
BW 103
1 1
H= =
1.05106 106
1+ j Q o 1+ j 1000
o 10
6
1.05104
1
H=
1+ j 97.6

13-6
Problems

Section 13-3: Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function

P13.3-1
1 R2
R 2 || =
j C 1 + j C R 2
R2
Vo ( ) 1 + j C R 2
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R2
R1 +
1 + j C R 2
R2
R1 + R 2
=
1 + j C R p
where Rp = R1 || R2.
When R1 = 40 W, R2 = 10 W and C = 0.5 F
0.2
H ( ) =
1 + j 4
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.3-2
1
R2 +
Vo ( ) j C
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R + R + 1
1 2
j C
1 + j C R 2
=
(
1 + j C R1 + R 2 )

When R1 = 40 kW, R2 = 160 kW and C = 0.025 F

1 + j ( 0.004 )
H ( ) =
1 + j ( 0.005 )

(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-7
P13.3-3
Vo ( ) R2
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R1 + R 2 + j L
R2
R1 + R 2
=
L
1 + j
R1 + R 2

When R1 = 4 W, R2 = 6 W and L = 8 H
0.6
H ( ) =
1 + j ( 0.8 )
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.3-4

Vo ( ) R 2 + j L
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R + R 2 + j L
L
1 + j
R2 R2
=
R + R2 L
1 + j
R + R2

Comparing the given and derived network functions, we require

R2
= 0.6
L R + R2
1 + j 1+ j R
R2 R2 12
= ( 0.6 )
2
= 12

R + R 2 1 + j
L L
1+ j
R + R2 20 R + R2
= 20
L
60
Since R2 = 60 W, we have L = = 5 H , then R = ( 20 )( 5 ) 60 = 40 .
12
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-8
P13.3-5
1 R2
R 2 || =
j C 1 + j C R 2
R2
Vo ( ) 1 + j C R 2
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R2
R+
1 + j C R 2
R2
R + R2
=
1 + j C R p
where Rp = R || R2.

Comparing the given and derived network functions, we require

R2
R2
R + R2 0.2 = 0.2
= R + R2
1 + j C R p 1 + j 4 CR =4
p

Since R2 = 2 W, we have
2
= 0.2 R = 8 . Then R p =
( 2 )(8 ) = 1.6 .
R+2 2+8
4
Finally, C = = 2.5 F .
1.6
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.3-6

Vi ( ) A
I a ( ) =
R + j L Vo ( ) CR
=
Vi ( )
( j ) 1 + j
1 L
Vo ( ) =
j C
( A Ia ( ) ) R

13-9
When R = 20 W, L = 4 H, A = 3 A/A and C = 0.25 F

0.6
H ( ) =
( j ) (1 + j ( 0.2 ) )

(checked using LNAP on 12/29/02)

P13.3-7

In the frequency domain, use voltage division on the left side of the circuit to get:
1
j C 1
VC ( ) = Vi ( ) = Vi ( )
R1 +
1 1 + j C R1
j C
Next, use voltage division on the right side of the circuit to get:
2
R3 A
2 3
Vo ( ) = A VC ( ) = A VC ( ) = Vi ( )
R 2 + R3 3 1 + j C R1

Compare the specified network function to the calculated network function:

2 2
A A
4 3 3 2 1
= = 4 = A and = 2000 C
1 + j C R1 1 + j C 2000 3 100
1+ j
100

Thus, C = 5 F and A = 6 V/V.

(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-10
P13.3-8
1
R2
Vo ( ) j C
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R1
R2

R1
=
1+ j C R2

When R 1 = 10 k, R 2 = 50 k , and C = 2 F, then

R2 1 5
= 5 and R2 C = so H ( ) =
R1 10
1+ j
10

P13.3-9
1
R2
Vo ( ) j C2
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) 1
R1
j C1
R2
1 + j C2 R2
=
R1
1 + j C1R1

R 1 + j C1R1
H ( ) = 2
R1 1 + j C2 R2

When R1 = 10 k, R2 = 50 k , C1 = 4 F and C2 = 2 F,
R2 1 1
then = 5 , C1R1 = and C2 R 2 =
R1 25 10
so

