Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
APRILE 2005
TESTO INGLESE
UNI UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano Riproduzione vietata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte del presente documento
di Unicazione pu essere riprodotta o diffusa con un mezzo qualsiasi, fotocopie, microlm o altro, senza
Via Battistotti Sassi, 11B il consenso scritto dellUNI.
20133 Milano, Italia www.uni.com
PREMESSA NAZIONALE
La presente norma costituisce il recepimento, in lingua inglese, del-
la norma europea EN ISO 13790 (edizione giugno 2004), che assu-
me cos lo status di norma nazionale italiana.
Le norme UNI sono elaborate cercando di tenere conto dei punti di vista di tutte le parti
interessate e di conciliare ogni aspetto conittuale, per rappresentare il reale stato
dellarte della materia ed il necessario grado di consenso.
Chiunque ritenesse, a seguito dellapplicazione di questa norma, di poter fornire sug-
gerimenti per un suo miglioramento o per un suo adeguamento ad uno stato dellarte
in evoluzione pregato di inviare i propri contributi allUNI, Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unicazione, che li terr in considerazione per leventuale revisione della norma stessa.
Le norme UNI sono revisionate, quando necessario, con la pubblicazione di nuove edizioni o
di aggiornamenti.
importante pertanto che gli utilizzatori delle stesse si accertino di essere in possesso
dellultima edizione e degli eventuali aggiornamenti.
Si invitano inoltre gli utilizzatori a vericare lesistenza di norme UNI corrispondenti alle
norme EN o ISO ove citate nei riferimenti normativi.
ICS 91.140.10
English version
Performance thermique des btiments - Calcul des besoins Wrmetechnisches Verhalten von Gebuden - Berechnung
d'nergie pour le chauffage des locaux (ISO 13790:2004) des Heizenergiebedarfs (ISO 13790:2004)
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13790:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Contents
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................................4
2 Normative references ..........................................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions .........................................................................................................................................5
4 Symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................................................................9
5 Outline of the calculation procedure and required data................................................................................11
6 Intermittent heating ...........................................................................................................................................15
7 Heat loss (single zone calculation) ..................................................................................................................16
8 Heat gains...........................................................................................................................................................19
9 Heat use ..............................................................................................................................................................21
10 Annual heat use of the building....................................................................................................................24
11 Energy for space heating ..............................................................................................................................24
12 Report..............................................................................................................................................................25
Annex A (normative) Application to existing buildings .......................................................................................27
Annex B (normative) Multi-zone calculation method ...........................................................................................28
Annex C (normative) Intermittent heating Calculation of adjusted internal temperature..............................29
Annex D (normative) Calculation with holiday period..........................................................................................37
Annex E (normative) Heat loss of special envelope elements ............................................................................38
Annex F (normative) Solar gains of special elements..........................................................................................42
Annex G (informative) Ventilation airflow rates ....................................................................................................49
Annex H (informative) Data for solar gains............................................................................................................53
Annex I (informative) Calculation of heat use for each heating mode................................................................57
Annex J (informative) Accuracy of the method.....................................................................................................59
Annex K (informative) Conventional input data ....................................................................................................60
Annex ZA (informative) Normative references to international publications with their
corresponding European publications ...................................................................................................................62
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................63
2
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Foreword
This document EN ISO 13790:2004 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89 "Thermal
performance of buildings and building components, the secretariat of which is held by SIS, in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment, sub-
committee 2, Calculation methods.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by December 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by December 2004.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard : : Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom
3
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Introduction
This standard is one of a series of calculation methods for the design and evaluation of thermal performance of
buildings and building components.
The calculation method presented in this standard is based on an energy balance taking account of internal and
external temperature variations and, through a utilisation factor, of the dynamic effect of internal and solar gains.
2) comparing the energy performance of various design alternatives for a planned building;
4) assessing the effect of possible energy conservation measures on an existing building, by calculation of the
energy use with and without the energy conservation measure;
5) predicting future energy resource needs on a national or international scale, by calculating the energy uses of
several buildings representative of the building stock.
Reference can be made to other International Standards or to national documents for input data and detailed
calculation procedures not provided by this standard. In particular, this applies to the calculation of the efficiency or
the heat loss of the heating systems.
Unlike EN 832, whose scope is restricted to residential buildings, this standard can be applied to both residential
and non-residential buildings. The most important changes in EN ISO 13790 compared to EN 832:1998, Thermal
performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for heating - Residential buildings, are:
2. Clause 11 has been made simpler, and energy use is calculated from heat use according to existing
International Standards or, by default, to national documents;
4. New input data have been included for non-residential buildings, in particular for utilisation factors.
For all these reasons, calculation using EN ISO 13790 gives results that may slightly differ from those obtained with
EN 832.
1 Scope
This standard gives a simplified calculation method for assessment of the annual energy use for space heating of a
residential or a non-residential building, or a part of it, which will be referred to as "the building".
It does not apply to buildings with air conditioning systems likely to provide space cooling during the heating
season.
1. the heat losses of the building when heated to constant internal temperature;
2. the annual heat required to maintain the specified set-point temperatures in the building;
3. the annual energy required by the heating system of the building for space heating, using heating system
characteristics which are to be found in specific European or International Standards, or, by default, in
national documents.
4
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The building can have several zones with different set-point temperatures, and can have intermittent heating.
The calculation period is the month. For residential buildings the calculation can also be performed for the heating
season. Monthly calculation gives correct results on an annual basis, but the results for individual months close to
the beginning and the end of the heating season can have large relative errors. Annex J provides some information
on the accuracy of the method.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987).
EN ISO 13370:1998, Thermal performance of buildings Heat transfer via the ground Calculation methods
(ISO 13370:1998).
EN ISO 13789, Thermal performance of buildings Transmission heat loss coefficient Calculation method
(ISO 13789:1999).
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345:1995 and the
following apply.
3.1
calculation period
NOTE The calculation period is the month. For residential buildings the calculation can also be performed for the heating season.
3.2
external temperature
NOTE For transmission heat loss calculations, the radiant temperature of the external environment is supposed equal to the external air
temperature; long-wave transmission to the sky is considered in F.5.
3.3
internal temperature
arithmetic average of the air temperature and the mean radiant temperature at the centre of the occupied zone
NOTE This is the approximate operative temperature according to ISO 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Instruments for
measuring physical quantities.
3.4
set-point temperature
3.5
set-back temperature
5
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
3.6
adjusted internal temperature
constant virtual internal temperature leading to the same heat loss as intermittent heating
3.7
heated space
3.8
unheated space
3.9
heat use
heat to be delivered to the heated space by an ideal heating system to maintain the set-point temperature during a
given period of time
NOTE The heat use can include additional building heat loss resulting from non-uniform temperature distribution and non-ideal temperature
control, if they are taken into account by increasing the set-point temperature and not included in the heat loss due to the heating system.
3.10
energy use for space heating
thermal energy to be delivered to the heating system to satisfy the heat use
3.11
intermittent heating
heating pattern where normal heating periods alternate with reduced heating periods
3.12
modes of intermittence
during intermittent heating, the heating system is operated according to either of the following modes:
3.12.1 normal mode: the heating system functions to maintain the internal temperature at the value it would have
with continuous heating;
3.12.2 cut-off mode: the heating system does not provide heat;
3.12.3 reduced heating power mode: the heating system provides a heat flow rate lower than in normal heating;
3.12.4 set-back mode: heat flow rate is controlled to maintain a set-back temperature;
3.12.5 boost mode: the heating system runs at full power in order to reach the set-point temperature at or before
the end of the reduced heating period
NOTE Depending on the control system, the boost mode can start according to two different strategies:
a) fixed time boost: the start of the boost mode is fixed by the user;
b) optimised boost: the time when the set-point internal temperature is recovered is fixed by the user, and the control system
optimises the start of the boost mode, taking account of the external and internal temperatures.
