Design of Bridge Structures For Final

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Higher Education Ministry

Herat University
Civil Engineering Faculty
Subject : Concrete Building Project

Submitted to : Eng.Sarajodin
Submitted by : Obaidullah ID#995
Date : 10.12.2008
1
(TABLE OF CONTENTS)
(BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND LOADING) ................................................................................... 5

TYPE OF LOADING:.............................................................................................................. 5
Calculation of dead load:................................................................................................ 5
Calculation of Live Load:................................................................................................ 7
Impact value of vehicle: .................................................................................................. 8
Loading of corridor or walk way: ................................................................................... 8
Force for pick up the deck of bridge: .............................................................................. 9
Force for floating:........................................................................................................... 9
Influence of Break load: .................................................................................................. 9
Influence of Wind load: ................................................................................................... 9
1. Force of wind act on the deck of bridge................................................................ 9
Exerted load on bridge Piers: ....................................................................................... 10
Forces of wind pressure under passage:....................................................................... 10
Loads according the water flow and ice pressure: ....................................................... 10
Lateral Soil Pressure: ................................................................................................... 11
Earthquake force:.......................................................................................................... 11
Hydrodynamic Pressure in Earthquake Time: .............................................................. 11
Hydrodynamic force in edge pier:................................................................................. 11
1. Hydrodynamic force in middle pier .................................................................... 11
(HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS) ......................................................................................................... 13
(DECK DESIGN)............................................................................................................................. 15
CALCULATION DEAD LOAD OF SLAB: .............................................................................. 15
DESIGN OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT USE LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD:...................... 15
DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED REINFORCEMENT:................................................................... 17
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SIDE WALK:.............................................................................. 17
(BEAM DESIGN) ............................................................................................................................ 20
INTERIOR BEAM DESIGN:................................................................................................. 20
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS USE CORBAN METHOD: ................................................. 21
SKETCHING OF SHEAR AND MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR 2M OF SPAN:.................. 23
MAXIMUM FLEXURE MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE:........................................................ 27
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the support: ....................................... 27
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/4Ln:............................................ 28
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/2Ln:............................................ 29
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ON BEAMS: .......................................................................... 32
INTERNAL FORCE OF EDGE BEAM: ................................................................................ 33
Dead Load:.................................................................................................................... 33
Live load:....................................................................................................................... 33
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE: ..................................................................................................... 34
Determination of permanent deflection: ............................................................................... 39
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE:................................................................................................... 40
CAMBER OF THE FORM:.................................................................................................. 44
Determination of permanent deflection: ............................................................................... 45
(DESIGN OF ABUTMENT) ....................................................................................................... 46
CALCULATING OF LOADS ON ABUTMENT: .................................................................... 46
Reaction due to Dead load of deck: .............................................................................. 46
Reaction due to live load:.............................................................................................. 46
2
Reaction due to Impact value:....................................................................................... 47
Lateral pressure of soil: ................................................................................................ 47
Break load:.................................................................................................................... 48
Effective of variable temperature:................................................................................. 48
Force due to wind load: ................................................................................................ 48
Earthquake Load:.......................................................................................................... 49
CALCULATING OF MOMENTS ON ABUTMENT: ................................................................ 50
COMBINATION OF LOADS: ................................................................................................ 52
REINFORCEMENT CALCULATION: ................................................................................... 55
Design of Stem: ............................................................................................................. 55
Design of Toe: ............................................................................................................... 56
Design of Heel:.............................................................................................................. 57
Design of fore wall reinforcement: ............................................................................. 57
(DESIGN OF PIERS) .................................................................................................................... 59
DESIGN OF PIER CAP: ....................................................................................................... 59
DESIGN OF SHEAR AND FLEXURE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT: ................................... 62
DESIGN OF PIER: ............................................................................................................... 64
Design of a pier for the Second group of loading:........................................................ 68
Spiral Design: ............................................................................................................... 69
(DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD) ............................................................... 72
CALCULATION THICKNESS OF ELASTOMER BEARING PAD: ......................................... 72
CALCULATION AREA OF ELASTOMER BEARING PAD: ................................................... 72
CALCULATION OF SHAPE FACTOR: ................................................................................. 73
CALCULATION OF COMPRESSION TRANSFORMATION:.................................................. 73
CHECKING OF RELATION BETWEEN DL AND TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION: ........... 73
CHECKING OF SLIDING:.................................................................................................... 73
CALCULATION OF FORCE ON PIER DUE TO TEMPERATURE: ......................................... 73
CHECKING THE SUFFICIENCY OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD FOR TURNING OF
SUPPORT: ........................................................................................................................... 74
(DESIGN OF CAISSON FOUNDATION) ............................................................................. 75
CALCULATION DIMENSION OF CAISSON FOUNDATION: ................................................ 75
Calculation diameter of Caisson:.................................................................................. 75
Calculation diameter bottom of Caisson: ..................................................................... 76
Calculation thickness bottom of Caisson: ..................................................................... 76
Checking for shear: ...................................................................................................... 76
Checking for Floating: ................................................................................................. 77
MIX DESIGN: ................................................................................................................................. 77
RENFERNCES: .................................................................................................................... 75
3
(Plane of the Site)
RESIDINTIALAREA
WASHBED
ROAD
CONSTRUCTIONSITE
EXISTINGSITE
(Plan of the Site)
4
Project Design Project Created by Obaidullah (Ahmadzay) ID#995
(Bridge Analysis and Loading)

