Criminal Law Book One Notes

CRIMINAL LAW BOOK ONE REVISED PENAL CODE
BOOK ONE
CRIMINAL LAW
REVISED PENAL CODE
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INTRODUCTION
CRIMINAL LAW ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
CRIMINAL LAW V. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................................................................19
STATE AUTHORITY TO PUNISH CRIME ............................................................................................................................................................................19
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON THE POWER OF CONGRESS TO ENACT PENAL LAWS....................................................................................19
DUE PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................20
NON-IMPOSITION OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT OR EXCESSIVE FINES ................................................................................................20
ACT PROHIBITING THE IMPOSITION OF DEATH PENALTY IN THE PHILIPPINES (RA 9346) ...................................................................................... 20
BILL OF ATTAINDER ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................20
EX POST FACTO LAW .......................................................................................................................................................................................................20
AMERICAN RULE / ANGLO-SAXON RULE ........................................................................................................................................................................21
RELATION OF RPC TO SPECIAL LAWS: SUPPLETORY APPLICATION OF RPC ........................................................................................................... 21
CONSTRUCTION OF PENAL LAWS................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW ...........................................................................................................................................................................................22
LEGAL MAXIMS...................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
NULLUM CRIMEN, NULLA POENA SINE LEGE ................................................................................................................................................................ 22
ACTUS NON FACIT REUM, NISI MENS SIT REA .............................................................................................................................................................. 22
MENS REA ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
MALA IN SE AND MALA PROHIBITA ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
EQUIPOISE RULE ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................24
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................26
Preliminary Title
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
SCOPE OF APPLICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW ................................................................................................29
GENERALITY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
TREATY STIPULATIONS..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
LAWS OF PREFERENTIAL APPLICATION .........................................................................................................................................................................30
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW .............................................................................................................................................................. 31
TERRITORIALITY ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................31
PAR. 1: CRIMES COMMITTED ABOARD PHILIPPINE SHIP OR AIRSHIP........................................................................................................................32
INTERNATIONAL THEORIES ON AERIAL JURISDICTION ............................................................................................................................................... 32
PAR. 2: FORGING/COUNTERFEITING AND COINS OR CURRENCY NOTES IN THE PHILIPPINES .............................................................................33
PAR. 3: SHOULD INTRODUCE INTO THE COUNTRY THE ABOVE- MENTIONED OBLIGATIONS AND SECURITIES. ...............................................33
PAR. 4: WHEN PUBLIC OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES COMMIT AN OFFENSE IN THE EXERCISE OF THEIR FUNCTIONS. ......................................33
PAR. 5: COMMIT ANY OF THE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS ...................................................................... 34
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER ONE
ELEMENTS OF FELONIE.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
REASON FOR PUNISHING ACTS OF NEGLIGENCE OR IMPRUDENCE .......................................................................................................................36
WHAT IS ACT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
EXAMPLE OF FELONY BY PERFORMING AN ACT. ........................................................................................................................................................37
ONLY EXTERNAL ACT IS PUNISHED. ..............................................................................................................................................................................37
EXAMPLES OF FELONY BY OMISSION: ..........................................................................................................................................................................37
PUNISHABLE BY LAW .......................................................................................................................................................................................................37
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CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO THE MEANS BY WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED. ....................................................................... 37
INTENTIONAL VS CULPABLE ............................................................................................................................................................................................38
INTENTIONAL FELONIES ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
REASON FOR PUNISHING ACTS OF NEGLIGENCE (CULPA). ......................................................................................................................................38
IN FELONIES COMMITTED BY MEANS OF DOLO OR WITH MALICE AND IN FELONIES COMMITTED BY MEANS OF FAULT OR CULPA, THE
ACTS OR OMISSIONS ARE VOLUNTARY. ........................................................................................................................................................................38
3 REASONS WHY THE ACT OR OMISSION IN FELONIES MUST BE VOLUNTARY. ......................................................................................................39
REQUISITES OF DOLO OR MALICE.................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
ACTUS NON FACIT REUM, NISI MENS SIT REA .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
THERE IS NO FELONY BY DOLO IF THERE IS NO INTENT ............................................................................................................................................ 40
MISTAKE OF FACT ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................40
REQUISITES OF MISTAKE OF FACT AS A DEFENSE ......................................................................................................................................................40
THE MISTAKE MUST BE WITHOUT FAULT OR CARELESSNESS ON THE PART OF THE ACCUSED. ....................................................................... 40
LACK OF INTENT TO KILL THE DECEASED, BECAUSE HIS INTENTION WAS TO KILL ANOTHER, DOES NOT RELIEVE THE ACCUSED FROM
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY. .............................................................................................................................................................................................41
IN MISTAKE OF FACT, THE INTENTION OF THE ACCUSED IN PERFORMING THE ACT SHOULD BE LAWFUL. .......................................................41
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PEOPLE VS. OANIS............................................................................................................................................................................... 41
PEOPLE VS AH CHONG ........................................................................................................................................................................45
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................48

COMMITTING A FELONY.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
PROXIMATE CAUSE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................49
ALTHOUGH THE WRONGFUL ACT DONE BE DIFFERENT FROM THAT WHICH HE INTENDED
DISTINCTION OF ABERRATIO ICTUS VS. ERROR IN PERSONAE .................................................................................................................................50
REQUISITES OF ART. 4 PAR. 1 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................51
FELONY COMMITTED IS NOT THE PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE RESULTING INJURY WHEN ..................................................................................51
WHEN DEATH IS PRESUMED TO BE THE NATURAL CONSEQUENCE OF PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED ............................................................51
PROXIMATE CAUSE V. IMMEDIATE CAUSE V. REMOTE CAUSE ...................................................................................................................................51
THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT EFFICIENT INTERVENING CAUSE ....................................................................................................................................52
EFFICIENT INTERVENING CAUSE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
INSTANCES WHEN THERE IS PROXIMATE CAUSE AND WHEN THERE IS NONE .......................................................................................................52
PAR. 2 OF ART. 4: IMPOSSIBLE CRIME ............................................................................................................................................................................53
PURPOSE OF PUNISHING IMPOSSIBLE CRIMES ...........................................................................................................................................................53
REQUISITES (1-4) ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................53
WERE IT NOT FOR THE INHERENT IMPOSSIBILITY OF ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT OR ON ACCOUNT OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF IN-
ADEQUATE OR INEFFECTUAL MEANS
INHERENT IMPOSSIBILITY OF OF ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT ........................................................................................................................................54
WOULD BE AN OFFENSE AGAINST PERSONS. ............................................................................................................................................................54
WOULD BE AN OFFENSE AGAINST PROPERTY.

EMPLOYMENT OF INADEQUATE MEANS
EMPLOYMENT OF "INEFFECTUAL MEANS.
IN IMPOSSIBLE CRIME THE ACT PERFORMED SHOULD NOT CONSTITUTE A VIOLATION OF ANOTHER PROVISION OF THE CODE. ............... 56
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INTOD VS. CA ........................................................................................................................................................................................56
GEMMA T. JACINTO VS PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES .................................................................................................................... 59
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................60

TRIAL OF CRIMINAL CASE BASED ON PAR. 1................................................................................................................................................................. 62
IN CASE OF EXCESSIVE PENALTY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
THE PENALTIES ARE NOT EXCESSIVE WHEN INTENDED TO ENFORCE A PUBLIC POLICY. ...................................................................................63
WHEN STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROVISION OF THIS CODE

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FORMAL CRIMES OR CRIMES OF EFFECT .....................................................................................................................................................................66
STAGES OF EXECUTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
DEVELOPMENT OF ACTS .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
ATTEMPTED FELONY; REQUISITES ................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
WHEN TO SAY OVERT ACTS WAS COMMENCED ...........................................................................................................................................................69
WHAT IS AN OVERT ACT?.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
WHAT IS AN INDETERMINATE OFFENSE? .......................................................................................................................................................................71
SUBJECTIVE PHASE .........................................................................................................................................................................................................71
DESISTANCE....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
DESISTANCE IS TRUE ONLY IN THE ATTEMPTED STAGE OF THE FELONY. ...............................................................................................................72
KINDS OF DESISTANCE..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
FRUSTRATED STAGE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................73
OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE ..........................................................................................................................................................................................73
CRIMES WHICH DO NOT ADMIT OF FRUSTRATED STAGE ...........................................................................................................................................74
MURDER/HOMICIDE/PARRICIDE/INFANTICIDE ............................................................................................................................................................... 75
RULES ON CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS OR PROPERTY (MHPI) .................................................................................................................................75
FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE STAGE OF EXECUTION OF A FELONY ....................................................................................................................76
THE MANNER OF COMMITTING THE CRIME .................................................................................................................................................................. 76
THE ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME .......................................................................................................................................................................................77
THE NATURE OF THE CRIME ITSELF ..............................................................................................................................................................................77
CONSUMMATED .................................................................................................................................................................................................................77
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WHAT ARE LIGHT FELONIES? ..........................................................................................................................................................................................80
"WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE COMMITTED AGAINST PERSONS OR PROPERTY. ...........................................................................................80
REASON FOR THE GENERAL RULE................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
REASON FOR EXCEPTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................80
EXAMPLES OF LIGHT FELONIES AGAINST PERSON .....................................................................................................................................................80
EXAMPLES OF LIGHT FELONIES AGAINST PROPERTY ................................................................................................................................................ 80
CONSPIRACY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
REQUISITES OF CONSPIRACY .........................................................................................................................................................................................82
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ................................................................................................................................................................................................82
PROPOSAL TO COMMIT .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
CONSPIRACY AS A FELONY, DISTINGUISHED FROM CONSPIRACY AS A MANNER OF INCURRING CRIMINAL LIABILITY ................................... 83
REQUISITES OF PROPOSAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................84
THERE IS NO CRIMINAL PROPOSAL WHEN ....................................................................................................................................................................84
DOCTRINE OF IMPLIED CONSPIRACY ............................................................................................................................................................................84
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................86

GRAVE FELONIES ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................88
LESS GRAVE FELONIES .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
LIGHT FELONIES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................88
IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
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GENERAL RULE..................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
EXCEPTIONS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................91
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JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES ........................................................................................................................................................................................93
BASIS OF JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES .......................................................................................................................................................................93
PAR. 1. REQ. 1. SELF-DEFENSE (CSQ)

RIGHTS INCLUDED IN SELF-DEFENSE............................................................................................................................................................................93
REQUISITE OF SELF-DEFENSE ........................................................................................................................................................................................94
UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION .................................................................................................................................................................................................94
AGGRESSION MUST BE UNLAWFUL................................................................................................................................................................................ 94
MEANING OF UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION .........................................................................................................................................................................96
WHEN THERE IS NO PERIL TO ONE'S LIFE, LIMB OR RIGHT, THERE IS NO UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION .................................................................96
PERIL TO ONES LIMB ........................................................................................................................................................................................................96
PRESENCE OF ACTUAL PHYSICAL FORCE OR ACTUAL USE OF WEAPON ................................................................................................................97
PAR. 1. REQ. 2. REASONABLE NECESSITY OF MEANS EMPLOYED TO PREVENT OR REPEL IT.

DOCTRINE OF RATIONAL EQUIVALENCE. ......................................................................................................................................................................97
TEST OF REASONABLENESS ...........................................................................................................................................................................................97
RETALIATION IS NOT SELF-DEFENSE. ............................................................................................................................................................................99
RETALIATION VS. SELF-DEFENSE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 100
PAR. 1. REQ. 3. LACK OF SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION ON PART OF DEFENDER

LACK OF SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION ..........................................................................................................................................................................101
NO PROVOCATION AT ALL ..............................................................................................................................................................................................101
UNDER R.A 9262, KNOWN AS VAWC .............................................................................................................................................................................. 101
CYCLE OF VIOLENCE.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
DEFENSE OF HONOR AND PROPERTY .........................................................................................................................................................................102
HOW TO DETERMINE THE SUFFICIENCY OF PROVOCATION ....................................................................................................................................103
ILLUSTRATION OF THE THREE REQUISITES OF SELF-DEFENSE ..............................................................................................................................103
PAR 2. REQ. 1 DEFENSE OF RELATIVES

ELEMENTS DEFENSE OF RELATIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................................105
EXAMPLE OF DEFENSE OF SPOUSE ............................................................................................................................................................................105
PAR 3. DEFENSE OF STRANGERS

ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE OF STRANGERS ...................................................................................................................................................................107
WHO ARE DEEMEDSTRANGER ......................................................................................................................................................................................107
EXAMPLE OF A DEFENSE OF A STRANGER .................................................................................................................................................................107
AVOIDANCE OF GREATER EVIL

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JURISPRUDENCE
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JURISPRUDENCE
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INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
!
CRIMINAL LAW
is that branch of public substantive law which defines offenses and prescribes their penalties. It is also that branch of munici-
pal law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment.
CRIMINAL LAW V. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

CRIMINAL LAW CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Substantive Remedial
Prospective in application Retrospective in application
Exception: If it is favorable to the accused.
Exception To The Exception:
(1) When the accused is a habitual delinquent. (Art. 22)
(2) Where the new law expressly made inapplicable to

pending actions or existing causes of actions. [Tavera v.
Valdez]
Statutory; it is passed by the Legislature. May be promulgated by the Legislature (e.g. jurisdiction of
courts) or the Judiciary (e.g. Rules of Court)
STATE AUTHORITY TO PUNISH CRIME

Declaration of Principles and State Policies. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and property,
and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.1
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON THE POWER OF CONGRESS TO

ENACT PENAL LAWS
EQUAL PROTECTION
1
Art. II, Sec. 5 (1987 Constitution)
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Art. III, Sec. 1, 1987 Const. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
DUE PROCESS
Art. III, Sec. 14 (1), 1987 Const. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
due process of law.
NON-IMPOSITION OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT OR EXCES-

SIVE FINES
Art III, Sec. 19, 1987 Const. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhu-
man punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already im-
posed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
ACT PROHIBITING THE IMPOSITION OF DEATH PENALTY IN THE

PHILIPPINES (RA 9346)
Repealed the law imposing lethal injection (R.A. 8177) and the law imposing the death penal-
ty (R.A. 7659) (Sec. 1)
This Act also imposes the punishment of reclusion perpetua for offenses under any act using the nomenclature of the RPC
(Sec. 2 (a)) and the punishment of life imprisonment for offenses under any act which does not use the nomenclature of the
RPC (Sec. 2(b))
BILL OF ATTAINDER
Art. III, Sec. 22, 1987 Const. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
Bill of Attainder - a legislative act that inflicts punishment without trial, its essence being the substitution of legislative fiat for
a judicial determination of guilt.
EX POST FACTO LAW

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Ex Post Facto Law is one which:
(1) Makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was innocent when done, and punishes such an
act.
(2) Aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed;
(3) Changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the crime when committed;
(4) Alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or different testimony than the law required at the
time of the commission of the offense;
(5) Assumes to regulate civil rights and remedies only, in effect imposes penalty or deprivation of a right for something which
when done was lawful; and
(6) Deprives a person accused of a crime some lawful protection to which he has become entitled, such as the protection of
a former conviction or acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty. 2
OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS

(a) Must not provide imprisonment for non-payment of debts or poll tax. [1987 Const. Art. III, Sec. 19 (1)]
(b) Must not restrict other constitutional freedoms, e.g. due process, religion, free speech, and assembly.
AMERICAN RULE / ANGLO-SAXON RULE

This rule strictly enforces the territoriality of criminal law. The law of the foreign country where a foreign vessel is within its
jurisdiction is strictly applied, except if the crime affects only the internal management of the vessel in which case it is subject
to the penal law of the country where it is registered.
RELATION OF RPC TO SPECIAL LAWS: SUPPLETORY APPLICATION OF

RPC
General rule: RPC provisions supplement the provisions of special laws. [Art. 10, RPC]
Exceptions:
(1) Where the special law provides otherwise3
(2) When the provisions of the Code are impossible of application, either by express provision or by necessary im-
plication, as in those instances where the provisions in question are peculiar to the Code4
In the absence of contrary provision in B.P. Blg. 22, the general provisions of the RPC which, by their nature, are necessarily
applicable, may be applied suppletorily5
CONSTRUCTION OF PENAL LAWS
Strict construction against the State and liberally in favor of the accused
Pro Reo Doctrine Whenever a penal law is to be construed or applied and the law admits of two interpretations - one le-
2 [Reyes, The Revised Penal Code citing In re: Kay Villegas Kami, Inc.]
3 [Art.10, RPC]
4
[Regalado, Criminal Law Prospectus]
5
[Ladonga v. People (2005)]
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nient to the offender and one strict to the offender, that interpretation which is lenient or favorable to the offender will be
adopted.
Basis: The fundamental rule that all doubts shall be construed in favor of the accused and presumption of innocence of the
accused.
SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW
(1) The Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815) - Created pursuant to Administrative Order No. 94; enacted January 1, 1932;
based on the Spanish Penal Code, US Penal Code, and Phil. Supreme Court decisions.
(2) Special penal laws and penal Presidential Decrees issued during Martial Law.
LEGAL MAXIMS
NULLUM CRIMEN, NULLA POENA SINE LEGE
There is no crime when there is no law punishing the same.
This is true to civil law countries, but not to common law countries
No matter how wrongful, evil or bad the act is, if there is no law defining the act, the same is not considered a crime.
Common law crimes are wrongful acts which the community/society condemns as contemptible, even though there is no
law declaring the act criminal.
Not any law punishing an act or omission may be valid as a criminal law. If the law punishing an act is ambiguous, it is null
and void.
ACTUS NON FACIT REUM, NISI MENS SIT REA
The act cannot be criminal where the mind is not criminal.
This is true to a felony characterized by dolo, but not a felony resulting from culpa.
This maxim is not an absolute one because it is not applied to culpable felonies, or those that result from negligence.
MENS REA
in laymans terms: bulls-eye of a crime. Synonymous with criminal or deliberate intent, but that is not correct. It still depends
on the elements of the crime. You can only detect the mens rea of a crime by knowing the particular crime committed. With-
out reference to a particular crime, this term is meaningless.
Ex. In theft, mens rea is taking the property with intent to gain.

