1.

ANCIENT EASTERN-IRANIAN CULTURE

not written down (oral transmission) social development was determined by the transition from
nomadic sheep-farming to cattle-breeding and agriculture and eventually crystallised into a three-
class system which was maintained for many centuries to come. These classes were the priesthood, the
nobility, the peasantry (later on a class of artisans and merchants developed) (the slaves being
memebers of subjugated races)

the Aryan tribes migrated from their homeland Airyanem vajah (Vendidad)
Dragon King Azhai Dahka: Akkad, Elam: non-Indo-European people. Tra: Central Asian nomads
Dualizmus eredete: letelepedett irniak vs a nomdok, ami majd Zarathustra egyik alapelve lesz

Zarathustra: 6th century B.C. : Parsee church chronology, which reckoned the time between
Zarathushtra and Alexander the Great as 300 years. Vishtspa ruler accepted him.Ahura Mazd vs
Angra Mainyav: Ahura Mazda az egyetlen isten!, a msik csak dmon!
the cow, dog, cock were revered

Avesta: was committed to writing in about the 4th century (Sasanians). Indian Vedic languages=
Avestan language
Gths (sung strophes): composed by Zarathustra! 17 chapters of Yasna
Yasna (liturgy): Younger Avestan language
Yasht (songs of praise): hymns of gods of the Avestan pantheon: Aradvi Sr Anhit (Sra s
anhita= hatalmas, tiszta) bn yasht-ban dcsrik t. Mithra Yasht. Sraosha angel who guards in
their sleep thosee who labour.
Vidvdt (the Law against Evil Spirits): Jamshiddal kezddik, a szent tz gondozsnak szablyai,
klnbz hzillatok gondozsa stb.
Egyb: Khorda Avesta: collection of texts used primarily by the laity for everyday
devotions. Nirangistan, Hdkht-nask.
The teaching of the Prophet is said to have been written down by his son-in-law, pupil and follower
Jamaspa.
It is said that subsequently the Parthian king Valgash and the founder of the Sasanian dynasty,
Artakhsher I Papakan (224-241) had the scattered fragments of the text collected; tradition mentions
the wise Magian Tansar, an expert on the Avesta, in connection with the first Sasanian edition. But it
was only under Shahpuhr II (309-379) that the collection, arranged by the theologian turpt, son of
Mahrespand (c. 340) was given ecclesiastical recognition
Azerbaijan = azer-tz, payegan- rz
Zurvanizmus: Zurvan is a First Principle (primordial creator deity) aki, Ahura M.-t s Angra Manyut
szlte.(zruvan-id)
Gaymart (keyumars) was the first human.
The oldest Avestan manuscripts in existence today date only from the 13th and 14th centuries, most
of the others being of far more recent origin.

1771, Anquetil Duperron els Avesta fordts,

2.MEDES AND PERSIANS

Hamadan= place of meeting Mdia fvrosa (els irni birodalom), nincs fennmaradt md nyelv
szveg! Az perzsa nyelv csak feliratokban (declaration of power) maradt fent. Feliratok: akkd,
elmi, perzsa, grg, armi, szkta. Elephatinban talltak egy armi Bisotuni felirat fordtst zsid
szvegek kztt (5. szzadban armiul beszltek a zsidk). Armi volt a hivatalos nyelv.

Akhajmenida feliratok:

Ariaramnes: 1930 on a gold tablet in Hamadan, rszlet: the great god Ahuramazda bestowed it upon
me. son of king Teispes, grandson of Achaemenes.
Arsames: 1945 on a gold tablet in Hamadan, rszlet: son of king Ariaramnes, an Achaemenian
Krsz: Krosz tekercs, Pasargadaei S s P palota bejratn: I am Cyrus the king, an
Achaemenid. A pasargadaei R kapun: Cyrus the great king, son of Cambyses the king,
an Achaemenid, says: When [...] made [...]
Dareiosz:
Bisotuni felirat,
foundation charter of the Susa palace: a tbla a Louvreban,
Gandj Name-i vizesshez kzeli felirat: son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian.
Gherla-i felirat Romniban!!!!! Szamosjvr. Az egyetlen Eurpban tallt akhajmenida felirat
(Dareiosz meghdtja kelet Trkit). Valsznleg ksbb vittk oda a tblt,
hamadani tbla.
Naqse Rostam: srjn, plussz People list, plussz 2 embernek (jviv) tisztelet felirat: Aspathines, the
bowbearer, holds king Darius' battle-axe. Persepolis, Susa, Suez,