6
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
3.13
heated zone
part of the heated space with a given set-point temperature, throughout which the internal temperature is assumed
to have negligible spatial variations
3.14
heat transfer coefficient
heat flow rate between two zones divided by the temperature difference between both zones
3.15
heat loss coefficient
heat transfer coefficient from the heated space to the external environment
NOTE The heat loss coefficient of the building cannot be used when the multi-zone calculation method according to annex B is applied
3.16
building heat loss
heat transferred from heated space to the external environment by transmission and by ventilation, during a given
period of time
3.17
ventilation heat loss
heat lost with the air leaving the heated space either by exfiltration or ventilation
3.18
transmission heat loss
heat loss by transmission through the building envelope and through the ground
3.19
heat gains
heat generated within or entering into the heated space from heat sources other than the space and hot water
heating systems
3.20
internal heat gains
heat provided within the building by occupants (sensible metabolic heat) and by appliances other than the space
and hot water heating systems (lighting, domestic appliances, office equipment, etc.)
3.21
solar gains
heat provided by solar radiation entering into the building through windows or passive solar devices such as
sunspaces, transparent insulation and solar walls
NOTE Active solar devices such as solar collectors are considered as part of the heating system.
3.22
solar irradiation
7
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
3.23
utilisation factor
factor reducing the total monthly or seasonal heat gains to obtain the resulting reduction of the heat use
3.24
recovered heat
heat recovered from the environment or from heating and hot water systems (including auxiliary equipment), if not
directly taken into account in a reduction of the heating system losses
3.25
ventilation heat recovery
3.26
heating system losses
total of the heat lost by the heating system, including recovered system heat loss
8
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
A area m
d layer thickness m
F factor -
L length m
N number
T thermodynamic temperature K
gain/loss ratio -
9
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Celsius temperature C
density kg/m
4
Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( = 5,67 10- )
8
W/(mK )
time constant s
ratio of the effects of a change in heating flow rate on the internal temperature -
and on the structure temperature
ratio of the total solar radiation falling on the element when the air layer is open -
to the total solar radiation during the calculation period
NOTE Hours can be used as the unit of time instead of seconds for all quantities involving time (i.e. for time periods as well as for air change
rates), but in that case the unit of energy is Watt-hours [Wh] instead of Joules.
10
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Table 2 Subscripts
C capacity, calculation, f form, final r radiative, recovered,
convective reduced
The energy balance includes the following terms (only sensible heat is considered):
5. transmission and ventilation heat loss from the heated space to the external environment;
8. solar gains;
9. generation, distribution, emission and control losses of the space heating system;
NOTE As heat gains may induce internal temperature to rise above the set-point, the resulting additional heat loss is taken into account
through a utilisation factor reducing heat gains.
11
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The main terms of the energy balance are schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
4
Qm
Qs QVr
1 Qg
Qg
Qi QV
Qoa
QL
Qh
QT
3
Q
Qhw
Qr Qhs 2
Key
The calculation procedure is summarised below. In addition, the special approach given in annex A shall be
followed when applying this standard to existing buildings.
1) Define the boundaries of the heated space and, if appropriate, of different zones and unheated spaces,
according to 5.3.
2) In case of intermittent heating or intermittent ventilation define, within the calculation period, the periods having
different heating and ventilation patterns (e.g. day, night, weekend) according to clause 6.
12
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
3) For a single zone calculation, calculate the heat loss coefficient of the heated space according to clause 7; or
for a multi-zone calculation, follow the procedure in annex B.
4) For seasonal calculation, define or calculate the length and climatic data of the heating season, according
to 9.2.
5) calculate the adjusted internal temperature for each period according to clause 6;
10) calculate the heat use, Qh, for all calculation periods, according to clause 9;
11) calculate the annual heat use, Qh, according to clause 10;
12) calculate the energy use for heating taking into account the losses of the heating system, according to
clause 11.
The boundary of the heated space consists of all the building elements separating the considered heated space
from external environment or from adjacent heated zones or unheated spaces.
When the heated space is heated to the same temperature throughout, and when internal and solar gains are
relatively small or evenly distributed throughout the building, the single zone calculation applies.
a) set-point temperatures of the zones never differ by more than 4 K, and it is expected that the gain/loss ratios
differ by less than 0,4 (e.g. between south and north zones), or
In such cases, even if the set-point temperature is not uniform, the single zone calculation applies. Then the
internal temperature to be used is:
H z iz
i = z (1)
Hz
z
where
Hz is the heat loss coefficient, according to clause 6, but calculated separately for each zone z.
In other cases with significant differences in set-point temperatures or heat gains, the building is divided into
several zones.
If the purpose of the calculation is to assess heat use for each zone individually, then the calculation procedure
given in annex B shall be used.
Otherwise, each zone may be calculated independently using the single zone procedure and assuming adiabatic
boundaries between zones. The energy use for the building is the sum of the energy use calculated for the
individual zones.
When no International Standard is given as a reference, the necessary information may be obtained from national
standards or other suitable documents, and these should be used where available. The informative annexes give
values or methods to obtain values when the required information is otherwise not available.
For predicting the energy needs or judging compliance with regulations or specifications, conventional values shall
be used, in order to make the results comparable between different buildings.
For optimisation of a planned building or retrofitting an existing building, the best available estimate for that
particular building shall be used (see annex A). However, if no better estimates are available, conventional values
may be used as first approximations.
The physical dimensions of the building construction shall be consistent throughout the calculation. Internal,
external or overall internal dimensions can be used, but the same type shall be kept for the whole calculation and
the type of dimensions used shall be clearly indicated in the report.
NOTE 1 Some linear thermal transmittances of thermal bridges depend on the type of dimensions used.
The input data required for single zone calculation are listed below. Some of these data may be different for each
calculation period (e.g. shading correction factors, airflow rates in cold months) and for each period of an
intermittence pattern (e.g. air flow rate, thermal transmittance of windows due to closing of shutters during night
periods). Input data for heat loss are
NOTE 2 In contrast with EN ISO 13789, daily average values of the thermal transmittance of windows with shutters can be determined on the
basis of the values given by EN ISO 10077-1, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - Calculation of thermal transmittance
Part 1: Simplified method.
.
V air flow rate through the building, including airflows to and from unheated spaces.
For glazed envelope elements, the following data shall be collected separately for each orientation (e.g. horizontal,
pitched, and vertical south and north):
F Fj frame factor, i.e. transparent fraction of the area Aj, not occupied by a frame;
Fsj shading correction factor, i.e. average shaded fraction of the area Aj;
14
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
NOTE In non-residential buildings internal gains vary substantially between occupied and non-occupied periods. Gains can be first
calculated for each occupancy period and then averaged taking into account the length of each period. This calculation is often easier on a
weekly basis.
Additional data shall be collected for components that collect solar radiation, such as transparent insulation,
ventilated solar walls and sunspaces, and for calculation of the effect of intermittent heating. The required data are
listed in annexes E and F. Annex H gives some information on data useful to assess the solar gains.
C heat capacity of the heated space, calculated for heat use according to 9.2;
Is,j monthly or seasonal total solar radiation per area for each orientation j, in J/m.
NOTE EN ISO 15927-1, Hygrothermal performance of buildings Calculation and presentation of climatic data Part 1: Monthly and annual
means of single meteorological elements is available.
6 Intermittent heating
When intermittent heating is applied, the calculation period(s) shall be divided into normal heating periods
alternating with reduced heating periods (e.g. nights, week-ends, and holidays).
All the normal heating periods shall have the same set-point temperature.
There may be several types of reduced heating periods with different patterns.
Within each calculation period, each type of reduced heating period is characterized by:
12. the number of occurrences of that type of period in one calculation period;
14. where relevant, the set-back temperature or the reduced heating power;
15. the boost mode (see 3.12.5) and the maximum heating power during the boost period.
An example is shown in Figure 2, where the calculation period includes four type A reduced heating periods (e.g.
nights) and one type B reduced heating period (week-end).
15
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
N N N N N
A A A A
t
tc
Key
a) set-point temperature variations between normal heating and reduced heating periods are lower than 3 K: in this
case time average of set-point temperatures may be used;
b) the time constant of the building (see 9.2.2 ) is greater than three times the duration of the longest reduced
period: in this case the normal set-point temperature may be used for all periods;
c) the time constant of the building is less than 0,2 times the duration of the shortest reduced heating period: in this
case the time average of set-point temperatures may be used.