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In falsification, mens rea, is the effect of the forgery with intent to pervert the truth
El Que Es Causa De La Causa Es Causa Del Mal Causado
He who is the cause of the cause is the cause of the evil caused.
(1) This is the rationale in par. 1 of Art. 4 which enunciates the doctrine of proximate cause.
(2) He who commits an intentional felony is responsible for all the consequences which may naturally and logically result
therefrom, whether foreseen or intended or not.
MALA IN SE AND MALA PROHIBITA
Mala in se (evil in itself)
A crime or an act that is inherently immoral, such as murder, arson or rape6
Mala prohibita (prohibited evil)
An act that is a crime merely because it is prohibited by statute, although the act itself is not necessarily immoral7
AS TO WHAT? MALA IN SE MALA PROHIBITA
As to nature Wrong from its very nature. Wrong because it is prohibited by law.
As to use of good faith as GF a valid defense, unless the crime is Good Faith is not a defense.
defense the result of culpa
As to whether or not criminal Criminal intent is an element. Criminal intent is immaterial, BUT still
intent is an element requires intelligence & voluntariness
As to degree of Degree of accomplishment is taken into The act gives rise to a crime only when
accomplishment of crime account for the punishment. consummated.
As to mitigating and They are taken into account in They are not taken into account.
aggravating circumstances imposing penalty
As to degree of participation When there is more than one offender, Degree of participation is generally not
the degree of participation of each in taken into account. All who participated
the commission is taken into account. in the act are punished to the same
extent.
6
[Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Ed.]
7
[Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Ed.]
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As to stages of execution There are three stages: attempted, No such stages of execution
frustrated & consummated
As to persons criminally The principal, accomplice & accessory. Generally, only the principal is liable.
liable Penalty is computed on the basis of Penalty of offenders is same whether
whether he is a principal offender or they acted as mere accomplices or
merely an accomplice or accessory accessories
As to what laws are violated Generally, the RPC. Generally, special laws.
As to division of penalties Penalties may be divided into degrees There is no such as division of
and period penalties
(a) Dolo is not required in crimes mala prohibita.
(b) In those crimes which are mala prohibita, the act alone irrespective of its motives, constitutes the offense.
(c) Good faith and absence of criminal intent are not valid defenses in crimes mala prohibita.
(d) When the acts are inherently immoral, they are mala in se, even if punished under special law, like plunder which re-
quires proof of criminal intent.8
(e) Where malice is a factor, good faith is a defense.
(f) A crime in the RPC can absorb a crime punishable by a special lawif it is a necessary ingredient of the felony defined in
the Code but a special law can never absorb a crime punishable under the RPC, because violations of the Revised Penal
Code are more serious than a violation of a special law. 9
(g) The crime of cattle-rustling is not malum prohibitum but a modification of the crime of theft of large cattle under the RPC
(i.e. there are special laws which only modify crimes under the RPC therefore still mala in se).10
Art. III, Sec. 14 (2), 1987 Const. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed inno-
cent until the contrary is proved.
Note: This is peculiar only to criminal law.
EQUIPOISE RULE
8 [Estrada v. Sandiganbayan (2001)]
9
[People v. Rodriguez (1960)]
10
[People v. Martinada]
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When the evidence of the prosecution and the defense are equally balanced, the scale should be tilted in favor of the ac-
cused in obedience to the constitutional presumption of innocence.11
PROSPECTIVITY
General rule: Acts or omissions will only be subject to a penal law if they are committed AFTER a penal law has taken effect.
Conversely, acts or omissions which have been committed before the effectivity of a penal law could not be penalized by
such penal law.
Exception: Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect, insofar as they favor the person guilty of a felony.12
Exception to the Exception:

(1) The new law is expressly made inapplicable to pending actions or existing cause of actions; or
(2) The offender is a habitual criminal.13
Effects of repeal/amendment of penal law

(1) If the repeal makes the penalty lighter in the new law,
(1) The new law shall be applied,

(2) EXCEPT when the offender is a habitual delinquent or when the new law is made not applicable to pending action or ex-
isting causes of action.
(2) If the new law imposes a heavier penalty

Law in force at the time of the commission of the offense shall be applied.
(3) If the new law totally repeals the existing law so that the act which was penalized under the old law is no longer punish-
able,
(a) The crime is obliterated.
(b) Pending cases are dismissed.
(c) Unserved penalties imposed are remitted.
(4) Rule of prospectivity also applies to judicial decisions, administrative rulings and circulars14
Rationale for the prospectivity rule: the punishability of an act must be reasonably known for the guidance of society15 .
11
[Ursua v. CA (1996); Corpuz v. People (1991)]
12 [Art. 22, RPC]
13 [Art. 22, RPC]
14
[Art. 8, Civil Code]
15
[Peo v. Jabinal]
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BAR QUESTION
General Principles; Schools of thought in Criminal

!
Law (1996)
1) What are the different schools of thought or theories in Criminal Law and describe each briefly.
2) To what theory does our Revised Penal Code belong?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. There are two schools of thought in Criminal Law, and these are (a) the CLASSICAL THEORY, which simply means that
the basis of criminal liabilities is human free will, and the purpose of the penalty is retribution which must be proportional
to the gravity of the offense; and (b) the POSITIVIST THEORY, which considers man as a social being and his acts are
attributable not just to his will but to other forces of society. As such, punishment is not the solution, as he is not entirely to
be blamed; law and jurisprudence should not be the yardstick in the imposition of sanction, instead the underlying rea-
sons would be inquired into.
2. We follow the classical school of thought although some provisions of eminently positivist in tendencies, like punishment
of impossible crime, Juvenile circumstances, are incorporated in our Code.
General Principles; Use of Aliases; When Allowed

!
(2006)
When can a Filipino citizen residing in this country use an alias legally? Give 3 instances. (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1. Pseudonym for literary purposes.
2. Use of aliases in cinema and television entertainment.
3. In athletics and sports activities (RA. 6085).
4. Under the witness protection program a person may adopt a different identity (RA. 6981).
5. When he has been baptized or customarily known by such alias.
6. When authorized by a competent court (CA. No. 142, as amended by RA. 6085).
7. When properly indicated in a Certificate of Candidacy (Omnibus Election Code).

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GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE DATE OF

ENFORCEMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS
OF THIS CODE, AND REGARDING THE OFFENSES, THE
PERSONS LIABLE AND THE PENALTIES
PRELIMINARY TITLE
DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION

OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE
!
Article 1
Time when Act takes effect. This Code shall take effect on the first day of January, nineteen
hundred and thirty-two.
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
Utilitarian Theory
Primary purpose: Protection of society from actual or potential wrongdoers.
ClassicalTheory
(1) Primary purpose: Retribution.

(2) Basis of criminal liability: Human free will.
(3) Endeavored to establish a mechanical and direct proportion between crime and penalty; there is scant regard to human
element.
Positivist Theory
(1) Primary purpose: Reformation; prevention/correction.

(2) Basis of criminal liability: The sum of the social, natural and economic phenomena to which the actor is exposed.
Eclectic / Mixed
(1) Combines both positivist and classical thinking.

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(2) Our code is considered eclectic; which the offender is taken into consideration, intoxication of the offender is taken into
consideration 16
(3) Crimes that are economic and social by nature should be dealt within a positivist manner; thus, the law is more compas-
sionate.
(4) Heinous crimes should be dealt with in a classical manner; thus, capital punishment.
Note: The Revised Penal Code today follows the mixed or eclectic philosophy.
16
intoxication of the offender in order is considered a mitigating circumstance unless it is habitual or intentional
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Article 2
Application of its provisions. Except as provided in the treaties and laws of preferential applica-
tion, the provisions of this Code shall be enforced not only within the Philippine Archipelago, in-
cluding its atmosphere, its interior waters and maritime zone, but also outside of its jurisdiction,
against those who:
1. Should commit an offense while on a Philippine ship or airship
2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Islands or obligations
and securities issued by the Government of the Philippine Islands;
3. Should be liable for acts connected with the introduction into these islands of the obligations
and securities mentioned in the presiding number;
4. While being public officers or employees, should commit an offense in the exercise of their
functions; or
5. Should commit any of the crimes against national security and the law of nations, defined in
Title One of Book Two of this Code.
SCOPE OF APPLICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE

CRIMINAL LAW
Criminal law has three (3) characteristics: (PGT)

1. General (FOR PEOPLE)
2. Territorial (WHERE THE PENAL LAW IS BINDING, SPEAKS TO THE TERITORY)
3. Prospective (ALL LAWS MUST BE APPLIED FROM PRESENT TO FUTURE)
GENERALITY
General rule: The penal law of the country is binding on all persons who live or sojourn in Philippine territory, subject to the
principles of public international law and to treaty stipulations.17
It referes to the people who live in the Philippines.
NOTE: The Philippines is a sovereign state with the obligation and the right of every government to uphold its laws and maintain order within
its domain, and with the general jurisdiction to punish persons for offenses committed within its territory right to be exempted from its laws
and jurisdiction, with the exception of states and diplomatic representative
17
[Art. 14, NCC]
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EXCEPTION
Art. 2, RPC. Except as provided in the treaties or laws of preferential application xxx.
Art. 14, NCC. xxx subject to the principles of public international law and to treaty stipulations.
TREATY STIPULATIONS
Examples:
(a) Bases Agreement entered into by the Philippines and the US on Mar. 14, 1947 and expired on Sept. 16, 1991.
(b) Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) is an agreement between the Philippine and US Government regarding the treatment
of US Armed Forces visiting the Philippines. It was signed on Feb. 10, 1998.
Art. V, VFA, which defines criminal jurisdiction over United States military and civilian personnel temporarily in the Philippines
in connection with activities approved by the Philippine Government.
The US and Philippines agreed that:
(a) US shall have the right to exercise within the Philippines all criminal and disciplinary jurisdiction conferred on them by the
military law of the US over US personnel in RP;
(b) US authorities exercise exclusive jurisdiction over US personnel with respect to offenses, including offenses relating to
the security of the US punishable under the law of the US, but not under the laws of RP;
(c) US military authorities shall have the primary right to exercise jurisdiction over US personnel subject to the military law of
the US in relation to:
(a) Offenses solely against the property or security of the US or offenses solely against the property or person of US
personnel; and
(b) Offenses arising out of any act or omission done in performance of official duty. [Reyes, The RPC]
Rule on Jurisdiction under the VFA:
(a) If the crime is punishable under Philippine laws but not under US laws then Philippines has exclusive jurisdiction.
(b) If the crime is punishable under US laws but not under Philippine laws then US has exclusive jurisdiction.
(c) If the crime is punishable under the US and Philippine laws then there is concurrent jurisdiction but the Philippines has
the right to primary jurisdiction.
(d) If the crime is committed by a US personnel against the security and property of the US alone then US has exclusive ju-
risdiction.
LAWS OF PREFERENTIAL APPLICATION

Examples:
(a) Members of Congress are not liable for libel or slander for any speech in Congress or in any committee thereof18
18
(Sec. 11, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution)
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(b) Any ambassador or public minister of any foreign State, authorized and received as such by the President, or any domes-
tic or domestic servant of any such ambassador or minister are exempt from arrest and imprisonment and whose properties
are exempt from distraint, seizure and attachment19
R.A. No. 75 penalizes acts which would impair the proper observance by the Republic and inhabitants of the Philippines of
the immunities, rights, and privileges of duly accredited foreign diplomatic representatives in the Philippines.
Warship Rule A warship of another country, even though docked in the Philippines, is considered an extension of the terri-
tory of its respective country. This also applies to embassies.
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

The following persons are exempt from the provisions of the RPC:
(1) Sovereigns and other heads of state

(2) Ambassadors,
(3) ministers,
(4) plenipotentiary,
(5) minister resident
(6) and charges d affaires.
(7) (Article 31, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations)
Note: Consuls and consular officers are NOT exempt from local prosecution20
(a) Public vessels of a friendly foreign power are not subject to local jurisdiction.
(b) Generality has NO reference to territoriality.
TERRITORIALITY
Art. 2, RPC embraces two scopes of applications:
(1) Intraterritorial refers to the application of the RPC within the Philippine territory (land, air and water).
(2) Extraterritorial refers to the application of the Revised Penal Code outside the Philippine territory.
General rule: Penal laws of the country have force and effect only within its territory.
(a) It cannot penalize crimes committed outside its territory.

(b) The national territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago 21.
19 (R.A. No. 75)
20
[See Article 41, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]
21
[Art. I, 1987 Constitution]
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(c) The territory of the country is not limited to the land where its sovereignty resides but includes also its maritime and interi-
or waters as well as its atmosphere.[Art. 2, RPC]
Terrestrial jurisdiction is the jurisdiction exercised over land.
jurisdiction is the jurisdiction exercised over maritime and

Fluvial
interior waters.
jurisdiction is the jurisdiction exercised over the at-

Aerial
mosphere
Exception: Extraterritorial Crimes, which are punishable even if committed outside the Philippine territory [Art. 2, RPC]
PAR. 1: CRIMES COMMITTED ABOARD PHILIPPINE SHIP OR AIRSHIP
The RPC is applied to Philippine vessels if the crime is committed while the ship is treading:
(a) Philippine waters (intraterritorial), or

(b) The high seas i.e. waters NOT under the jurisdiction of any State (extraterritorial)
Two rules as to jurisdiction over crimes committed aboard merchant vessels while in the territorial waters of another country
(i.e. a foreign vessel treading Philippine waters OR Philippine vessels treading foreign waters):
1. French Rule: It is the flag or nationality of the vessel which determines jurisdiction UNLESS the crime violates the peace
and order of the host country.
2. English Rule: the location or situs of the crime determines jurisdiction UNLESS the crime merely relates to internal man-
agement of the vessel.
(1) The Philippines adheres to the ENGLISH RULE. However, these rules are NOT applicable if the vessel is on the high
seas when the crime was committed. In these cases, the laws of the nationality of the ship will always apply.
(2) When the crime is committed in a war vessel of a foreign country, the nationality of the vessel will always determine
jurisdiction because war vessels are part of the sovereignty of the country to whose naval force they belong.
Note: The country of registry determines the nationality of the vessel, NOT ITS OWNERSHIP. A Filipino-owned vessel regis-
tered in China must fly the Chinese flag.
INTERNATIONAL THEORIES ON AERIAL JURISDICTION
(1) Free Zone Theory

The atmosphere over the country is free and not subject to the jurisdiction of the subjacent state, except for the protection of
its national security and public order.
(2) Relative Theory

The subjacent state exercises jurisdiction over the atmosphere only to the extent that it can effectively exercise control there-
of.
(3) Absolute Theory

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The subjacent state has complete jurisdiction over the atmosphere above it subject only to the innocent passage by aircraft
of a foreign country.
Under this theory, if the crime is committed in an aircraft, no matter how high, as long as it can be established that it is within
the Philippine atmosphere, Philippine criminal law22 will govern.
Note: The Philippines adopts the Absolute Theory.
PAR. 2: FORGING/COUNTERFEITING AND COINS OR CURRENCY

NOTES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Forgery is committed abroad, and it refers only to Philippine coin, currency note, obligations and securities.
PAR. 3: SHOULD INTRODUCE INTO THE COUNTRY THE ABOVE- MEN-

TIONED OBLIGATIONS AND SECURITIES.
The reason for this provision is that the introduction of forged or counterfeited obligations and securities into the Philippines is
as dangerous as the forging or counterfeiting of the same, to the economic interest of the country.
PAR. 4: WHEN PUBLIC OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES COMMIT AN OF-

FENSE IN THE EXERCISE OF THEIR FUNCTIONS.
Crime committed pertains to the exercise of the public officials functions:
The crimes which may be committed are:
CRIMES HINT
Direct bribery (A.210)
Qualified Bribery (A. 211-A)
Indirect bribery(A.211)
Corruption (A.212)
Frauds against the public treasury

(A.213)
Possession of prohibited interest

(A.216)
Malversation of public funds or

property (A. 217)
Failure to render accounts (A.218)
Illegal use of public funds or

property (A.220)
22
(See Anti- Hijacking Law)
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Failure to make delivery of public

funds or property (A.221)
Falsification by a public officer or

employee committed with abuse
of his official position
The functions contemplated are those, which are, under the law:
(a) to be performed by the public officer;
(b) in the foreign service of the Phil. government;
(c) in a foreign country.
PAR. 5: COMMIT ANY OF THE CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

AND THE LAW OF NATIONS23
Crimes against national security:
1. Treason (A.114)
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (A.115)
3. Misprision of treason (A.116)
4. Espionage (A.117)
Crimes against the law of nations:
1. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals (A.118)

2. Violation of neutrality (A.119)
3. Correspondence with hostile country (A.120)
4. Flight to enemys country (A.121)
5. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters (A.122)
Note: Crimes against public order (e.g., rebellion, coup detat, sedition) committed abroad is under the jurisdiction of the host
country.
Terrorism is now classified as a crime against national security and the law of nations.24
BAR QUESTION
General Principles; Territoriality (1994)
Abe, married to Liza, contracted another marriage with Connie in Singapore. Thereafter, Abe and Connie returned to the
Philippines and lived as husband and wife in the hometown of Abe in Calamba, Laguna.
1) Can Abe be prosecuted for bigamy?
23
(Title One, Book 2, RPC)
24
(See R.A. 9372, Human Security Act of 2007)
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SUGGESTED ANSWER:
1) No, Abe may not be prosecuted for bigamy since the bigamous marriage was contracted or solemnized in Singapore,
hence such violation is not one of those where the Revised Penal Code, under Art. 2 thereof, may be applied extraterritorially.
The general rule on territoriality of criminal law governs the situation.
General Principles; Territoriality; Jurisdiction over Vessel (2000)

After drinking one (1) case of San Miguel beer and taking two plates of "pulutan", Binoy, a Filipino seaman, stabbed to death
Sio My, a Singaporean seaman, aboard M/V "Princess of the Pacific", an overseas vessel which was sailing in the South
China Sea. The vessel, although Panamanian registered, is owned by Lucio Sy, a rich Filipino businessman. When M/V
"Princess of the Pacific" reached a Philippine Port at Cebu City, the Captain of the vessel turned over the assailant Binoy to
the Philippine authorities. An information for homicide was filed against Binoy in the Regional Trial Court of Cebu City. He
moved to quash the information for lack of jurisdiction. If you were the Judge, will you grant the motion? Why? (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes, the Motion to Quash the Information should be granted. The Philippine court has no jurisdiction over the crime commit-
ted since it was committed on the high seas or outside of Philippine territory and on board a vessel not registered or licensed
in the Philippines (US vs. Fowler, 1 Phil 614)
It is the registration of the vessel in accordance with the laws of the Philippines, not the citizenship of her owner, which
makes it a Philippine ship. The vessel being registered in Panama, the laws of Panama govern while it is in the high seas.

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TITLE ONE
CHAPTER ONE
FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AF-

FECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY
!
Article 3
Definitions. Acts and omissions punishable by law are felonies (delitos).
Felonies are committed not only be means of deceit 25 (dolo) but also by means of fault (culpa).
There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent and there is fault when the
wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill.
ELEMENTS OF FELONIE
1. There must be an act or omission
2. Act and omission must be punishable by RPC
3. Act is performed by means of Dolo (Deceit) or Culpa (Fault)
Kind of CULPA (FAULT) - UNINTENTIONAL (Without malice)
IMPRUDENCE Indicates deficiency of action, failure to take the necessary precaution to avoid injury to
person or damage to property. Usually involves lack of skill.
NEGLIGENCE indicates a deficiency of perception(Discernment or awareness). If a person fails to pay

proper attention and to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage impending to
be caused, there is negligence. Negligence usually involves lack of foresight. Imprudence
usually involves lack of skill.
LACK OF SKILL
LACK OF FORSIGHT
REASON FOR PUNISHING ACTS OF NEGLIGENCE OR IMPRUDENCE

A man must use his common sense and exercise due reflection in all his acts; it is his duty to be cautious, careful and pru-
dent.
25
INTENTIONAL
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WHAT IS ACT
any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external world. But the act must be one which is defined by the
Revised Penal Code as constituting a felony.
EXAMPLE OF FELONY BY PERFORMING AN ACT.

A took the watch of B with intent to gain and without the consent of the latter. The act of taking the watch of B, with intent to
gain, constitutes the crime of theft.
ONLY EXTERNAL ACT IS PUNISHED.

The act must be external, because internal acts are beyond the sphere of penal law. Hence, a criminal thought or a mere
intention, no matter how immoral or improper it may be, will never constitute a felony.
Thus, even if A entertains the idea of killing B, as long as he does not commence the commission of the crime directly by
overt act, A is not criminally liable.
EXAMPLES OF FELONY BY OMISSION:

1. Anyone who fails to render assistance to any person whom he finds in an uninhabited place wounded or in danger of
dying, is liable for abandonment of persons in danger 26
2. An officer entrusted with collection of taxes who voluntarily fails to issue a receipt as provided by law, is guilty of illegal
exaction 27
3. Every person owing allegiance to the Philippines, without being a foreigner, and having knowledge of any conspiracy
against the government, who does not disclose and make known the same to the proper authority, is liable for misprision
of treason28
It will be noted that in felonies by omission, there is a law requiring a certain act to be performed and the person required to
do the act fails to perform it.
PUNISHABLE BY LAW
The phrase "punished by law" should be understood to mean "punished by the Revised Penal Code" and not by a special
law.
That is to say, the term "felony" means acts and omissions punished in the Revised Penal Code, to distinguish it from the
words "crime" and "offense" which are applied to infractions ofthe law punished by special statutes.
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO THE MEANS BY
26 (Art. 275, par. 1)
27
(Art. 213, par. 2[b]
28
(Art. 116)
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WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED.

Art. 3 classifies felonies, according to the means by which they are committed, into (1) intentional felonies, and (2) culpable
felonies.
Thus, the second paragraph of Art. 3 states that felonies are committed not only by means of deceit (dolo) but also by means
of fault (culpa).
INTENTIONAL VS CULPABLE
Intentional the offender acts with malice, whereas in culpable, the offender acts without malice
A criminal act is presumed to be voluntary. Fact prevails over assumption, and in the absence of indubitable explanation, the
act must be declared voluntary and punishable29
INTENTIONAL FELONIES
the act or omission of the offender is malicious.
REASON FOR PUNISHING ACTS OF NEGLIGENCE (CULPA).

