Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry is the study of changes in heat energy during chemical reactions.

An ................................. reaction is a chemical reaction that gives out heat to the

surroundings. The temperature of the surroundings .................. Surroundings include
container, solvent and air.
Eg. ....................... of fuel, burning of metal, n..........................., res.........................,
r................... of iron, reaction of ................... with acid, reaction of alkali metals
with ..............., Haber process.

An ............................. reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the

surroundings. Temperature of the surroundings ........................
Eg. Thermal decomposition of ................... and carbonate salts, reaction of acid with
hydrogen carbonates, pho............................

Energy Level Diagram

Every chemical substance has a certain amount of chemical energy (symbol H). It is difficult
to measure the absolute energy of a substance but the .................. in energy during
chemical reactions can be easily measured. The amount of heat energy released or absorbed
during a chemical reaction is called the .................... of reaction (symbol H).

H = total energy content of products - total energy content of reactants

= Hproducts - Hreactants

Exothermic reaction:. Endothermic reaction:

Hproducts < Hreactants Hproducts > Hreactants.

H is ..................tive. H is .............tive.

Diagram A Diagram B

Thermochemical equation:

A: H2 + Cl2 2HCl; H = -184 kj mol-1

B: N2 + 2O2 2NO2; H = +66 kJmol-1

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Exercises
1.
Energy

CH4 + 2 O2

H = -890 kJ mol-1

CO2 + 2 H2O

Based on the energy level diagram, the following information can be obtained:
a. The combustion of methane to form carbon dioxide and water is an ....................... reaction.
b. During the reaction, the temperature of the mixture ......................
c. The total energy of 1 mole of methane and 2 moles of oxygen is ............ than the total
energy of 1 mole of carbon dioxide and 2 moles of water.
d. When 1 mole of methane reacts with 2 moles of oxygen to form 1 mole of carbon dioxide
and 2 moles of water, ............................. of heat is produced.
Thermochemical eq.: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = -890 kJ mol-1

2. Diagram below shows the energy profile diagram of a reaction:

Energy

x kJ y kJ C+D

A+B z kJ

The activation energy is .................. kJ.

The heat of reaction is .......................... kJ.
The reaction is an ................................. reaction.

3. Energy change is related to the breaking and the forming of chemical bonds.
Energy is .. to break a chemical bond.
Energy is .. when a bond is formed.

For an exothermic reaction,

{energy absorbed for bond breaking} < { energy released from bond formation}
Hence, H is negative.

For an endothermic reaction,

{energy absorbed for bond breaking} { energy released from bond formation}
Hence, H is .

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Heat of Reaction
Definition:
The heat of reaction is the heat energy absorbed or released when the number of moles of
reactants as shown in the chemical equation, react to form the products.

N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 H = - 92 kJ

When 1 mol of nitrogen reacts with 3 mol of hydrogen to produce 2 mol of ammonia, 92 kJ
of heat energy is ...................... Therefore, the formation of 1 mol of ammonia from
nitrogen and hydrogen releases .............. kJ of heat energy.

Calculation Exercises
1. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 H = - 92 kJ

What is the change in heat if 3 moles of ammonia is produced?

2. S + O2 SO2 H = -297 kJ mol-1

Calculate the heat change when 20 g of sulphur is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
[RAM: O, 16; S, 32]

3. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O H = -890 kJ mol-1

Calculate the mass of methane required to for combustion to produce 1335 kJ of heat.
[ RAM: H,1; C, 12; O,16]

Determining Heat of Reaction

1. To determine the heat of reaction in the laboratory, aqueous solutions are involved. The
solution is the surroundings.
a. In an exothermic reaction, the heat given out is absorbed by the solution. Therefore, the
temperature of the solution ......................
b. In an endothermic reaction, the heat absorbed during the reaction is the heat lost by the
solution. Therefore, the temperature of the solution ......................

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2. The heat energy change in a reaction can be calculated using the formula:

Energy = mc

where m = mass of the solution (in g)

c = specific heat capacity of the solution ( in J g-1 oC-1)
= temperature change in the solution ( in oC).

3. Assumptions made in the calculation of heat of reaction:

a. the solution is dilute. It has the same density as water, which is ........ g cm-3.
b. the solution has the same specific heat capasity as water, which is ................ J g-1 oC-1.
c. no heat is absorbed by the apparatus or lost to the surroundings.