The heating system is supposed to deliver sufficient heating power to enable intermittent heating.
NOTE 1 In non residential buildings, variations of set-point temperatures and ventilation flow rates are often linked to occupancy. Splitting into
different periods facilitates the evaluation of the mean air flow rate in each of them.
NOTE 2 As heating patterns are usually defined on a weekly basis, their definition will be facilitated if calculations are performed for one week
per month.
The adjusted internal temperature is the constant internal temperature which would result in the same heat loss as
that obtained with intermittent heating during the period.
For each reduced period, the adjusted internal temperature shall be calculated using the procedure defined in
annex C for daily or weekly reductions, and annex D for holidays.
Values of adjusted internal temperature may also be provided at a national level based on the type of building,
building use, heating system, etc.
The total heat loss, QL, of a single zone building at a uniform internal temperature and for a given calculation
period, is:
16
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
QL = H ( i e ) t (2)
where
Equation (2) can be adapted at national level to allow for the use of degree-days. The result of the adapted relation
shall nevertheless be the same as that of Equation (2) for any building.
If the division into different heating periods is not applicable, see 7.1.
If the division into different heating periods is applicable, the total heat loss, QL, of a single zone building at a
uniform internal temperature and for a given calculation period, is calculated from Equation (3):
N
QL = N j H j ( iad , j e ) t j (3)
j =1
where
N is the number of heating period types (e.g. 3 for normal, nights, and week-ends);
Nj is the number of heating periods of each type during the calculation period;
Hj is the heat loss coefficient of the building during period j, calculated according to 7.3.
N
NOTE N j t j is equal to the duration of the calculation period.
j =1
To simplify the notation the subscript j is omitted below. Nevertheless when the division into heating periods is
applicable the calculation shall be performed for each heating period.
The heat loss coefficient of a single zone building at a uniform internal temperature, and for a given calculation
period or sub-period, is defined by Equation (4):
H = HT + HV (4)
where
HT is the transmission heat loss coefficient, calculated according to EN ISO 13789 (for envelope elements
incorporating ventilating devices, see annex E);
17
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
EN ISO 13789 states that the steady state method given in EN ISO 13370 should be used to include heat loss
through the ground into the transmission heat loss coefficient HT. However, that could result monthly heat losses
through the ground being overestimated by 30 % to 40 % in winter and, if heat loss through the ground is an
important part of the total heat loss, detailed calculation of the ground heat loss according to B.1 of EN
ISO 13370:1998 shall be done. In this case, the total heat loss QL is given,
QL = (H '( i e ) + G )t (5)
N
QL = N j H ' j ( iad , j e ) t j + G t (6)
j =1
where
G is the heat loss rate through the ground calculated according to EN ISO 13370.
7.5.1 Principle
HV = a c aV (7)
where
.
V is the airflow rate through the heated space;
NOTE 1 If the air flow rate, V , is in m3/s, aca 1200 J/(m3K). If V is given in m/h, aca 0,34 Wh/(m3K).
For residential buildings, the airflow rate, V , may be calculated either according to EN 13465, or provided at
national level based on the type of building, building use, climate, exposition, etc.
For other buildings, the airflow rate, V , may be calculated either according to an appropriate International
Standard, or provided at national level based on the type of building, building use, climate, exposition, etc.
Heat recovery from exhaust air is taken into account by reducing the real airflow rate in proportion to the efficiency
of heat recovery.
This efficiency is always smaller than the effectiveness of the heat exchanger itself. It shall take account of
differences between supply and extract airflow rates, of leakage and infiltration through the building envelope, and
recirculation of air.
18
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Special methods are needed to calculate the heat loss of some special elements such as ventilated solar walls and
other ventilated envelope elements. These methods are given in annex E.
8 Heat gains
Internal heat gains, Qi, include any heat generated in the heated space by internal sources other than the space
heating system, e.g.:
Average monthly or seasonal values are appropriate for the calculation according to this standard. In this case,
internal heat gains are calculated from Equation (8):
where
NOTE There are substantial variations between users and climates, and values should normally be determined on a national
basis. Unless otherwise specified, the conventional values given for internal gains in annex K can be used.
Solar gains result from the solar radiation normally available in the locality concerned, the orientation of the
collecting areas, the permanent shading, and the solar transmission and absorption characteristics of the collecting
areas. The collecting areas to take into consideration are the glazing, the internal walls and floors of sunspaces,
and walls behind a transparent covering or transparent insulation. For opaque areas exposed to solar radiation,
see annex F.
Qs = I sj Asnj + (1 b) I sj Asnj ,u (9)
j n j n
where the first term is for heated space and the second for unheated space. Solar gains in unheated spaces are
multiplied by (1-b), where b is the reduction factor defined in EN ISO 13789. Heat gains of sunspaces are
calculated according to annex F.
In each term, the first sum is over all orientations, j, and the second over all the surfaces, n, collecting the solar
radiation, and:
19
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Isj is the solar irradiance, e.g. the total energy of the global solar radiation during the calculation period on a
surface of area 1 m having orientation j, in J/m;
Asnj is the solar effective collecting area of the surface n having orientation j, that is the area of a black body
having the same solar gain as the surface considered.
NOTE Isj can be replaced by an orientation factor multiplied by the total solar radiation per area for a single orientation (e.g. vertical south).
As = A FS FF g (10)
where
FF is the frame factor, ratio of the transparent area to the overall area of the glazed element;
g is the total solar energy transmittance of the glazing taking account of permanent solar protection
devices, if any.
NOTE Only permanent shading and permanent solar protection devices are taken into account in the shading correction factor and in the
total solar energy transmittance of the glazing.
In principle, the total solar energy transmittance g in Equation (10) is the time-averaged ratio of energy passing
through the unshaded element to that incident upon it. For windows or other glazed envelope elements, ISO 9050
provides a method to obtain the solar energy transmittance for radiation perpendicular to the glazing. This value,
g, is somewhat higher than the time-averaged transmittance, and a correction factor, Fw, shall be used:
g = Fw g (11)
NOTE g-values and guidance for the correction factor are given in annex H, together with typical solar transmission factors for global
radiation.
EN 13363-1 and prEN 13363-2 provide methods of determination of the total solar energy transmittance of glazing
equipped with solar protection devices.
The shading correction factor, FS, which is in the range 0 to 1, represents the reduction in incident solar radiation
due to permanent shading of the surface concerned resulting from:
22. overhangs;
24. external part of the wall where the glazed element is mounted.
20
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
I s,ps
FS = (12)
Is
where
Is,ps is the total solar irradiance actually received on the collecting plane with the permanent shading during
the heating season;
Special methods are needed to calculate the solar gains of some passive solar collecting elements, such as
unheated sunspaces, opaque elements with transparent insulation, and ventilated envelope elements. These
methods are given in annex F.
Q g = Qi + Q s (13)
9 Heat use
9.1 General
Heat loss, QL, and heat gains, Qg are calculated for each calculation period. The heat use for space heating is
obtained for each calculation period from:
Qh = QL - Qg (14)
setting QL= 0 and = 0 when the average external temperature is higher than the set-point temperature.
The utilisation factor, , is a reduction factor for the heat gains, introduced to compensate additional heat loss likely
to occur when heat gains exceed the calculated heat loss.
Qg
= (15)
QL
This time constant, , characterises the internal thermal inertia of the heated space. It is calculated from:
C
= (16)
H
where
21
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Conventional time constants for typical buildings may also be provided at a national level.
The internal heat capacity of the building, C, is calculated by summing the heat capacities of all the building
elements in direct thermal contact with the internal air of the zone under consideration:
where
The sum is done for all layers of each element, starting from the internal surface and stopping at the first insulating
layer, the maximum thickness given in Table 3 or the middle of the building element; whichever comes first.
Effect of intermittence 3
The internal heat capacity of the building may also be calculated as the sum of the internal capacities of all building
elements, each calculated according to EN ISO 13786, or provided at a national level, based on the type of
construction. This figure can be approximate, and a relative uncertainty ten times higher than that of the heat loss is
acceptable.
