CONVERGENCE TESTS

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul

MWITS

June 17, 2013

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 1 / 15

THE DIVERGENCE TEST

Theorem
(The Divergence Test)

X
1 If lim an 6= 0, then the series an diverges.
n
n=1
X
2 If lim an = 0, then the series an may either converge or diverge.
n
n=1

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THE DIVERGENCE TEST

Theorem
(The Divergence Test)

X
1 If lim an 6= 0, then the series an diverges.
n
n=1
X
2 If lim an = 0, then the series an may either converge or diverge.
n
n=1

Theorem

X
If the series an converges, then lim an = 0
n
n=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 2 / 15

p-SERIES

Theorem
(Convergence of p-Series)

X 1 1 1 1
p
= 1 + p + p + p +
k 2 3 k
k=1

converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 < p 1.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 3 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
5. Apply the divergence test and state what it tells you about the series.

X k2 + k + 3
1
2k 2 + 1
k=1

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EXCERCISE SET 10.4
5. Apply the divergence test and state what it tells you about the series.

X k2 + k + 3
1
2k 2 + 1
k=1

 k
X 1
2 1+
k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 4 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
5. Apply the divergence test and state what it tells you about the series.

X k2 + k + 3
1
2k 2 + 1
k=1

 k
X 1
2 1+
k
k=1

X
3 cos k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 4 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
Determine whether the series converges.

X 1
11.
k=1
k +5

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 5 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
Determine whether the series converges.

X 1
11.
k=1
k +5

X k2 + 1
18.
k2 + 3
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 5 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
Determine whether the series converges.

X 1
11.
k=1
k +5

X k2 + 1
18.
k2 + 3
k=1

X
23. 7k 1.01
k=5

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 5 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
P P
27. Suppose that the
P series uk converges
P and the series vk diverges. Show
that the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) both diverge.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 6 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
P P
27. Suppose that the
P series uk converges
P and the series vk diverges. Show
that the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) both diverge.
P P
28. Find examples
P to show thatP if the series uk and vk both diverge, then
the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) may either converge or diverge.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 6 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
P P
27. Suppose that the
P series uk converges
P and the series vk diverges. Show
that the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) both diverge.
P P
28. Find examples
P to show thatP if the series uk and vk both diverge, then
the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) may either converge or diverge.

29. Use the results of Excercise 27 and 28, if needed, to determine whether each
series converges or diverges.
  k1 
X 2 1
1 +
3 k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 6 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.4
FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
P P
27. Suppose that the
P series uk converges
P and the series vk diverges. Show
that the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) both diverge.
P P
28. Find examples
P to show thatP if the series uk and vk both diverge, then
the series (uk + vk ) and (uk vk ) may either converge or diverge.

29. Use the results of Excercise 27 and 28, if needed, to determine whether each
series converges or diverges.
  k1 
X 2 1
1 +
3 k
k=1

 
X 1 1
2 + 3/2
3k + 2 k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 6 / 15

THE COMPARISON TEST

Theorem

X
X
(The Comparison Test) Let an and bn be series with nonnegative terms
n=1 n=1
and suppose that 0 an bn for all n

X
X
1 If the bigger series bn converges, then the smaller series an also
n=1 n=1
converges.

X
X
2 If the smaller series an diverges, then the bigger series bn also
n=1 n=1
diverges.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 7 / 15

THE LIMIT COMPARISON TEST

Theorem

X
X
(The Limit Comparison Test) Let an and bn be series with positive terms
n=1 n=1
and suppose that
an
= lim
n bn
If is finite and > 0, then the series both converge or both diverge.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 8 / 15

THE RATIO TEST

Theorem

X
(The Ratio Test) Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose
n=1

an+1
= lim
n an

1 If < 1, the series converges.

2 If > 1 or = , the series diverges.
3 If = 1, the series may converge or diverge, so that another test must be
tried.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 9 / 15

THE ROOT TEST

Theorem

X
(The Root Test) Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
n=1

= lim n
an = lim (an )1/n
n n

1 IF < 1, the series converges.

2 IF > 1 or = , the series diverges.
3 IF = 1, the series may converge or diverge, so that another test must be
tried.

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 10 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
1. Make a guess about the convergence or divergence of the series, and confirm
your guess using the comparison test.

X 1
1
5k 2 k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 11 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
1. Make a guess about the convergence or divergence of the series, and confirm
your guess using the comparison test.

X 1
1
5k 2 k
k=1

X 3
2
1
k=1
k 4

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 11 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
1. Make a guess about the convergence or divergence of the series, and confirm
your guess using the comparison test.

X 1
1
5k 2 k
k=1

X 3
2
1
k=1
k 4

3. In each part, use the comparison test to show that the series converges.

X 1
1
3k + 5
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 11 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
1. Make a guess about the convergence or divergence of the series, and confirm
your guess using the comparison test.

X 1
1
5k 2 k
k=1

X 3
2
1
k=1
k 4

3. In each part, use the comparison test to show that the series converges.

X 1
1
3k + 5
k=1

X 5 sin2 k
2
k!
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 11 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
1. Make a guess about the convergence or divergence of the series, and confirm
your guess using the comparison test.

X 1
1
5k 2 k
k=1

X 3
2
1
k=1
k 4

3. In each part, use the comparison test to show that the series converges.

X 1
1
3k + 5
k=1

X 5 sin2 k
2
k!
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 11 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the limit comparison test to determine whether the series converges.

X 1
6.
9k + 6
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 12 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the limit comparison test to determine whether the series converges.

X 1
6.
9k + 6
k=1

X k(k + 3)
8.
(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 5)
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 12 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the limit comparison test to determine whether the series converges.

X 1
6.
9k + 6
k=1

X k(k + 3)
8.
(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 5)
k=1

X 1
10.
(2k + 3)17
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 12 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the ratio test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.

X 4k
12.
k2
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 13 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the ratio test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.

X 4k
12.
k2
k=1

 k
X 1
14. k
2
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 13 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the ratio test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.

X 4k
12.
k2
k=1

 k
X 1
14. k
2
k=1

X k
16.
k2 + 1
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 13 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the root test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.
 k
X k
18.
100
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 14 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the root test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.
 k
X k
18.
100
k=1

 
X k
19.
5k
k=1

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 14 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the root test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.
 k
X k
18.
100
k=1

 
X k
19.
5k
k=1

P P
54. Let ak and bk be series with positive terms. Prove :
P P
1 If lim (ak /bk ) = 0 and bk converges, then ak converges.
k+

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 14 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the root test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.
 k
X k
18.
100
k=1

 
X k
19.
5k
k=1

P P
54. Let ak and bk be series with positive terms. Prove :
P P
1 If lim (ak /bk ) = 0 and bk converges, then ak converges.
k+

P P
2 If lim (ak /bk ) = + and bk diverge, then ak diverges.
k+

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 14 / 15

EXCERCISE SET 10.5
Use the root test to determine whether the series converges. If the test is
inconclusive, then say so.
 k
X k
18.
100
k=1

 
X k
19.
5k
k=1

P P
54. Let ak and bk be series with positive terms. Prove :
P P
1 If lim (ak /bk ) = 0 and bk converges, then ak converges.
k+

P P
2 If lim (ak /bk ) = + and bk diverge, then ak diverges.
k+

55. Use Theorem 9.4.6 to prove the comparison test

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 14 / 15

Theorem 9.4.6

Aj. Thanomsak Laokul (MWITS) CONVERGENCE TESTS June 17, 2013 15 / 15