Heat of Precipitation

Definition: The heat of precipitation is the energy change when ..................... mole of
precipitate is formed from its ions.

Eg. AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3 H = -65.5 kJ mol-1

or Ag+ + Cl- AgCl H = -65.5 kJ mol-1

The heat given off during the formation of ......... mole of the precipitate silver chloride is
65.5 kJ. The heat of precipitation, H is - 65.5 kJ mol-1.

If sodium chloride is used to replace potassium chloride in the reaction, what is the heat of
precipitation of silver chloride? Answer: ...............................

Eg.
50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution at 29.5 oC is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
potassium chloride solution which is at temperature of 28.5 oC. The mixture is stirred and the
highest temperature reached is 32.0 oC. Calculate the heat of precipitation for silver chloride.
[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1. Density of solution: 1 g cm-3 ]

Procedure:
1. .. cm3 of .. solution is measured and
poured into a polystyrene cup.
2. A thermometer is placed into the solution and the temperature is noted after
.
3. The thermometer is removed, . and
4. .. cm3 of .. solution is measured and
poured into another polystyrene cup.
5. The thermometer is placed into the solution and the temperature is noted after
.
6. .. solution is poured . and ...
into the polystyrene cup containing . solution.
7. The mixture is stirred continuously using the and the ...
temperature is recorded.

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Tabulation of data:
Temperature (0C)

Calculations:
I. Calculating heat change
Energy = mc

II Calculating number of moles of precipitate

III Calculating heat of precipitation, H

Energy level diagram:

Thermochemical equation:

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Q: The heat of precipitation of silver chloride is -63 kJ mol-1. In an experiment, 200 cm3 of
0.1 mol dm-3 AgNO3 (aq) is added to 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 CaCl2(aq).

a) Write the (i) chemical equation, (ii) the ionic equation, for the reaction between silver
nitrate and calcium chloride.

b) Calculate the heat change in the experiment.

Q: Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4 H = - 50 kJ mol-1

Calculate the highest temperature reached when 60 cm of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate
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solution reacts with 60 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution. The initial temperature
of both the solutions is 29.0 oC.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, density of water = 1 g cm-3]

Heat of Displacement

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 Definition: The heat of displacement is the heat released when ......... mol of a metal is
displaced from its salt solution by another more electropositive metal.

Eg. When excess zinc powder is added to copper(II) sulphate solution, 210 kJ of heat is
released when 1.0 mol of copper is displaced from copper(II) sulphate solution.

Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu H = -210 kJ mol-1

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu H = -147 kJ mol-1

Note: Heat of displacement is not the same for the two reactions. Iron is less electropositive
than zinc. Therefore the heat of displacement of copper by iron is less than the heat of
displacement of copper by zinc.

Q: Excess magnesium powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 of iron(II) chloride
solution.
Initial temperature of solution = 29.0 oC
Final temperature of solution = 41.0 oC

Calculate the heat of displacement of iron by magnesium

[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, density of water = 1 g cm-3]

Heat of Neutralisation

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 Definition: The heat of neutralisation is the heat released when 1.0 mole of H+ ions react
with 1.0 mole of OH- ions to produce 1.0 mole of ...

1. The heat of neutralisation between strong acids and strong alkalis is always the same.

Eg. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O, H = -57.3 kJmol-1

KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O, H = -57.3 kJmo-1
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O, H = -.

Ionic eq.:

The energy level diagram:

2a. The heat of neutralization between

(i) a weak acid and a strong alkali
(ii) a strong acid and a weak alkali
is less than -57 kJ mol-1.

b. The heat of neutralization between a weak acid and a weak alkali is the least.

c. Weak acids or alkalis dissociate only .. in water. Some of the heat given
out during neutralisation is absorbed and used to break the bonds in the weak acid or
alkali, thus the heat given out is less than 57.3 kJ.