1 a
if 1: = (18)
1 a +1
a
if = 1: = (19)
a +1
a = a0 + (20)
0
Values of a0 and 0 are given in Table 4. They can also be provided at a national level.
22
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
I
monthly calculation method 1 15
Building heated during day-time only (less than 12 h per day) such as
II 0,8 70
education, office and assembly buildings and shops
Figure 3 illustrates utilisation factors for monthly calculation periods and for various time constants for type I and
type II buildings.
NOTE 1 The utilisation factor is defined independently of the heating system characteristics, assuming perfect temperature control and infinite
flexibility.
NOTE 2 A slowly responding heating system and a less-than-perfect control system can significantly affect the use of gains.
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4 168
48 [h]
0,3
0,2 24
8
0,1
0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
168 [h]
48
0,2
24
0,1
8
0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Key
Utilisation factor
Time constant of the building
Gain/loss ratio
Figure 3 Utilisation factor for 8 h, 1 day, 2 days, 1 week and infinite time constants, valid for monthly
calculation period of continuously heated buildings (type I building, top), and for buildings heated during
the day only (type II building, bottom)
23
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The annual heat use is the sum over all months with positive heat use:
Qh = n Qhn (21)
If the length of the heating season is specified at national level, the sum is taken only during that heating season.
The first and last day of the heating season, hence its duration and its average meteorological conditions, can be
fixed at national level for a geographic zone and typical buildings. The heating season includes all days for which
the heat gain, calculated with a conventional utilisation factor, 1, does not balance the heat loss, that is when:
1Qgd
ed id (22)
H td
where
The heat gains for Equation (22) may be derived from a conventional national or regional value of the daily global
solar radiation at the limits of the heating season. The monthly average values of daily temperatures and heat gains
th
are attributed to the 15 day of each month. Linear interpolation is used to obtain the limiting days for which
Equation (22) is verified.
The annual heat use for space heating is calculated according to the procedure described in clause 9, the
calculation period being the whole heating season.
where
Qr is the heat recovered from auxiliary equipment, heating and hot water systems and environment
including renewable energy sources, where not directly taken into account as losses reduction;
24
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Qth is the total of the heat losses due to the heating system, including recovered system heat loss. This
also includes the additional building heat loss due to non-uniform room temperature distribution and
non-ideal room temperature control, if they are not already taken into account in the set-point
temperature.
In the absence of a relevant International Standard, the recovered heat and the heat losses due to the heating
system are defined and calculated according to national information.
12 Report
12.1 General
A report giving an assessment of the annual heating energy use of a building obtained in accordance with this
standard shall include at least the following information.
If the calculation is performed to check compliance with regulation, conventional input data provided by the
regulation are used, and no error analysis is performed.
Otherwise, an estimate of the accuracy of input data shall be given, and an error analysis shall be performed to
estimate the uncertainty resulting from inaccuracy of the input data.
All input data shall be listed and justified, e.g. by reference to International or national Standards, or by reference to
the appropriate annexes to this standard or to other documents. When the input data are not conventional, an
estimate of the accuracy of input data shall also be given.
the purpose of the calculation (e.g. for judging compliance with regulations, optimising energy performance,
assessing the effects of possible energy conservation measures, or predicting energy resource needs on a
given scale);
specification of the zone division, if any, that is the allocation of rooms to each zone;
a note indicating whether the dimensions used are internal, or external or overall internal;
a note indicating which method (monthly or seasonal) was used and, if seasonal, the length of the heating
season;
a note on how any thermal bridges have been taken into account.
12.3 Results
c) Solar gains;
d) Heat use.
25
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
NOTE 1 Guidance and comments on the accuracy of the calculation method is given in annex J.
26
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex A
(normative)
Energy assessments of existing buildings are carried out for various purposes, such as:
a) transparency in commercial operations through the display of a level of energy performance (energy
declaration);
b) helping in planning retrofit measures, through prediction of energy savings, which would result from various
actions.
In contrast to new buildings, additional information is often available for existing buildings, which can be used to
enhance the reliability of the results. Therefore, the calculation framework in this standard shall be adapted when
possible to take account of these possibilities, as described below.
The energy use of the existing building shall be assessed as accurately as practicable, from recorded data, energy
bills, or measurements. In addition, any information such as actual climatic data, air permeability of the fabric,
transmission heat loss coefficients, heating system efficiencies, actual internal conditions (occupancy, intermittent
heating, temperatures, ventilation, etc.), should be assessed through surveys, measurements or monitoring, as far
as they are available for a reasonable cost. The confidence intervals of all data shall be estimated. Input data that
cannot be measured are taken from building technical documentation, national references or standards.
NOTE Energy use can be correlated to climatic data through periodic consumption and temperature recordings over a suitable period. Such
methods are based on an overall modelling of the whole system, which may differ from the model used in this standard.
A.3 Calculations
The energy use of the existing building shall be determined according to the present standard using input data
collected according to A.2. The confidence intervals of the result shall be assessed, and compared to that of the
measured energy use.
If both confidence intervals overlap significantly, it may be assumed that the model of the building, including
estimated input data, is correct.
If the confidence intervals do not overlap significantly, further on-site investigations shall be made in order to verify
the data or to introduce new influencing factors that may have been previously ignored, and the calculation shall be
repeated with the new set of input data.
For purpose b) (planning retrofit measures) actual data are used for calculation. However, if it appears that the
building is not being used as intended in its design (e.g. by under- or overheating, under-or over ventilation),
reasonable data shall be used instead of the measured ones for planning retrofit measures. As a reference, the
energy use of the building as it is, is calculated using these reasonable data.
Then, the input set is modified according to the planned retrofit measures and the calculation performed again in
order to obtain the effect of these measures on the energy use.
27
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex B
(normative)
2) Define the heated zones according to 5.3.2. For each zone, z, the input data according to 5.4 are collected.
3) Calculate separately the heat loss coefficient of each zone, Hz, according to 7.3.
4) Determine the effect of intermittent heating for each zone when required.
5) Determine the heat transfer coefficients between zones z and y, Hzy, in a similar way, taking account of heat
transfer between zones by transmission (through the building elements and through the ground) and
ventilation:
Then, for each month and for each zone, operate steps 6) to 10):
6) Calculate the heat flow rates, including transmission and ventilation heat transfer to and from adjacent zones,
and between each zone and the external environment, based on the assumption of constant internal
temperature:
7) When QL,z < 0, zone z shall be considered as an unheated space and calculation continued from step 3 for the
neighbouring zones.
8) Calculate internal and solar gains Qg,z according to 8.1 and 8.2.
10) Calculate the heat use as the difference between the heat loss and the useful gains:
11) Calculate for each month the total building heat use as the sum of heat uses of each zone:
Qh = Qh,z (B.4)
12) Calculate the annual heat use as the sum of heat uses for each month.
28
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex C
(normative)
The procedure in this annex enables the calculation of the adjusted internal temperature for one type of reduced
heating period (e.g. night, week-ends, and holidays). It shall be applied to each type of reduced heating period.
The procedure is suitable for heating systems where the heat output can be varied fairly rapidly in response to
changing heat demand. This procedure will overestimate the effect of intermittent heating for heating systems that
have a large thermal inertia.
The procedure also assumes a heating system with sufficient heating capacity to ensure warm up to the internal
design temperature when the external temperature is equal to the design external temperature. If the heating
system has been closely sized it should not be assumed that the heating is intermittent in the coldest months, but
rather that heating is continuous.
Cih internal heat capacity of the zone for intermittent heating, calculated using the procedure described in 9.2.3
with a maximum thickness of 3 cm; C may also be provided at a national level, based on the type of
construction;
i0 set-point temperature;
2 maximum power of the heating system, i.e. the lowest of the heat emission and heat production power;
25. type of control of the heating system during reduced heating periods: cut-off, reduced heating power, or set-
back;
27. definition of the intermittence pattern, including for each reduced heating period:
Hw transmission heat loss coefficient of lightweight elements, such as windows and doors;
H2 total heat loss coefficient of the building during reduced heating period;
t3 predefined duration of the boost heating phase in fixed time boost mode (see C.6).
i2 set-back temperature
C.3 Method
The method is based on the calculation of the evolution of the temperature of the building when it falls below its
normal set-point. This evolution is calculated by using a building model with three nodes representative of the
internal and external environments and of the building structure (Figure C.1). The internal thermal inertia of the
building is represented by a capacitance whose temperature is the structure temperature. Heat exchanges between
the structure and the external environment, between the structure and the internal environment and directly
between the internal and external environments are taken separately into account.