Type of loading:
1. Vertical Loading.
2. Horizontal Loading.
Vertical Loading:
Calculation of dead load:

(Specific gravity of some Material)
Type of Specific gravity Type of Specific gravity

No
material (Ton/m3) material (Ton/m3)
1 Steel 7.85 Macadam 2.24
2 Concrete 2.4-2.5 Stone 2.72
3 Gravel and sand 1.92 Asphalt 2.2
4 Cast Iron 7.21 Wood 0.8
5 Aluminum 2.8 Silt 1.6
Bridge Elevation
5
1. Calculation dead load of Deck at the 1m of length:
40cm
Wslab = 0.22 9.6 2.5 = 5.04Ton/m

WAsphalt = 0.1 8 2.2 = 1.76Ton/m
WSide Walk = 0.275 0.8 2.4 = 0.528Ton/m
WR.C.C Railing = 0.275 0.875 2.4 = 0.5775Ton/m
WSteel Railing = Negligible
WBeam = 5 1.1 0.4 2.5 = 5.5Ton/m
WTotal = 7.91Ton/m
2. Calculation dead load of Piers:
35 800cm
40
80
70
310 10
450
160
150
450
6
1
WPier Cap = 8 0.42 + 3.1 0.68 2 + 1.8 0.68 + 0.4 0.35 2 1.5 2.5
2
= 26.2Ton
WPier = (1.6) 2 2.5 4.5 = 9.05Ton

4
WTotal = 9.05 + 26.2 = 35.25Ton
Calculation of Live Load:

Three kinds of live load are taken in bridge loading.
1. Truck Load:
It is in two kinds:
H
Hs
System of H loading is one double axis truck and Hs System is one
double axis tractor with one carrying load behind its.
I used Hs system for loading of bridge in my project.
3.625Ton 14.5Ton 14.5Ton
4.25m (4.25-9.15)m
Truck Load Hs20-44
2. Equivalent Linear Load:

