BACTE COMPILATION (Sau to TB)

Gram Positive Cocci

1. Staphylococcus aureus (Golden Staph / Oro Staphira)

Major virulence factor is Coagulase

Other virulence factors:
o Protein A: binds to Fc region of IgG; utilized in coagglutination; belongs to the
group MSCRAMMS (Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive
Matrix Molecules
o Clumping Factor: causes bacterial
aggregation
o Hyaluronidase: Spreading Factor
o Leukocidin: Panton-Valentine Factor
o Exfoliative Toxin: Scalded Skin Syndrome
and attacks stratum granulosum of skin
o TSST-1: Toxic Shock Syndrome; prototype
superantigen >>>>>
o Staphylococcal Enterotoxin: Gastroenteritis
o Peptidoglycan: Fever

S. aureus is responsible for:

Toxic Shock Syndrome (associated with
tampons)
Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter-Lyell Disease)
Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of arthritis in adults
furuncles and carbuncles
Sepsis.

2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
a normal flora of the skin and frequent contaminant
of blood cultures
colonizes prosthetic devices such as catheters, prosthetic heart valves and joints

3. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
2nd most common cause of UTIs next to E. coli

4. Streptococcus pyogenes
Prototype human pathogen
Called as pyogenes as it is pus-producing

Major virulence factor is M Protein. Inhibits phagocytosis, chemotaxis, complement

activation and also clumps platelets and leukocytes.

Other virulence factors:

o Capsule
o IgG and IgA Binding Proteins
o C5a Protease
o Streptokinase: fibrinolytic
o Streptodornase
o Hyaluronidase: spreading factor
o Diphosphopyridine Nucleotidase
o Pyrogenic Exotoxin (Erythrogenic Toxin): superantigens which causes TSLS,
Scarlet Fever and Necrotizing Fasciitis.
o Streptolysin S = Oxygen-stable, Responsible for surface hemolysis and is non-
antigenic.
o Streptolysin O = Oxygen-labile, Responsible for subsurface hemolysis (deep into
BAP since it will be deactivated in presence of oxygen), Antigenic

Diseases:
o Strep Throat: most common infection due to S. pyogenes
o Erysipelas
o Cellulitis
o Impetigo
 o Puerperal Fever: most common cause of puerperal fever
o Sepsis
o Necrotizing Fasciitis: S. pyogenes causing
this is termed as flesh-eating bacteria
o Toxic Shock Like Syndrome
o Scarlet Fever: strawberry tongue
appearance and erythematous rash
o Sequelae infections of Strep: Acute
Glomerulonephritis and Acute
Rheumatic Fever.

Treatment: Penicillin G

5. Streptococcus agalactiae

Most common cause of neonatal meningitis

Important pathogen of neonates or children

6. Group D

One of the causes of nosocomial infections

Associated with UTI

7. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)

Virulence factors include:

o Capsule
o Pneumolysin: responsible for alpha-hemolysis
Most common cause of Community-acquired Pneumonia or Lobar Pneumonia,
Otitis Media and Sinusitis.
Rusty Red Sputum

8. Viridans group
No Lancefield classification
Causes subacute bacterial endocarditis >>>>>>>
Common cause of dental carries (Streptococ cus mutans)

9. Milleri Group
Streptococcus constelatum, intermedius and anginosus.
Vogues-Proskauer (+).
Distinct caramel odor.

10. Lactic Group (Group N)

Causes souring of milk.
Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris.

Gram Negative Cocci

11. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococci)

Virulence factors include:

o Pilin: for adhesion
o Opa Protein (AKA Protein II ): induces endocytic uptake into neutrophils
o Por Protein (AKA Protein I): prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion and serve as
channels for entry of nutrients
o Rmp Protein (AKA Protein III): associates with Por protein in the formation of
pores
o IgA1 Protease
o Lipooligosaccharide (Endotoxin)

Causes:
o Acute urethritis
o Pharyngitis
o Proctitis
o Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Salpingitis, Oophoritis, Endometritis)
o Ectopic Pregnancy
o Infertility
o Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome)
 It may also cause:
o Ophthalmia Neonatorum: infant conjunctivitis
o Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Leading to endocarditis, meningitis and most often septic arthritis.