Hd h
Hce c Hic
e i
Cih
Key
e External temperature
c Structure temperature
i Internal temperature
h Heating power
HceHeat loss coefficient between the structure and the external environment
Hic Heat loss coefficient between the structure and the heated space
Structure includes all internal and external building elements in contact with the heated space. Hd is the direct heat
loss coefficient by ventilation and transmission through lightweight envelope elements. Hic is the heat loss
coefficient between the structure and the heated space. Hce is the heat loss coefficient between the structure and
the external environment, the value of which is determined to get the correct value of the overall heat loss
coefficient H.
The structure temperature is the weighted average of the temperatures of the internal and external structural
elements.
The method is based on the evaluation of the length of three different phases (Figure C.2), a phase during which
there is no heating or reduced heating power, a possible phase during which the set-back temperature is
maintained, and a phase of boost heating during which the heating system is operating with its maximum power
output and which ends when the internal temperature is equal to its set-point value.
30
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
N R N
i3
i
i0
i2
i1
A t1 t2 t3 tf
h to
'i i3
i0
'i1
B t1 t3 tf
h to
i3
'i
i0
'i1
C t1 t3 tf
to
h
Key
N Normal heating period tf Duration of the final period between the end of the boost and the
end of the reduced heating period (close to zero with optimised
R Reduced heating period boost)
Figure C.2 Schedule of intermittent heating, showing the considered time periods
A: set back mode; B: cut-off mode; C: reduced heating power
31
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
1. Calculate the heat loss coefficient of the building during the considered period, H2, according to 7.3, with
input data corresponding to reduced heating period (e.g. with reduced ventilation and closed shutters).
2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient Hic between the structure and the heated space:
Aj
H ic = Rsij (C.1)
j
where windows and doors are excluded from the summation, and:
3. Calculate the direct heat loss coefficient, Hd, from internal to external environment, for lightweight structures
(windows and doors) and air change, with input data corresponding to the reduced period:
Hd = H w + HV (C.2)
where the heat loss coefficients of lightweight structures, Hw, is the sum of all heat loss coefficients of
windows and doors, and HV is the ventilation heat loss coefficient calculated according to 7.5.
4. Calculate the heat loss coefficient between the structure and the external environment Hce;
H ic (H 2 - H d )
H ce = (C.3)
H ic - (H 2 - H d )
H ic
= (C.4)
H ic + H ce
6. Calculate the ratio, , between the relative variations, due to a change in heating power, on the steady-state
differences between external temperature, on one hand, and structure and internal temperatures, on the
other hand:
Hic
= (C.5)
Hic + H d
7. Calculate the time constant of the structure temperature after a change in heating power:
Cih
P = (C.6)
H2
where Cih is the effective internal heat capacity, calculated as the sum of the internal capacities of all building
elements, each calculated according to 9.2.3, with 3 cm for maximum thickness.
32
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The effective heat capacity may also be provided at a national level, based on the type of construction. Time
constants for typical buildings may also be provided at a national level.
8. Calculate the time constant of the structure temperature after a change in air temperature c.
Cih
c = (C.7)
H ce + H ic
This calculation shall be undertaken for each calculation period and each reduced heating period (e.g. night or
weekend).
c1 is the structure temperature at the end of the no heating or reduced heating power phase;
t1 is the duration of the no heating or reduced heating power phase without set back;
t3 is the predefined duration of the boost heating phase in fixed time boost mode;
2 is the maximum power output of the heating system during boost mode.
9. Calculate the structure temperature, c0, at the beginning of the reduced heating period:
33
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
c0 = e + (i0-e) (C.8)
10. Calculate the structure temperature reached in steady-state when the internal temperature is maintained at
the set-back temperature i2:
c2 = e + (i2-e) (C.9)
11. Calculate the highest internal and structure temperatures i3 and c3 which could be reached with full heating
power:
2
i3 = e + (C.10)
H2
12. Calculate the lowest internal temperature that can be reached at equilibrium:
in cut-off mode:
i1= e (C.12)
in reduced heating power mode (e.g. with lower heating water temperature):
1
i1 = e + (C.13)
H2
14. Optimised boost: calculate the boost heating phase duration t3 without set back:
( c 3 c 1 )
t ' 3 = P max 0, ln (C.15)
+ ( )exp t o
i3 i0 c0 c1
P
15. Optimised boost: calculate the duration of the no heating or reduced heating power phase without set-back:
t1 = to - t3 (C.16)
16. Fixed time boost: calculate the duration of the no heating or reduced heating power phase without set back:
t1 = to - t"3 (C.17)
If t3 or t3 is too long (e.g. more than one or two hours), the peak power of the heating system is not
sufficient. It shall be increased before going further.
17. Calculate the internal temperature, i1, reached at the beginning of the boost phase without set-back:
t
i1 = i1 + (c0 - c1) exp 1 (C.18)
P
34
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
19. Calculate the structure temperature reached at the beginning of the boost phase without set-back:
if t1 = 0 then c1 = c0 (C.19)
'i1 i1
else c1 = 'c1 + (C.20)
20. Since there is no set-back, the length of the set back period is 0 and the structure temperature at the end of
the set-back phase c2 is that reached at the end of the no heating phase:
t2 = 0 and c2 = c1 (C.21)
23. In set-back mode, calculate the time, t1, taken to reach the set-back temperature:
( c 0 c 1 )
t1 = P max 0, ln (C.22)
( i2 i1 )
24. Calculate the structure temperature at the end of that period, c1:
if t1 = 0 then c1 = c0 (C.23)
i1
else c1 = c 1 + i2 (C.24)
( c 3 c 2 )
optimised boost t 2 = max 0, t o t1 max 0, P ln (C.25)
( i3 i0 )
26. Calculate the structure temperature at the end of the set-back phase, c2:
t
otherwise c2 = c2 + (c1 - c2) exp 2 (C.27)
P
( c 3 c 2 )
t 3 = max 0, P ln (C.28)
( i3 i0 )
28. Fixed time boost: if t3 is greater than t3 then increase t3 and perform the whole calculation again.
29. Calculate the structure temperature at the end of the boost heating phase c3.
35
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
If t3 = 0 then c3 = c2 (C.29)
i0 i3
otherwise c 3 = 'c 3 + (C.30)
30. Calculate the time remaining between the end of the boost and the end of the reduced heating period
t4 = to - ( t1 + t2 + t3) (C.31)
1
iad = ( (i1 t1+ i2 t2 + i3 t3 + i0 t4) + P (c0 - c1 + c2 - c3)) (C.32)
to
1) specify the value, e0, of the external temperature for which the boost time is to be calculated;
2) apply the calculation procedure of C.5 with optimised boost and with
e = e0 (C.33)
36
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex D
(normative)
The following method shall be applied to take account of holiday periods. Only one holiday period, of specified
duration t (t' t), is to be considered in any one month.
1) Calculate the heat use, Qhm0, for one normal month (without holiday), following the method described in
clauses 5 to 9.
2) Calculate the heat use, Qh1, for the holiday period in the considered month. The method described in clauses 5
to 9 is applied with the calculation period equal to the holiday period.
3) Calculate the resulting heat use, Qhm1, for the considered month:
t t'
Qhm1 = Qhm0 + Qh1 (D.1)
t
4) Calculate the yearly heat use from the sum of monthly heat use.
37
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex E
(normative)
E.1.1 General
The following applies to walls designed to collect solar energy, according to Figure E.1, where
28. the air flow is stopped automatically when the air layer is colder than the heated space, and
29. the air flow rate is set mechanically at a constant value, V , when the air layer is warmer than the heated
space.
