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PROGRAMMING HAMRADIO AICOFRADIOWAV

AICOFRADIOWAV
RLATDOOK

HamRadioForDummie,2nddition

H.Wardilver

Undertandinghamradio(orantpeofradio)iimpoilewithoutalohavingageneralundertandingofthepurpoeofradio:toendandreceive
informationuingradiowave.

Radiowavearejutanotherformoflightthattravelattheamepeed;186,000mileperecond.RadiowavecangettotheMoonandackin2
econdorcirclethearthin1/7econd.

Theenerginaradiowaveipartlelectricandpartlmagnetic,appearingaanelectriceldandamagneticeldwhereverthewavetravel.(Aeldi
jutenergtoredinpaceinoneformoranother,likeagravitationaleldthatouexperienceaweight.)

Theeeldmakechargedparticleuchatheelectroninawiremoveinncwiththeradiowave.Theemovingelectronareacurrent,jut
likeinanACpowercordexceptthattheformaradiocurrentthatourradioreceiverturninto,a,audilepeech.

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Thiproceworkinreveretocreateradiowave.Tranmittercaueelectrontomoveothatthe,inturn,createtheradiowave.Antennaare
juttructureinwhichtheelectronmovetocreateandlaunchradiowaveintopace.

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Theelectroninanantennaalomoveinreponetoradiowavefromotherantenna.Inthiwa,energitranferredfrommovingelectronat
onetationtoradiowaveandacktomovingelectronattheothertation.

FRQUNCYANDWAVLNGTH
Theradiowaveelectronrelationhiphaawrinkle:Theeldoftheradiowavearentjutonetrengthallthetime;theocillate(varetweena
poitiveandanegativevalue)thewathataviratingtringmoveaoveandelowittationarpoition.

Thetimethataeldtrengthtaketogothroughonecompleteetofvalueicalledaccle.Thenumerofccleinoneecondithefrequencof
thewave,meauredinhertz(areviatedHz).

Hereoneotherwrinkle:Thewaveialomovingatthepeedoflight,whichicontant.Ifoucouldwatchthewaveocillateaitmoved,oudee
thatthewavealwamovetheameditanceonewavelengthinoneccle.

Thehigherthewavefrequenc,thefateracclecompleteandtheletimeithatomoveduringoneccle.High-frequencwavehavehort
wavelength,andlow-frequencwavehavelongwavelength.

Credit:CourteAmericanRadioRelaLeague

Ifouknowaradiowavefrequenc,oucangureoutthewavelengthecauethepeedoflightialwatheame.Herehow:

Wavelength=peedoflight/Frequencofthewave

Wavelengthinmeter=300,000,000/Frequencinhertz

imilarl,ifouknowhowfarthewavemoveinoneccle(thewavelength),oualoknowhowfatitocillateecauethepeedoflightixed:

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Frequencinhertz=300,000,000/Wavelengthinmeter

Frequenciareviatedaf,thepeedoflightac,andwavelengthatheGreekletterlamda),leadingtothefollowingimpleequation:

f=c/and=c/f

Thehigherthefrequenc,thehorterthewavelength,andvicevera.

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Radiowaveocillateatfrequencieetweentheupperendofhumanhearingataout20kilohertz,orkHz(kiloithemetricareviationmeaning
1,000),onupto1,000gigahertz,orGHz(gigaithemetricareviationmeaning1illion).Thehavecorrepondingwavelengthfromhundredof
meteratthelowfrequencietoafractionofamillimeter(mm)atthehighfrequencie.

Themotconvenienttwounittoueinthinkingofradiowavefrequenc(RF)andwavelengtharemegahertz(MHz;megamean1million)andmeter
(m).TheequationdecriingtherelationhipimuchimplerwhenouueMHzandm:

f=300/inmand=300/finMHz

Ifouarentcomfortalewithmemorizingequation,aneawatoconvertfrequencandwavelengthitomemorizejutonecomination,
ucha300MHzand1meteror10meterand30MHz.Thenuefactoroftentomoveineitherdirection,makingfrequenclargerand
wavelengthmalleraougo.

THRADIOPCTRUM
Therange,orpectrum,ofradiowaveiverroad.Tuningaradioreceivertodierentfrequencie,ouhearradiowavecarringallkindof
dierentinformation.Theeradiowavearecalledignal.ignalaregroupedthetpeofinformationthecarrindierentrangeoffrequencie,
calledand.

AMroadcat-andtation,forexample,tranmitignalwithfrequencieetween550and1700kHz(550,000and1,700,000hertz,or0.55and1.7
MHz).Thatwhatthenumeronaradiodialmean550for550kHzand1000for1000kHz,forexample.andhelpoundthetpeofignal
ouwantwithouthavingtohuntoverawiderange.