Treatment
o Penicillin
o Silver nitrate, Erythromycin or Tetracycline
Eye Drops (Ophthalmia neonatorum)

12. Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococci)

Virulence factors:
o Pili
o Opc Protein: for attachment and invasion
o Lipooligosaccharide
o Outer Membrane Proteins N. Meningitidis | N. gonnorhoeae
o Opa Protein
o Rmp Protein

Most common cause of endemic and epidemic meningitis

May be a normal flora of the nasopharynx in carrier states.
Petechial rash: hallmark of Meningococcal Infections.
Fulminant meningococcemia: characterized by Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulopathy (abnormal clotting of the body leading to loss of clotting factors which
promotes hemorrhages).
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Meningitis: stiffness of the neck and back.

Treatment: Penicillin G

Moraxella catarrhalis

Otitis media and maxillary sinusitis (children)

Pneumonia and bronchitis (immunocompromised patients)

Gram Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli

13. Bacillus anthracis (bamboo, medusa head, cut glass)

Virulence factors:
o Capsule
o Anthrax Toxin

Major virulence factor: Anthrax Toxin

o Protective antigen: binds to cell receptors and allows entry of Lethal Factor or
Edema Factor into cells
o Lethal factor: blocks intracellular signalling pathways of macrophages resulting
to inability to signal other WBCs
o Edema factor (Adenylyl cyclase toxin): triggers increased cAMP production
leading to edema and lysis

Capable of causing:
o Cutaneous Anthrax (Malignant pustule): characterized by black eschars and is
the most common form of anthrax
o Pulmonary Anthrax (Woolsorters Disease): inhalation of spores
o Gastrointestinal Anthrax (Violent Enteritis): ingestion of spores and is the most
severe form of anthrax).

Agent of bioterrorism and biological warfare.

14. Bacillus cereus

Food poisoning: Enterotoxin or emetic toxin

Emetic type
o Fried rice and pasta dishes
 o Nausea , vomiting , abdominal cramps
o Short incubation: 1-3 hours
Diarrheal type
o Meat, vegetable, sauce
o Profuse diarrhea w/ abdominal pains and cramps
o Long incubation: 1-24 hours

15. Bacillus subtilis (Hay Bacillus or Grass Bacillus)

Guthrie inhibition test

16. Clostridium botulinum

Major virulence factor: botulinum toxin ( one of
the most potent toxins in the world)

Flaccid Paralysis: ACTH inhibition >>>>>>

17. Clostridium tetani (Tack head bacilli)

Virulence factors:
o Tetanolysin: cleaves tetanospasmin
into two
o Tetanospasmin: major virulence
factor

Spastic Paralysis: Inhibits Renshaw cell

interneurons (GABA and glycine)

Starting symptoms:
o Trismus/lockjaw
o Risus Sardonicus: sardonic grin
o Opisthotonus: arching of the back

Death: paralysis reaches the diaphragm.

Treatment: antitoxin.

18. Clostridium perfringens (Gas gangrene Bacillus)

Formerly Clostridium welchii, Bacillus welchii and Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus

Major virulence factor is Lecithinase (Alpha Toxin): splits lecithin which is a

component of cell membranes

Other virulence factors:

o Theta toxin: has similar haemolytic and necrotizing effects but not as potent as
the alpha toxin
o Hyaluronidase
o Collagenase
o Enterotoxin
o
Causes:
o Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis)
o Food poisoning
o Necrotizing Enteritis (Pigbel or Darmbraid).

19. Clostridium difficile

Produces

o Toxin A: a potent enterotoxin

o Toxin B: a potent cytotoxin.

Causes:
o Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
o Pseudomembranous colitis.

Has a characteristic horse manure odor.

