Biology in itself would just be plain observation and assumption, what adds meaning to it is--- maths the

language of science. It was a naive notion to consider Biology unrelated to mathematics whereas
underneath the surface maths is the beating heart of biology.

On careful observation it can be clearly seen that maths is intrinsically woven into all biological
phenomena. What might further amaze you is that biological phenomena which may seem to be
occurring randomly at first are actually well calculated, balanced and designed to reach an optimum
ratio for functionality.

At first let us consider our origin for instance, We resulted from a zygote that had specifically 23 pairs
of chromosomes which was achieved from a reduction division( meiosis) bringing 23 chromosomes from
each parent gamete wherein the number was first doubled then divided into four. The zygote then
underwent subsequent divisions doubling each time following Gompertz equation.

Goes without saying an article on maths in biology would be incomplete without the mention of the
golden ratio phi=1.6180 and the Fibonnaci/Hemchandra series. Which was observed by Fibonnaci who
came up with the sequence when calculating the ideal expansion pairs of rabbits over the course of a
year.

phi appears exclusively in the plant world- the ideal packing arrangement as selected by Darwinian
processes each petal is placed at 0.618034 per turn.Another good example is the flower head of the
sunflower that shows the spiraling pattern ,tree branches and root patterns growing in the sequence.
Logarithmic spiral found in shells using the concept of golden rectangle ,the DNA molecule measuring 34
angstroms long by 21 angstroms wide for each full cycle of its double helix spiral.From tail to fin ratio in
fishes to the wing to tail ratio in birds or the concept of symmetry in our features.

Another factor to be considered in creation of modern human is evolutionary concourse of the

tremendous expansion and the differentiation of the neo cortex, has contributed to the development of
the human brain. A quantitative study of such folding is beyond standard geometry, but fits beautifully
in fractal geometry.

A classic example of prey life cycle relation with prime numbers-- Cicadas emerging at prime-numbered
year intervals, like the( seventeen-year Brood II set to swarm the East Coast), find themselves relatively
immune to predator population cycles, since it is mathematically unlikely for a short-cycled predator to
exist on the same cycle. LotkaVolterra equations, predatorprey equations, are a pair of first-
order, nonlinear, differential equations frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in
which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey.

Pontryagin Minimum Principle is used to determine optimal control with the help of Hamiltonian which
can explain enzymatic system dynamics with control measures to optimize the product as well as
process conditions.

Plants effect of wind drag on abscission which provides the best angle for seed dispersal an analogy
between the (diaspore connected to a vascular bundle subjected to a fluctuating wind) and a harmonic
oscillator subjected to a random but auto-correlated force. The angular displacement of the centroid of
the diaspore is given by the mass-spring-damper equation.

Again it is observed that bird flight low-aspect-ratio-wings can favourably enhance the lift. The
downward velocity behind the flyer is accompanied by an upward velocity field outside the wake, and in
V-flight formation of migrating birds this can be used by the followers wing as an energy saving
contribution to the generated lift.

Based on a hypothesis, a continuum mathematical model is developed to describe the soil dumping
activity of ants, averaged over space and time. Consisting of a single, first-order differential equation,
the model resembles that used to describe simultaneous convection and reaction of a chemical species,
thus establishing a connection between ant craters and reacting flows. Also the hexagonal shape of
honeycomb in which cells start as circles but wax starts flowing, the cell walls naturally fall flat and take
on the shape of a hexagon, like adjoining bubbles in a bath. This is physically the simplest and most
stable way for cylinders to merge.

The application of neural networks to the optimum routing algorithm relies heavily on shortest path
computations that have to be carried out in real time find analogy with binary codes in electrical
circuits , through potassium ion conc. gradient which conducts electrical impulses in our brain.

Thus we can well conclude that the greatest designs, processes in biology are can be understood
and truely appreciated through maths.