A man must use common sense, and exercise due reflection in all his acts; it is his duty to be cautious, careful and pru-
dent, if not from instinct, then through fear of incurring punishment. He is responsible for such results as anyone might fore-
see and for his acts which no one would have performed except through culpable abandon. Otherwise, his own person,
rights and property, and those of his fellow beings, would ever be exposed to all manner of danger and injury.30
IN FELONIES COMMITTED BY MEANS OF DOLO OR WITH MALICE AND

IN FELONIES COMMITTED BY MEANS OF FAULT OR CULPA, THE ACTS
OR OMISSIONS ARE VOLUNTARY.
This omission does not mean that an involuntary act may constitute a felony. As in the old Penal Code, the act or omission
must be voluntary and punishable by law to constitute a felony. (Kailangan expressly provide by law na pun-
ishable yung bagay na hindi mo ginawa na dapat ginawa mo, mean pina-punish yung volun-
tary na hindi mo gawin ang isang bagay na dapat ginawa mo na expressly provide ng batas
na kapag hindi mo to ginawa sa ganitong sirkumstansya, pwede kang ipunish by law. kaya
dapat stated sa batas since omission act to. para syang mala prohibitum, may batas na
nagsasabing mali ito dahil may batas na nagsasabing mali ito.)
29
(People vs. Macalisang, 22 SCRA 699)
30
(U.S. vs. Maleza, 14 Phil. 468, 470)
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3 REASONS WHY THE ACT OR OMISSION IN FELONIES MUST BE VOL-

UNTARY.
1. RPC is based on the Classical Theory which basis of criminal liability is human free will.
2. Acts or omissions punished by law are always deemed voluntary, since man is a rational being. One must prove that his
case falls under Art. 12 to show that his act or omission is not voluntary.
3. In felonies by dolo, the act is performed with deliberate intent which must necessarily be voluntary; and in felonies by
culpa, the imprudence consists in voluntarily, without malice, doing or failing to do an act from which material injury re-
sults.
thus, the act performed or the omission incurred by the offender is voluntary, but the intent or malice in intentional felonies
(Culpa or fault) is replaced by imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill in culpable felonies.
REQUISITES OF DOLO OR MALICE
1. He must have FREEDOM while doing an act or omitting to do an act;

2. He must have INTELLIGENCE while doing the act or omitting to do the act;
3. He must have INTENT while doing the act or omitting to do the act.

Freedom. When a person acts without freedom, he is no longer a human being but a tool; his liability is as much as that
of the knife that wounds, or of the torch that sets fire, or of the key that opens a door, or of the ladder that is placed
against the wall of a house in committing robbery.

Thus, a person who acts under the compulsion of an irresistible force is exempt from criminal liability 31

So also, a person who acts under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury is exempt from crimi-
nal liability 32

Intelligence. Without this power, necessary to determine the morality of human acts, no crime can exist. Thus, the imbe-
cile or the insane, and the infant under nine years of age as, well as the minor over nine but less than fifteen years old
and acting without discernment, have no criminal liability, because they act without intelligence33

Intent. Intent to commit the act with malice, being purely a mental process, is presumed and the presumption arises from
the proof of the commission of an unlawful act.

All the three requisites of voluntariness in intentional felony must be present, because "a voluntary act is a free, intelli-
gent, and intentional act." 34
31 (Art. 12, par. 5)
32 (Art. 12, par. 6)
33
(Art. 12, pars. 1, 2 and 3)
34
(U.S. vs. Ah Chong, 15 Phil. 488, 495)
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ACTUS NON FACIT REUM, NISI MENS SIT REA

a crime is not committed if the mind of the person performing to act complained be innocent. It is true that a pre-
sumption of criminal intent may arise from proof of the commission of a criminal act; and the general rule is that if it is
proved that the accused committed the criminal act charged, it will be presumed that the act was done with criminal intention
and that it is for the accused to rebut this presumption. But it must be borne in mind that the act from which such presumption
springs must be a criminal act. In the case at bar, the act was not criminal.
THERE IS NO FELONY BY DOLO IF THERE IS NO INTENT

DREAMING; a person who suddenly got up in his sleep, left the room with a bolo in his hand, and upon meeting his wife who
tried to stop him, wounded her in the abdomen and attacked others, is not criminally liable, because his acts were not volun-
tary, for having acted in a dream; he had no criminal intent35
MISTAKE OF FACT
ignorance or mistake of fact relieves the accused from criminal liability (ignorantia facti excusat)
Mistake of fact is a misunderstanding of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to another. He is not, however, crim-
inally liable, because he did not act with criminal intent.
An honest mistake of fact destroys the presumption of criminal intent which arises upon the commission of a felonious act36
REQUISITES OF MISTAKE OF FACT AS A DEFENSE

1. That the act done would have been lawful had the facts been as the accused believed them to be.
2. That the intention of the accused in performing the act should be lawful.
3. That the mistake must be without fault or carelessness on the part of the accused.
THE MISTAKE MUST BE WITHOUT FAULT OR CARELESSNESS ON THE

PART OF THE ACCUSED.
Ah Chong case and Oanis case distinguished.
Ah Chong case Oanis case
35
(People vs. Taneo, 58 Phil. 255)
36
(People vs. Coching, et al., C.A., 52 O.G. 293, citing People vs. Oanis, 74 Phil. 257)
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there is an innocent mistake of fact without any fault or the accused found no circumstances whatever which would
carelessness on the part of the accused, because, having press them to immediate action. The person in the room
no time or opportunity to make any further inquiry, and being being then asleep, the accused had ample time and
pressed by circumstances to act immediately, the accused opportunity to ascertain his identity without hazard to
had no alternative but to take the facts as they then themselves, and could even effect a bloodless arrest if any
appeared to him, and such facts justified his act of killing reasonable effort to that end had been made, as the victim
the deceased. was unarmed. This, indeed, is the only legitimate course
ofaction for the accused to follow even ifthe victim was really
Balagtas, as they were instructed not to kill Balagtas at
sight, but to arrest, and to get him dead or alive only if
resistance or aggression
is offered by him.
Hence, the accused in the Oanis case were at fault when

they shot the victim in violation of the instructions given to
them. They were also careless in not verifying first the
identity of the victim.
LACK OF INTENT TO KILL THE DECEASED, BECAUSE HIS INTENTION

WAS TO KILL ANOTHER, DOES NOT RELIEVE THE ACCUSED FROM
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY.
That the accused made a mistake in killing one man instead of another cannot relieve him from criminal responsibility, he
having acted maliciously and wilfully37
IN MISTAKE OF FACT, THE INTENTION OF THE ACCUSED IN PERFORM-

ING THE ACT SHOULD BE LAWFUL.
Thus, in error in personae or mistake in the identity of the victim, the principle of mistake of fact does not apply.
Example: A wanted to kill B by shooting him with a pistol. Thinking that the person walking in dark alley was B, A shot the
person. It turned out that the person killed was C, the brother of A. A had no intention to kill C. Since the act and intention of A
in firing his pistol are unlawful, A cannot properly invoke the principle of mistake of fact in his defense.
JURISPRUDENCE
PEOPLE vs. OANIS
37
(People vs. Gona, 54 Phil. 605)
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GR. NO.: G.R. No. L-47722 July 27, 1943
PONENTE: MORAN, J.:
TOPIC/S: Mistake of fact | ignorantia facti excusat
Chief of Police Oanis and his co-accused Corporal Galanta were under instructions
to arrest one Balagtas, a notorious criminal and escaped convict, and if
overpowered, to get him dead or alive. Proceeding to the suspected house, they
TRIGGER OF THE FACTS: went into a room and on seeing a man sleeping with his back towards the door,
simultaneously fired at him with their revolvers, without first making any reasonable
inquiry as to his identity. The victim turned out to be an innocent man, Tecson, and
not the wanted criminal.
TRIGGER OF THE ISSUE/S: Both accused are guilty of murder.
Even if it were true that the victim was the notorious criminal, the accused would not
be justified in killing him while the latter was sleeping.

In apprehending even the most notorious criminal, the law does not permit the captor
to kill him. It is only when the fugitive from justice is determined to fight the officers of
the law who are trying to capture him that killing him would be justified.
For all the foregoing, the judgment is modified and appellants are hereby declared
guilty of murder with the mitigating circumstance above mentioned, and accordingly
sentenced to an indeterminate penalty of from five (5) years of prision correctional to
VERDICT:
fifteen (15) years of reclusion temporal, with the accessories of the law, and to pay
the heirs of the deceased Serapio Tecson jointly and severally an indemnity of
P2,000, with costs.
An honest mistake of fact destroys the presumption of criminal intent which arises
END POINT:
upon the commission of a felonious act
CITED DOCTRINE/S: N/A
An honest mistake of fact destroys the presumption of criminal intent which arises
CASE DOCTRINE:
upon the commission of a felonious act
Accused were instructed to arrest a notorious criminal and escaped convict, and
instructed if they were empowered shoot and get him lifeless or not. thereafter,
CIRCUMTANCES: accused went to the house of notorious criminal then they saw the criminal sleeping
and they fired the man which cause of his death and found out that it was not the
notorious man and it was an innocent man.
In dealing with justifying circumstance No. 5 Judge Guevara states: "There are two
requisites in order that this circumstance may be taken into account:
IMPORTANT POINT/S: (a) That the offender acted in the performance of his duty or in the lawful exercise of
a right; and
(b) That the injury or offense committed be the necessary consequence of the per-
formance of a duty or the lawful exercise of a right or office."

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RTC:
COURT DECISIONS: CA:
SC: Guilty of murder (convicted)
FACTS
Captain Godofredo Monsod, Constabulary Provincial Inspector at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, received from Major Guido a
telegram of the following tenor: "Information received escaped convict Anselmo Balagtas with bailarina and Irene in Ca-
banatuan get him dead or alive." Captain Monsod accordingly called for his first sergeant and asked that he be given four
men.
The same instruction was given to the chief of police Oanis who was likewise called by the Provincial Inspector.
Defendants Oanis and Galanta then went to the room of Irene, and an seeing a man sleeping with his back towards the
door where they were, simultaneously or successively fired at him with their .32 and .45 caliber revolvers. Awakened by
the gunshots, Irene saw her paramour already wounded, and looking at the door where the shots came, she saw the de-
fendants still firing at him. Shocked by the entire scene.
Irene fainted; it turned out later that the person shot and killed was not the notorious criminal Anselmo Balagtas but a
peaceful and innocent citizen named Serapio Tecson, Irene's paramour.
According to Appellant Galanta, when he and chief of police Oanis arrived at the house, the latter asked Brigida where
Irene's room was. Brigida indicated the place, and upon further inquiry as to the whereabouts of Anselmo Balagtas, she
said that he too was sleeping in the same room.
ISSUE
1. WON Oanis and Galanta incur no liability due to innocent mistake of fact in the honest per-
formance of their official duties.
2. WON Oanis and Galanta incur no criminal liability in the performance of their duty.
HELD
1. No. Innocent mistake of fact does not apply to the case at bar. Ignorance facti excusat
applies only when the mistake is committed without fault or carelessness. The fact that the
supposedly suspect was sleeping, Oanis and Galanta could have checked whether it is the
real Balagtas.
2. No. Oanis and Galanta are criminally liable. A person incurs no criminal liability when he
acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office. There are 2 req-
uisites to justify this: (1) the offender acted in the performance of a duty or in the lawful ex-
ercise of a right or office, (2) that the injury or offense committed be the necessary conse-
quence of the due performance of such duty or the lawful exercise of such right or office. In
this case, only the first requisite is present.

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SYLLABI
Id.; Id.; Case at Bar Distinguished from United States vs. Ah Chong (15 Phil., 488).In support of the theory of non
liability by reason of honest mistake of fact, appellants rely on the case of United States vs. Ah Chong (15 Phil., 488). The
maxim is ignorantia facti excusat, but this applies only when the mistake is committed without fault or carelessness. In the Ah
Chong case, defendant therein after having gone to bed was awakened by someone trying to open the door. He called out
twice, "who is there," but received no answer.
Fearing that the intruder was a robber, he leaped from his bed and called out again, "if you enter the room I will kill you." But
at that precise moment, he was struck by a chair which had been placed against the door and believing that he was then
being attacked, he seized a kitchen knife and struck and fatally wounded the intruder who turned out to be his room-mate.
A common illustration of innocent mistake of fact is the case of a man who was masked as a footpad at night and in a lonely
road held up a friend in a spirit of mischief, and with leveled pistol demanded his money or life. He was killed by his friend
under the mistaken belief that the attack was real, that the pistol level at his head was loaded and that his life and property
were in imminent danger at the hands of the aggressor.
In these instances, there is an innocent mistake of fact committed without any fault or carelessness because the accused,
having no time or opportunity to make a further injury, and being pressed by circumstances to act immediately, had no alter-
native but to take the fact as they then appeared to him; and such facts justified his act of killing. In the case, appeliants, un-
like the accused in the instances cited, found no circumstances whatsoever which would press them to immediate action.
The person in the room being then asleep, appeliants had ample time and opportunity to ascertain his identity without hazard
to themselves, and could even effect a bloodless arrest if any reasonable effort to that end had been made, as the victim was
unarmed, according to one eyewitness.
This, indeed, is the only legitimate course of action for appellants to follow even if the victim was really Balagtas, as they
were instructed not to kill Balagtas, at sight, but to arrest him, and to get him dead or alive only if resistance or aggression is
oddered him.
Id.; Id.; Killing at Bar is Intentional and not Merely Accidental.The crime committed by appellants is not merely
criminal negligence, the killing being intentional and not accidental. In criminal negligence, the injury caused to another
should be unintentional, it being simply the incident of another act performed without malice. (People vs. Sara,
55 Phil., 939.)
In the words of Viada. "para que se califique un hecho de imprudencia es preciso que no haya mediado en l malicia ni in-
tencin alguna de daar; existiendo esa intencin, deber calificarse el hecho del delito que ha producido, por ms que no
haya sido la intencin del agente el causar un mal de tanta gravedad como el que se produjo. (Tomo 7, Viada Cdigo Penal
Comentado, 5." ed.. pg. 7.)
And, as once held by this court, a deliberate intent to do an unlawful act is essentially inconsistent with, the idea of reckless
imprudence (People vs. Nanquil, 43 Phil. 232: People vs. Bindor. 56 Phil.. 16), and where such unlawful act is wilfully done, a
mistake in the identity of the intended victim cannot be considered as reckless imprudence (People vs. Gona, 54 Phil., 605)
to support a plea of mitigated liability.

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PERSONAL ANNOTATION
ignorantia facti excusat, but this applies only when the mistake is committed without fault or carelessness
appellants found no circumstances whatsoever which would press them to immediate action. The person in the room being
then asleep, appellants had ample time and opportunity to ascertain his identity without hazard to themselves, and could
even effect a bloodless arrest if any reasonable effort to that end had been made, as the victim was unarmed.
"No unnecessary or unreasonable force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person arrested shall not be subject to
any greater restraint than is necessary for his detention.
a peace officer cannot claim exemption from criminal liability if he uses unnecessary force or violence in making an arrest
The crime committed by appellants is not merely criminal negligence, the killing being intentional and not accidental. In
criminal negligence, the injury caused to another should be unintentional, it being simply the incident of another act per-
formed without malice.
2 requisites in order that the circumstance may be taken as a justifying one:
offender acted in the performance of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right-present injury or offense committed be
the necessary consequence of the due performance of such duty or the lawful exercise of such right or office.-not
present
According to article 69 of the Revised Penal Code, the penalty lower by 1 or 2 degrees than that prescribed by law shall, in
such case, be imposed.
People vs Ah Chong
GR. NO.: G.R. No. L-5272 March 19, 1910
PONENTE: CARSON, J.
mistake of fact | definition of felony | In mistake of fact, the act done would have been
TOPIC/S:
lawful, had the facts been as the accused believed them to be.
Ah Chong was a cook in Ft. McKinley. He was afraid of bad elements. One evening,
before going to bed, he locked himself in his room by placing a chair against the
door. After having gone to bed, he was awakened by someone trying to open the
door. He called out twice, "Who is there," but received no answer. Fearing that the
TRIGGER OF THE FACTS: intruder was a robber, he leaped from his bed and called out again, "If you enter the
room I will kill you." But at that precise moment, he was struck by the chair that had
been placed against the door, and believing that he was being attacked he seized a
kitchen knife and struck and fatally wounded the intruder who turned out to be his
roommate.
TRIGGER OF THE ISSUE/S: Whether or not the defendant can be held criminally responsible

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No. The rule is that one is not criminally liable if he acted without malice (criminal
intent), negligence, and imprudence. In the present case, the accused acted in good
faith, without malice or criminal intent, in the belief that he was doing no more than
exercising his legitimate right of self-defense. Had the facts been as he believed
TRIGGER OF THE RULING: them to be, he would have been wholly exempt from criminal liability on account of
his act. Moreover, the accused cannot be said to have been negligent or reckless as
the facts as he saw them threatens his person and his property. Under such
circumstances, there is no criminal liability, as the ignorance or mistake of fact was
not due to negligence or bad faith.
The judgment of conviction and the sentence imposed by the trial court should be
VERDICT: reversed, and the defendant acquitted of the crime with which he is charged and his
bail bond exonerated, with the costs of both instance de oficio.
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
CASE DOCTRINE:
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
RTC: Convicted
COURT DECISIONS: CA: Convicted
SC: RTC's decision is reversed. The defendant is acquitted.
FACTS
The defendant Ah Chong was a cook at "Officers' quarters, No. 27," Fort McKinley, Rizal Province
Pascual Gualberto, deceased, works at the same place as a house boy or muchacho
"Officers' quarters, No. 27" was a detached house some 40 meters from the nearest building
No one slept in the house except the two servants who jointly occupied a small room toward the rear of the building, the
door of which opened upon a narrow porch running along the side of the building
This porch was covered by a heavy growth of vines for its entire length and height
The door of the room was not furnished with a permanent bolt or lock; the occupants, as a measure of security, had at-
tached a small hook or catch on the inside of the door, and were in the habit of reinforcing this somewhat insecure means
of fastening the door by placing against it a chair
On the night of August 14, 1908, at about 10:00 pm, the defendant was suddenly awakened by some trying to force open
the door of the room
He called out twice, "Who is there?
He heard no answer and was convinced by the noise at the door that it was being pushed open by someone bent upon
forcing his way into the room
The defendant warned the intruder "If you enter the room, I will kill you.
Seizing a common kitchen knife which he kept under his pillow, the defendant struck out wildly at the intruder (when he
entered the room) who turned out to be his roommate Pascual
Pascual ran out upon the porch heavily wounded

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Recognizing Pascual, the defendant called to his employers who slept in the next house and ran back to his room to se-
cure bandages to bind up Pascual's wound
Pascual died from the effects of the wound the following day
The roommates appear to have been in friendly and amicable terms prior to the incident, and had an understanding that
when either returned at night, he should knock that the door and acquaint his companion with his identity
The defendant alleges that he kept the knife under his pillow as personal protection because of repeated robberies in Fort
McKinley
Defendant admitted to stabbing his roommate, but said that he did it under the impression that Pascual was "a ladron
(thief)" because he forced open the door of their sleeping room, despite the defendant's warnings
Defendant was found guilty by the trial court of simple homicide, with extenuating (mitigating) circumstances, and sen-
tenced to 6 years and 1 day presidio mayor, the minimum penalty prescribed by law
ISSUE
Whether or not the defendant can be held criminally responsible
HELD
By reason of a mistake as to the facts, the defendant did an act for which he would be exempt from criminal liability if the
facts were as he supposed them to be (i.e. if Pascual was actually a thief, he will not be criminally liable/responsible be-
cause it would be self-defense), but would constitute the crime of homicide or assassination if the actor had known the true
state of the facts (i.e. if he knew that it was actually Pascual, he would be guilty of homicide/assassination)
The defendant's ignorance or mistake of fact was not due to negligence or bad faith
"The act itself foes not make man guilty unless his intention were so
The essence of the offense is the wrongful intent, without which it cannot exist
"The guilt of the accused must depend on the circumstances as they appear to him.
If one has reasonable cause to believe the existence of facts which will justify a killing, if without fault or carelessness he
does believe them, he is legally guiltless of the homicide
The defendant was doing no more than exercise his legitimate right of self-defense
He cannot be said to have been guilty of negligence or recklessness or even carelessness in falling into his mistake as to
the facts
RTC's decision is reversed. The defendant is acquitted.
SYLLABI
JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE; SELF-DEFENSE; MlSTAKE OF FACTS.Defendant was a cook and the deceased was a
house boy, and both were employed in the same place and usually slept in the same room. One night, after the defendant
had gone to bed, he was awakened by some one trying to open the door, and called out twice, "Who is there?" He received
no answer, and fearing that the intruder was a robber, leaped from the bed and again called out: "If you enter the room I will
kill you." At that moment he was struck by a chair which had been placed against the door.
Believing that he was being attacked, he seized a kitchen knife and struck and fatally wounded the intruder, who turned out to
be his roommate. Thereupon he called to his employers and rushed back into the room to secure bandages to bind up the
wound. Defendant was charged with murder. While there can be no doubt of defendant's exemption from liability if the intrud-
er had really been a robber, the question presented is whether, in this jurisdiction, a person can be held criminally responsible

