ThepHversustemperaturecharacteristicofa

pHsensor
ThepHversustemperaturerelationofapHsensorisdescribed,accordingtoNernstequation,withthe
followingequation:

E=E0kTpH

Theslopefactoroftheequation,"kT",willchangewhentemperaturechanges.Andthatmeanthe
millivolt(mV)outputofthepHelectrodewillchangewithtemperature.

pHversustemperaturegraphs

Thefigureaboveshowstheeffectontheelectrodesignalatvarioustemperatures.Theisothermalpoint
ofapHelectrodeisdefinedastheintersectionpointofdifferenttemperaturelines,seethefigure.The
isopotentialpoint,orthezeropoint,isthenpointwhereelectrodeoutputis0.0mV.

ForanidealpHelectrode,thiswouldrepresentanisothermalintersectionatthezeropoint(0mVatpH
7)fordifferenttemperatures.

Importantpracticalsignificance
WhenperformingpHmeasurementsit'simportantthatthepHelectrodehasreachedthermal
equilibriumwiththemeasuredmediainordertoobtainastablemeasurementvalue.Andthisismore
importantthefartherthepHgetsawayfrom7.

WhenapHelectrodeistransferredbetweensolutionsofdifferenttemperatures,orthetemperatureof
themeasuredsolutionchangesrapidlyduringmeasurement,youwillnoticeaslowresponseordrift
fromthepHmeter.TheresultingdriftwillcontinueuntilthesampleandthepHelectrodehavereached
thermalequilibrium.

TemperatureCompensation
TobeabletogetaccuratepHvalues,youoratleastthepHmeterneedstoknowtheactual
temperatureandcompensateforthetemperatureeffectaccordingtoNernstequation.

TemperaturecompensationiscontainedwithinallpHmeters,and
itmaybeeithermanualorautomatic.Withmanual
compensation,youhavetomakeaseparatetemperature
measurementandmanualenterthetemperaturevalueinthepH
meter.

ModernpHmetershaveautomatictemperaturecompensation
(ATC).Thesignalfromaseparatetemperaturesensorisfedinto
thepHmeter,sothatitcanaccuratelydeterminethepHvalueat
thattemperature.

Uncompensatedtemperatureerror
IfanuncompensatedpHmeterissetto25Cbutismeasureasampleof
20Cand8.0pH,thepHmeterwouldmeasureavoltageof58.2mVbut
wouldexpect59.2mV.Thevalueonthedisplaywouldbe7.98pH.An
errorof0.02pH.

Forameasurementof4.00pHat75C(probablyclosetoatypicalworst
case),anuncompensatedpHmeterwouldreadabout4.50pH.Anerrorof
0.5pH.

Asyoucansee,whenworkingnear7.0pH,temperaturecompensationis
notasignificantfactor.However,thefartherthepHgetsawayfrom7,the
largertheerrorintroduced.

ConclusionofthepHversustemperaturerelationship:
TomakeanaccuratepHmeasurementyouneedtousetemperaturecompensation.Exceptionisifyou
measureapHofabout7.
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Quick Notes 2 Page 1

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Products & Industries Formic acid Applications Textile Processing

Textile processing with News

SynaTek creates
formic acid from BASF biodegradable deicing
solution for commercial and
residential applications
In contrast to other acids, less formic acid is sufficient in textile
based on BASFs formic acid
processing to achieve identical results - and this cuts costs.
June 13, 2017
Read more...
Formic acid is easy on the environment and has been tested by BASF for
its eco-efficiency. More about this in the eco-efficiency analysis.

1. Alkali neutralization
Environmentally compatible
After a textile processing step that takes place in an alkaline medium,
textile processing with formic
formic acid neutralizes the excess of sodium hydroxide and adjusts the
acid from BASF
pH to neutral.

Up to one-third less formic acid* is required for neutralizing alkalis when

compared to acetic acid and citric acid. Moreover, formic acid degradation
consumes less oxygen (chemical oxygen demand). Effluents are loaded "With our new production
less as a result, and this reduces the cost of effluent treatment. facility in Geismar, BASF will
*calculated at identical concentration become the only domestic
producer of formic acid in
Neutralization by means of formic acid takes place in the following steps North America. We are very
of textile processing: excited to bring this local
production capability to our
Cotton pretreatment existing customers in the
Bleaching Americas, and look forward to
Mercerizing new market opportunities for
this versatile product."
Dyeing
Cleaning Ben Glowacki
Product Development North
America
2. pH Control

Example: Textile printing

Depending on pH, formic acid is up to three times as efficient as acetic
acid, for example. The quantity needed and, as a result, the efficiency of
formic acid depend on the printing recipe. This is because thickening
agents, additives and the process water influence the pH value of the
printing ink.

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