1 + j 25
H ( ) = 5
1 + j


10

13-11
 2
1+
gain = H( ) = ( 5 ) 625
2
1+
100

phase shift = ( ) = 180 + tan 1 tan 1
25 10

P13.3-10
1
R3
1 j C R1
R3 = =
j C R3 +
1 1 + j C R3
j C

R3
R2 +
1+ j C R3 R + R + j R2 R3C
H ( ) = = 2 3
R1 R1 + j R1 R3C

R2 + R3
5 = lim H ( ) =
0 R1
R2
2 = lim H ( ) = R2 = 2 R1 = 20 k
R1
then R3 = 5 R1 R2 = 30 k

P13.3-11
1
R2 +
j C 1 + j C R 2
H ( ) = =
R1 j C R1
H ( ) = 180 + tan 1 C R 2 90
H ( ) = 135 tan 1 CR2 = 45 C R 2 = 1
1
R2 = = 10 k
10 107
3

R2 R
10 = lim H ( ) = R1 = 2 = 1 k
R1 10

13-12
P13.3-12
R2 j C R 2
H ( ) = =
1 1+ j C R1
j C
R
10 = lim H( ) = 2 R2 = 10 R1
R1
H( ) = 180+90 tan 1 C R1
tan (270 H( ))
R1 = = 104 tan(270H( )) = 104 = 10 k
C
R2 = 100 k

P13.3-13
1
R2
V ( ) j C2
H ( ) = o =
Vs ( ) R1 +
1
j C1

=
( C1R2 ) j
(1 + j R1C1 ) (1 + j R2C2 )

When R1 = 5 k, C1 = 1 F,
R2 = 10 k and C2 = 0.1 F,
then

H ( ) =
( 0.01) j

1 + j 1 + j
200 1000
so
H ( ) H ( )
0 0 90
500 1.66 175
2500 0.74 116
Then

v ( t ) = (0) 50 + (1.66) ( 30 ) cos(500t + 115 + 175) (0.74) ( 20 ) cos(2500t + 30 + 116)

o
=49.8cos(500t 70) 14.8cos (2500t +146) mV

When R1 =5 k, C1 =1 F, R 2 =10 k and C2 = 0.01 F, then

13-13
 j
H ( )= 0.01

1+ j 1+ j
200 10,000
So
H ( ) H ( )
0 0 90
500 1.855 161
2500 1.934 170
Then

v (t ) = (0) ( 50 ) + (1.855) ( 30 ) cos(500t + 115 161) (1.934) ( 20 ) cos(2500t + 30 + 170)

o
= 55.65 cos(500t 46) 38.68cos(2500t + 190) mV

P13.3-14
a) 2 V
(8 div)
Vs = div = 8 V
2
2 V
(6.2 div)
Vo = div = 6.2 V
2
V 6.2
gain = o = = 0.775
Vs 8

b) 1
Vo ( ) j C 1
H ( ) = = =
Vs ( ) R+
1 1 + j C R
j C
2
1 1 1
Let g = H ( ) = then C = 1
1 + 2C 2 R 2 R g

In this case = 2 500 = 3142 rad s ,

H ( ) = 0.775 and R = 1000 so C = 0.26 F.

c) tan( H ( ))
H ( )= tan 1 R C so =
RC
Recalling that R = 1000 and C=0.26F, we calculate

13-14
 H ( ) H ( )
2 (200) 0.95 18
2 (2000) 0.26 73

H ( )= 45 requires =
tan 45
( )
= 3846 rad s
1000 .26106
( ) ( )
tan ( (135))
( ) = 135 requires = = 3846 rad s
(1000)(0.26106 )

A negative frequency is not acceptable. We conclude that this circuit cannot

produce a phase shift equal to 135 .

d) tan ((60 ))
C = = 0.55 F
tan (H ( )) (2 500) (1000)
C=
R
C = tan ((300 )) = 0.55 F
(2 500 ) (1000)

A negative value of capacitance is not acceptable and indicates that this

circuit cannot be designed to produce a phase shift at 300 at a frequency of

500 Hz.

e) tan( (120 ))
C = = 0.55 F
(2 500)(100)

This circuit cannot be designed to produce a phase shift of 120 at 500 Hz.