H = H0 + H (E.1)
where
Ri internal thermal resistance of the wall, between the air layer and the internal environment;
Re external thermal resistance of the wall, between the air layer and the external environment;
V set value of the air flow rate through the ventilated layer;
hc and hr : respectively the convective and radiative surface heat transfer coefficients in the air layer;
Qg,sw solar gains of the air layer during the calculation period: Qg,sw = Iw As,sw
38
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
QL,al heat loss of the air layer during the calculation period: QL,al = Ue A (i - e ) t
Calculation of heat loss is based on set-point and external temperatures. Solar gains are calculated according to
F.3 in annex F. The additional heat loss coefficient of such a wall is calculated by:
2
U
H = a c aV e (E.2)
Ui
where
1 1
Ui = and Ue = (E.3)
R R
Ri + l Re + l
2 2
is the ratio of the accumulated internal-external temperature difference when the ventilation is on,
to its value over the whole calculation period. It is given in Figure E.2.
where al is the ratio of the solar gains Qg,sw to the heat loss of the air layer, Ql,al during the calculation period.
AZ
= 1 exp (E.5)
c V
a a
1 hr 1
= + (E.6)
Z hc (hc + 2hr ) U i + U e
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 al
Figure E.2 Ratio of the accumulated internal-external temperature difference when the ventilation is on,
to its value over the whole calculation period, as a function of the gain/load ratio of the air layer, al
39
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
E.2.1 General
Circulating ventilation air within parts of the building envelope (wall, window, roof) decreases the overall heat losses
by heat recovery, although the transmission heat loss is increased in these building envelope elements. This
overall effect can be expressed through an equivalent heat exchanger between exhaust and supply air. The
efficiency of this equivalent heat exchanger can be calculated with the simplified method given in E.2.2, which is
applicable under the following conditions:
30. the air flow is parallel to the envelope surface (see Figure E.3);
31. the thickness of the air layer is between 15 mm and 100 mm;
32. the air permeability of the remaining parts of the envelope is low, so that most (about 90 %) of the air
circulating through the building passes through the ventilated envelope element;
34. air supply, if natural, is controlled through adjustable or self controlled inlets located on the internal part of the
envelope.
NOTE This method mainly applies where supply air is circulated within the building envelope elements. Exhaust air can also be used,
provided that suitable provisions are made to avoid condensation.
U 02
v = (E.7)
U iU e
where
40
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Ui and Ue are respectively the thermal transmittances of the internal and external parts of the envelope
element containing the air space;
U0 is the thermal transmittance of this envelope element, assuming the air space is not ventilated;
This efficiency factor of the equivalent air-to-air heat exchanger is always less than 0,25.
41
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex F
(normative)
The following applies to unheated sunspaces adjacent to a heated space, such as conservatories and attached
greenhouses separated by a partition wall from the heated space.
If the sunspace is heated, or if there is a permanent opening between the heated space and the sunspace, it shall
be considered as part of the heated space, and this annex does not apply. The area to be taken into account for
the losses and solar gains is the area of the external envelope of the sunspace.
The following data shall be collected for the transparent part of the partition wall (subscript w), and for the sunspace
external envelope (subscript e):
FF frame factor;
Aj area of each surface, j, absorbing the solar radiation in the sunspace (ground, opaque walls; opaque part of
the partition wall has subscript p);
Upe thermal transmittance between the absorbing surface of this wall and the sunspace.
Qsd gw
Qes
Aw
i His Hse
s e
gp ge
(1-b)Qsi Ap
Ae
p Aj j
Figure F.1 Attached sunspace with gains and heat loss coefficients, and electrical equivalent network
42
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The heat loss is calculated according to clause 5 for an unheated space. The solar gains entering the heated space
from the sunspace, Qss, is the sum of direct gains through the partition wall, Qsd, and indirect gains, Qsi, from the
sunspace heated by the sun:
It is assumed, in a first approximation, that the absorbing surfaces are all shaded in the same proportion by
external obstacles and by the outer envelope of the sunspace.
The direct solar gains Qsd are the sum of gains through the transparent (subscript w) and opaque (subscript p)
parts of the partition wall:
Up
Qsd = Ip FS FFe ge FFw g w Aw + p Ap (F.2)
U pe
The indirect gains are calculated by summing the solar gains of each absorbing area, j, in the sunspace, but
deducting the direct gains through opaque part of the partition wall:
Up
Qsi = (1 b) FS FFe ge I j a j A j - I p p Ap (F.3)
j U pe
The weighting factor (1-b), defined in EN ISO 13789, is that part of the solar gains to the sunspace which enters the
heated space through the partition wall.
Ral thermal resistance of the air layer (closed) between the opaque element and transparent insulation;
Depending on the type of transparent insulation the following quantity is required (it is not required for products that
include a solar absorber):
43
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Ute external thermal transmittance of the element, from the surface facing the transparent insulation product to
external environment;
The heat loss is calculated according to clause 7, as for usual envelope elements, including possible thermal
bridges in framed constructions. The solar gains of an opaque element with transparent insulation, having the
orientation j, are calculated for month m according to 8.2 using an effective collecting area.
The frame reduction factor is determined from the total area, A, of the element:
At
FF =
A (F.4)
The following thermal transmittances are needed for the efficiency factor to be calculated:
1
U te =
R se + R t + Ral
1
U=
R se + R t + Ral + Ri + R si (F.5)
The calculation of the effective total solar energy transmittance depends on the type of the transparent insulation. It
takes into account the angle of incidence of direct solar radiation, using the coefficients cj,m of Table F 1.
For products with non-negligible solar energy transmittance, the effective value is proportional to the absorptance
of the opaque element behind transparent insulation:
(
g t, j ,m = g t,h c j ,m g t, ) (F.6)
For transparent insulation with negligible solar transmittance (e.g. products with solar absorber included) the value
determined from measurements shall only be modified to take account of the thermal resistance, Rg, of the air gap
between the transparent insulation and the opaque element:
R se + R t
g TI, j ,m =
R se + R t + R g
(
g t,h c j ,m g t, )
(F.7)
U
As,j ,m= A FS FF gt,j,m (F.8)
Ut
44
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Table F.1 Coefficients cj,m for calculation of the effective total solar energy transmittance of transparent
insulation using the measured values for normal and hemispherical incidence (for vertical walls)
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
S -0,105 -0,067 -0,023 0,042 0,073 0,089 0,094 0,062 0,005 -0,054 -0,093 -0,105
SW/SE -0,034 -0,027 -0,010 0,002 0,022 0,037 0,036 0,013 -0,015 -0,025 -0,034 -0,026
W/E 0,054 0,033 0,016 -0,012 -0,005 -0,002 -0,012 -0,007 -0,001 0,024 0,049 0,052
NE/NW 0,002 0,008 0,016 0,030 0,018 0,013 0,013 0,024 0,033 0,014 0,004 0,000
N 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,011 0,021 0,031 0,042 0,012 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
In addition to data listed in E.1.2, the following input data are needed:
FF frame factor;
g total solar energy transmittance of the glazing covering the air layer.
The additional heat loss for ventilated solar walls is calculated according to E.2. Solar gains are calculated
according to 8.2 using an effective collecting area, As:
U0 U0 V
As = A FS FF 1 + 2 a c a (F.9)
he U i A
where
is the ratio of the total solar radiation falling on the element when the air layer is open to the total
solar radiation during the whole calculation period; is given in Figure F 2. It can be calculated by:
where al is the gain/loss ratio of the air layer during the calculation period defined in E.1.3.
1
U0 = (F.11)
Ri + Rl + R e
45
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 al
Figure F.2 Ratio of the total solar radiation falling on the element when the air layer is open to the
total solar radiation during the calculation period, as a function of the gain/loss ratio of the air layer, al
U2 R V
As = A FS FF g w U 0 R e + 0 i a c a (F.12)
Ui U e A
NOTE This procedure is implicit: equations (F.9) and (F.10) should be used in an iterative process to calculate the solar gains, starting
with al = 1.