Comparing the Heat of Neutralisation between

(a) a weak acid and a strong alkali,
(b) a strong acid and a strong alkali

Problem Statement:

Hypothesis:

Manipulated Variable:

Responding Variable:

Fixed Variable:

Materials:

Apparatus:
Procedure:

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1. .. cm3 of is measured and
poured into a polystyrene cup.
2. A thermometer is placed into the solution and the temperature is noted after .
3. The thermometer is removed, . and
4. .. cm3 of .. solution is measured and
poured into another polystyrene cup.
5. The thermometer is placed into the solution and the temperature is noted after .
6. . is poured . and ...
into the polystyrene cup containing . solution.
7. The mixture is stirred continuously using the and the ...
temperature is recorded.
8. The experiment is repeated using to replace

Tabulation of Data
Type of acid

Calculation:

Conclusion:

Explanation:

Heat of Combustion

Definition: The heat of combustion is the heat released when .. mole of a 9

substance is completely burnt in ...
 a. CH3OH + , H = - 728 kJ mol-1.

b. C2H5OH + , H = - 1376 kJ mol-1

The heat of combustion of ethanol is .. than the heat of combustion of methanol

because there is a . number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per
molecule ethanol.

Exercise:
a) 2.4 g methanol is burnt completely in excess oxygen. The heat given off is used to heat up
300 cm3 of water. The temperature of the water rises by 36.8oC. Calculate the heat of
combustion of methanol. [Relative atomic mass: H,1; C, 12; O,16; specific heat capacity of
water, c: 4.2 J g-1 oC; density of water, 1g cm-3]

b) Heat of combustion of ethanol, H is -1376 kJ. 2.3 g of ethanol is burnt completely to heat
up 500 cm3 of water. Calculate the rise in temperature of the water.
[Relative atomic mass: H,1; C, 12; O,16; specific heat capacity of water, c: 4.2 J g-1 oC;
density of water, 1g cm-3]

Comparing the Heat of Combustion of Different Alcohols

Problem Statement:

Hypothesis:

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Manipulated Variable:

Responding Variable:

Fixed Variable:

Materials:

Apparatus:
Diagram:

Procedure:

1. water is measured and poured into a

2. A thermometer is placed into the water and the temperature is noted ..

3. A lamp is filled with methanol and is with the cap on.

4. The copper can containing water is placed on a

5. The wick of the lamp is . and the lamp is placed below the copper can and
its position adjusted so that the is as near as possible to the of the
copper can.

6. The water is continually . with the thermometer.

7. When the temperature of the water has increased by about .., the flame is

8. The lamp with the unburnt methanol and the cap are weighed.

9. The experiment is repeated using ethanol, propanol and butanol.

Data Table

Alcohol
Initial mass of
lamp (g)

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Initial temperature
of water (oC)

Calculation:

Alcohol
Mr

No. of moles

Heat released (J)

Heat of
combustion (kJ
mol-1)

Interpreting Data:

Draw graph of heat of combustion against number of carbon atoms per molecule alcohol.

Conclusion:

Explanation: When the number of carbon atoms per molecule alcohol increases, the number
of moles of .. and produced also increase. More
formation of in the products causes more heat energy to be released.

Fuel Value

Def: Fuel value or heat value is the heat energy released when ......... g of fuel is burnt.
Its unit is .........................

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 Fuel Heat of combustion Molar mass (g mol-1 ) Fuel value (kJ g-1)
(kJ mol-1)
Hydrogen, H2 -286

Ethanol, C2H5OH -1376

Based on the fuel value, .. is the better fuel.

Exercise:
The fuel value of methane is 27 kJg-1. How much methane must be burnt to boil 1.5 dm3 of
water?
[Specific heat capacity of water, c: 4.2 J g-1 oC; density of water, 1g cm-3; room temperature of
water, 27 oC]

Change of Temperature with Change in Concentration or Volume of Solutions

When 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead nitrate solution reacts with 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium chloride solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture increases by 10 oC.

What is the change in temperature if the experiment is repeated using

a) 200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead nitrate solution reacts with 200 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium chloride solution?

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Explanation:
When the volume of the solution is doubled, the .......................
and the .. are also doubled.
The .. has doubled, therefore temperature change, , ..
.

b) 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead nitrate solution reacts with 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
potassium chloride solution?

Explanation:
When the concentration of the solution is doubled, the .........
and the .. are also doubled.
The .. used is the same, therefore temperature change, ,
.

Note:
a) When an experiment is repeated using a different volume of solution, .............................
b) When an experiment is repeated using a different concentration of solution, .................

Prepared by: Ms Lee Sok Yan

SMK Damansara Utama

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