13-15
Section 13-4: Bode Plots

P13.4-1



20 <5


20 1 + j 20 j
5
H ( )= 5 5 < < 50

1 + j
50

20 j 5 50 <
= 200
j
50

P13.4-2

1+ j 1+ j
H1 ( ) = 5 H 2 ( ) = 10 5

1+ j 1+ j
50 50

Both H1() and H2() have a pole at = 50 rad/s and a zero at = 5 rad/s. The slopes
of both magnitude Bode plots increase by 20 dB/decade at = 5 rad/s and decrease by 20
dB/decade at = 50rad/s. The difference is that for < 5rad/s

H1 ( )  1 = 0 dB and H 2 ( )  10 = 20 dB

13-16
P13.4-3
R2
1+ j C2 R2 j
H ( ) = = C1 R2
R1 +
1 (1+ j R1C1 )(1+ j R2C2 )
j C1

This network function has poles at

1 1
p1 = = 2000 rad s and p2 = = 1000 rad s
R1C1 R2C2
so

(C R ) j < p1
1 2
j R
H ( )  (C1 R2 ) = 2 =2 p1 < < p2
j C1 R1 R1
j 1
(C1 R2 ) = > p2
( j C1 R1 )( j C2 R2 ) j C2 R1

13-17
P13.4-4
R2
1+ j C2 R2 R (1+ j C1 R1 ) R 1 1
H ( ) = = 2 so K = 2 , z = and p =
R1 R1 (1+ j C2 R2 ) R1 C1 R1 C2 R2
1+ j C1 R1

When z < p

When z > p

P13.4-5

Using voltage division twice gives:

j L R 2
V2 ( ) R 2 + j L j L R 2 L j
= = =
Vi ( ) j L R 2 R1 R 2 + j L ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 L ( R1 + R 2 )
R1 + 1 + j
R 2 + j L R1 R 2
and
R4 A R4
Vo ( ) R 3 + j C R 4 A R4 R3 + R 4
= A= =
V2 ( ) R4 R3 + R 4 + j C R3 R 4 C R3 R 4
R3 + 1 + j
R 3 + j C R 4 R3 + R 4

Combining these equations gives

13-18
 Vo ( ) ALR 4 j
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) L ( R1 + R 2 ) CR 3 R 4
1 + j 1 + j
R1 R 2 R 3 + R 4

The Bode plot corresponds to the network function:

k j k j
H ( ) = =

1 + j 1 + j 1 + j 200 1 + j 20000
p1 p2

k j
= k j p1
1 1

k j
H ( ) = k p1 p1 p2
j
1
p1
k j k p1 p2
= p2
j j j
p p
1 2

This equation indicates that |H()|=k p1 when p1 p2. The Bode plot indicates that
|H()|=20 dB = 10 when p1 p2. Consequently

10 10
k= = = 0.05
p1 200
Finally,
0.05 j
H ( ) =

1 + j 1 + j
200 20000

Comparing the equation for H() obtained from the circuit to the equation for
H()obtained from the Bode plot gives:

ALR 4 R1 R 2 R3 + R 4
0.05 = , 200 = and 20000 =
R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) L ( R1 + R 2 ) C R3 R 4

Pick L = 1 H, and R1 = R2 , then R1 = R2 = 400 . Let C = 0.1 F and R3 = R4 , then R3 =

R4 = 1000 . Finally, A=40. (Checked using ELab 3/5/01)

13-19
P13.4-6
From Table 13.4-2:
R2
= k = 32 dB = 40 R 2 = 40 (10 103 ) = 400 k
R1
1 1
= p = 400 rad/s C 2 = = 6.25 nF
C 2 R2 ( 400 ) ( 400 103 )
1 1
= z = 4000 rad/s C 1 = = 25 nF
C 1 R1 ( 4000 ) (10 103 )

P13.4-7
Vo ( ) R 2 + j L
H ( ) = =
Vi ( ) R + R 2 + j L
L
1 + j
R2 R2
=
R + R2 L
1 + j
R + R2

k = 0.2

( 0.2 ) (1 + j ( 0.25 ) ) 1
H ( ) = z= =4
1 + j ( 0.05 ) 0.25
1
p = 0.05 = 20

P13.4-8
The slope is 40dB/decade for low frequencies, so the numerator will include the
factor (j)2 .
The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at = 0.7rad/sec. So there is a second order
pole at 0 = 0.7 rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from the
asymptotic Bode plot; call it 1. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
2

1 + 2 1 j
0.7 0.7

The slope increases by 20 dB/decade at = 10 rad/s, indicating a zero at 10 rad/s.