Credit:CourteAmericanRadioRelaLeague

Thedierentueroftheradiopectrumarecalledervice,uchatheroadcatingerviceortheAmateurRadioervice.achervicegetacertain
amountofpectrumtoue,calledafrequencallocation.Amateurradio,orhamradio,haquiteanumerofallocationprinkledthroughoutthe
radiopectrum.HamhaveaccetomanmallandintheMFthroughMicrowaveregion.

Radiowaveatdierentfrequencieactdierentlinthewathetravel,andtherequiredierenttechniquetotranmitandreceive.ecaue
waveofimilarfrequencietendtohaveimilarpropertie,theradiopectrumhamueidividedintoveegment:

MediumFrequenc(MF):Frequenciefrom300kHzto30MHz.ThiegmentthetraditionalhortwaveandincludeAMroadcatingand
onehamand.Hammaoongainaccetoapairofandinthirangeatherulemakingproceproceed.

hortwaveorHighFrequenc(HF):Frequenciefrom3to30MHz.Thiegmentthetraditionalhortwaveandincludehortwave
roadcating;ninehamradioand;andhip-to-hore,hip-to-hip,militar,andCitizenanduer.

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VerHighFrequenc(VHF):Frequenciefrom30MHzto300MHz.ThiegmentincludeTVchannel2through13,FMroadcating,three
hamand,pulicafetandcommercialmoileradio,andmilitarandaviationuer.

UltraHighFrequenc(UHF):Frequenciefrom300MHzto1GHz.ThiegmentincludeTVchannel14andhigher,twohamand,cellular
phone,pulicafetandcommercialmoileradio,andmilitarandaviationuer.

Microwave:Frequencieaove1GHz.ThiegmentincludeGP;digitalwireletelephone;Wi-Fiwirelenetworking;microwaveoven;eight
hamand;atelliteTV;andnumeroupulic,private,andmilitaruer.

ecauearadiowavehaapecicfrequencandwavelength,hamuethetermfrequencandwavelengthomewhatinterchangeal.(The
40meterand7MHzhamandaretheamething,forexample.)

PROGRAMMING HAMRADIO PRDICTINGPROPAGATIONINHAMRADIOWITHVOACAPONLIN

PRDICTINGPROPAGATIONINHAMRADIOWITHVOACAPONLIN
RLATDOOK
HamRadioForDummie,2nddition

H.Wardilver

Operatingonthehigh-frequenc(HF)hamradioandcaneverexcitingaconditionchangearoundtheworld.Tohelpoueintherightplace
attherighttime,propagationpredictionprogramareavailale.Manarefree,uchatheHamCapoftwarefromAlexhovkopla(V3NA).The
onlinepredictionerviceVOACAPOnlineieatoueandhelpouundertandpropagation.

othprogramueVOACAP,theunderlingenginethatdoeallthecalculationaedoncurrentolarinformation.

Youcanhavealotoffunwithpropagationpredictionprogram,utrememer:thearentexact;conditioncanchangefromdatodaandhourto
hour;andwhileoureonthecomputer,ourenotontheairmakingcontact!

HerehowtoueVOACAPOnline,tartingwithenteringtheDateinformationinthetop-rightcornerofthecreen:

1 Makeurethatthemonthandeararecorrect.

DontenteravalueforN(moothedunpotNumer),ecauetheprogramwillotainitfromanonlineource.

2 electatranmittinglocationfromtheTranmitteriteectionQTHmenu(tpicall,ourhome
location).

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U..citiearelitedintheWection;electonenearou.(Later,oucanenterdirectlatitudeandlongitudeifouwanttoeexact,utitwontmakea
greatdealofdierence.)

Whenoumakeaelection,theredmappinmovetothatlocation.

3 electareceivinglocationfromtheReceiveriteectionQTHmenu.

Theditanceandearinginformationelowthemapupdate,andtheluepinmovetothereceivinglocation.

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grammarly.com and mistake-free.

4 Leaveallantenna,power,mode,andotherinformationalonefornow.

Thecreenlookliketheonehownherewithamapontheleftandtheleendinformationontheright.

5 ClicktheuttonlaeledRunthePrediction!

Anewwindowappear.

achoftheHFamateurandimarkedaalacklineacrothegraphwithincreaingfrequencalongtheverticalaxi.UniveralCoordinatedTime
(UTC)ihownalongthehorizontalaxi.Thecolorarontherighthowtheproailitthatourtranmittedignalwilleheardatthereceivingite.
unrieandunetateachlocationarehownelowthegraph.

Inthiparticularcenario,thereaprettgoodchanceofeingheardinKenafromcentralMiourionthe17meterandetween1800and2400
UTC,followeda4-hourpotentialopeningonthe20meterand.

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