20. Corynebacterium diphteriae (Klebs-Loeffler Bacillus)

 Most appropriate specimen: aspirate from the lesion
Major virulence factor is the Diphtheria toxin: inactivates
Elongation Factor-2 that is required for protein synthesis
Disease >>>>>>>>
Treatment: Penicillin G and Antitoxin

C. auris ear infection

C. pseudodiphtheriticum RTI
C. glucoronolyticum UTI
C. jeikeium bacteremia in immunocompromised
C. urealyticum chronic UTI

21. Listeria monocytogenes

The third most common cause of neonatal meningitis,
following only group B streptococci and Escherichia coli
Obligate intracellular parasite

Major virulence factor is Listeriolysin O: lyses the

phagosomal membrane allowing the bacteria to escape
into the cytoplasm and be intracellular; haemolytic and
cytoxic toxin

Other virulence factors:

o Adhesins
o Internalin A: promotes phagocytosis into epithelial cells; reacts w/ E-cadherin
o ActA (Actin Activation Protein): propels Listeria to other cells using actin
polymerization
o Siderophores: steals iron

Treatment: Ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

22. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Erysipeloid: whale finger or seal finger; severe pain and swelling occurs with a
violaceous lesion; without pus
Treatment: Penicillin

23. Nocardia
Not transmitted from person to person
Partially acid fast due to mycolic acids and cord factor
Nocardiosis: chronic lobar pneumonia that mimics tuberculosis
Treatment: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
1-4% H2SO4 is used in acid fast stain for Nocardia

24. Actinomyces
Water and soil saprophytes
Grows as normal flora in the mouth and GI tract

Most common cause of infection in dental procedures and oral abscesses

Causes eroding abscesses: Cervicofacial Actinomycosis (causes Lumpy Jaw),
abdominal actinomycosis, and thoracic actinomycosis

When examined under the microscope, the pus draining from the abscess reveals
yellow granules, called sulfur granules. These are not composed of sulfur but of
microcolonies of Actinomyces and cellular debris.

Mycetoma (Madura foot): localized, slowly progressive chronic infection that begins
in subcutaneous tissue and spreads to adjacent tissues

Treatment: Penicillin G and surgical drainage

25. Propionibacterium (Propionibacterium acnes)

Major virulence factor: Lipase.

Causative agent of acne vulgaris (acne in the face)

Acid Fast
 26. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Major virulence factor: Cord Factor (virulent strains)

o responsible for serpentine cord or parallel growth or banding appearance
o damages mitochondria by releasing Tumor Necrotic Factor or Cachectin causing
cell wasting
Other virulence factors:
o Mycoside: mycolic acids
o Wax D: acts as an adjuvant which enjances antibody formation and trigger cell-
mediated immunity of macrophage
o Sulfatides: inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (nALC) is commonly used to concentrate and 2% NaOH is
commonly used to decontaminate sputum samples of MTB

27. Mycobacterium leprae

Causes leprosy or Hansens Disease

28. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare

Battey Bacillus
Pulmonary disease in AIDS patients

29. Mycobacterium bovis

Primary cause of TB in cattles.
Acquired through drinking of unpasteurized milk of cow.
Susceptible to Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid Hydrozide.
Niacin Test is used to differentiate it from MTB (Niacin positive)

30. MOTT
Mycobacterium kansasii = Yellow Bacillus.
Mycobacterium marinum = Swimming Pool Granuloma.
Mycobacterium ulcerans = Rough domed, lemon yellow colonies. (Inert Bacillus and
causes Buruli Ulcers)
Mycobacterium gordonae = Tap Water Bacillus.
Mycobacterium xenopi = Birds Nest Colonies on Cornmeal Agar.
Mycobacterium terrae = Raddish Bacillus

Enterobacteriaceae
 31. Escherichia coli
32. Klebsiella
33. Enterobacter
34. Serratia
35. Hafnia alvei
36. Proteus
37. Providencia
38. Morganella
39. Citrobacter
40. Edwardsiella tarda
41. Shigella
42. Salmonella

Pseudomonads Group
43. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
44. Acitenobacter
45. Burkholderia spp.
46. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

47. Vibrio
48. Campylobacter
49. Helicobacter

Fastidious Parvobacter
50. Haemophilus
51. Bordatella
52. Brucella
53. Francisella
54. Yersinia
55. Pasteurella

Miscellaneous Gram Negative Bacilli

56. Legionella pneumophilia
57. Bartonella
58. Gardnerella vaginalis
59. Streptobacillus moniliformis

Spirochetes
60. Treponema
61. Borrelia
62. Leptospira
63. Spirillum minor

Unusual Pathogens
64. Mycoplasma
65. Chlamydia
66. Rickettsia
67. Ehrlichia chaffeensis