13-20
 The slope decreases by 20 dB/decade at = 100 rad/s, indicating a pole at 100 rad/s.
The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at = 600 rad/s, indicating a second order pole
at 0 = 600rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from an
asymptotic Bode plot; call it 2. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
2

1 + 2 2 j
600 600

K (1+ j )( j ) 2
H ( ) = 10

2

2

1+ 21 j 1+ 2 2 j 1+ j
0.7 0.7
600 600 100

To determine K , notice that H ( ) = 0 dB=1 when 0.7 < < 10. That is

K (1)( j ) 2
1= 2
= K (0.7) 2 K = 2

(1)(1)
0.7

P13.4-9
(a)
K 1+ j
H ( ) = z
j
2
K
H ( ) = 1+
z
2
K
H ( ) dB = 20 log10 1+
z
2

= 20 log10 K 20 log10 + 20 log10 1+
z
Let H L ( ) dB = 20 log10 K 20 log10
K
and H H ( ) dB = 20 log10
z
H L ( ) dB << z
Then H ( ) dB ~_
H H ( ) dB >> z

13-21
So H L ( ) dB and H H ( ) dB are the required low and high-frequency asymptotes.

The Bode plot will be within 1% of |H()| dB both for << z and for >> z. The range
when << z is characterized by

H L ( ) = 0.99 H ( ) (gains not in dB)

or equivalently

20 log10 ( 0.99 ) = H L ( ) dB H ( ) dB (gains in dB)

2
K
= 20 log10 K 20 log10 20 log10 1+
z
2
1
= 20 log10 1+ = 20 log10
z
2

1+
z
Therefore
2
1 1 z
0.99 = = z 1 = 0.14 z 

2
.99 7
1+
z

The range when >> z is characterized by

H H ( ) = .99 H ( ) (gains not in dB)

or equivalently

13-22
 20 log10 0.99 = H H ( ) dB H ( ) dB (gains in dB)
2
K
= 20 log10 K 20 log10 z 20 log10 1+
z
2
z 1
= 20 log10 1+ = 20 log10
z z
2

+1

Therefore
2
z 1 z z
= 1 = =  7 z
.99 1
2 0.14
1
.99

z
The error is less than 1% when < and when > 7z.
7

P13.4-10
V0 ( ) Rt Rt
H ( ) = = =
Vs ( ) 1 R1
R t + R1 Rt +
j C 1+ j C R1
R t (1+ j C R1 ) Rt 1+ j C R1
= =
R1 + R t + j C R1 R t R1 + R t 1+ j C R1 R t

R1 + R t
When R1 = 1 k, C = 1 F and R t = 5 k
5
6 <1000

1+ j
5
H ( ) = 1000 5
H ( ) j 1000< <1200

6 1+ j 6 1000
1200 1 <1200

13-23
P13.4-11

Mesh equations:

Vin ( ) = I ( ) [ R1 + ( j L1 j M ) + ( j M + j L2 ) + R2 ]
Vo ( ) = I ( ) [( j M + j L2 ) + R2 ]
Solving yields:
V0 ( ) R2 + j ( L2 M )
H ( ) = =
Vin ( ) R1 + R2 + j ( L1 + L2 2M )

Comparing to the given Bode plot yields:

L2 M R2
K1 = lim
|H ( )| = = 0.75 and K 2 = lim | H ( ) | = = 0.2
L1 + L2 2 M 0 R1 + R2
R2 R1 + R2
z = = 333 rad s and p = =1250 rad s
L2 M L1 + L2 2 M

13-24
P13.4-12
1
j C2 1+ j R1 C1 1 (1+ j R1 C1 )
H ( ) = = =
1 j R1 C2 R1 C2 j
R1
j C1
1 1 1
<
R C j R1 C1
H ( )  1 2
1 ( R C ) = C1 >
1
R1 C2 1 1 C2 R1 C1

With the given values:

C1 1 1
= = 6 dB, = 4000 rad / s
C2 2 R1 C1

13-25
P13.4-13
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.4-2.

We require
1 1 p C
200 = z = , 500 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 1 F, then C2 = 0.2 F, R1 = 5 k and R 2 = 10 k.