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when, by reason of a mistake of f acts, he does an act for which he would be exempt if the facts were as he supposed them
to be, but would constitute murder if he had known the true state of facts at the time.
Held, That, under such circumstances, there is no criminal liability, provided that the ignorance or mistake of fact was not due
to negligence or bad faith. In other words, if such ignorance or mistake of facts is sufficient to negative a particular intent
which, under the law, is a necessary ingredient of the offense charged it destroys the presumption of intent and works an
acquittal; except in those cases where the circumstances demand a conviction under the penal provisions governing negli-
gence, and in cases where, under the provisions of article 1 of the Penal Code, a person voluntarily committing an act incurs
criminal liability even though the act be different from that which he intended to commit.
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
SEPARATE OPINION
TORRES, J., dissenting:
The writer, with due respect to the opinion of the majority of the court, believes that, according to the merits of the case, the
crime of homicide by reckless negligence, defined and punishes in article 568 of the Penal Code, was committed, inasmuch
as the victim was wilfully (voluntariomente) killed, and while the act was done without malice or criminal intent it was, howev-
er, executed with real negligence, for the acts committed by the deceased could not warrant the aggression by the defendant
under the erroneous belief on the part of the accused that the person who assaulted him was a malefactor; the defendant
therefore incurred responsibility in attacking with a knife the person who was accustomed to enter said room, without any
justifiable motive.
By reason of the nature of the crime committed, in the opinion of the undersigned the accused should be sentenced to the
penalty of one year and one month of prision correctional, to suffer the accessory penalties provided in article 61, and to pay
an indemnify of P1,000 to the heirs of the deceased, with the costs of both instances, thereby reversing the judgment ap-
pealed from.
BAR QUESTION
!
BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 4
Art. 4. Criminal liability. Criminal liability shall be incurred:
1. By any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful act done be different from that
which he intended.
2. By any person performing an act which would be an offense against persons or property, were
it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment, or an account of the employment of in-
adequate or ineffectual means.
COMMITTING A FELONY
Criminal liability shall be incurred by any person committing a felony not merely performing an act. It must be felonious
which an act of omission punishable by the revised penal code. If such act is not punishable by RPC, then it is not a felony.
But the offender must committed the felony by means of DOLO which with malice, because Art. 4 par. 1 speaks for the
wrongful act done be different from that which he intended
Kailangan kpag iaapply ang paragraph 1 of Art. 4 dapat i-determine mo kung yung felonies ba ay act (ginawa) or Omission (dapat ginawa,
pero hindi ginawa) from there kailangan mong idetermine kung yung felony na na-commit ay provided ng revised penal code kapag walang
batas na nagpupunish nung felony, hindi sya considered as felony. so meaning walang crime.
Sa paragraph na ito kailangan yung felony na DOLO kasi kailangan INTENTIONAL ginusto nyang gawin yung act o may deliberate intent.
pasok dapat yung 3 elements freedom, intelligence and intent. kapag may kulang sa tatlo na yan papasok na yung Art. 12. para masabing
may dolo dahil sabi ng paragraph 1 kailangan willful nyang ginawa pero ang problema iba yung resulta nung ginawa nya napunish sya sa
act na ginawa nya kahit iba yung plano na dapat na maging resulta.
PROXIMATE CAUSE
That cause, which, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the injury
without which the result would not have occurred.
The proximate legal cause is that acting first and producing the injury, either immediately or by setting other events in motion,
all constituting a natural and continuous chain of events, each having a close causal connection with its immediate predeces-
sor, the final event in the chain immediately effecting the injury as a natural and probable result of the cause which first acted,
under such circumstances that the person responsible for the first event should, as an ordinary prudent and intelligent per-
son, have reasonable ground to expect at the moment of his act or default that an injury to some person might probably re-
sult therefrom38
Although the wrongful act done be different from that which

he intended
Different possible results
38
[Vda. De Bataclan v. Medina (1957)]
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The offender is CRIMINALLY LIABLE for ALL the natural and logical consequences of his felonious act,
although not intended, if the felonious act is the proximate cause of the resulting harm.
General rule:
Thus, the person is still criminally liable although the wrongful act done be different from that which he
intended in the following cases:
English
Definition Application
Translation
mistake in the identity of the victim; injuring Ang plano ni Princess ay patayin si
one person mistaken for another (Art. 49 Mike, pero ang napatay ni cess ay si
penalty for lesser crime in its maximum peri- Jay.
od)
mistake in the Wrong person/indentity, ang dapat na
Error in
identity of the papatayin ay si mike pero ang napatay
personae (a) At least two subjects
victim si Jay.
(b) A has intent to kill B, but kills C
(c) Under Art. 3, if A hits C, he should have

no criminal liability. But because of Art. 4, his
act is a felony.
mistake in the blow; when offender intending A, with intent to kill, hacked B. B was not
to do an injury to one person actually inflicts hit but C who is also behind B was hit. C
it on another died. A is liable for his attempt to kill B. A
is also liable for the death of C. The
Aberratio Mistake in the (Art. 48 on complex crimes penalty for death of C is the natural consequence of
ictus blow graver offense in its maximum period) the felonious act of A
(a) There is only one subject.

(b) The intended subject is a different sub-
ject, but the felony is still the same.
injurious result is greater than that intended Sinampal ko si jean, ang nasa isip ko
mamumula lang yung muka ni jean,
The injurious (Art. 13 mitigating circumstance) pero ang resulta nung sampal ko kay
Praeter result is greater jean bumuka yung muka ni jean.
intentionem than that
If As act constitutes sufficient means to carry
intended Magkaiba yung expected result sa tunay
out the graver felony, he cannot claim
at aktual na nangyari; mas malala yung
praeter intentionem.
aktwal na resulta.
DISTINCTION OF ABERRATIO ICTUS VS. ERROR IN PERSONAE

Aberration ictus Error in Personae
The victim, as well as the actual victim, is both in the The supposed victim may or may not be in the scene
scene of the crime of the crime

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The offender delivers the blow to his intended victim the offender delivers the blow not to his intended
but because of poor aim landed on someone else victim
Generally give rise to complex crime unless the

resulting consequence is not a grave or less grave There is no complex crime
felony
REQUISITES OF ART. 4 PAR. 1

(1) An intentional felony has been committed.
(a) The felony committed should be one committed by means of dolo (with malice) because Art. 4, Par. 1 speaks of
wrongful act done different from that which he intended.
(b) The act should not be punished by a special law because the offender violating a special law may not have the intent
to do an injury to another.
(c) No felony is committed when:
1. the act or omission is not punishable by the RPC,
2. the act is covered by any of the justifying circumstances enumerated in Art. 11.
(2) The wrong done to the aggrieved party be the direct, natural and logical consequence of the felony committed by the
offender.
Natural - refers to an occurrence in the ordinary course of human life or events

Logical - means that there is a rational connection between the act of the accused and the resulting injury or damage
Cause - being the felonious act of the offended
Effect - being the resultant injuries and/or death of the victim
FELONY COMMITTED IS NOT THE PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE RE-

SULTING INJURY WHEN
(1) there is an active force that intervened between the felony committed and the resulting injury, and the active force is a
distinct act or fact absolutely foreign from the felonious act of the accused.
(2) the resulting injury is due to the intentional act of the victim
WHEN DEATH IS PRESUMED TO BE THE NATURAL CONSEQUENCE OF

PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED
(1) The victim, at the time the physical injuries were inflicted was in normal health
(2) The death may be expected from the physical injuries inflicted;
(3) The death ensued within a reasonable time
Note: There is no need for the offended party to submit to a surgical operation or medical to relieve the accused
from liability
PROXIMATE CAUSE V. IMMEDIATE CAUSE V. REMOTE CAUSE

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PROXIMATE CAUSE IMMEDICATE CAUSE REMOTE CAUSE
That cause, which, in a natural and The last event in a chain of events, A cause that does not necessarily or
continuous sequence, unbroken by any though not necessarily the proximate immediately produce an event or injury.
efficient intervening cause, produces cause of what follows.
the injury without which the result
Note: Criminal liability exists from the
would not have occurred.
concurrence of the mens rea and the
actus reus.
Criminal liability for some felonies aris-
es only upon a specific resulting harm:

(1) Homicide and its qualified forms
requires DEATH
of the victim to be consummated.
(2) Estafa: requires that the victim incur
damage for
criminal liability for the consummated
felony to arise.
THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT EFFICIENT INTERVENING CAUSE

1. The weak or diseased physical condition of the victim, as when one is suffering from tuberculosis or heart disease39
2. The nervousness or temperament of the victim, as when a person dies in consequence of an internal hemorrhage
brought on by moving about against the doctors orders, because of his nervous condition due to the wound inflicted on
the accused 40
3. Causes which are inherent in the victim, such (a) the victim not knowing to swim and (b) the victim being addicted to tuba
drinking 41
4. Neglect of the victim or third person, such as the refusal by the injured party of medical attendance or surgical operation,
or the failure of the doctor to give anti-tetanus injection to the injured person 42
5. Erroneous or unskillful medical or surgical treatment, as when the assault took place in anu outlaying barrio where proper
modern surgical service was not available 43
EFFICIENT INTERVENING CAUSE

it is the cause which interrupted the natural flow of the event leading to ones death. this may be relieve the offender from
criminal liability
INSTANCES WHEN THERE IS PROXIMATE CAUSE AND WHEN THERE IS

39
[People v. Illustre]
40 [People v. Almonte]
41 [People v. Buhay and People v. Valdez]
42
[U.S. v. Marasigan]
43
[People v. Moldes]
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NONE
instance Criminally liable
when there is an intervening disease
if the disease is closely related to the wound yes
if the disease is unrelated to the wound no
Yes. Mortal wound is a contributing fator to victims death.
Note: A mortal wound is a contributing factor when:

if disease is combined force with wound 1. The wound is sufficient to cause the victims death along
with the disease
2. the mortal wound was caused by actions committed by
the accused
when the death was caused by an infection of the wound due to the unskilled medical treatment from the doctors
yes. unskilled treatment and infection are not efficient

if the wound is mortal
intervening caused
no. unskilled treatment and infection are efficient intervening
if the wound is slight
causes
PAR. 2 OF ART. 4: IMPOSSIBLE CRIME
PURPOSE OF PUNISHING IMPOSSIBLE CRIMES

is to suppress criminal propensity or criminal tendencies. Objectively, the offender has not committed a felony, but subjective-
ly, he is a criminal.
REQUISITES (1-4)
(1) That the act performed would be an offense against persons or property.
(2) That the act was done with evil intent.
(3) That its accomplishment is inherently impossible, or that the means employed is either inadequate or ineffectual.
(1) inadequate - insufficient (e.g. small quantity of poison)
(2) ineffectual means - the means employed did not produce the result expected (e.g. pressed the trigger of the
gun not knowing that it is empty)
Inherent impossibility of its accomplishment:

Legal impossibility The intended acts, even if completed, would not amount to a crime. (killing a person already dead)
nagawa nya yung crime pero di nagamount sa crime dahil patay na yung dapat gagawan nya ng crime. pero ang pinupunish
natin yung crime na ginagawa kahit hindi naging successful yung comission of the crime.
Legal impossibility would apply to those circumstances where:

(i) the motive, desire and expectation is to perform an act in violation of the law;

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(ii) there is intention to perform the physical act;
(iii) there is a performance of the intended physical act; and
(iv) the consequence resulting from the intended act does not amount to a crime. 44
Physical or factual impossibility Extraneous45 circumstances unknown to the actor or beyond his control prevent the
consummation of the intended crime. (e.g. when a man with the intention to steal anothers wallet and finds the pocket emp-
ty; when a person steals a check which was later dishonored) Hindi na nya hawak yung sitwasyon para hindi nya masatisfy
yung crime na gagawin nya. gusto nyang magnakaw dahil sa check na nakuha nya nung inen-cash nya yung account ay
close nya. hindi na nya matuloy yung pagnanakaw nya.
(4) That the act performed should not constitute a violation of another provision of the RPC
Were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplish-

ment or on account of the employment of inadequate or inef-
fectual means
1. the commission of the offense (against persons or property) is inherently impossible of accomplishment
2. the means employed is either:
(1) inadequate - insufficient (e.g. small quantity of poison)
(2) ineffectual means - the means employed did not produce the result expected (e.g. pressed the trigger of the gun
not knowing that it is empty
INHERENT IMPOSSIBILITY OF OF ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT

Examples of impossible crimes which are punishable under the Revised Penal Code are:
(1) When one tries to kill another by putting in his soup a substance which he believes to be arsenic when in fact it is com-
mon salt; and
(2) when one tries to murder a corpse 46
WOULD BE AN OFFENSE AGAINST PERSONS.

Example: A fired at B, who" was lying on bed, not knowing that B was dead hours before.
Rationale: In crime against persons, as would have been in this case, it is necessary that the victim could be injured or killed.
A dead person cannot be injured or killed. Had B been alive when he was shot, and as a consequence he died, the crime
committed by A would have been murder, a crime against persons. There is physical and legal impossibility in this example.
Felonies against persons are:

A. Parricide (Art. 246)
44 [Intod v. CA]
45
irrelevant
46
(People vs. Balmores, 85 Phil. 493, 496)
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B. Murder (Art. 248)
C. Homicide (Art. 249)
D. Infanticide (Art. 255)
E. Abortion (Arts. 256, 257, 258 and 259)
F. Duel (Arts. 260 and 261)
G. Physical injuries (Arts. 262, 263, 264, 265 and 266)
H. Rape (Art. 266-A)
Would be an offense against property.

Example: A, with intent to gain, took a watch from the pocket of B. When A had the watch in his possession, he found out that
it was the watch which he had lost a week before. In other words, the watch belonged to A. Is this an impossible crime?
RATIONALE: It is believed that it may be an impossible crime. The act performed would have been theft had the watch been
the property of B. But there is a legal impossibility of accomplishing it, because in theft, the personal property taken must
belong to another.
Example: An employee who, having known the safe combination, opens the safe in the office for the purpose of stealing
money, but who finds the safe empty, is guilty of an impossible crime.
RATIONALE: The act performed would have been a crime of theft were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplish-
ment. If there is no personal property that could be taken, it is inherently impossible to commit theft.
against property are:

1. Robbery (Arts. 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302 and 303)
2. Brigandage (Arts. 306 and 307)
3. Theft (Arts. 308, 310 and 311)
4. Usurpation (Arts. 312 and 313)
5. Culpable insolvency (Art. 314)
6. Swindling and other deceits (Arts. 315, 316, 317 and 318)
7. Chattel mortgage (Art. 319)
8. Arson and other crimes involving destruction (Arts. 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325 and 326)
9. Malicious mischief (Arts. 327, 328, 329, 330 and 331)
employment of inadequate means

Example: A, determined to poison B, uses a small quantity of arsenic by mixing it with the food given to B, believing that the
quantity employed by him is sufficient. But since in fact it is not sufficient, B is not killed. The means employed (small quantity
of poison) is inadequate to kill a person.
Where the means employed is adequate. But where the means employed is adequate and the result expected is not pro-
duced, it is not an impossible crime, but a frustrated felony.
Thus, if the quantity of poison used is sufficient to kill an ordinary person, but the intended victim has developed strong resis-
tance to poison because he has been working in a mine, the crime committed is frustrated murder.

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Employment of "ineffectual means.

EXAMPLE: A tried to kill B by putting in his soup a substance which he thought was arsenic when in fact it was sugar. B could
not have been killed, because the means employed was ineffectual.
RATIONALE: But A showed criminal tendency and, hence, he should be punished for it in accordance with Art. 4, par. 2, in
relation to Art. 59.
Example: A, with intent to kill B, aimed his revolver at the back of the latter, A, not knowing that it was empty. When he
pressed the trigger it did not fire. The means used by A is ineffectual.
IN IMPOSSIBLE CRIME THE ACT PERFORMED SHOULD NOT CONSTI-

TUTE A VIOLATION OF ANOTHER PROVISION OF THE CODE.
EXAMPLE: A, who knew that B owned and always carried a watch, decided to rob B of said watch. When A met B for that
purpose, B did not have the watch because he forgot to carry it with him. Thinking that B had the watch with him, A pointed
his gun at him and asked for the watch. Finding that B did not have the watch, A allowed B to go without further molestation.
Is this an impossible crime?
It is believed that A committed attempted robbery, not impossible crime. There was intent to gain on the part of A when he
decided to take the watch of B at the point of gun.
The crime of robbery with intimidation of person is not produced, not because of the inherent impossibility of its accomplish-
ment, but because of a cause or accident (that B forgot to carry the watch with him) other than A's own spontaneous desis-
tance.
(Art. 6, par. 3) Note also that A's pointing his gun at B already constituted at least the crime of grave threats under Art. 282,
subdivision 2, of the Revised Penal Code. This is another reason why it is not an impossible crime.
JURISPRUDENCE
Intod vs. CA
GR. NO.: 215 SCRA 52
PONENTE:
TOPIC/S:

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VERDICT:
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
CASE DOCTRINE:
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
COURT DECISIONS:
FACTS
Sulpicio Intod and 3 other men went to Salvador Mandayas house to ask him to go with them to the house of Bernardina
Palangpangan. The group had a meeting with Aniceto Dumalagan who told Mandaya that he wanted Palangpangan to be
killed because of a land dispute between them and that Mandaya should accompany the 4 men otherwise he would also be
killed. At 10:00 p.m. of that same day, Intod and companions, all armed with firearms arrived at Palangpangans house.
Thereafter, petitioner fired at the said room. It turned out the Palangpangan was in another city and her home was then oc-
cupied by her son-in-law and his family. No one was in the room when the accused fired. No one was hit by the gunfire. The
RTC convicted Intod of attempted murder.
Petitioner Intod seeks a modification of the judgment on the ground that he is only liable for an impossible crime {Art. 4(2)}.
Petitioner contends that, Palangpangan's absence from her room on the night he and his companions riddled it with bullets
made the crime inherently impossible. On the other hand, Respondent People of the Philippines argues that the crime was
not impossible instead the facts were sufficient to constitute an attempt and to convict Intod for attempted murder. Respon-
dent likewise alleged that there was intent. Further, In its Comment to the Petition, respondent pointed out that xxx. The
crime of murder was not consummated, not because of the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment (Art 4 (2), RPC), but
due to a cause of accident other that petitioners and his co-accuseds own spontaneous desistance (Art. 3) Palangpangan
did not sleep at her house at that time. Had it not been for this fact, the crime is possible, m not impossible.
ISSUE
Is petitioner is liable only for an impossible crime?
HELD
Under Article 4(2) of the RPC, the act performed by the offender cannot produce an offense against person or property be-
cause:
1) the commission of the offense is inherently impossible of accomplishment; or

2) the means employed is either
1) inadequate or
2) ineffectual.

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To be impossible under this clause, the act intended by the offender must be by its nature one impossible of accomplishment.
There must be either
1) legal impossibility, or
2) physical impossibility of accomplishing the intended act in order to qualify the act as an impossible crime.
Legal impossibility occurs where the intended act, even if complete would not amount to a crime. Thus: legal impossibility
would apply to those circumstances where
1) the motive, desire and expectation is to perform an act in violation of the law;
2) there is intention to perform the physical act;
3) there is a performance of the intended physical act; and
4) the consequence resulting from the intended act does not amount to a crime. The impossibility of killing a person already
dead falls in this category.
On the other had, factual impossibility occurs when extraneous circumstances unknown to the actor or beyond his control
prevent the consummation of the intended crime. One example is the man who puts his hand in the cot pocket of another
with the intention to steal the latters wallet and finds the pocket empty.
The case at bar belongs to this category. Petitioner shoots the place where he thought his victim would be, although in reality,
the victim was not present in said place and thus, the petitioner failed to accomplish his end.
The factual situation in the case at bar presents a physical impossibility which render the intended crime impossible of ac-
complishment. And under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Revised Penal Code, such is sufficient to make the act an impossible
crime.
SYLLABI
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
SEPARATE OPINION

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OBITER DICTUM
GEMMA T. JACINTO vs PEOPLE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
GR. NO.: GR No. 162540, July 13, 2009
PONENTE: Justice Diosdado M. Peralta
TOPIC/S:

Petition granted. Decision is MODIFIED. Petitioner Gemma T. Jacinto is found
VERDICT: GUILTY of an IMPOSSIBLE CRIME and is sentenced to suffer the penalty of six (6)
months of arrresto mayor, and to pay the costs.
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
Doctrine: The requisites of an impossible crime are: (1) that the act performed would
be an offense against persons or property; (2) that the act was done with evil intent;
CASE DOCTRINE:
and (3) that its accomplishment was inherently impossible, or the means employed
was either inadequate or ineffectual
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
COURT DECISIONS:
FACTS
Petitioner Jacinto was an employee of Megafoam International, received a check amounting to Pho 10, 000 as payment of
Baby Aquino to her purchase to Megafoam. However, instead of delivering it to Megafoam, she deposited it to her account.
The check was later discovered to be unfunded. Both RTC and CA ruled that the petitioner was guilty of qualified theft. Peti-
tioner filed a petition for review of certiorari to SC.
ISSUE
WON petitioner is correctly convicted for the crime of Qualified Theft.

