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4. Virtual. Explanation: The image is on the same side of the lens as the
object and, therefore,
cannot be focused on a screen (if a screen is put in front of the lens, the light
from the object
would be blocked and would not reach the lensresulting in no image).
6. 1.43. Explanation: The speed of light is 186,282 miles per second. The
speed of light in the
medium is 130,000 miles per second. IR is equal to the speed of light
divided by the speed
of light in the medium, so IR = 186,282 130,000 = 1.43.
7. 4 prism D. Explanation: Prism diopters = deviation in centimeters
distance in meters from
the prism. Prism diopters = 4 1 = 4.
9. 1.8 base-in prism D and 1.6 base-up prism D. Explanation: Prentices rule
is: induced prism
= decentration in centimeters x lens power in diopters. Each meridian must
be considered
separately because of the cylinder power. If the cylinder axis is
perpendicular (opposite) to
the direction of decentration, the cylinder power must be algebraically added
to the sphere.
Therefore, for this question, when calculating the horizontally induced
prism, the cylinder
power must be considered; +8.00 + (-2.00) = +6.00. The horizontal
decentration was 3 mm
or 0.3 cm. Horizontal induced prism = 6.00 x 0.3 = 1.8 prism D. Plus-
powered lenses induce
prism with its base in the same direction as the decentration. The
decentration was inward,
so the horizontally induced prism is 1.8 prism D base-in. In this question, we
can disregard
the cylinder power for the vertically induced prism (the cylinder axis is
parallel to the direction
of decentration). Therefore, induced prism = 8.00 x 0.2 = 1.6 prism D. The
decentration
was upward, so the induced prism base must be up. Hence, 1.6 prism D
base-up.
10. +50.00 D. Explanation: The formula to be used for calculating the power
of a mirror is: 2
radius of curvature in meters. The radius of curvature is 40 mm or 0.04 m. 2
0.04 = 50. A
concave mirror has positive vergence, so this mirror has +50.00 D of
vergence.
11. 1.75 D of absolute hyperopia, 4.25 D of manifest hyperopia, 1.00 D of
latent hyperopia,
and 5.25 D of total hyperopia. Explanation: The minimum amount of plus to
achieve best
corrected visual acuity represents the absolute hyperopia (in this case, 1.75
D). The maximum
amount of plus accepted while maintaining best corrected visual acuity is the
amount of manifest hyperopia (in this case 1.75 + 2.50 = 4.25 D). The
difference between
the manifest and total hyperopia is the latent hyperopia (in this case 1.00 D).
The total
amount of plus used during cycloplegic refractometry is the total hyperopia
(in this case
+4.25 + 1.00 = +5.25 D).
12. 1. = c
2. = d
3. = a
4. = e
5. = b