8.2Ton For Moment
11.8Ton For Shear
3. Tank Load:
In this loading 70Ton load above two chains with 3.51
dimension is take in to computation. In each lane of bridge just
consider one tank and along the bridge length distance between
two tanks at least should be consider 30m.
7
Note: By putting this loading on influence line diagram we can find the
maximum moment and shear, and then use the most critical situation in
the calculation from all three kinds of loading just the most critical
situation is used in designing of members.
20Ton/m
3.5m
Tank Load
Some of loading rules:
1. Transverse of loading line should be 3m.
2. In continuous and sample beams for finding shear and moment we
should consider one truck.
3. Each Ton in American standard is equal to 908Kg.
4. In process of slab designing we should consider that the control
axes of wheels are in a distance of 0.3m from the face of site walk.
5. If the bridge was dual way we should take one truck in each way
for computation, for example if the bridge was both way we will
take two truck for computation.
Impact value of vehicle:

Its amount is determined by AASHTO classification which is:
15
I= 0.3
L + 38
I = Impact Value
L = Varible lenght of its span
L is equal to the length of span to determine the maximum moment

of shear force for loading. For the following aim is impact should
be used.
1. Carriage way of bridge with its pier up to foundation.
2. That part of pile foundation which is on the ground level.
For the other part of bridge we dont take to account the influence
of impact.
Loading of corridor or walk way:

In two cases we can do its loading:
1. If it is impossible that the vehicle tire pass from the walk
way its live load influence on the part of analyze like slab,
column and the haven which walk way be directly influence
of that is equal to 415Kg/m2.
8
2. If it is possible that the vehicle tire pass from the walk way
its live load is equal to 5Ton concentrated load which is in a
critical condition.
Influence of walk way load on the main longitudinal beam and pier
is as fallow:
a. Span from 0-7.5m 415 Kg/m2

b. Span from 7.5-30m 300 Kg/m2
c. Span greater than 30m P=5(30+900/L)(16.5-W)/15< 300 Kg/m2
W = Width of walk way by m.

L = length of walk way which will be under loading.
Force for pick up the deck of bridge:

This loading can be use for the bridge that has continuous span.
This can be loading in two cases.
a. 100% of picking up force is composed of live load with
double impact.
b. 150% of picking up force is computed as structure nuts
which are in tension.
Force for floating:

This force is take in to account for big bridge that its amount is for
design of foundation equal to 40% of allowable force for design.
3. Lateral Loading:
Influence of Break load:
The horizontal force of break is equal to 5% of distributed load
which is along the length of bridge with movable flexure load
without influence of impact.
Influence of Wind load:

Force of wind act vertically and horizontally on air trap of bridge.
In three cases we can do its loading:
1. Force of wind act on the deck of bridge:

Pressure of wind act on air trap is as follow:
a. For truss bridge 350 Kg/m2
b. For bridge which has beam and main beam 250 Kg/m2
Additional to above force a uniform distributed load 150 Kg/m2 is taken

for vehicle which influence on 1.8m height above the deck of bridge.
9
Exerted load on bridge Piers:

a. Transmitted load over bridge passage:
According to the wind flow angle the amount of load is given in
the table of text book, and this load is exerted from a height of
1.8m over the surface of rout. Approximated amounts are
considered for the bridges in which the span is less than 38m long.
Transmitted load on piers via wind load over passage:
Transversal load is 250 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Longitudinal load is 60 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Transmitted load over piers via vehicle:
Transversal load is 150 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
Longitudinal load is 60 Kg/m2 a long the Bridge
b. Forces which directly exerted on the bridge piers:

Longitudinal and transversal forces which are exerted directly over
the bridge piers, and is computed according an equivalent pressure
equal to 200 Kg/m2 the pressure should be considered in all support
views and it is exerted to the center of air rapt bridge.
Forces of wind pressure under passage:

In addition the two previous loads the up force is exerted on of
width of bridge on air rapt. The amount of this load is 100Kg/m2.
Directionof Wind b/4

F
Loads according the water flow and ice pressure:

Ice pressure is equal to 30Kg/m2 and pressure according water flow
on pier is:
P = 55KV 2
P = Kg/m 2
V = Velocity (m/sec)
K = Coefficient due to shape of pier (for circular = 0.67)
10
Lateral Soil Pressure:

