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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2710339, IEEE
Communications Letters
IEEE COMMUNICATION LETTERS VOL. X, NO. X, JANUARY 2017 1
1089-7798 (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2710339, IEEE
Communications Letters
IEEE COMMUNICATION LETTERS VOL. X, NO. X, JANUARY 2017 2
0 0
multiple time points to form a vector d = [d(1), . . . , d(N )]T
-2 -10 such that,
d = (v)c
M
Phase [deg]
X
-40 0 d(n) = wk v(n k). (5)
k=1
-60 -60
where we denote the weight vector w to distinguish from
-80
Magnitude
-120 the memory polynomial coefficients. Equivalently, as in (3),
-100
Phase
-180
d = (v)w holds with defined by a convolution matrix.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Frequency [MHz] This type of linear equalizer is commonly implemented at the
(b) receiver; however, the proposed pre-equalizer has the advan-
Fig. 2. System model illustrating (a) AM/AM and AM/PM curves for
tage that the OMUX characteristics can be easily learnt by
the TWTA measurements and simulation model; and (b) the channel filter measuring the input/output onboard the satellite. Importantly,
(OMUX) magnitude and phase response. both components of the predistorter are linear with respect
to the unknown coefficients/weights so standard inversion
techniques can be used.
and AM/PM data acquired from a TWTA (Thales Alenia
Space, Rome, Italy) using a nonlinear least squares algorithm A. Parameter extraction
(Fig. 2a). The model in [8] was chosen as it provides a superior
An important aspect of our application is that the parameters
fit to our measured TWTA data compared to other models in
for the linear and nonlinear components (w and c) can be
the literature. The analog OMUX was simulated with an IIR
estimated separately since the appropriate signals are directly
digital filter (Fig. 2b).
available. This is not possible when the predistortion is ap-
plied at the ground station, e.g., as in [2]. This avoids the
III. P ROPOSED COMPENSATION cumbersome and error-prone methods of jointly identifying
the compensation blocks. In the first step, the parameters of
Since the TWTA is commonly modeled by a memoryless the nonlinear predistorter are learnt using an indirect learning
nonlinearity [2] and the OMUX filter is a simple linear filter, architecture [9]. The second step computes the inverse of the
the combination of TWTA followed by the OMUX filter cre- OMUX filter in a similar way, using the signal before and
ates a well-known Hammerstein model [1]. The inverse system after the filter. We assume the signal on the satellite can be
in this case is a Wiener system a linear pre-equalizer to measured with negligible loss in output power or SNR using a
compensate for the OMUX followed by a nonlinear model to high-quality directional coupler. Once both models have been
compensate for the TWTA. Nonlinear predistortion is typically learnt the parameters are copied to the predistortion blocks in
implemented using a memory polynomial (MP) model [3], the transmitter. Like other predistortion schemes, the training
where the input v(n) is related to the desired output d(n) by, procedure needs to be repeated whenever there are changes to
the modulation or amplifier characteristics.
K X
M
X Instead of inverting the linear systems directly, we use L2 -
d(n) = cm,k (m,k)
n . (1)
regularization (also called Tikhonov regularization [10]) to
k=1 m=0
improve the stability of the parameter extraction. For example,
where the basis functions n
(m,k)
, are indexed by order k and the polynomial coefficients are found by solving the following
delay m, optimization,
min kd (v)ck2 + kck2 (6)
(m,k)
n = v(n m)|v(n m)|k1 . (2) c
where the parameter controls the strength of the regulariza-
The double sum can be written as a scalar product d(n) = tion. This optimization preferences solutions with small norm,
(0,1) (M,K) T
Tn c, by defining the basis vector n = [n , . . . , n ] , so large coefficients are avoided and the performance of the
T
and a vector of coefficients c = [c0,1 , . . . , cM,K ] . We collate predistorter is improved.