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HELD
NO. Petitioner is guilty of committing an impossible crime of theft only. ,
The requisites of an impossible crime are: (1) that the act performed would be an offense against persons or property; (2)
that the act was done with evil intent; and (3) that its accomplishment was inherently impossible, or the means employed was
either inadequate or ineffectual.
Petitioners evil intent cannot be denied, as the mere act of unlawfully taking the check meant for Mega Foam showed her
intent to gain or be unjustly enriched. Were it not for the fact that the check bounced, she would have received the face value
thereof, which was not rightfully hers. Therefore, it was only due to the extraneous circumstance of the check being unfund-
ed, a fact unknown to petitioner at the time, that prevented the crime from being produced. The thing unlawfully taken by peti-
tioner turned out to be absolutely worthless, because the check was eventually dishonored, and Mega Foam had received
the cash to replace the value of said dishonored check.
SYLLABI
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
SEPARATE OPINION
OBITER DICTUM
BAR QUESTION

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BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 5
Art.5. Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed but which are not cov-
ered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties. Whenever a court has knowledge of any
act which it may deem proper to repress and which is not punishable by law, it shall render the
proper decision and shall report to the Chief Executive, through the Department of Justice, the
reasons which induce the court to believe that said act should be made the subject of penal legis-
lation.
In the same way the court shall submit to the Chief Executive, through the Department ofJustice,
such statement as may be deemed proper, without suspending the execution of the sentence,
when a strict enforcement of the provisions of this Code would result in the imposition of a clearly
excessive penalty, taking into consideration the degree of malice and the injury caused by the of-
fense.
TRIAL OF CRIMINAL CASE BASED ON PAR. 1

The 1st paragraph of this article which contemplates a trial of a criminal case requires the following:
1. The act committed by the accused appears not punishable by any law;
2. But the court deems it proper to repress such act;
3. In that case, the court must render the proper decision by dismissing the case and acquitting the accused;
4. The judge must then make a report to the Chief Executive, through the Secretary of Justice, stating the reasons which
induce him to believe that the said act should be made the subject of penal legislation.
NOTE: BASIS OF THIS PARAGRAPH: NULLUM CRIMEN NULLA POENA SINE LEGE there is no crime when there is no
law punish the act.
IN CASE OF EXCESSIVE PENALTY

The 2nd paragraph of Art. 5 requires that
1. The court after trial finds the accused guilty;

2. The penalty provided by law and which the court imposes for the crime committed appears to be clearly excessive, be-
cause (A) the accused acted with lesser degree of malice, and/ or; (B) there is no injury or the injury caused is of less-
er gravity.
3. The court should not suspend the execution of the sentence.
4. The judge should submit a statement to the Chief Executive, through the Secretary of Justice, recommending executive
clemency.

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Supreme Court applied Article 5 of the

In a case where the accused maltreat-
Revised Penal Code, "considering that
ed his wife in his inebriated state, be-
the accused had no intent to kill his
cause she prevented him from whip-
wife and that her death might have
ping their negligent son, and the mal-
Examples of the accused acting with treatment inflicted by the accused was been hastened by lack of appropriate
lesser degree of malice medical attendance or her weak consti-
the proximate cause of her death,
tution."The penalty of reclusion perpet-
ua the crime committed, appears to be
(People vs. Monleon, No. L-36282, excessive.
Dec. 10, 1976, 74 SCRA 263, 269)
The Court of Appeals held: In the light

Father and son were convicted of quali-
of the circumstances surrounding the
fied theft for stealing ten tender co-
case, we are of the belief that the
conut fruits from two coconut trees in a
degree of malice behind the appellants'
coconut plantation, for the family's con-
felonious act does not warrant the
sumption. The court sentenced each
imposition of so stiff a penalty as we
ofthem to an indeterminate penalty of
are now constrained to mete out under
from four (4) months and one (1) day of
Examples on how pardon applied the law. We recommend, therefore, that
arresto mayor to three (3) years, six (6)
they be pardoned after they shall have
months and twenty-one (21) days of
served four (4) months of the penalty
prision correccional, according to Art.
so imposed. Let a copy ofthis decision
310 of the Revised Penal Code.
be forwarded to His Excellency, the
President of the Philippines, through
(People vs. Espino, et al., CA-G.R. No. the Honorable, the Secretary of
14029-R, Feb. 20, 1956) Justice.
THE PENALTIES ARE NOT EXCESSIVE WHEN INTENDED TO ENFORCE

A PUBLIC POLICY.
The rampant lawlessness against property, person, and even the very security of the Government, directly trace- able in
large measure to promiscuous carrying and use of powerful weapons, justify imprisonment which in normal circumstances
might appear excessive. (People vs. Estoista, 93 Phil. 647, 654)
With regard to the fine of P5,000.00 imposed by the court for selling a can ofpowdered Klim milk for P2.20 when the selling
price for it was PI.80, it should be considered that Congress thought it necessary to repress profiteering with a heavy fine
so that dealers would not take advantage of the critical condition to make unusual profits. (People vs. Tiu Ua, 96 Phil. 738,
741)
When strict enforcement of the provision of this code

Art. 5 of the Revised Penal Code may not be invoked in cases involving acts mala prohibita, because said article applies only
to acts mala in se, or crimes committed with malice or criminal intent. (People vs. Quebral, C.A., 58 O.G. 7399) The ruling is
based on the phrase, "taking into consideration the degree of malice.

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Before the case of People vs. Salazar, supra, was decided by the Supreme Court, it applied the second paragraph of Art. 5 in
cases involving illegal possession of firearms, a crime punishable by a special law47 and to the offenses punished by the
Price Control Law48
JURISPRUDENCE
SUMMATION
CASE TITLE CASE FOCUS
Content content
CASE TITLE
GR. NO.:
PONENTE:
TOPIC/S:
VERDICT:
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
CASE DOCTRINE:
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
COURT DECISIONS:
47
(People vs. Estoesta, 93 Phil. 654; People vs. Lubo, 101 Phil. 179),
48
(Ayuda vs. People, G.R. No. L-6149, April 12, 1954)
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FACTS
ISSUE
HELD
SYLLABI
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
SEPARATE OPINION
OBITER DICTUM
BAR QUESTION
!
BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 6
Art. 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies. Consummated felonies as well as

those which are frustrated and attempted, are punishable.
A felony is consummated when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment
are present;
and it is frustrated when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the
felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes indepen-
dent of the will of the perpetrator.
There is an attempt when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly or over
acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of
some cause or accident other than this own spontaneous desistance.
FORMAL CRIMES OR CRIMES OF EFFECT

These are felonies which by a single act of the accused consummates the offense as a matter of law (i.e. PHYSICAL IN-
JURIES, ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS, ATTEMPTED FLIGHT TO AN ENEMY COUN TRY, COERCION, SLANDER, ILLE-
GAL EXACTION)
Those which are always consummated because the offender cannot perform all the acts necessary to consummate the of-
fense without consummating it.
For instance, physical injuries are formal crimes since these are punished as to result and the gravity of the injury cannot be
determined whether slight, less serious or serious unless and until consummated.
Slander is a formal crime because the moment the defamatory words were uttered and heard by third persons, the crime is
consummated
STAGES OF EXECUTION

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Hierarchy What constitute Example and Application Production of execution
When the offender commences the

commission of a felony directly by overt
acts, and does not perform all the acts of
Attempted execution which should produce the
felony by reason of some cause or
accident other than his own spontaneous
desistance.
When the offender performs all the acts
of execution which would produce the
felony as a consequence but which,
Frustrated
nevertheless, do not produce it by
reason of causes independent of the will
of the perpetrator.
When all the elements necessary for its

Consummated execution and accomplishment are
present; the felony is produced.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACTS
WHAT EXCEPTIONS ILLUSTRATION
Princess plans to kill Mike.
Intent, ideas and plans Yung PLANO is not punishable, pero kapag inexecute
are not generally na nya yung plano na patayin si mike dun palang pun-
INTERNA ishable. Meaning yung plano na patayin at yung act ng
punishable, the intention
L ACTS pagpatay dapat connected.
and act must be in
harmony
If for instance ang plano ay patayin si mike pero ang
ginawa ni cess ninakawan nya si mike. the plan and act
must be in harmony.

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It covers It is the exemption because, EXAMPLE OF PREPARATORY ACTS:

in general it is not a felony.
Preparatory Acts - but because there is a law 1. Buying poison or carrying inflammable mate-
Acts tending toward the specifically provides that first rials to the place where a house is to be
crime. stage may be considered burned
felony and punishable by rpc.
Preparing is considered By mere doing any of these acts, a person is not
first stage in committing EXAMPLE OF EXCEPTION liable for attempted homicide or attempted arson,
the crime (E.G. 1) because they do not constitute even the first
Ordinarily not punished ex- stage of the acts of execution of those crimes.
kahit nasa preparatory ka na cept when considered by law
o prineprepare mo na yung as independent crimes (i.e. Hindi pa sya punishable dahil hindi ang pina-concrete
gamit or etc. para sa plano Art. 304 possession of na bagay para masabi mong yung mga prinepare para
mo hindi pa din sya magco- macommit yung crime ay dapat gamitin nya yun. kasi
picklocks)
constitute ng felony dahil dapat yung pre-nepare mo connected sya sa plano
yung intent mo na gawin which leads to the commission of the felony.
(E.G. 2)
yung crime di pa disclosed
dahil di mo pa ginagamit Proposal and conspiracy to
RATIO: bumili ka ng lason, dapat yung lason na yan
yung prenepare mo to com- commit a felony are not pun- magamit mo sa taong plano mong lasunin dahil hindi pa
mit the crime. ishable except when the law felony ang pagpeprepare ng lason.
provides for their punishment
EXTERN
in RATIO: bumili ka ng gaas para sa plano mong sunugin
AL ACTS bahay ni JEAN, dapat yung prinipare mong gas maga-
certain felonies.
mit mo sa plano mong pagsunog dahil hindi pinapunish
ang pagpeprepare.
Acts of Execution - Ex. Princess stabs Mike

Usually overt acts with a
logical relation to a partic- What is the preparatory Act?
1. pwedeng prinepare nya yung gagamitin nyang
ular concrete offense.
pansaksak kay mike. (instance kapag planado to
commit the crime)
2. pwede din naman walang preparation para sa
They are punishable un-
pagsaksak ni mike. (instance kapag hindi pinaghan-
der RPC
daan yung pagawa ng crime)
ESTABLISHMENT OF
On the scenario given yung preparatory hindi pinupun-
STAGES. ish ng revised penal code pero yung act na inistab ni
cess si mike considered as an act of execution.
First stage: PREPARATORY
ACTS Determination of Acts of execution
Second Stage: EITHER At- 1. kung ang pagsaksak kay mike ay planado at ang
tempted or frustrated felony expected nya na mamatay si mike pero hindi na-
(it did not produce the felony matay considered sya as frustrated
he intent to commit.) 2. kung sa pagsaksak kay mike ay planado na dapat
A commission of the felony is deemed commenced when the following are present:
(1) There are external acts.
(2) Such external acts have a direct connection with the crime intended to be committed.

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ATTEMPTED FELONY; REQUISITES
There is an attempt when the offender begins the commission of a felony directly
overt acts.he has not performed all the acts of execution which should produce ANNOTATION
the flony
1 The offender commences the commission of the felony directly by overt

acts;
2 He does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the Nagaawa nya yun initial action pero hindi
felony; nya nagawa yung second stage para
macommit yung crime.
3 The offender's act is not stopped by his own spontaneous desistance
4 The non-performance of all acts of execution was due to desistance cause

or accident other than his spontaneous desistance.
WHEN TO SAY OVERT ACTS WAS COMMENCED
A commission of the felony is deemed commenced when the following are present:
2 REQUISITES ANNOTATION
May preparatory act at may acts of execution (attempted, frustrated and

comsummated)
(1) There are external acts. Ex. Nag-prepare by means of buying balisong na ipangsaksaksak kay A para sa
planong pagpatay. hindi natin pwedeng ipunish yun dahil di pa nya ginagamit yung
kampit na prinepare nya. kapag ginamit na nya dun papasok yung Attempted,
frustrated at consummated.
thereafter, kapag pumasok na yung stages of execution dun papasok yung

determination kung may overt acts.
Continuation of the situation above: Nakapagprepare, nakaplano ang pagpatay kay

A then ieexecute nya by using the balisong to kill A pumasok yung 3 stages of
(2) Such external acts have a direct
execution.
connection with the crime intended to
be committed.
APPLICATION OF REQ. 2
Yung ginamit na balisong pansaksak ay nadisclose na intended talgang gamitin yung
balisong to kill A
OVERT ACT WAS ESTABLISHED
WHAT IS AN OVERT ACT?

some physical activity or deed, indicating the intention to commit a particular crime, more than a mere planning or prepara-
tion, which if carried to its complete termination following its natural course, without being frustrated by external obstacles nor
by the voluntary desistance of the perpetrator, will logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense.

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DISTINCTIONS
Preparatory acts overt acts
If A bought poison from a drugstore, in preparation for the if A mixed the poison with the food intended for B, and the
killing of B by means of poison, such act is only a latter, not knowing that it contained poison, put into his
preparatory act. mouth a spoonful thereof, the act of A was more than a
mere planning or preparation for the commission of murder.
It is not an overt act, because it has no direct connection The buying of poison and mixing it with the food ofB who
with the crime of murder which A intended to commit. later put into his mouth part thereof to eat it, taken together,
constituted the overt acts of murder. The nature of the ex-
The poison purchased may be used by A to kill rats or ternal act thus performed by A clearly indicated that he in-
insects. Hence, the act of buying poison did not disclose tended to commit the crime of murder. If for some reason
necessarily an intention to kill a person with it. or another, B threw away the food with poison from his
mouth, A is liable for attempted murder.
Note: Killing a person by means ofpoison is murder. (Art.

248, R.P .C.
DISTINCTION
Attempted Felony Frustrated Felony
All acts of execution are finished

Overt acts of execution are started
Na-disclose na yung nasa isip na planong pag-

Acts performed Na-disclose na yung nasa isip na planong pag-
patay, may clear picture ng plano. nakumpleto yung
patay, may clear picture ng plano. pero not totally
execution pero hindi naproduce yung result ng act
nagawa yung mga stages to commit the crime
na ginawa.
Not all acts of execution are present The crime sought to be committed is not
BUT
achieved
Due to the reason other than the sponta- Due to the intervening causes independent of
neous desistance of the perpetrator the will of the perpetrator
Why
Habang ine-execute nya yung crime, nakaramdam Habang ineexecute nya yung crime, natigil sya
sya ng kunsensya kaya sya sa sarili nya itinigil nya dahil may intervening cause may pumasok na wala
yung pagcocommit ng crime. sa plano na hindi nya kontrolado.

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Attempted Felony Frustrated Felony
Offender still in subjective phase because he offender is already in objective phase be-
still has control of his acts, including their cause all acts of execution are already
natural cause present and the cause of its non-accom-
plishment is other than the offenders will.
Dito tinitignan yung remorse mo kasi hindi mo
Position in the timeline
tinuloy on your own yung pagexecute nung act Dito tinitignan na wala kang pagsisisi, determinado
mo. kang magawa yung act mo pero dahil sa may di
inaasahang pangyayari di mo naexecute ng buo
Tinitignan yung morality mo na ikaw sa sarili mo yung crime mo. pero tinitignan na wala kang pagsi-
may set back ka from committing the crime. sisi mas matindi yung penalty ng walang pagsisisi.
Note: Both Stages above did not produce what is planned to commit
WHAT IS AN INDETERMINATE OFFENSE?

It is one where the purpose of the offender in performing an act is not certain. Its nature in relation to its objective is ambigu-
ous.
In the case of People vs. Lamahang, supra, the final objective of the offender, once he succeeded in entering the store, may
be to rob, to cause physical injury to the inmates, or to commit any other offense. In such a case, there is no justification in
finding the offender guilty of attempted robbery by the use of force upon things.
Hindi mo pa totally nadedetermine kung para saan yung prenepare nung isang tao. We cannot pressumed that it will be use to commit the
crime. He may be punished on the basis of his acts but yung nasa isip nya na act na gagawin nya wala kang assurance.
On the given case above (People vs. Lamahang) Ang plano ni A ay magnakaw sa bahay ni B pumasok sya sa bahay [Knowing na first
stage yun to commit robbery, dahil kung magnanakaw ka sa bahay kailangan mong pumasok sa bahay nung nanakawan mo] on this part of
the story wala pang certain na act na sinasabing magnanakaw sya sa loob ng bahay kahit nagawa nya yung first stage. kasi yung pagpasok
sa bahay pwedeng magnanakaw lang, pero paano kung napatay mo pala yung mga tao sa loob ng bahay then it is not an attempted rob-
bery. hindi natin pwedeng paghawakan yung magnanakaw sya dahil may iba pa syang pwedeng gawin bukod sa magnakaw.
SUBJECTIVE PHASE
That portion of the acts constituting a crime, starting from the point where the offender begins the commission of the crime to
that point where he still has control over his acts including their (acts) natural course
All acts from the beginning going to the point over his control of his acts in their natural course
If between those two points, the offender is stopped by reason of any cause outside of his own voluntary desistance, the sub-
jective phase has not been passed and it is merely an attempt.
DESISTANCE
is an absolutory cause which negates criminal liability because the law encourages a person to desist from committing a
crime.

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Kaya binigiyan ng merit kapag ikaw mismo sa attempted ang pumigil na wag ituloy yung overt act.
But, it does not negate all criminal liability, if the desistance was made when acts done by him already resulted in a felony,
Kapag tapos na yung act kahit magsisi pa sya may criminal liability pa din sya. nawawala yung halaga ng set back kapag yung crime nagtu-
loy pa din kahit napigilan mo na.
The offender will still be criminally liable for the felony brought about by his act.
What is negated49 is only the attempted stage, but there may be other felonies arising from his act.
DESISTANCE IS TRUE ONLY IN THE ATTEMPTED STAGE OF THE

FELONY.
INSTANCES ANNOTATION
If the felony is already in its frustrated stage, desistance

will NOT render null and void the criminal liability.
In the attempted stage, the definition uses the word di-

rectly.
The word directly emphasizes the requirement that the

attempted felony is that which is directly linked to the
overt act performed by the offender, not the felony he has
in his mind.
There are some acts which are ingredients of a certain

crime, but which are, by themselves, already criminal
offenses like in the case of People v. Lamahang (1935)
where the act of removing the panel indicates only at
most the intention to enter, he can only be prosecuted for
trespass and not robbery.
KINDS OF DESISTANCE
KINDS WHAT ANNOTATION
49
invalidate
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it is a desistance referred to in law

which would obviated criminal liability
unless the overt or preparatory act
Legal Desistance already committed in themselves
constitute a felony other than what the
actor intended. it is made during the
attempted stage.
It is the actual desistance of the actor;

the actor is still liable for the attempt.
Factual Desistance
it is one made after the attempted
stage of the crime
Note: The desistance which exempts from criminal liability has reference to the crime intended to be committed, and
has no reference to the crime actually committed by the offender before his desistance
FRUSTRATED STAGE
Elements: ANNOTATION
The offender performs all the acts of execution;
All the acts performed would produce the felony as a

consequence;
But the felony is not produced;
By reason of causes independent of the will of the

perpetrator.
OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE

What When it is encountered Application
the result of the acts of

execution, that is, the
Objective phase Occurs in Frustrated felony
accomplishment of the
crime.
it is the portion of the acts
constituting the crime,
starting from the point
where the offender begins
Subjective phase the commission of the crime Occurs in Attempted felony
to that point where he has
still control over his acts,
including their (acts) natural
course
The end of the subjective phase and the beginning of the objective phase.
Difference:

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Difference:
If the subjective and objective phases have been passed there is a consummated felony.
CRIMES WHICH DO NOT ADMIT OF FRUSTRATED STAGE

Crime How constitute Application ANNOTATION
The essence of the A. No matter what the offender may do to

crime is carnal accomplish a penetration, if there was no
knowledge. penetration yet, it cannot be said that the
offender has performed all the acts of exe-
cution.
B. We can only say that the offender in rape
Rape has performed all the acts of execution
when he has effected a penetration.
C. Once there is penetration, no matter how
slight it is, the offense is consummated.
For this reason, rape admits only of the
attempted and consummated stages, no
frustrated stage. [People v. Orita]
One cannot say that The crime of arson is therefore consummated

the offender, in the even if only a portion of the wall or any part of
crime of arson, has the house is burned. The consummation of the
already performed all crime of arson does not depend upon the ex-
the acts of execution tent of the damage caused. (People v. Her-
Arson which could produce nandez)
the destruction of the
premises through the
use of fire, unless a
part of the premises
has begun to burn.
Bribery and The manner of com- A. If there is a meeting of the minds, there is
Corruption of mitting the crime re-
consummated bribery or consummated
Public Offi- quires the meeting of
cers the minds between the corruption.
B. If there is none, it is only attempted.
giver and the receiver.
Adultery This requires sexual i f t h a t l i n k i s p r e s e n t t h e c r i m e i s
contact between two consummated

participant

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Under the Revised 1. There is no simple crime of physical in-

Penal Code, the crime juries. There is the need to categorize be-
of physical injuries is cause there are specific articles that apply
penalized on the basis whether the physical injuries are serious,
Physical
of the gravity of the less serious or slight.
Injuries
injuries. 2. Thus, one could not punish the attempted
or frustrated stage because one does not
know what degree of physical injury was
committed unless it is consummated.
Once there is unlawful 1. Either the thing was taken or not.