P13.4-14
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.4-2.

We require
1 R2
500 = p = and 34 dB = 50 =
C R2 R1
Pick C = 0.1 F, then R 2 = 20 k and R1 = 400 .

13-26
P13.4-15
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.4-2.

We require
1 1 p C
500 = z = , 200 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 0.1 F, then C2 = 0.05 F, R1 = 20 k and R 2 = 100 k.

13-27
P13.4-16

Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.4-2.

We require
1 1
200 = p 1 = , 200 = p 2 = and 34 dB = 50 = k = C 1 R 2
C 1 R1 C2 R 2
Pick C1 = 1 F, then C2 = 0.04 F, R1 = 5 k and R 2 = 50 k.

P13.4-17
10(1+ j 50)
H ( ) =
(1+ j 2)(1+ j 20)(1+ j 80)

13-28
 = H ( ) = tan 1 ( 50 ) ( tan 1 ( 2 ) + tan 1 ( 20 ) + tan 1 ( 80 ) )

P13.4-18

(a) Vo ( ) R2 R1
H ( ) = =
Vs ( ) 1+ j R2C
10
=

1+ j
10,000
(b) 10 = 20 dB

(c) 10,000 rad/s

13-29
P13.4-19

1
j C 2
Vo ( ) = Va ( )
1
R+ Vo (1 + j C 1 R1 )(1 + j C 2 R 2 ) = j C 1 R1Vo + Vs
j C 2

Va ( ) Vs ( )
0= + j C 1 (Va ( ) Vo ( ))
R1

Vo ( ) 1 1
T( ) = = =
Vs ( ) 1+ C 2 R 2 j C 1C 2 R1 R 2
2
+ 0.8 j +1
2

This is a second order transfer function with o = 0 and = 0.4 .

13-30
Section 13-5: Resonant Circuits

P13.5-1
1 1
0 = = = 60 k rad sec
LC 1 1
x 106
120 30

1
106
C
Q= R = 10, 000 30 = 20
L 1
120
2 2
0 2 2
1 = + 0 + 0 = 58.52 k rad s and 2 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 61.52 k rad s
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q
1 1
BW = = = 3 krad s
RC 1 6
(10000 ) 10
30
0
Notice that BW = 2 1 = .
Q

P13.5-2
k
H ( ) =
2

1+ Q 0
2

0
so
8
R = k = H ( 0 ) = = 400 and 0 = 1000 rad s
20103

4
At = 897.6 rad s , H ( ) = = 200, so
20.103

400
200 = Q =8
2
897.6 1000
1+ Q 2
1000 897.6
Then
1
= 0 = 1000
LC C = 20 F
L = 50 mH
C
400 =Q=8
L

13-31
P13.5-3
1 1 L R
0 = = 105 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 104 rad s
LC R C L

P13.5-4
1 1 L R
0 = = 104 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 103 rad s
LC R C L

P13.5-5
R = Z ( 0 ) = 100
1
= BW = 500 C = 20 F
100 C
1
= 0 = 2500 L = 8 mH
( 2010 6
) L

P13.5-6
1
R= = 100
Y ( 0 )
100
= BW = 500 L = 0.2 H
L
1
= 0 = 2500 C = 0.8 F
( 0.2 )C

13-32
P13.5-7

1 1
Y ( ) = j C + +
R1 + j L R 2

=
(R +R
1 2 2C L R 2 ) + j ( L +C R1 R 2 ) R1 j L

R 2 ( R1 + j L ) R1 j L

R1 ( R1 + R 2 2C L R 2 ) 2 L( L +C R1 R 2 )+ j R1 ( L C R1 R 2 ) j L( R1 + R 2 2C L R 2 )
=
R 2 ( R1 2 L2 )

= 0 is the frequency at which the imaginary part of Y ( ) is zero :

L R 2 C R12 R 2
R1 ( L C R1 R 2 ) L ( R1 + R 2 C L R 2 ) = 0
2
0 0 = = 12.9 M rad sec
C L2 R 2

13-33
P13.5-8

(a) Using voltage division yields

(100 )( j100 )
(
Vo = 10000 ) (100)(100 j100j100) + j100
100 j100
105

(
= 10000 )
100 2 135
= 2135 = 100090 V
100 2 135+ j100 50 2135

|Vo | = 1000 V

(b) Do a source transformation to obtain

This is a resonant circuit with 0 = 1 LC = 400 rad/s. Thats also the frequency of the input, so
this circuit is being operated at resonance. At resonance the impedances of the capacitor and
inductor cancel each other, leaving the impedance of the resistor. Increasing the resistance by a
factor of 10 will increase the voltage Vo by a factor of 10. This increased voltage will cause
increased currents in both the inductance and the capacitance, causing the sparks and smoke.