F.4.1 General
If the supply air for ventilation is taken through envelope elements, it can be heated on one hand by the
transmission heat loss through the element (see E.2) and on the other hand by solar radiation absorbed either by
the external opaque pane or by the internal surface of the air layer if this layer is covered by glazing.
In addition to data listed in E.2.2, the following input data are necessary:
FF frame factor;
Ri internal thermal resistance of the wall, between the air layer and the internal environment;
Re external thermal resistance of the wall, between the air layer and the external environment;
g total solar energy transmittance of the glazing covering the air layer;
46
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
The efficiency of the equivalent heat exchanger is calculated according to E.2. Solar gains are calculated according
to 8.2 with the following effective collecting areas:
U0 U0 V
As = A FS FF 1 + 2 a c a (F.13)
he U i A
U 2 Ri V
As = A FS FF g w U 0 R e + 0 a ca (F.14)
Ui U e A
F.5.1 General
The annual net solar gains of opaque elements without transparent insulation are a small portion of the total solar
gains and are partially compensated by radiation losses from the building to clear skies. They can therefore be
neglected. Solar gains of opaque elements with transparent insulation are treated in F.2.
If, however, solar gains through opaque elements are expected to be important, e.g. for dark, poorly insulated
surfaces, or if radiation losses of any envelope element are expected to be important, e.g. large areas facing the
sky, the gains and losses of all envelope elements (opaque and transparent) shall take account of the radiation
balance between short-wave and long-wave radiation.
Ff form factor between the element and the sky (1 for unshaded horizontal roof, 0,5 for unshaded vertical wall);
er average difference between the external air temperature and the apparent sky temperature;
The net loss of an opaque element without transparent covering with orientation j, is calculated by:
47
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
where
ss is the arithmetic average of the surface temperature and the sky temperature.
2
To a first approximation, hr can be taken equal to 5 [W/(m K)], which corresponds to an average temperature
of 10 C.
When the sky temperature is not available from climatic data, the difference er between the external air
temperature and the sky temperature should be taken as 9 K in sub-polar areas, 13 K in the tropics and 11 K in
intermediate zones.
48
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex G
(informative)
Unless otherwise specified in International Standards or in national provisions, this annex can be used to calculate
the airflow rate in buildings.
For comfort and hygienic reasons a minimum ventilation rate is needed when the building is occupied. This
minimum ventilation rate can be determined on a national basis, taking account of the building type and the pattern
of occupancy for the building.
.
-1 3
V min = 0,3 h V [m /h], where V is the ventilated volume, for residential buildings;
.
V min = 15 m/h per person (during occupancy) for non-residential buildings.
.
The total ventilation rate is determined as the greater of the minimum ventilation rate V min and the design
.
ventilation rate V d
. . .
V = max [ V min ; V d ] (G.1)
Where no national information is available the air change rate in residential buildings can be assessed from
Tables G.2 or G.3.
The total airflow rate is determined as the sum of the ventilation rate determined from the average airflow rates
through the system fans when in operation, Vf , and an additional airflow rate, Vx , induced by wind and stack effect
through ventilation openings and infiltration cracks:
. . .
For supply or exhaust only systems, V f is equal to the supply airflow rate, V sup , or to the exhaust flow rate, V ex .
. .
For balanced ventilation systems, V f is equal to the greater of the supply airflow rate, V sup , and the exhaust
.
airflow rate, V ex .
.
The additional airflow rate, V x , can be calculated from:
49
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
V n50 e
Vx = 2
(G.3)
f Vsup Vex
1+
e V n50
where
n50 is the air change rate resulting from a pressure difference of 50 Pa between inside and outside,
including the effects of air inlets;
If there is mechanical ventilation switched on for a part of the time, the airflow rate is calculated by:
where
Vx is the additional airflow rate with fans on, due to wind and stack effect;
V0 is the airflow rate with natural ventilation, including airflow through ducts of mechanical system;
Vx ' is the additional airflow rate with fans off, due to wind and stack effect:
In non-residential buildings, mechanical ventilation systems can be off for a large part of the time. This is taken into
account through the definition of different periods or through the evaluation of . A poor evaluation of or a poor
definition of periods can lead to large errors in the results.
.
For mechanical systems with variable design airflow rate, V f is the average airflow rate through the fans during
their running time.
For buildings with heat recovery from exhaust air to inlet air, the heat loss by the mechanical ventilation is reduced
by the factor (1-v) where v is the global efficiency of the heat recovery system. Thus the effective air flow rate for
heat loss calculation when fans are on is determined from:
where
v is the global heat recovery efficiency, taking account of the differences between supply and extract
airflow rates. Heat in air leaving the building through leakage cannot be recovered.
For systems with heat recovery from the exhaust air to the hot water or space heating system via a heat pump, the
ventilation rate is calculated without any reduction. Instead, the reduction in energy use due to heat recovery is
allowed for in the calculation of the energy use of the relevant system.
50
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
2 to 5 4 to 10 Medium
NOTE 1 The difference between multi-family and single-family buildings is related to the typical
difference in their external wall areas for a given internal volume.
NOTE 2 In residential buildings with n50 less than 3 h-1 (with open air inlets), minimum ventilation requires opening
windows at proper intervals.
The ventilation rate by natural ventilation can be determined on a national basis, taking into account the climate,
the surroundings, the building type and geometry, and the size and the position of the openings. Where no national
information is available the monthly average ventilation rate during the heating season can be determined from
Table G.2 or G.3
-1
Table G.2 Air change rate, n in h , in naturally ventilated multi-family buildings,
determined from shielding class and building tightness
51
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
-1
Table G.3 Air change rate, n in h in naturally ventilated single family houses,
determined from shielding class and building tightness
Tightness of building
Table G.4 Shielding coefficients, e and f, for calculation of additional air flow rate according to
Equation (G.3)
No shielding: buildings in open country, high rise buildings in city 0,10 0,03
centres.
Moderate shielding: buildings in the country with trees or other 0,07 0,02
buildings around them, suburbs.
Heavy shielding: buildings of average height in city centres, buildings in 0,04 0,01
forests.
Coefficient f 15 20
52
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex H
(informative)
The energy transmission through transparent surfaces depends on the type of glass. The total solar energy
transmittance defined in ISO 9050 is calculated according to EN 13363 for solar radiation perpendicular to the
glazing, g. Table H.1 provides some indicative values for normal incidence, assuming clean surface and normal,
untainted glass.
For monthly calculations, a value averaged over all angles of incidence is required. The factor Fw defined in 8.2.3 is
approximately:
g
Fw = = 0,9
g
Table H.1 Typical values of thermal transmittance and total solar energy transmittance for common
types of glazing
Glazing type g
Another method is to refer to the solar gains through single and double clear glazing. Solar gains through other
type of glazing can be referenced to these by:
g
Qsz = Qs,ref (H.1)
g ref
where
Qs,ref is the solar gain through the reference glazing, which is a single clear glazing for all cases where
the actual glazing is single, and a double clear glazing for all other cases;
53
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Movable curtains and movable solar protections are taken into account in the utilisation factor.
H.3.1 Principle
FS = F h Fo Ff (H.2)
where
The effect of shading from the horizon (e.g. the ground, trees and other buildings) depends on horizon angle,
latitude, orientation, local climate and heating season. Shading correction factors for typical average climates and a
heating season from October to April are given in Table H.3, for three latitudes and four window orientations.
Interpolation can be used for other latitudes and orientations. The horizon angle is an average over the horizon
facing the facade considered.
54
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
o o o
Horizon 45 N lat. 55 N lat. 65 N lat.
angle
S E/W N S E/W N S E/W N
o
0 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
o
10 0,97 0,95 1,00 0,94 0,92 0,99 0,86 0,89 0,97
o
20 0,85 0,82 0,98 0,68 0,75 0,95 0,58 0,68 0,93
o
30 0,62 0,70 0,94 0,49 0,62 0,92 0,41 0,54 0,89
o
40 0,46 0,61 0,90 0,40 0,56 0,89 0,29 0,49 0,85
The shading from overhangs and fins depends on overhang or fin angle, latitude, orientation and local climate.