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2710339, IEEE
Communications Letters
IEEE COMMUNICATION LETTERS VOL. X, NO. X, JANUARY 2017 3
B. Power constraints 8
TD (dB)
ratio (PAPR), the large values are clipped to the maximum 5
before predistortion. Furthermore, the signal power is normal- None
MP
ized to maintain a constant power after the predistortion. These 4 Iterative
steps are necessary to ensure the predistortion does not change Proposed Wiener
IV. S IMULATIONS 2
All simulations were performed in MATLAB (The Math- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
works, Natick, MA). The information bits were generated by a OBO (dB)
pseudorandom number generator, followed by modulation us-
Fig. 3. Total degradation (TD) of different predistortion solutions for a 64-
ing a 64-APSK scheme specified by the CCSDS standard [7]. APSK modulation scheme. The proposed predistortion algorithm approaches
A total of 50 CCSDS-compliant frames were simulated for a the iterative method but requires fewer computations.
total of 107 information bits each run. The standard includes
serial concatenated convolution codes with puncturing for a
code rate of 0.74. A symbol rate of 500 MHz was assumed and the various schemes. The proposed Wiener model and the
the signal was synthesized with a root-raised-cosine (RRC) iterative algorithm substantially improve on the MP model.
filter with a rolloff factor of 0.35 and 8 samples per symbol. The minimum TD of the proposed algorithm is within 0.3dB
The signal was pre-compensated and then distortions from the of the state-of-the-art iterative algorithm. Similar results (not
TWTA and channel filter were simulated. The OMUX filter shown) were obtained for 32-APSK and 128-APSK modula-
was implemented using a fifth-order elliptical IIR filter with a tion with code rates of 0.88 and 0.77, respectively, highlighting
passband frequency of 300 MHz, passband ripple of 0.35 dB the generality of the approach.
and stopband attenuation of 80 dB (Fig. 2b). Gaussian noise Figures 4a and 4b demonstrate the AM/AM and AM/PM
was added to achieve a given Es /N0 before being processed characteristics with and without the proposed compensation
by the receiver. The receiver software includes symbol timing algorithm for an OBO of 3 dB. The Wiener predistorter is
estimation, frequency estimation, gain and phase correction, reasonably effective at linearizing the amplifier though slightly
demodulation and decoding using standard algorithms. increased amplitude variation is visible for high input ampli-
Four pre-compensation strategies were compared: tudes close to saturation. A scatter plot of the received symbols
(Fig. 4c) also demonstrates the amplitude and phase distortion
1) No predistortion.
through warping of the symbol centroids, while ISI is depicted
2) A predistorter using a complexity-reduced memory poly-
as a clustering around each centroid. The predistortion algo-
nomial model (MP) [11] with K = 9 and M = 6.
rithm corrects the centroid locations and reduces the clustering
3) Iterative signal-based predistortion [5]. The system
(Fig. 4d). This is quantified by estimating the Es /N0 using
model includes the amplifier and OMUX filter, which
the received symbols and the known transmit symbols. The
were modeled using a polynomial model with K = 9
obtained Es /N0 was 26 dB when predistortion was used,
and FIR filter (length of 10 symbols), respectively.
compared to 21 dB without predistortion, representing a 5 dB
4) The proposed two-stage Wiener system consisting of a
improvement. Likewise, the uncoded BER was reduced from
linear pre-equalizer with a filter length of 10 symbols
1.3 102 to 5.8 104 with predistortion.
and a memoryless polynomial with order K = 9.
The predistortion parameters were extracted using the signal
B. Complexity
from the first 2000 symbols, branched from different points
in the transmit chain. The iterative algorithm performed up to The number of complex multiplications for a block of
10 iterations to minimize the difference between the desired D samples is compared. The iterative algorithm requires
signal and the predicted signal after the nonlinearity [5]. two steps: an initial behavioral modeling step, where the
amplifier and OMUX characteristics are learnt (requires Nfit
multiplications); followed by an iterative algorithm, which
A. Performance applies the system model (Nfwd multiplications per sample)
The performance of the different strategies was examined and weights the error between the predicted and target signals
using the total degradation (TD), which is the sum of the (1 multiplication). Thus the total number of multiplications
performance loss compared to a linear channel (to achieve for L iterations is Nfit + LD(Nfwd + 1). On the other hand,
a target BER of 106 ) and the output backoff (OBO) [12]. the proposed Wiener model requires inverse modeling of the
This metric gives an indication of performance across a range amplifier and OMUX (Nfit ) and implementation (Nfwd per
of amplifier operating points. Figure 3 displays the TD for sample) for a total of Nfit +DNfwd multiplications. Assuming
1089-7798 (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2710339, IEEE
Communications Letters
IEEE COMMUNICATION LETTERS VOL. X, NO. X, JANUARY 2017 4
TD (dB)
5
4 No predistortion
= 50
(a) (b) = 10
=5
3
=2
= 0.5
= 0.005
2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OBO (dB)
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