13-34
P13.5-9
1
Let G 2 = . Then
R2
1
Z = R1 + j L +
G 2 + j C

=
(R G
1 2 + 1 2 L C ) + j ( LG 2 + C R1 )
G 2 + j C
At resonance, Z = 0 so

L G2 + C R1 C
tan 1 = tan 1
( R1G 2 +1 L C )
2
G2
so
L G 2 + C R1 C C L G 22
= =
2
and C > G 22 L
( R1 G 2 +1 2 L C ) G 2 LC2

2 CL
With R1 = R 2 = 1 and 0 = 100 rad s , 0 = 104 = . Then choose C and calculate L:
LC2
C = 10 mF L = 5 mH
Since C > G 22 L , we are done.

13-35
P13.5-10
(a)
R
Z in = j L +
j C
=
( R 2 R L C ) + j L

R+
1 1+ j R C
j C
Consequently,
( R R L C ) + ( L )
2 2 2

| Zin | =
1+( R C )
2

(b) (c)

1 1
= | Zin | =
LC C R2 C
1 +
L L

P13.5-11

Let V ( ) = A0 and V2 ( ) = B . Then

V ( ) V2 ( )
I ( ) R A B A B cos j B sin
Y ( ) = = = =
V ( ) V ( ) AR AR

( A B cos ) + ( B sin )
2 2

| Y ( ) | =
AR

13-36
PSpice Problems

SP13.1

Here are the magnitude and phase frequency response plots:

From the magnitude plot, the low frequency gain is k = 200m = 0.2.

From the phase plot, the angle is -45 at p = 2 ( 39.891) = 251 rad/s .

13-37
SP13-2
Here is the magnitude frequency response plot:

The low frequency gain is 0.6 = lim H ( ) = k k = 0.6 .

0
p
The high frequency gain is 1 = lim H ( ) = k z = ( 0.6 ) p
z
At = 2 ( 2.8157 ) = 17.69 rad/s ,

2
17.69
1+
0.6 p 16 p 2 + 869
0.8 = 0.6 2
= 2
17.69 9 p + 313
1+
p

9
(
16 2
)
p + 313 = p 2 + 869

( 0.77778 ) p 2 = 312.56
p = 20 rad/s
z = 12 rad/s

13-38
SP13-3

From the magnitude plot, the low frequency gain is k = 4.0.

From the phase plot, the angle is -45 at p = 2 (15.998 ) = 100.5 rad/s .

13-39
SP13-4

From the magnitude plot, the low frequency gain is k = 5.0.

From the phase plot, the angle is 180-45=135 at p = 2 (1.5849 ) = 9.958 rad/s .

13-40
SP13-5
104 104
H ( ) = R = R tan 1 ( C 104 )
1 + j C 10 4
1 + ( C 104 )
2

When = 200 rad/sec = 31.83 Hertz

104
1.8565158 = R tan 1 ( C 104 )
1 + ( C 10 )
4 2

Equating phase shifts gives

C R 104
C 104 = 103 = tan(22) = 0.404 C = 0.2 F
R + 104
Equating gains gives
104 104
R R
1.8565 = = R = 5 k
1 + ( C 10 )
4 2
1 + ( 0.404 )
2

SP13-6
104 104 104
1 + j C R 2 R + 104 R + 104 1 C R 104
H ( ) = = = tan 4
104
+ R 1 + j
C R 104 C R 10 4 2
R + 10
1 + j C 104 R + 104 1 + 4
R + 10

When = 1000 rad/sec = 159.1 Hertz

104
R + 104 C R 104
0.171408 59 = tan 1 4
C R 104
2
R + 10
1+ 4
R + 10

Equating phase shifts gives

C R 104 3 C R 10
4
= 10 = tan(59) = 1.665
R + 104 R + 104

Equating gains gives

13-41
 104 104
R + 104 R + 104
0.171408 = = R = 20 k
1 + (1.665 )
2 2
C R 104
1+ 4
R + 10

Substitute this value of R into the equation for phase shift to get:

C R 104 C ( 20 103 ) 104

1.665 = 10 3
= 10 3
C = 0.25 F
R + 104 ( 20 103 ) + 104

Verification Problems

VP13-1
When < 6300 rad/s, H() 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H()|
corresponding to = 200 and 400 rad/s.