Theft
taking, theft is 2. Disposition of the stolen goods is not an
element of theft under the RPC.
consummated.
Rule of thumb: Felonies that do not require any result do not have a frustrated stage.
MURDER/HOMICIDE/PARRICIDE/INFANTICIDE
Situation: A Prepare all the materials need to kill B In the time of execution A performed all the acts of
execution which produce the result of As Act.
APPLICATION STAGES OF EXECUTION ANNOTATION
In the Situation above.
Attempted will be applicable if A on

With intent to kill, but no mortal wound
Attempted the time of the execution of his intent
is inflicted
to kill, he showed remorse before and
after the commission of the crime and
desist from executing the killing.
In the situation above.
Frustrated would be applicable if As

With intent to kill, and mortal wound is
Frustrated plan is to kill B and he satisfactorily
inflicted but the victim does not die
executed all the acts and produce
mortal wounds to the offender but B
does not die.
In the situation above.
The moment victim dies, intent to kill

Consummated Consummated would be applicable if
is conclusively presumed
all the acts is executed and produce
the result of the act.
RULES ON CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS OR PROPERTY (MHPI)

Death results Intent to kill gravity of the wound crime committed

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YES Presumed MORTAL MHPI
NO YES MORTAL FRUSTRATED MHPI
NO YES NON-MORTAL ATTEMPTED MHPI
NO YES Overt Act only - NO-MORTAL ATTEMPTED MHPI
NO YES Mortal Wound SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES
NO YES Non-mortal Wound LESS SERIOUS/SLIGHT PHYSICAL

INJURIES
FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE STAGE OF EXECUTION OF A FELONY

1. The manner of committing the crime;
2. The elements of the crime; and
3. The nature of the crime itself.
These three factors are helpful in trying to pinpoint whether the crime is still in its attempted, frustrated or consummated
stage.
THE MANNER OF COMMITTING THE CRIME

Formal Crimes - consummated in one instant, no attempt. ANNOTATION
There can be no attempt, because

between the thought and the deed,
Ex. Slander and false testimony
there is no chain of acts that can be
severed.
Ex. Flight to enemys country (Art.

Crimes consummated by mere
121) and corruption of minors (Art.
attempt or proposal by overt act.
340)
There can be no attempted stage

when the felony is by omission,
Felony by omission because the offender does not
execute acts, he omits to perform an
act which the law requires him to do.
In bribery, the manner of committing

the crime requires the meeting of the
minds between the giver and the
Crimes requiring the intervention of
receiver.
two persons to commit them are
When the giver delivers the money to
consummated by mere agreement.
the supposed receiver, but there is no
meeting of the minds, the only act
done by the giver is an attempt.

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Thus, in determining the stage of

some crimes, the manner of
execution becomes pivotal(central,
crucial) in determining the end of the
Material Crimes have three stages subjective phase, i.e. once the
of execution offender performs the act in the
manner provided for in the law, HE IS
A L R E A D Y D E E M E D TO H AV E
PERFORMED EVERY ACT FOR ITS
EXECUTION.
THE ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME

ANNOTATION
Along with the manner of execution, there

are crimes wherein the existence of certain elements be-
comes the factor in determining its consummation.
In the crime of estafa, the element of damage is essential

before the crime could be consummated. If there is no
damage, even if the offender succeeded in carting away
the personal property involved, estafa cannot be consid-
ered as consummated.
On the other hand, if it were a crime of theft, damage or

intent to cause damage is not an element of theft.
What is necessary only is intent to gain, not even gain is

important.
In the crime of abduction, the crucial element is the taking

away of the woman with lewd designs.
THE NATURE OF THE CRIME ITSELF

ANNOTATION
In defining of the frustrated stage of crimes involving the

taking of human life (parricide, homicide, and murder),it is
indispensable that the victim be mortally wounded.
Hence, the general rule is that there must be a fatal injury

inflicted, because it is only then that death will follow.
CONSUMMATED
When all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.

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Note: the offender does not have to do anything else to consummate the offense. He has already reached the objective state
of the offense that he no longer has control of his acts having already performed all that is necessary to accomplish his pur-
pose.
JURISPRUDENCE
SUMMATION
Content content
CASE TITLE
GR. NO.:
PONENTE:
TOPIC/S:
VERDICT:
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
CASE DOCTRINE:
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
COURT DECISIONS:
FACTS
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ISSUE
HELD
SYLLABI
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
SEPARATE OPINION
OBITER DICTUM
BAR QUESTION
!
BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 7
Art. 7. When light felonies are punishable. Light felonies are punishable only when they have
been consummated, with the exception of those committed against person or property.
WHAT ARE LIGHT FELONIES?

Light felonies are those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
200 pesos, both, is provided. (Art. 9, par. 3)
The light felonies punished by the Revised Penal Code:

1. Slight physical injuries. (Art. 266)
2. Theft. (Art. 309, pars. 7 and 8)
3. Alteration of boundary marks. (Art. 313)
4. Malicious mischief. (Art. 328, par. 3; Art. 329, par. 3)
5. Intriguing against honor. (Art. 364)
The penalty for the above-mentioned crimes is arresto menor (imprisonment from one day to thirty days), or a fine not ex-
ceeding P200.
"WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE COMMITTED AGAINST PERSONS

OR PROPERTY.
General Rule: Light felonies are punishable only when they have been consummated.
EXCEPTIONS: Light felonies committed against persons or property, are punishable even attempted or frustrate
REASON FOR THE GENERAL RULE

Light felonies produce such light, such insignificant moral and material injuries that public conscience is satisfied with provid-
ing a light penalty for their consummation. If they are not consummated, the wrong done is so slight that there is no need of
providing a penalty at all.
REASON FOR EXCEPTION

The commission of felonies against persons or property presupposes in the offender moral depravity. For that reason, even
attempted or frustrated light felonies against persons or property are punishable.
EXAMPLES OF LIGHT FELONIES AGAINST PERSON

Art. 266 Slight physical injuries and maltreatment.
EXAMPLES OF LIGHT FELONIES AGAINST PROPERTY

1. Art. 309, No. 7 Theft by hunting or fishing or gathering fruits, cereals or other forest or farm products upon an inclosed
estate or field where trespass is forbidden and the value of the thing stolen does not exceed f*5.00

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2. Art. 309, No. 8 Theft, where the value of the stolen property does not exceed f*5.00 and the offender was prompted
by hunger, poverty, or the difficulty of earning a livelihood.
3. Art. 313 Alteration of boundary marks.
4. Art. 328, No. 3; Art. 329, No. 3 Malicious mischief where the damage is not more than P200.00 or if it cannot be esti-
mated.

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Article 8
Art. 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony
are punishable only in the cases in which the law specially provides a penalty therefor.
A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission
of a felony and decide to commit it.
There is proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to
some other person or persons.
CONSPIRACY
Exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it.
(Article 8, RPC).
General rule: Conspiracy and proposal to commit a felony are not punishable.
Exception: They are punishable only in the cases in which the law specially provides a penalty therefore.
REQUISITES OF CONSPIRACY
1. An agreement concerning the commission of a felony
2. A decision to commit the felony; and
3. Overt acts which, though different, separate and independent of each other, indicate closeness, coordination, or personal
association so as to show a concerted action, common criminal design, community of criminal purpose or joint criminal
objective
Note: There must be participation in the criminal resolution because simple knowledge thereof by a person may only make
him liable as an accomplice.
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT
Crime Gist
Treason (Art. 115)
Rebellion (Art. 136)
Insurrection (Art. 136)
Coup dtat, (Art. 136)
Sedition (Art. 141)

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Monopolies and combinations in restraint of

trade, espionage (Art. 186)
Illegal association (Art. 147)
Highway Robbery (P.D. 532)
Espionage (Sec. 3, C.A. 616)
Selected acts under the Dangerous Drugs Acts
Arson
Terrorism (R.A. 9372)
Rationale: Conspiracy and proposal to commit a crime are only preparatory acts and the law regards them as innocent
or at least permissible except in rare and exceptional cases.
PROPOSAL TO COMMIT
CRIME GIST
Treason (Art. 115)
Coup d etat (Art. 136)
Rebellion (Art. 136)
Inducement not to answer summons, appearor
be sworn in Congress, etc. (Art. 150)
Rationale: Conspiracy and proposal to commit a crime are only preparatory acts and the law regards them as innocent
or at least permissible except in rare and exceptional cases.
CONSPIRACY AS A FELONY, DISTINGUISHED FROM CONSPIRACY AS

A MANNER OF INCURRING CRIMINAL LIABILITY
As a felony, conspirators do not need to actually commit As a manner of incurring criminal liability, if they com-
treason, rebellion, insurrection, etc., it being sufficient that mit treason, rebellion, etc., they will be held liable for it,
two or more persons agree and decide to commit it. and the conspiracy which they had before committing the
crime is only a manner of incurring criminal liability, not a
separate offense.
In conspiracy, the act of one is the act of all.
Application Annotation

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General rule: When the conspiracy is

established, all who participated
therein, irrespective of the quantity or
quality of his participation is liable
equally, whether conspiracy is pre-
planned or instantaneous.
Exception: Unless one or some of

the conspirators committed some
other crime which is not part of the
conspiracy.
Exception to the Exception: When
the act constitutes a single indivisible
offense.
Proposal to commit a felony - when (1) Proposal to commit treason (Art.

the person who has decided to com- 115) and
mit a felony proposes its execution to (2) proposal to commit coup dtat,
some other person or persons. [Art. 8, rebellion or insurrection (Art. 136).
RPC]
REQUISITES OF PROPOSAL
1. That a person has decided to commit a felony; and
2. That he proposes its execution to some other person or persons.
THERE IS NO CRIMINAL PROPOSAL WHEN

1. The person who proposes is not determined to commit the felony;
EXAMPLE: A desires that the present government be overthrown. But A is afraid to do it himself with others. A then
suggests the overthrowing of the government to some desperate people who will do it at the slightest provocation. In this
case, A is not liable for proposal to commit rebellion, because A has not decided to commit it.
2. There is no decided, concrete and formal proposal;
ANNOTATION: In the above example, note that there was merely a suggestionnot a decided, concrete and formal
proposal.
3. It is not the execution of a felony that is proposed.
Example: A conceived the idea of overthrowing the present government. A called several of his trusted followers and
instructed them to go around the country and secretly to organize groups and to convince them of the necessity of having a
new government. Note that what A proposed in this case is not the execution of the crime of rebellion, but the performance of
preparatory acts for the commission of rebellion. Therefore, there is no criminal proposal.
Note: It is not necessary that the person to whom the proposal is made agrees to commit treason or rebellion.
DOCTRINE OF IMPLIED CONSPIRACY

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Conspiracy need not be direct but may be inferred from the conduct of the parties, their joint purpose, community of interest
and in the mode and manner of commission of the offense50
50
[People v. Pangilinan (2003)]
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2 Concepts Stag How Legal Requirements Illustration

of e incurred
Conspiracy
(1) The RPC must specifically pun- A, B, C and D came to an agreement to

ish the act of conspiring (and commit rebellion. Their agreement was
proposing) to ring about the rebellion on a certain
date. Even if none of them has per-
(2) the act MUST NOT BE formed the act of rebellion, there is al-
ACCOMPLISHED, else the con- ready criminal liability arising from the
spiracy is obliterated(erase) and conspiracy to commit the rebellion.
the ACT ITSELF IS PUNISHED.
Prepar
AS A FELONY M e r e
IN ITSELF
atory
agreement
But if anyone of them has committed
acts (3) QUANTUM OF PROOF: Con-
the overt act of rebellion, the crime of all
spiracy as a crime must be es-
is no longer conspiracy but rebellion
tablished beyond reasonable
itself.
doubt
This subsists even though the other co-

conspirators do not know that one of
them had already done the act of rebel-
lion.
(1) Participants acted in concert or Three persons plan to rob a bank. For
simultaneously or IN ANY WAY as long as the conspirators merely
which is indicative of a meeting entered the bank there is no crime yet.
of the minds towards a common But when one of them draws a gun and
criminal goal or criminal objec- disarms the security guard, all of them
tive. shall be held liable, unless a co-
(2) The act of meeting together is conspirator was absent from the scene
not necessary as long as a of the crime or he showed up, but he
common objective can be dis- tried to prevent the commission of the
ASA BASIS Exec Commissi cerned from the overt acts. crime.
F O R utory on of overt (3) THE ACT MUST BE ACCOM-
LIABILITY acts act PLISHED, if there is only con-
spiracy or proposal, THERE IS
NO CRIME TO BE PUNISHED.
(4) QUANTUM OF PROOF: Rea-
sonably inferred from the acts of
the offenders when such acts
disclose or show a common
pursuit of the criminal objective.
[People v. Pinto]

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BAR QUESTION
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BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 9
Art. 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies. Grave felonies are those to which
the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are afflictive, in
accordance with Art. 25 of this Code.
Less grave felonies are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum peri-
od are correctional, in accordance with the above-mentioned Art..
Light felonies are those infractions of law for the commission of which a penalty of arrest menor or
a fine not exceeding 200 pesos or both; is provided.
GRAVE FELONIES
They are those felonies to which the law attahes the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are afflic-
tive, in accordance with Art. 25 of this code.
These are:
1. Reclusion perpetua,
2. Reclusion temporal,
3. Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,
4. Perpetual or temporary special disqualification,
5. Prisio`n mayor
6. Fines more than Php. 6000
LESS GRAVE FELONIES

Felonies which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional, in accordance with Art. 25 of
the code.
1. Prision correccional,
2. Arresto mayor,
3. Suspension,
4. Destierro.
5. Fines equal to or more than P200 but less than Php 6000
LIGHT FELONIES
infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, or both, is pro-
vided.
IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION
1. to determine whether these felonies can be complexed or not

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2. To determine the prescription of the crime and the prescription of penalty
3. To determine the duration of subsidiary penalty yo be imposed
4. To determine the duration of the detention in case of failure to post the bond to keep the peace (art. 125)
5. To determine the proper penalty for quasi-offenses
JURISPRUDENCE
SUMMATION
Content content
CASE TITLE
GR. NO.:
PONENTE:
TOPIC/S:
VERDICT:
END POINT:
CITED DOCTRINE/S:
CASE DOCTRINE:
CIRCUMTANCES:
IMPORTANT POINT/S:
COURT DECISIONS:

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FACTS
ISSUE
HELD
SYLLABI
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
SEPARATE OPINION
OBITER DICTUM
BAR QUESTION
!
BAR QUESTION TOPIC
CONTENT

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Article 10
Art. 10. Offenses not subject to the provisions of this Code. Offenses which are or in the future
may be punishable under special laws are not subject to the provisions of this Code. This Code
shall be supplementary to such laws, unless the latter should specially provide the contrary.
GENERAL RULE
RPC provisions are supplementary to special laws
EXCEPTIONS
1. Where the special law provides otherwise; and
2. when the provisions of the RPC are impossible of application, either by express provision or by necessary implication
Thus, when the special law adopts the penalties imposed in the RPC, such as reclusion perpetua or reclusion temporal, the
provisions of the RPC on imposition of penalties based on stage of execution, degree of participation, and attendance of mit-
igating and aggravating circumstances may be applied by necessary implication
BAR QUESTION

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CHAPTER 2
JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES AND CIRCUM-

STANCES WHICH EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL
!
LIABILITY
Article 11
Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. The following do not incur any criminal liability:
1. Anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights, provided that the following circumstances
concur;
First. Unlawful aggression.

Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it.
Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.
2. Any one who acts in defense of the person or rights of his spouse, ascendants, descendants, or
legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or his relatives by affinity in the same degrees
and those consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the first and second requi-
sites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance are present, and the further requisite, in case
the revocation was given by the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part there-
in.
3. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger, provided that the first and
second requisites mentioned in the first circumstance of this Art. are present and that the person
defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or other evil motive.
4. Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does not act which causes damage to an-
other, provided that the following requisites are present;
First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;

Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it;
Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
5. Any person who acts in the fulfilment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office.
6. Any person who acts in obedience to an order issued by a superior for some lawful purpose.
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JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance with law, so that such person is deemed not to have transgressed
the law and is free from both criminal and civil liability. There is no civil liability except in par. 4, Art. 11, where the civil liability
is borne by the persons benefited by the act.
BASIS OF JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES

The recognizes the non-existence of a crime by expressly stating in the opening sentence of Art. 11 that the persons therein
mentioned do not incur any criminal liability
PAR. 1. REQ. 1. Self-defense (CSQ)

The accused invokes self-dedense, it is incumbent upon him to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he indeed acted
in defense of himself. he must rely on the strength of his own evidence and not on the weakness of the prosecution.
Self-defense, must be proved with certainty by sufficient, satisfactory and convincing evidence that excludes any vestige51 of
criminal aggression52 on the part of the person invoking it and it cannot be justifiably entertained where it is not only uncor-
roborated by any separate competent evidence but, in itself, is extremely doubtful53
In self-defense, the burden of proof rests upon the accused. His duty is to establish self-defense by clear and convincing
evidence, otherwise, conviction would follow from his admission that he killed the victim. He must rely on the strength of his
own evidence and not on the weakness of that for the prosecution54
The plea of self-defense cannot be justifiably entertained where it is not only uncorroborated by any separate competent evi-
dence but in itself is extremely doubtful55
RIGHTS INCLUDED IN SELF-DEFENSE

Includes not only the defense of the person or body of the one assaulted but also that of his rights, the enjoyment of which is
protected by law. It includes:
(a) The defense of honor. Hence, a slap on the face is considered as unlawful aggression since the face represents a per-
son and his dignity 56
51 indication
52
aggressiveness
(People vs. Mercado, No. L-33492, March 30, 1988, 159 SCRA 453, 458; People vs. Lebumfacil, Jr., No. L-32910, March 28, 1980, 96
53
SCRA 573, 584)
54(People vs. Clemente, G.R. No. L-23463, September 28, 1967, 21 SCRA 261; People vs. Talaboc, Jr., G.R. No. L-25004, October
31,1969,30 SCRA 87; People vs. Ardisa, G.R. No. L-29351, January 23,1974,55 SCRA 245; People vs. Montejo, No. L-68857, Nov. 21,
1988, 167 SCRA 506, 512; People vs. Corecor, No. L-63155, March 21, 1988, 159 SCRA 84, 87)
55
(People vs. Flores, L-24526, February 29, 1972,43 SCRA 342; Ebajan vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 77930-31, Feb. 9, 1989, 170 SCRA
178, 189; People vs. Orongan, No. L-32751, Dec. 21,1988,168 SCRA 586, 597-598; People vs. Mendoza, [CA] 52 O.G. 6233)
56
(Rugas vs, People)
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(b) The defense of property rights can be invoked if there is an attack upon the property although it is not coupled with an
attack upon the person of the owner of the premises. All the elements for justification must however be present57
REQUISITE OF SELF-DEFENSE
Requisites APPLICATION ANNOTATION
Unlawful aggression (condition A pointing a gun to discharge against Yung pagtutok ng baril ay threat kay B
sine qua non); B merong pagbabadya. dahil kapag hindi ka
nagapply ng self-defense wala na di mo na
maapply yun dahil kapag naunahan ka
nung putok ng baril at tumama sayo di na
magapply yung self-defense.
Reasonable necessity of the B with no mathematical equation took kung ang pinaka posibleng
means employed to prevent or the nearest thing to use in preventing gamitin ni B to prevent and
repel it; and the aggression showed by A protect himself ay balisong
Lack of sufficient provocation on

the part of the person defending
himself.
UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION
There can be no self-defense, complete or incomplete, unless the victim has committed an unlawful aggression against the
person defending himself58
For the right of defense to exist, it is necessary that we be assaulted or that we be attacked, or at least that we be threat-
ened with an attack in an immediate and imminent manner
as, for example,

1. brandishing a knife with which to stab us
2. pointing a gun to discharge against us 59
Unlawful aggression must be equivalent to an actual physical assault or, at least

EX.
threatened assault of an immediate and imminent kind which is offensive and positively strong, showing the wrongful
intent to cause injury.
EX
AGGRESSION MUST BE UNLAWFUL