Xerxes: Persepolis, Susa, Daiva inscription:

Artaxerxes II (Mnemon) s Artaxerxes III. feliratai mr kihalt perzsul vannak rva.: esetek s igei
formk eltntek. Artaxerxes I ezst tla tele van nyelvtani hibkkal, ami azt bizonytja, hogy az
perzsa 400-ban mr holt nyelv volt. A nyelv leegyszersdsnek az oka h a birodalom sok nyelv
volt s kellett egy lingua franca. Az akhajmenida feliratok sztereotpikusak: a kirly cmei, eldjei, a
felirat clja, isten dicstse.
21.oldal

Athenaeus of Naucritus mve: Deipnosophista (banquet of sophists): The information on Persia is

generally mediocre and unreliable, with emphasis on titillating anecdotes of the luxury and moral
laxity at the Persian court, almost entirely compiled from earlier sources, including Cyropaedia of
Xenophon (ca. 429-375 B.C.E.), Persik of Ctesias (fl. late 5th-early 4th century B.C.E.), Per
Alxandron historai by Chares of Mitylene (fl. late 4th century B.C.E.), Geographik by Strabo (ca.
63 B.C.E.-ca. 21 C.E.)
Deipnosophista-ban van lerva a Zariadres s Odatis trtnete, amit Chares of Mitylene The history
of Alexander the Great-bl vett. Ez egy -irni szerelmi trtnet.

H.C. Rawlinson fejti meg az perzst az 1850-es vekben.

3.The middle persian era

1500 kzp-perzsa jvevnysz van az rmnyben. Ers grg hats.

Els megjelense a kzp perzsnak az irodalomban (nem rmk stb.): Jewish manuscripts on
papyrus in Elephantine i.e. 5. szzadbl.: irni nevek, perzsa jvevnyszavak armiba.
Avroman documents: i.e. 225-291. grgl vannak rva, viszont 1 parthusul van: fld adsrl van
sz benne.
2 elmlet van: az armi szavakat armiul olvastk ki, a msik szerint csak rtk de perzsa megfeleljt
ejtettk ki.

logogram= vs phonogram: a betknek nincs jelentse nmagban, viszont a logogramnak jelentse

van (sz, mondat) pl: knai, japn kanji, hieroglifk, krs. Logos=sz: a szimblum a sz kiejtst
nem figyelve jelenti ilyen pl. a szmok. nincs kapcsolat az rskp s a kiejts kztt 1=egy
heterogram: msrs: logogram egy idegen nyelvben, lehet sumerogram, akkadogram stb, a
kzpperzsban arameogram.
Ideogramma= logogramma ami nem szt vagy morfmt hanem trgyat, tletet reprezentl
D. N. MacKenzie in his A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary (London, 1971)
eteogram: irni fonetikusan lert sz: klb az irni sag eteogram sz heterogramja.
Although the Old Persian inscriptions were for the most part written phonologically, they also
employed a small set of ideograms as an option through which key substantives could be expresse

Pahlavi= kzp irni dialektusok= kzp-perzsa (szsznidk, Fars), prthus ( szak-nyugati

dialektus, Prthusok), 3 keleti nyelv: szogd, khwarezmi, khotanese saka)

Prthus feliratok: 2-3 van

Az armibl lett a Pahlavik rs s a dl-nyugati Prsik rs is.
Szsznidk: 224-227 652: 31.