When > 6300 rad/s, H() 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H()|
corresponding to = 12600, 25000, 50000 and 100000 rad/s.

At = 6300 rad/s, we expect | H()| = 3 dB = 0.707. This agrees with the tabulated value of |
H()| corresponding to = 6310 rad/s.

At = 630 rad/s, we expect | H()| = 20 dB = 0.14. This agrees with the tabulated values of |
H()| corresponding to = 400 and 795 rad/s.

This data does seem reasonable.

VP13-2
0 10,000
BW = = = 143 71.4 rad s . Consequently, this report is not correct.
Q 70

VP13-3
1 1 L R
0 = = 10 k rad s = 1.59 kHz, Q = = 20 and BW = = 500 rad s = 79.6 Hz
LC R C L
The reported results are correct.

13-42
VP13-4
The network function indicates a zero at 200 rad/s and a pole at 800 rad/s. In contrast, the Bode
plot indicates a pole at 200 rad/s and a zero at 800 rad/s. Consequently, the Bode plot and
network function dont correspond to each other.

Design Problems

DP13-1
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.4-2.

We require

1 1 R2 p C
2 1000 < z = , 2 10000 > p = , 2=k = and 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 R1 z C2

Try z = 2 2000. Pick C1 = 0.05 F. Then

1 C C
R1 = = 1.592 k, R 2 = 2 R1 = 3.183 k and C2 = 1 = 1 = 0.01 F
C1 z p 2
k
z
1
Check: p = = 31.42 k rad s < 2 10, 000 rad s.
C 2 R2

13-43
DP13-2

1 R 1
|| R
V ( ) j C 1+ j C R LC
H ( ) = o = = =
Vs ( ) 1 R 1 1
j L + || R j L + 2 + j +
j C 1+ j C R RC LC

1
Pick = 0 = 2 (100 103 ) rad s . When = 0
LC
1
LC
H 0 ( ) =
1 1 1 1
+j +
LC LC RC LC
C
So H ( 0 ) = R . We require
L
C C
3 dB = 0.707 = H ( 0 ) = R = 1000
L L

Finally
1
= 2 (100103 )
LC C =1.13 nF

C L = 2.26 mH
0.707 =1000
L

13-44
DP13-3

R1 = 10 k
R 2 = 866 k
R 3 = 8.06 k
R 4 = 1 M
R 5 = 2.37 M
R 6 = 499 k
C 1 = 0.47 F
C 2 = 0.1 F

R3 R3
Circuit A Va = Vc Vs = H 1 Vc H 2 Vs
R2 R1

R5
R4
Circuit B Vo = Va = H 3 Va
1 + j C 1 R 5

1
Circuit C Vc = Vo = H 4 Vo
j C 2 R 6
Then
Vc = H 3 H 4 Va
H 2
Va = H 2 Vs H1 H 3 H 4 Va Va = Vs
1 + H1 H 3 H 4
H 2 H3
Vo = H 3 Va = Vs
1 + H1 H 3 H 4
After some algebra
R3
j
R1 R 4 C 1
Vo = Vs
R3
+ j
2

R 2 R 4 R 6 C1 C 2 R5 C1

This MATLAB program plots the Bode plot:

R1=10; % units: kOhms and mF so RC has units of sec

R2=866;
R3=8.060;
R4=1000;

13-45
R5=2370;
R6=449;
C1=0.00047;
C2=0.0001;

pi=3.14159;
fmin=5*10^5;
fmax=2*10^6;
f=logspace(log10(fmin),log10(fmax),200);
w=2*pi*f;

b1=R3/R1/R4/C1;
a0=R3/R2/R4/R6/C1/C2;
a1=R5/C1;

for k=1:length(w)
H(k)=(j*w(k)*b1)/(a0-w(k)*w(k)+j+w(k)*a1);
gain(k)=abs(H(k));
phase(k)=angle(H(k));
end

subplot(2,1,1), semilogx(f, 20*log10(gain))

xlabel('Frequency, Hz'), ylabel('Gain, dB')
title('Bode Plot')
subplot(2,1,2), semilogx(f, phase*180/pi)
xlabel('Frequency, Hz'), ylabel('Phase, deg')

13-46
DP13-4
Pick the appropriate circuits from Table 13.4-2.