Seasonal shading correction factors for typical climates are given in Tables H.4 and H.5.
a) b)
Key
Overhang angle
Fin angle
55
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
o o o
Overhang 45 N lat. 55 N lat. 65 N lat.
o o o
Fin angle 45 N lat. 55 N lat. 65 N lat.
56
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex I
(informative)
With intermittent heating, the heating system is run under different heating modes: normal (subscript 0), no heating
(subscript 1), set back (subscript 2), peak power (subscript 3).
One of the reasons to use intermittent heating is an energy cost varying during the day. In this case, it can be
useful to calculate the heating use during each heating mode separately. That could also be useful in order to
assess the heat losses due to the heating system under different heating modes.
The goal of this annex is to provide the calculation of heating use for each heating mode.
The heating use for each heating mode (Qh0, Qh1, Qh2, Qh3) are calculated through the following steps.
1. Split the heat loss QL between the different heating mode and get QL0, QL1, QL2, QL3.
2. Split the used heat gains Qg between the different heating mode and get Qg0, Qg1, Qg2, Qg3.
3. Calculate the heating use for each heating mode by applying Equation (14) separately to each heating mode.
iad is given by Equation (C.32) for reduced heating periods and is equal to i for normal heating periods.
Merging two equations and splitting in the sum normal (N) and reduced (R) heating periods leads to:
QL2 = N j H j (( i2 e )t 2 + P ( C2 + C1 )) (I.3)
R
QL3 = N j H j ( i3 e )t 3 (I.4)
R
The splitting of heat gains used depends on the building time constant. The following procedure can be applied.
1. Calculate the heat gains used in each heating mode with a building time constant equal to 0. It is assumed that
heat gains are recovered with a decreasing priority in normal, no heating, set back and peak power heating
mode.
57
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
2. Calculate the heat gains used in each heating mode with a building time constant equal to 100 h. It is assumed
in this case that the ratio between heat gains used and heat loss in each heating mode is the same in all
heating modes.
3. Heat gains used in each heating mode for a time constant between 0 and 100 h are then calculated as a
weighted average between the heat gains used with a time constant of 0 and a time constant of 100 h. If the
time constant is larger than 100 h, the heat gains used are applied with a time constant of 100 h.
Step 1:
Step 2:
QL, i
Q100g,i = Qg (I.9)
QL
Step 3:
if P < 100 h
P
Qg,i = 1 P Q0g,i + Q100g,i (I.10)
100 100
58
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex J
(informative)
The accuracy of the method, that is the extent to which the results of the calculation correspond with the actual
energy use of the building, depends mainly on the quality of the input data, and some of these data (e.g. the air
change rate) are often not known precisely.
The uncertainty of input data propagates through the formulae and equations, resulting in a generally larger relative
error in the results. In particular, when the gains are high, the small heat use results from the subtraction of two
large numbers, and the factor multiplying the uncertainty on load and gains becomes large. Error analysis has
shown that when the gain/loss ratio is 0,75, this factor is between 4 and 7, depending on the time constant of the
building. In this case, uncertainty of 5 % on heat loss will result in an uncertainty of 20 % to 35 % on heat use.
Therefore it is advisable, when the annual heat use is less than one third of the heat losses, to take great care with
input data, and to perform an error analysis taking account of the uncertainties of the input data.
When this standard is used to judge compliance with regulations expressed in terms of energy targets, the
calculation is based on conventionally well defined input data. In this case, the error analysis is not necessary.
In particular, the calculations are made using conventional assumptions about the behaviour of the occupants and
airflow rates. In practice, these factors can change the energy use from 50 % to 150 % of the calculated average
value, and even more in terraced houses and blocks of flats, where moderate temperature differences between
adjacent zones often result in noticeable heat transfer between them.
The method described in this standard is particularly appropriate for comparison between proposed buildings, in
order to determine the influence of various options on the energy use. Insofar as these options are taken into
account in the calculation, their relative influence is well predicted.
When the same set of input data is used for all models, the annual energy use calculated by the method described
in this standard and by a fully dynamic numerical model are, on the average, in very good agreement. The results
of this method are within the range of results of different dynamic models.
It has been shown, by round robin tests, that different users may obtain results differing by as much as 20 % for the
same building in the same climate, for the following reasons:
35. the standard allows for input data defined on a national basis, which may differ between users;
36. the standard allows different calculation methods (e.g. single- or multi-zone);
37. the user may provide different input data from the same source (e.g. by taking dimensions from a drawing).
59
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex K
(informative)
Input data are normally provided at the national level. When no national data are available, the conventional values
given in this annex can be used.
Data given per square metre (such as the internal gains) are multiplied by the gross heated floor area to obtain
absolute values for the considered building.
No division into periods is needed, only one period is considered, with the following characteristics:
Operation modeset-point
K.3 Data for buildings occupied during the daytime only (e.g. office buildings)
Division into periods is necessary. The data below correspond to a building occupied 5 days a week and 10 h per
day.
N (for a week) 5 4 1
i 20 C 16 C 12 C
Internal gains:
60
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Ventilation rate:
Not occupied 0,2 m/(hm) 0,2 m/(hm) 0,2 m/(hm) 0,2 m/(hm) 0,2 m/(hm)
61
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Annex ZA
(informative)
ISO 7345 - Thermal insulation Physical EN ISO 7345 - Thermal insulation Physical
quantities and definitions quantities and definitions (ISO
7345:1987)
ISO 13370 1998 Thermal performance of EN ISO 13370 1998 Thermal performance of buildings
buildings Heat transfer via Heat transfer via the ground
the ground Calculation Calculation methods (ISO
methods 13370:1998)
62
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Bibliography
Published documents used to prepare this standard are listed below.
[1] EN 12831, Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of the design heat load.
[2] EN 13363-1, Solar protection devices combined with glazing Calculation of solar and light transmittance
Part 1: Simplified method.
[3] prEN 13363-2, Solar protection devices combined with glazing Calculation of solar and light transmittance
Part 2: Detailed calculation method.
[4] EN 13465, Ventilation for buildings Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in dwellings.
[5] EN ISO 13786, Thermal performance of building components Dynamic thermal characteristics Calculation
methods (ISO 13786:1999).
[6] ISO 9050, Glass in building Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance, total solar
energy transmittance and ultraviolet transmittance, and related glazing factors.
[7] PASSYS. Final Report of the Simplified Design Tool Subgroup. Commission of the European Communities,
Directorate General XII, Brussels, 1989.
[8] Rgles ThG, Rgles de calcul du coefficient GV des btiments dhabitation et du coefficient G1 des btiments
autres que dhabitation. Cahiers du CSTB 2256, 1988, Paris.
[9] Rgles ThBV, Rgles de calcul du coefficient de besoins de chauffage des logements. Cahiers du CSTB 2486,
1991, Paris.
[10] Rgles ThBV, Rgles de calcul du coefficient de besoins de chauffage des logements - Annexes. Cahiers du
CSTB 2274, 1988, Paris
[11] Rgles ThC, Rgles de calcul du coefficient de performance thermique globale des logements. Cahiers du
CSTB 2259, 1988, Paris.
[12] Rgles ThC, Rgles de calcul du coefficient de performance thermique globale des logements. Complments
et annexes. Cahiers du CSTB 2275, 1988, Paris.
[13] SIA 380-1, Energie im Hochbau nergie dans le btiment. SIA, Postfach, 8039 Zrich, 1988.
[14] PLATZER, W.J., Energetische Bewertung der transparenten Wrmedmmung. Bauphysik, Heft 2/99, 1999,
pages 67-76.
[15] Richtlinie Bestimmung des solaren Energiegewinns durch Massivwnde mit transparenter Wrmedmmung.
Fachverband Transparente Wrmedmmung e.V., Gundelfingen, Germany, 1999.
63
Licenza d'uso concessa a UNIVERSITA' CENTRO ATENEO DOC.POLO MONTE DAGO per l'abbonamento anno 2005.
Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano Riproduzione vietata - Legge 22 aprile 1941 N 633 e successivi aggiornamenti.
di Unicazione
Via Battistotti Sassi, 11B
20133 Milano, Italia