EXAMPLE OF
57 (People v. Narvaez)
58
(People vs. Sazon, G.R. No. 89684, Sept. 18, 1990, 189 SCRA 700, 704; People vs. Bayocot, G.R. No. 55285, June 28,1989,174 SCRA
285,291, citing Ortega vs. Sandi- ganbayan, G.R. No. 57664, Feb. 8, 1989, 170 SCRA 38; Andres vs. CA, No. L-48957, June 23,1987,151
SCRA 268; People vs. Picardal, No. 72936, June 18, 1987, 151 SCRA 170; People vs. Apolinario, 58 Phil. 586)
59
(1 Viada, 5 edicion, 173, p. 3275)
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UNLAWFUL LAWFUL NOT UNLAWFUL AGRESSION
Paramour surprised in the act of adul- The fulfillment of a duty or the exer- "Foot-kick greeting" is not unlawful
tery cannot invoke self- defense if he cise of a right in a more or less violent aggression.
killed the offended husband who was manner is an aggression
assaulting him.
Teodoro Sabio was squatting with a
friend, Irving Jurilla, in a plaza.
In a case, the Supreme Court, in
Romeo Bacobo and two others
denying the paramour's plea of self-
Ruben Minosa and Leonardo Garcia
defense, said: "(E)ven though it were
approached them. All of them were
true and even if the deceased did
close and old friends. Romeo Bacobo
succeed in entering the room in which
then asked Sabio where he spent the
the accused (the paramour and the
holy week. At the same time, he gave
wife of the deceased) were lying, and
Sabio a "foot-kick greeting," touching
did immediately thereupon assault
Sabio's foot with his own left foot.
(the paramour), giving him several
Sabio thereupon stood up and dealt
blows with the bolo which (the de-
Romeo Bacobo a fist blow, inflicting
ceased) carried, that assault was nat-
upon him a lacerated wound, 3/4 inch
ural and lawful, for the reason that it
long, at the upper lid of the left eye. It
was made by a deceived and offend-
took from 11 to 12 days to heal and
ed husband in order to defend his
prevented Romeo Bacobo from work-
honor and rights by punishing the
ing during said period as employee of
offender of his honor, and if he had
Victorias Milling Co., Inc.
killed his wife and (the paramour), he
would have exercised a lawful right
and such acts would have fallen with- Held: A playful kick at the foot by way
in the sanction of Article 423 (now Art. of greeting between friends may be a
247) of the Penal Code . . . The practical joke, and may even hurt; but
(paramour) well knew that by main- it is not a serious or real attack on a
taining unlawful relations with (the person's safety. It may be a mere
deceased's wife), he was performing slight provocation. (People vs. Sabio,

an unlawful and criminal act and ex- 19 SCRA 901)
posed himselfto the vengeance ofthe
offended husband, and that, by their
meeting each other in the said house,
he was running the danger of the lat-
ter's surprising them there, as in fact it
did occur." (U.S. vs. Merced, 39 Phil.
198, 202-203)

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(t)he owner or lawful possessor of a

thing has the right to exclude any
person from the enjoyment and
disposal thereof. For this purpose, he
may use such force as may be
reasonably necessary to repel or
prevent an actual or threatened
unlawful physical invasion or
usurpation of his property.
MEANING OF UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION

There is unlawful aggression when the peril to one's life, limb or right is either actual or imminent. There must be actual
physical force or actual use of weapon60 There must be an actual physical assault upon a person, or at least a threat to
inflict real injury. In case of threat, the same must be offensive and positively strong, showing the wrongful intent to cause an
injury61 Unlawful aggression presupposes an actual, sudden, and unexpected attack, or imminent danger thereof, and not
merely a threatening or intimidating attitude62
Unlawful aggression refers to an attack that has actually broken out or materialized or at the very least is clearly imminent; it
cannot consist in oral threats or a merely threatening stance or posture63
WHEN THERE IS NO PERIL64 TO ONE'S LIFE, LIMB65 OR RIGHT, THERE

IS NO UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION
the act of the deceased in preventing the accused from inflicting a retaliatory blow on the person who had boxed the accused
is not unlawful aggression66
PERIL TO ONES LIMB

When a person is attacked, he is in imminent danger of death or bodily harm. The peril to one's limb may also be actual or
only imminent. Peril to one's limb includes peril to the safety of one's person from physical injuries.
Ex. An attack with fist blows may imperil one's safety from physical injuries. Such an attack is unlawful aggression67
60 (People vs. Crisostomo, No. L-38180, Oct. 23, 1981, 108 SCRA 288, 298)
61 (U.S. vs. Guysayco, 13 Phil. 292, 295)
62(People vs. Pasco, Jr., No. L- 45715, June 24, 1985, 137 SCRA 137; People vs. Bayocot, G.R. No. 55285, June 28, 1989, 174 SCRA 285,
292; People vs. Rey, G.R. No. 80089, April 13, 1989, 172 SCRA 149, 156)
63
(People vs. Lachica, 132 SCRA 230 [1984]; People vs. Tac-an, G.R. Nos. 76338-39, Feb. 26, 1990, 182 SCRA 601, 613) There must be a
real danger to life or personal safety. (People vs. Cagalingan, G.R. No. 79168, Aug. 3, 1990, 188 SCRA 313, 318)
64 danger
65 life and bodily faculties
66
(People vs. Flores, C.A., 47 O.G. 2969)
67
(People vs. Montalbo, 56 Phil. 443)
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PRESENCE OF ACTUAL PHYSICAL FORCE OR ACTUAL USE OF

WEAPON
No unlawful aggression
insulting words addressed to the accused, no matter how objectionable they may have been, without physical assault,
could not constitute unlawful aggression.
A light push on the head with the hand does not constitute unlawful aggression.
A mere push or a shove, not followed by other acts, does not constitute unlawful aggression.
ACTUAL - The danger must be present, that is, actually in existence

Note: The person defending himself must have been attacked with actual physical force and/or with the actual use of
weapon.
IMMINENT - The danger is on the point of happening. it is required that the attack already begins, for it may be too late
Must come from the person attacked by the accused

Note: No unlawful aggression when there was an agreement to fight
PAR. 1. REQ. 2. Reasonable necessity of means employed to

prevent or repel it.
DOCTRINE OF RATIONAL EQUIVALENCE.

[The] reasonable necessity of the means employed [to repel the unlawful aggression] does not imply material commensura-
bility between the means of attack and defense [but] [w]hat the law requires is rational equivalence, in the consideration of
which will enter the principal factors of the emergency, the imminent danger to which the person attacked is exposed, and the
instinct, more than the reason, that moves or impels the defense, and the proportionateness thereof does not de-
pend upon the harm done, but rests upon the imminent danger of such injury68
This doctrine justify the means employed to prevent or repel the person attack. Dito i-justify kung ang ginamit mo ay kutsilyo pansaksak sa
taong aatake sayo tapos yung aatake sayo kasing laki ng hawkogan tama lang yung kutsilyo kasi kung ang gagamitin nung aatakihin ni
hawkogan ay kamao nya tapos knowing na payat sya hindi effective yun para maiwasan nya yung atake nung kasing laki ni hawkogan, kaya
tama ung self-defense na ginamit nya ay kutsilyo.
hindi natin tinitignan yug harm na mapoproduce nung pagsaksak ng kutsilyo kay ataker na kasing laki ni hawkogan dahil kapag self defense
mawawala na yung pagiisip mo kung ano ba dapat gamitin. kaya nga diba sa mga palabas kapag aatakihin na yung isang tao para
makalayo lahat ng mahawakan binabato nya dun sa aatake sa kanya para mapigilan yug pagatake nya para mapigilan nya kailangan
nyang mapabagsak yung taong aatake sa kanya.
TEST OF REASONABLENESS
The means employed depends upon:
REQUISITES APPLICATION ANNOTATION
68
[People v. Gutual, 324 Phil. 244, 259-260 (1996)].
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deceased was a gangster with a Gangster is known for violence, kaya ung
reputation for violence, the use by the dagger to defend himself against the
acccused of a dagger to repel the ganster is reasonable tool.
nature and quality of the weapon
persistent aggression by the
used by the aggressor
deceased with a wooden pestle is
reasonably necessary under the
circumstaces
The aggressor was a bully, a man

larger and stronger of known violent
character, with previous criminal
records for assault. he attacked with
fist blows a smaller man who was
aggressor s physical condition,
then armed with bolo. In spite of
character, size
having received, a a warning, a cut
with a bolo on the left shoulder, the
aggressor continued to attempt to
possess himself of the bolo. killing
him with a bolo was justified.

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Unlawful aggression MAY CLEAR NA DANGER NA PARATING SA ISANG TAO kailangan

CONDITION SINE-QUA NON may PHYSICAL ASSAULT (SALITAAN MAY NOT CONSTITUTE UNLAWFUL
AGGRESSION)
INTENT OF THIS ARTICLE The recognizes the non-existence of a crime
In view of the imminence of the

danger, a shotgun is a reasonable
means to prevent an aggression with
a bolo.
M. being abruptly awakened by

shouts that P was pursuing H and Ms
two children, and seeing, upon
awakening, that in fact P was
infuriated and pursuing H with a bolo
in his hand and his arm raised in an
attitude as if to strike, took up a
shotgun lying within his reach and
fired at P, killing him at once.
other circumstances
Held: Under the circumstances, in

view of the imminence of the danger,
the only remedy which could be
considered reasonably necessary to
repel or prevent that aggression, was
to render the aggressor harmless. As
M has on hand a loaded shotgun, this
weapon was the most appropriate
one that could be used for the
purpose, even at the risk of killing the
aggressor since the latter s
aggression also gravely threatened
the lives of the parties assaulted.
and those of the person defending

himself
the place and occasion of the assault.
RETALIATION IS NOT SELF-DEFENSE.

Retaliation is different from an act of self-defense. In retaliation, the aggression that was begun by the injured party already
ceased to exist when the accused attacked him. In self-defense, the aggression was still existing when the aggressor was
injured or disabled by the person making a defense.

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!
When a person had inflicted slight physical injuries on another, without intention to inflict other injuries, and the latter attacked
the former, the one making the attack was an unlawful aggressor. The attack made was a retaliation. But where a person is
about to strike another with fist blows and the latter, to prevent or repel the blows, stabs the former with a knife, the act of
striking with fist blows is an unlawful aggression which may justify the use of the knife. If the knife is a reasonable means,
there is self-defense.
For example. A nakikipagbiruan, walang intensyon na i-injure si B tapos si B napikon inattack nya si A yung attack na ginawa ni B ay
RETALLIATION and not self-defense. Tapos ang ginawa ni A nung aatakihin na sya ni B ang ginawa nya sinaksak nya ng kutsilyo si B
bago pa sya maatake ni A. dun may self-defense dahil ung pagsaksak nya defense nya bago pa sya maatake ni B at yung kutsilyo pwede
ma-justify na papasok yung second requisite ng Art. 11. par 2. na reasonable yung pagamit ng kutsilyo.
RETALIATION VS. SELF-DEFENSE

RETALIATION (PAGANTI) SELF-DEFENSE
The unlawful aggression begun by the injured party had Unlawful aggression was still existing when the aggressor
already ceased when the accused attacked was injured by the person making the defense.
There must be no appreciable time interval between the

unlawful aggression and the killing
PAR. 1. REQ. 3. Lack of sufficient provocation on part of de-

fender
INSTANCES APPLICATION ANNOTATION
In case there was a provocation on

the part of the person attacked, the
attack should not immediately
precede(go/come before) the
provocation for defense to be valid.
Never confuse unlawful aggression

with provocation.
Mere provocation is not enough. It

must be real and imminent. Unlawful
aggression is an indispensable
requisite.
If there is unlawful aggression but one

of the other requisites is lacking, it is
considered an incomplete self-
defense which mitigates liability.
SANTIAGO JR. Page !100 of !439

Self-defense includes the defense of

ones rights, that is, those rights the
enjoyment of which is protected by
law.
Retaliation is different from an act of

self- defense.
When Aggression ceases - When the aggressor retreats, the aggression ceases
Retreat of aggressor aggression ceases, except when retreat is made to take a more advantageous position
to insure the success of the attack, unlawful aggression continues.
LACK OF SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION
Sufficient provocation should not come from the person defending himself/accused, and it must immediately come before
the aggression
Provocation is any unjust or improper conduct or act of the offended party, capable of exciting, inciting or irritating anyone. it
is sufficient when it is adequate to steer one to its commission.
NO PROVOCATION AT ALL
When "A' shot B to death, because B was running amuch and with a dagger was rushing towards A manifestly intending
to stab A, there was no provocation whatsoever on the part of A. The third requisite of self-defense is present
UNDER R.A 9262, KNOWN AS VAWC69

Victim-survivors who are found by the courts to be suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome do not incur any criminal or civil
liability notwithstanding the absence of any of the elements for justifying circumstances of self-defense under the RPC. (Sec.
26, R.A. No. 9262) The law provides for an additional justifying circumstance.
Battered Woman Syndrome refers to a scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioural symptoms found in
women living in battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse.
Battery refers to any act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child resulting to physical and psychological or
emotional distress.
CYCLE OF VIOLENCE
Requirement Application Annotation
it could be verbal or slight physical bumubuo ng tensyon like nagmumurahan,

The tension building phase abuse or another form of hostile nagsisigawan, yung tipong nakukutkut
(unfriendly) behavior. lahat ng galit
69
the Anti- Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004
said to be characterized by brutality, Nagkakasakitan to the point na wala ng

destructiveness and, sometimes, magawa yung wife dahil ang makakapigil
death. lang sa battery ay yung batterer or yung
nambubugbug.
During this phase, she has no control;

only the batterer may put an end to
The acute battering incident; and
the violence. Its nature can be as
unpredictable as the time of its explo-
sion, and so are his reasons for end-
ing it.
CONDITION SINE QUA NON
the batterer may show a tender and A f t e r n g b u g b u g a n , s i h u s b a n d

nurturing behavior towards his nakapagisip na nagliwanag ang isip nya at
The tranquil(peaceful, restful),
partner. He knows that he has been na-realize nya na mali ung ginawa nya.
loving (or at least non-violent) magppakita ngayon kay wife ng remorse,
viciously cruel and tries to make up
phase (People vs. Genosa) magbibigay ng pangako ng hindi na uulit,
for it, begging for her forgiveness and
tong si wife nakipagayus.
promising never to beat her again.
If these phases were absolutely occured for 3 times of these cycle of violence, as the law provides, action
made by the wife against her husband may be justified as self-defense.
DEFENSE OF HONOR AND PROPERTY

DEFENSE OF HONOR DEFENSE OF PROPERTY
People v. Dela Cruz (1935) People v. Narvaez (1983)

Accused was found guilty of homicide for stabbing and inside his house when he heard that the wall of his house
killing Rivera. Prosecution claimed that Dela Cruz and was being chiseled. He saw that Fleischer and Rubia,
Rivera had a relationship and that the accused was madly were fencing the land of the father of the deceased Fleis-
in love with the deceased and was extremely jealous of cher. He asked the group to stop but they refused. The
another woman with whom Rivera also had a relationship. accused got mad so he got his shotgun and shot Fleisch-
Dela Cruz claimed, on the other hand, that on her way er. Rubia ran towards the jeep and knowing there is a gun
home one evening, Rivera followed her, embraced and on the jeep, the accused fired at Rubia as well. Narvaez
kissed her and touched her private parts. She didnt know claimed he acted in defense of his person and rights.
that it was Rivera and that she was unable to resist the
strength of Rivera so she got a knife from her pocket and
Held: There was aggression by the deceased not on the
stabbed him in defense of her honor.
person of the accused but on his property rights when
Fleischer angrily ordered the continuance of the fencing.
Held: She is justified in using the pocketknife in repelling The third element of self-defense is also present because
what she believed to be an attack upon her honor. It was there was no sufficient provocation on the part of Narvaez
a dark night and she could not have identified Rivera. since he was sleeping when the deceased where fencing.
There being no other means of self- defense.
However, the second element was lacking. Shooting the

victims from the window of his house is disproportionate
to the physical aggression by the victims. Thus, there is
incomplete self-defense.
People vs. Apolinar.

This can only be invoked as justifying circumstance if

(1) Life and limb of the person making the defense is also
the subject of unlawful aggression
(2) Life cannot be equal to property.
HOW TO DETERMINE THE SUFFICIENCY OF PROVOCATION

Provocation must be sufficient, it should be proportionate to the act of aggression and adequate to blend the aggressor to its
commission.
Example: When one challenges the deceased to come out of the house and engage in a fist-fight with him and prove who is
the better man.
yung provocation nageexist mostly sa nagsisimula ng gulo, sa nagsimula nagugat yung pagalaw at paglaban nung prinovoke nya.
ILLUSTRATION OF THE THREE REQUISITES OF SELF-DEFENSE

People vs. Dolfo (C.A., 46 O.G. 1621)

A was an electrician while B was his assistant. A called B to him, who instead of
approaching asked him, "Why are you calling me?" A considered the retort as a
provocative answer and suddenly threw a 4 by 2 inches piece of wood at B. B retaliated
FACTS
by throwing at A the same piece of wood. A picked up the piece of wood, approached B
and started to beat him with the piece of wood. B defended himself with a screwdriver
and inflicted a mortal wound on A.
(1) Was there sufficient Wa s t h e r e r e a s o n a b l e In determining whether or

provocation on the part of B necessity in using the not a particular means
ISSUE/S
when he retorted "Why are screwdriver to repel the e m p l o y e d t o r e p e l a n
you calling me?" attack? aggression is reasonable
(1) B's answer of "Why are (2) The act of A in hurling the person attacked should
you calling me?" when the piece of wood at B not be expected to judge
summoned by A might have when his pride was hurt things calmly and to act
mortified and annoyed the c o n s t i t u t e d u n l a w f u l coolly or serenely as one
latter but it was not a aggression. Subsequent act not under stress or not
sufficient provocation. The of A in attacking B with the facing a danger to life or
p r o v o c a t i o n m u s t b e piece of wood, after B had limb.
sufficient or proportionate to hurled back the thrown
the act committed and piece of wood, was a The test is: Considering the
adequate to arouse one to continuation of the unlawful situation of the person
its commission. It is not aggression already begun. defending himself, would a
s u f f i c i e n t t h a t t h e The subsequent act of A reasonable man placed in
RULING
p r o v o c a t i v e a c t b e placed B in his defense, the same circumstance
unreasonable or annoying. justifying the use of a have acted in the same
A small question of self- reasonable means to repel way? In this case, the
p r i d e d o e s n o t j u s t i f y it. screwdriver was a
hurting or killing an reasonable means to repel
opponent. the unlawful aggression of
A. B was justified in killing
him with it. All the three
requisites ofself-defense
were present. Hence,
accused B must be, as he
was, acquitted.
END POINT All the elements of self-defense are present in this case.
PAR 2. REQ. 1 DEFENSE OF RELATIVES

CONDITION SINE-QUA NON
it is found not only upon a humanitarian sentiment, but also upon the impulse of blood which
INTENT OF THIS PARAGRAPH impels men to rush, on the occasion of great perils, to the rescue of those close to them by
ties of blood.

it is found not only upon a humanitarian sentiment, but also upon the impulse of blood which impels men to rush, on the oc-
casion of great perils, to the rescue of those close to them by ties of blood.
ELEMENTS DEFENSE OF RELATIVES

ELEMENTS WHAT APPLICATION / RATIONALE
Unlawful aggression Unlawful aggression may not exist as a Si A inatake nya si B gamit ang balisong,
matter of fact; it can be made to depend bumagsak si B at agad na bumangon mula sa
upon the honest belief of the one making atake ni A para depensahan ang kanyang
sarili, si A inatake naman nya si B bumagsak
the defense.
naman si B tapos si A tumayo sa harap ni
Reason: The law acknowledges the pos- B habang si B ay sugatan at bulagta, ang
sibility that a relative, by virtue of blood, plano ni A ay atakihin ulit si B.
will instinctively come to the aid of their
relatives. Dumating yung anak ni B nakita nyang
bulagta at sugatan yung tatay nya at nakita
nyang nakatayo sa harap nung tatay nya si A
ang aatakihin ni A si B ang ginawa nung
anak pinatay nya si A para ipagtangol ang
tatay nya.
Mistake of fact, dahil all knowing na si A ang

may unlawful aggression prto ang nakita nung
anak yung tatay nya yung dehado, pinatay nya
si A sabi ng supreme court JUSTIFIED" yung
pagpatay nung anak ni A as a defense of
relative.
Reasonable necessity of it does not mean that the relative

m e a n s e m p l o y e d t o defended should give provocation to the
prevent or repel it aggressor.
In case the provocation In the given scenario above, it shows that the
was given by the person relative through the son of A has no
attacked, the one making provocation. nakita lang nya na nadedehado

yung tatay nya kaya kahit hindi sya kasama sa
the defense had no part
provovation sa tatay nya napatay nya. clear
therein
action of relative.
Although the provocation prejudices the person who gave it, its effects do not reach the defender who took no part
therein, because the latter was prompted by some noble or generous sentiment in protecting and saving a relative
If the these 3 elements were present, this would constitute legitimate defense.
RELATIVES THAT CAN BE DEFEND DEFINITION AND COVERAGE
Spouse a husband or wife, considered in relation to their partner.