We require
R4 1 1
10 = k1k2 = R 2C1 , 200 = p1 = and 500 = p2 =
R3 R1 C 1 C 2 R4
1 1
Pick C 1 = 1 F. Then R1 = = 5 k. Pick C 2 = 0.1 F. Then R 4 = = 20 k.
p1 C1 p2C2
Next
R2 R2
10 = (106 )(20 103 ) = 500
R3 R3
Let R 2 = 500 k and R 3 = 1 k.

13-47
DP13-5
Pick the appropriate circuits from Table 13.4-2.

We require
R4 1 1
20 dB = 10 = k1k2 = R 2C1 , 0.1 = p1 = and 100 = p2 =
R3 R1 C 1 C 2 R4
1 1
Pick C 1 = 20 F. Then R1 = = 500 k. Pick C 2 = 1 F. Then R 4 = = 10 k.
p1 C 1 p2C2
Next
R2 R2
10 = (20 106 )(10 103 ) = 50
R3 R3
Let R 2 = 200 k and R 3 = 4 k.

13-48
DP13-6
R2
1+
R3
The network function of this circuit is H ( ) =
1+ j R1C
The phase shift of this network function is = tan 1 R1C
R3 R3
1+ 1+
R2 R2
The gain of this network function is G = H ( ) = =
1+ ( R1C ) 2 1+ ( tan )
2

Design of this circuit proceeds as follows. Since the frequency and capacitance are known, R1 is
tan( )
calculated from R1 = . Next pick R2 = 10k (a convenient value) and calculated R3 using
C
R 3 = (G 1+ (tan ) 2 1) R 2 . Finally

= 45 deg, G = 2, = 1000 rad s R1 = 10 k, R 2 = 10 k, R 3 = 18.284 k, C = 0.1 F

DP13-7
From Table 13.4-2 and the Bode plot:
1
800 = z = R1 = 2.5 k
R1 (0.5106 )
R2
32 dB = 40 = R 2 = 100 k
R1
1 1
200 = p = C = = 0.05 F
R2C (200)(100103 )
p 0.5106 0.5106
(Check: 20 dB = 10 = k = = )
z C 0.05106

DP13-8
R2 j C R 2
H ( ) = =
1+
1 1+ j C R1
j C
tan(270195)
195 = 180 + 90 tan 1 C R1 R1 = = 37.3 k
(1000)(0.1106 )
R
10 = lim H ( ) = 2 R 2 = 10 R1 = 373 k
R1

13-49
 Chapter 14: The Laplace Transform

Exercises

Ex. 14.3-1
e + j t + e jt 1
f ( t ) = cos t = and L e at =
2 s a

1 1 1 s
F ( s ) = L[cos t ] = + = 2 2
2 s j s + j s +

Ex. 14.3-2
1 1 s2 + s + 3
F ( s ) = L [e 2 t
2 t

+ sin t ] = L e + L [sin t ] = + =
s + 2 s 2 +1 ( s + 2)( s 2 + 1)

Ex. 14.4-1
2 3
F ( s ) = L [2u (t ) + 3e 4t u (t )] = 2L [u (t )] + 3L [e4t u (t )] = +
s s+4

Ex. 14.4-2
1
F ( s ) = L [sin(t 2)u (t 2)] = e 2 s L [sin t ] = e 2 s 2
s +1

Ex. 14.4-3
1 1
F ( s ) = L[t e t ] = L[t ] s s +1= =
s2 s s +1 ( s + 1) 2

Ex. 14.4-4
5 5
f ( t ) = t + 5 u ( t ) ( t 4.2 ) u ( t 4.2 )
3 3

5 5 4.2 s 5 15 s + 5 ( e 1)
4.2 s

F (s) = 2 + e 2
=
3s s 3s 3 s2

14-1