Pahlavi literature: a legtbb szerz ismeretlen. A leghamarabbi pldnyok az arab perdusbl

szrmaznak (650 utn). Pazand: avestai bc, Prsi: arab msh.s rs.
Zand: avesta fordts pahlavira.
Pahlavi szvegek: 1. vallsi: Artaak Viraaz (Dante Isteni sznjtk feeling): tlvilgi utazs, Andarz
of Aturpat, son of Mahraspand (Andarz-i Aturpat-i Mahraspandan): tancsok az isten kegynek
elnyersre

2. Andarz: Pand-namak:teachings, counsels: Andarz-i Aturpat-i Mahraspandan rja rta szintn a

Pandnamak-i Zartusht is: tancsok a finak. King Khusrau I Anosharvan also bequeathed advice and
admonitions to his people in the book Andarz-i Khusrau-i Kavatan, 'Teachings of Kh., son of Kavat'.
Vahuman-Yasht: Structurally, the Zand-i Wahman Yasn is laid out as a conversation between Zoroaster
and Ahura Mazda, in which the latter gives his prophet the ability to see into the future.
Bundahishn

gyjtemnyek: Dnkart: Documents of Religion: a collection of numerous facts on doctrines, moral

precepts, historical and literary traditions belonging to the field of Mazdaistic religion. Al-Mamun
kalifa (813-833) alatt ksztettk el. Zindiq(zandik): eretnek, elszr az aki a zoroasztrianizmus ellen
van, ksbb pedig tveszik az arabok s jelentse, az aki az iszlm ellen van. The Bundahishn, 'The
Original Creation', is a valuable compilationof religious stories, studies on local surroundings,
mythical and legendary traditions. We learn about the creation of this world, of the advent of Ahriman
on earth, the Last Judgment, the resurrection of the body, the country of Iran with its rivers, mountains,
lakes, rulers and heroes, the religious significance of the elements
and creation in general and finally also about traditional chronology.

4. szekurlis irodalom: 1.trtnelmi szpirodalom: Karnamak-i Artakhsher-i Papakan, 'Book of the

Deeds of Ardashir, son of papak: 600 krl lett rva s az alaptt dcsri. 2. bevezets a politikai
gyekbe: az araboknak lettek lefordtva pl. Taj-namak arabra fordtsa Ibn al-Muqaffa ltal. Tansar
pap levele Tabaristan kirlynak. Abu Jafar Mansr alaptja Bagdadot. 3. jogi szvegek:
Mtagdn-i hazr dtestn: Book of the thousand judgments: n-frj kapcsolata, rabszolgkra
vonatkoz szablyok stb. 4. Frahang-ok: lexiconok. 5. lirikus kltszet: battle between the
goat and the tree (Drakht-i asiirfk).

Kzp-zsiai felfedezsek: manicheus szvegek a Turfan zisban. 66.

Barmakids az els abbszida kalifa wazire, Balkhon uralkodnak.
Muqaffa (Rozve) 757 died, Panchatantra of Burzoe Khwatay-namak arabra fordtsa
Az j perzsa els formja a dri mr a 7. szzadban ltezett.
822 first islamic iranian state Tahirids
7-10 szzad dari az els irott perzsa
Ibn al-Muqaffa<1; according to his account quoted in the Fihrist, Pahlavi was spoken in Media (Jibal,
iraq-e ajam) and Azerbayjan, Farsi in Fars, Dari in the east of the country.
first records of Persian are associated sprung from; they came from Merv, Herat, Balkh, Gurgan,
Tiis,
Badghis, Sogdiana (Sughd) and worked in Sistan, Khurasan, and Transoxania.

Conversely, Persian influences the Middle Persian language ofthe Parsees in the phonetic
transcription of Zoroastrian works (pazand).

Yet this much may be said, namely that the fundamentals of Persian are
of south-western origin, connected with the dialects of the dynasties (the Achaemenids
and later the Sasanians) ruling from the very beginning of Persian history

73.