Persons with whom one is related in the ascending line;

one's parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc
Ascendants
(PATAAS MULA SAYO - MGA KAMAGANAK MO BAGO
KA IPANGANAK)
One who Is descended from another; a person who

proceeds from the body of another, such as a child,
Descendants
grandchild, etc., to the remotest degree. (PABABANG
LAHI MUNA SAYO)
To make lawful; to confer legitimacy; to place a child born

Legitmate before marriage on the footing of those born in lawful
wedlock.
Adopted brothers and sisters
Relatives because of marriage, are parents-in-law, son or

Relatives by affinity in the same degrees
daughter-in-law, and brother or sister-in-law
It refers to blood relatives. Brothers and sisters are within

the second degreee; uncle and niece or aunt and nephew
Relatives by consanguity within the fourth civil degree
are within the third civil degree; and first cousins are
within the fourth civil degree
Death of one spouse does not terminate the relationship by affinity established between the surviving spouse and the
blood relatives of the deceased
The fact that the relative defended gave provocation is imaterial
There is no distinction in the revised penal code whether the descendant should be legitimate or illegitimate; when the
law does not distinguish the courts cannot distinguish
!
EXAMPLE OF DEFENSE OF SPOUSE

The accused, at a distance of about 20 Brazas from his house, heard his wife shouting for help. He rushed to the house
and once inside saw the deceased on top of his wife. He drew his bolo and hacked the deceased at the base of his neck
when the latter was forcibly abusing his wife.
PAR 3. DEFENSE OF STRANGERS
Unlawful aggression MAY CLEAR NA DANGER NA PARATING SA ISANG TAO kailangan

CONDITION SINE-QUA NON may PHYSICAL ASSAULT (SALITAAN MAY NOT CONSTITUTE UNLAWFUL
AGGRESSION)
The ordinary person would not stand idly by and see his companion killed without attempting
INTENT OF THIS ARTICLE
to save his life.
ELEMENTS OF DEFENSE OF STRANGERS

REQUISITE ANNOTATION
Unlawful aggression;
Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent Application same as above

or repel it;
The person defending was not induced by revenge,

resentment or other evil motive.
WHO ARE DEEMEDSTRANGER

Any person not included in the enumeration of relatives under par. 2 of Art. 11
Damage to another includes injury to persons and damage to property.
A person defending his common-law spouse or adopted child will fall under this paragraph.
REVENGE RESENTMENT OTHER EVIL MOTIVE
to inflict injury in return for a feeling of indignant displeasure or

persistent ill will at something regarded
as a wrong, insult, or injury
EXAMPLE OF A DEFENSE OF A STRANGER

SI A person not identified sumisigaw at nagiiyak asking for a help, then A responded with the person creams, A saw B
attacking his wife Bs wife. A and B struggled for the possession of the weapon, in the course of which A inflicted wounds
on B [JUSTIFIED DEFENSE OF A STRANGER]

AVOIDANCE OF GREATER EVIL

JURISPRUDENCE
People vs. Genosa

GR. NO.: 135981. January 15, 2004
PONENTE: PANGANIBAN, J.
Battered Woman | defined |Cycle of Violence |Phases |Tension-Building Phase|Acute

TOPIC/S:
Battering Incident |Tranquil Period |Elements |Unlawful aggression
Appellant (who was pregnant at that time), in her testimony, she and her husband Ben, had a
quarrel. When she was about to pack her clothes as the quarrel had graver, her husband al-
legedly flew into a hot temper, dragged appellant outside of the bedroom towards a drawer
holding her by the neck. Ben got a blade, as the drawer - that contained a gun, was locked.
She however, smashed the arm of Ben with a pipe, causing him to drop the blade and his wal-
let. Appellant then smashed Ben at his back with the pipe as he was about to pick up the blade
and his wallet. She thereafter ran inside the bedroom. Appellant, however, insisted that she
TRIGGER OF THE ended the life of her husband by shooting him. She supposedly twisted the drawer where the
FACTS:
gun was and shot Ben. He did not die on the spot, though, but in the bedroom.
It should be noted that appellant was physically abused by her husband. The defense present-
ed Dra. Dayan, a psychologist and believed that appellant is suffering the Battered Woman
Syndrome. Another decorated expert, Dr. Alfredo Pajarillo, a physician, Dr. Pajarillo said that at
the time she killed her husband appellant's mental condition was that she was re-experiencing
the trauma.
TRIGGER OF THE Can Marivic Genosa be granted the Justifying circumstance of Self-defense, and can she be
ISSUE/S: held liable for the aggravating circumstance of treachery?
For the first issue, the SC held that the defense failed to establish all the elements of self-
defense arising from battered woman syndrome, to wit:
(a) Each of the phases of the cycle of violence must be proven to have characterized at least
two battering episodes between the appellant and her intimated partner;
TRIGGER OF THE
(b) The final acute battering episode preceding the killing of the batterer must have produced
RULING:
in the battered persons mind an actual fear of an imminent harm from her batterer and an
honest belief that she needed to use force in order to save her life, and;
(c) At the time of the killing, the batterer must have posed probable not necessarily
immediate and actual grave harm to the accused based on the history of violence
perpetuated by the former against the latter.

The conviction of Appellant Marivic Genosa for parricide is hereby AFFIRMED. However, there
being two (2) mitigating circumstances and no aggravating circumstance attending her
VERDICT:
commission of the offense, her penalty is REDUCED to six (6) years and one (1) day of prision
mayor as minimum; to 14 years, 8 months and 1 day of reclusion temporal as maximum.
When can BWS (Battered Woman Syndrome) as self defense be appreciated?
Where the brutalized person is already suffering from BWS, further evidence of actual physical
assault at the time of the killing is not required. Incidents of domestic battery usually have a
predictable pattern. To require the battered person to await an obvious, deadly attack before
END POINT:
she can defend her life "would amount to sentencing her to 'murder by installment.' Still, im-
pending danger (based on the conduct of the victim in previous battering episodes) prior to the
defendant's use of deadly force must be shown. Threatening behavior or communication can
satisfy the required imminence of danger. Considering such circumstances and the existence
of BWS, self-defense may be appreciated.
CITED DOCTRINE/ N/A

S:
The defense should prove all (3) three phases of cycle of violence characterizing the
relationship of parties
CASE DOCTRINE:
Note: The existence of battered woman syndrome in a relationship does not in itself establish
a legal right of a woman to kill her partner. Evidence must still be considered in the context of
self-defense
The wife had suffered maltreatment from her husband for over eight years. She was 8 months
pregnant when, one evening, her husband came home drunk and started to batter her.
Shouting that his wife "might as well be killed so there will be nobody to nag" him, he dragged
her towards a drawer where he kept a gun, but was not able to open the drawer because it
was locked. So he got out a cutter from his wallet, but dropped it. She was able to hit his arm
CIRCUMTANCES: with a pipe and escape into another room. The wife, thinking of all the suffering that her
husband had been inflicting on her, and thinking that he might really kill her and her unborn
child, distorted the drawer and got the gun. She shot her husband, who was by then asleep on
the bed. She was tried and convicted for parricide, which is punishable by reclusion perpetua
(20 years and 1 day to 40 years) to death. On appeal, she alleged "battered woman
syndrome" as a form of self-defense.
IMPORTANT
POINT/S:
RTC -
COURT CA -
DECISIONS:
SC -
FACTS
That Marivic Genosa, the Appellant on the 15November1995, attacked and wounded his husband, which ultimately led to his
death. According to the appellant she did not provoke her husband when she got home that night it was her husband who

! of !439
began the provocation. The Appellant said she was frightened that her husband would hurt her and she wanted to make sure
she would deliver her baby safely. In fact, The Appelant had to be admitted later at the Rizal Medical Centre as she was suf-
fering from eclampsia and hypertension, and the baby was born prematurely on December 1, 1995.
The Appellant testified that during her marriage she had tried to leave her husband at least five (5) times, but that Ben would
always follow her and they would reconcile. The Apellant said that the reason why Ben was violent and abusive towards her
that night was because 'he was crazy about his recent girlfriend, Lulu Rubillos.
The Appellant after being interviewed by specialists, has been shown to be suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome.
The appellant with a plea of self defense admitted the killing of her husband, she was then found guilty of Parricide, with the
aggravating circumstance of treachery, for the husband was attacked while asleep.
ISSUE
Can Marivic Genosa be granted the Justifying circumstance of Self-defense, and can she be held liable for the aggravating
circumstance of treachery?
HELD
No, There is treachery when one commits any of the crimes against persons by employing means, methods or forms in the
execution thereof without risk to oneself arising from the defense that the offended party might make.
The circumstances must be shown as indubitably as the killing itself; they cannot be deduced from mere inferences, or con-
jectures, which have no place in the appreciation of evidence. Besides, equally axiomatic is the rule that when a killing is
preceded by an argument or a quarrel, treachery cannot be appreciated as a qualifying circumstance, because the deceased
may be said to have been forewarned and to have anticipated aggression from the assailant.
In the present case, however it was not conclusively shown, that the appellant intentionally chose a specific means of suc-
cessfully attacking her husband without any risk to herself from any retaliatory act that he might make. To the contrary, it ap-
pears that the thought of using the gun occurred to her only at about the same moment when she decided to kill her spouse.
In the absence of any convincing proof that she consciously and deliberately employed the method by which she committed
the crime in order to ensure its execution, the doubt should be resolved in her favor.
SYLLABI
Same; Same; Justifying Circumstances; Self-defense; In criminal cases, self-defense shifts the burden of proof from
the prosecution to the defense.When the accused admits killing the victim, it is incumbent upon her to prove any claimed
justifying circumstance by clear and convincing evidence. Well-settled is the rule that in criminal cases, self-defense (and
similarly, defense of a stranger or third person) shifts the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS); The concept has been recognized in foreign jurisdic-
tions as a form of self-defense or, at the least, incomplete self-defense.In claiming self-defense, appellant raises the
novel theory of the battered woman syndrome. While new in Philippine jurisprudence, the concept has been recognized in
foreign jurisdictions as a form of self-defense or, at the least, incomplete self-defense. By appreciating evidence that a victim
or defendant is afflicted with the syndrome, foreign courts convey their understanding of the justifiably fearful state of mind of
a person who has been cyclically abused and controlled over a period of time.

! of !439
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Battered Woman, defined; In order to be classified as a battered woman, the
couple must go through the battering cycle at least twice.A battered woman has been defined as a woman who is
repeatedly subjected to any forceful physical or psychological behavior by a man in order to coerce her to do something he
wants her to do without concern for her rights. Battered women include wives or women in any form of intimate relationship
with men. Furthermore, in order to be classified as a battered woman, the couple must go through the battering cycle at least
twice. Any woman may find herself in an abusive relationship with a man once. If it occurs a second time, and she remains in
the situation, she is defined as a battered woman.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Battered women exhibit common personality traits.Battered women exhibit com-
mon personality traits, such as low self-esteem, traditional beliefs about the home, the family and the female sex role; emo-
tional dependence upon the dominant male; the tendency to accept responsibility for the batterers actions; and false hopes
that the relationship will improve.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Cycle of Violence; Phases; Tension-Building Phase; During the tension-building
phase, minor battering occursit could be verbal or slight physical abuse or another form of hostile behavior.Dur-
ing the tension-building phase,minor battering occursit could be verbal or slight physical abuse or another form of hostile70
behavior. The woman usually tries to pacify the batterer through a show of kind, nurturing behavior; or by simply staying out
of his way. What actually happens is that she allows herself to be abused in ways that, to her, are comparatively minor. All
she wants is to prevent the escalation of the violence exhibited by the batterer. This wish, however, proves to be double-
edged, because her placatory71 and passive behavior legitimizes his belief that he has the right to abuse her in the first
place. However, the techniques adopted by the woman in her effort to placate him are not usually successful, and the verbal
and/or physical abuse worsens. Each partner senses the imminent loss of control and the growing tension and despair. Ex-
hausted from the persistent stress, the battered woman soon withdraws emotionally. But the more she becomes emotionally
unavailable, the more the batterer becomes angry, oppressive and abusive. Often, at some unpredictable point, the violence
spirals out of control and leads to an acute battering incident.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Acute Battering Incident; The acute battering incident is said to be characterized
by brutality, destructiveness and, sometimes, death.The acute battering incidentis said to be characterized by brutality,
destructiveness and, sometimes, death. The battered woman deems this incident as unpredictable, yet also inevitable. Dur-
ing this phase, she has no control; only the batterer may put an end to the violence. Its nature can be as unpredictable as the
time of its explosion, and so are his reasons for ending it. The battered woman usually realizes that she cannot reason with
him, and that resistance would only exacerbate her condition. At this stage, she has a sense of detachment from the attack
and the terrible pain, although she may later clearly remember every detail. Her apparent passivity in the face of acute vio-
lence may be rationalized thus: the batterer is almost always much stronger physically, and she knows from her past painful
experience that it is futile to fight back. Acute battering incidents are often very savage and out of control, such that innocent
bystanders or intervenors are likely to get hurt.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Tranquil Period; The final phase of the cycle of violence begins
when the acute battering incident endsduring this tranquil period, the couple experience profound relief.The final
phase of the cycle of violence begins when the acute battering incident ends. During this tranquil period, the couple experi-
ence profound relief. On the one hand, the batterer may show a tender and nurturing behavior towards his partner. He knows
that he has been viciously cruel and tries to make up for it, begging for her forgiveness and promising never to beat her
70
unfriendly, confrontalnation
71
Intended to make some less angry or hostile
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again. On the other hand, the battered woman also tries to convince herself that the battery will never happen again; that her
partner will change for the better; and that this good, gentle and caring man is the real person whom she loves. A battered
woman usually believes that she is the sole anchor of the emotional stability of the batterer. Sensing his isolation and despair,
she feels responsible for his well-being. The truth, though, is that the chances of his reforming, or seeking or receiving pro-
fessional help, are very slim, especially if she remains with him. Generally, only after she leaves him does he seek profes-
sional help as a way of getting her back. Yet, it is in this phase of remorseful reconciliation that she is most thoroughly tor-
mented psychologically. The illusion of absolute inter dependency is well-entrenched in a battered womans psyche. In this
phase, she and her batterer are indeed emotionally dependent on each othershe for his nurturant behavior, he for her for-
giveness. Underneath this miserable cycle of tension, violence and forgiveness, each partner may believe that it is better to
die than to be separated. Neither one may really feel independent, capable of functioning without the other.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Elements; One who resorts to self-defense must face a real threat on ones life, not
merely imaginary.Settled in our jurisprudence, however, is the rule that the one who resorts to self-defense must face a
real threat on ones life; and the peril sought to be avoided must be imminent and actual, not merely imaginary. Thus, the
Revised Penal Code provides the following requisites and effect of self-defense: Art. 11. Justifying circumstances.The
following do not incur any criminal liability: 1. Anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights, provided that the following
circumstances concur; First. Unlawful aggression; Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel
it; Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Unlawful aggression; Unlawful aggression is the most essential element of self-
defense.Unlawful aggression is the most essential element of self-defense. It presupposes actual, sudden and unexpected
attackor an imminent danger thereofon the life or safety of a person.
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Aggression, if not continuous, does not warrant self-defense.Aggression,
if not continuous, does not warrant self-defense. In the absence of such aggression, there can be no self-defensecomplete
or incompleteon the part of the victim.
Same; Same; Mitigating Circumstances; Passion and Obfuscation; Requisites; To appreciate this circumstance, the
following requisites should concur.In addition, we also find in favor of appellant the extenuating circumstance of having
acted upon an impulse so powerful as to have naturally produced passion and obfuscation. It has been held that this state of
mind is present when a crime is committed as a result of an uncontrollable burst of passion provoked by prior unjust or im-
proper acts or by a legitimate stimulus so powerful as to overcome reason. To appreciate this circumstance, the following
requisites should concur: (1) there is an act, both unlawful and sufficient to produce such a condition of mind; and (2) this act
is not far removed from the commission of the crime by a considerable length of time, during which the accused might recov-
er her normal equanimity.
PERSONAL ANNOTATION
CONCURRING
DISSENTING
! of !439
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J., Dissenting Opinion:
Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Once BWS and an impending danger based on the conduct of the deceased in
previous battering episodes are established, actual occurrence of an assault is no longer a condition sine qua non
before self-defense may be upheld.Traditionally, in order that self-defense may be appreciated, the unlawful aggression
or the attack must be imminent and actually in existence. This interpretation must, however, be re-evaluated vis--vis the
recognized inherent characteristic of the psyche of a person afflicted with the Battered Woman Syndrome. As previously
discussed, women afflicted by this syndrome live in constant fear for their life and thus respond in self-defense. Once BWS
and an impending danger based on the conduct of the deceased in previous battering episodes are established, actual oc-
currence of an assault is no longer a condition sine qua non before self defense may be upheld. Threatening behavior or
communication can satisfy the required imminence of danger. As stated in the ponencia, to require the battered person to
await an obvious deadly attack before she can defend her life would amount to sentencing her to murder by installment.
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Article 12
Art. 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability. the following are exempt from crim-
inal liability:
1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted during a lucid interval.
When the imbecile or an insane person has committed an act which the law defines as a felony
(delito), the court shall order his confinement in one of the hospitals or asylums established for
persons thus afflicted, which he shall not be permitted to leave without first obtaining the permis-
sion of the same court.
2. A person under nine years of age.
3. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment, in
which case, such minor shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of Art. 80 of
this Code.
When such minor is adjudged to be criminally irresponsible, the court, in conformably with the
provisions of this and the preceding paragraph, shall commit him to the care and custody of his
family who shall be charged with his surveillance and education otherwise, he shall be committed
to the care of some institution or person mentioned in said Art. 80.
4. Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident
without fault or intention of causing it.
5. Any person who act under the compulsion of irresistible force.
6. Any person who acts under the impulse of an uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury.
7. Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, when prevented by some lawful insu-
perable cause.
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CHAPTER 3
CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MITIGATE CRIMINAL

LIABILITY
!
Article 13
Art. 13. Mitigating circumstances. The following are mitigating circumstances;
1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when all the requisites necessary to justify or to ex-
empt from criminal liability in the respective cases are not attendant.
2. That the offender is under eighteen year of age or over seventy years. In the case of the minor,
he shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of Art. 80.
3. That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as that committed.
4. That sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended party immediately preceded the
act.
5. That the act was committed in the immediate vindication of a grave offense to the one commit-
ting the felony (delito), his spouse, ascendants, or relatives by affinity within the same degrees.
6. That of having acted upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to have produced passion or ob-
fuscation.
7. That the offender had voluntarily surrendered himself to a person in authority or his agents, or
that he had voluntarily confessed his guilt before the court prior to the presentation of the evi-
dence for the prosecution;
8. That the offender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering some physical defect which
thus restricts his means of action, defense, or communications with his fellow beings.
9. Such illness of the offender as would diminish the exercise of the will-power of the offender
without however depriving him of the consciousness of his acts.

! of !439
10. And, finally, any other circumstances of a similar nature and analogous to those above men-
tioned.
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CRIMINAL LAW BOOK ONE REVISED PENAL CODE

REVISED PENAL CODE

SANTIAGO JR. Page 1

CONDITION SINE-QUA NON

INTENT OF THIS ARTICLE

TRIGGER OF THE FACTS:

TRIGGER OF THE ISSUE/S:

TRIGGER OF THE RULING:

SANTIAGO JR. Page 2

SANTIAGO JR. Page 3

BAR QUESTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................3

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................26

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................34

SANTIAGO JR. Page 4

PEOPLE VS. OANIS............................................................................................................................................................................... 41

PEOPLE VS AH CHONG ........................................................................................................................................................................45

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................48

WOULD BE AN OFFENSE AGAINST PROPERTY.

INTOD VS. CA ........................................................................................................................................................................................56

GEMMA T. JACINTO VS PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES .................................................................................................................... 59

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................60

WHEN STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROVISION OF THIS CODE

SANTIAGO JR. Page 5

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................79

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................86

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................90

BAR QUESTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................91

PAR. 1. REQ. 1. SELF-DEFENSE (CSQ)

PAR. 1. REQ. 2. REASONABLE NECESSITY OF MEANS EMPLOYED TO PREVENT OR REPEL IT.

PAR. 1. REQ. 3. LACK OF SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION ON PART OF DEFENDER

PAR 2. REQ. 1 DEFENSE OF RELATIVES

PAR 3. DEFENSE OF STRANGERS

AVOIDANCE OF GREATER EVIL

PEOPLE VS. GENOSA......................................................................................................................................................................... 109

BAR QUESTION .........................................................................................................................................................................................................114

CASE TITLE.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 116

BAR QUESTION .........................................................................................................................................................................................................117

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SANTIAGO JR. Page 8

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