This pressure exists at the supports of bridge and retaining wall
which design can endure the liquid pressure equal to 480Kg/m2.
Earthquake force:
The amount of earthquake force is determined from bellow
formula:
E Q = C.F.W
W = Dead Load quota of selected pier
P = Concentred load which applied at the top of pier
3EI
P= 3 = 1cm
h
F = Coeficient of frame F =1
Hydrodynamic Pressure in Earthquake Time:
If the edge and middle columns of bridge was inside water the
hydrodynamic pressure of water should be consider in earthquake
time.
Hydrodynamic force in edge pier:

Its amount is equal to:
7
P= K h W bh 2
12
1
hg = h
2
P = Hydrodynam ic force in edge columns.
K h = Coefficien tof horizontal earthquake .
W = Specific gravity (Ton/m 3 )
h = Depth of water.
b = Diameter of edge pier.
hg = Heigth of force whic influence is above the deck of bridge.
1. Hydrodynamic force in middle pier:

Its amount is equal to:
3 b b
P = K h W bh 2 1 for 2
4 4h h
3 b
P = K h W bh 2 2 < 3.1
8 h
11
7 b
P = K h W bh 2 3.1 <
6 h
1
hg = h
2
P = Hydrodynamic force in edge columns.
K h = Coefficientof horizontal earthquake.
W = Specific gravity (Ton/m 3 )
h = Depth of water.
b = Diameter of edge pier.
hg = Heigth of force whic influence is above the deck of bridge.
12
(Hydraulic Analysis)
1
Q= AR 2/3S1/2
n
916.08 915.12
S= = 0.00064
1500
1/6
d 50
n=
21.1
d 50 = 2.5mm
1/6
2.5
1000
n= = 0.0175
21.1
1
A = (408 + 406.2) 0.9 = 366.4m 2
2
P = 406.2 + 2 0.9 2 + 0.9 2 = 408.4m 2
A 366.4
R= = = 0.896m
P 408.75
Q = 1.5 492.27 738m 3 /sec
B = 3.26 Q
B = 3.26 738 = 89m
Q 738
q= = = 8.3m 3 /m.sec
B 89
V
F=
gy
Q 738
V= = = 2.014m/sec
A 366.4
2.014
F= = 0.678 > 0.5
9.81 0.9
Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the yave with below formula:

0.17
y ave = 0.38 q 0.67 d 50
0.17
2.5
y ave = 0.38 8.3 0.67
= 4.34m
1000
y max = 1.5 y ave = 1.5 4.34 = 6.52m
13
W.L at Time of Flood

160cm
Normall Depth
Ymax
Normaal River Bed
River Bed at Time of Flood
ds
D? (Y+ds)/3
450cm
General Scouring depth ymax = 6.52m.

Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the dS with below formula:
d S1 = 1.59 V 0.67 b 0.67

d S2 = 1.11 y 0.5 b 0.5
d S = Greatest value of (d S1 , d S2 )
d S1 = 1.59 (2.014) (1.6 ) = 3.48m
0.67 0.67
d S2 = 1.11 (6.52 ) (1.6 ) = 3.585m

0.5 0.5
So d S = 3.585m
Local Scouring depth = 3.585m.

y + ds 6.52 + 3.585
Depth of Foundation = = 3.368m
3 3
14
(Deck design)
Number of main beams = 5
Width of deck without side walk = 8.6m
Clear distance between two piers = 16m
fc = 21MPa fy = 360MPa
Thickness of slab = 22cm
27.5
110
425
20
22
130
20 40
180 180
5.625
Calculation Dead load of slab:

Weight of concrete = 0.222.5 = 0.55 Ton/m2
Weight of 10cm asphalt = 0.12.2 = 0.22 Ton/m2
Total dead load = 0.77 Ton/m2

WL2 1.82
M = = 0.77 = 0.25Ton.m/m
(DL) 10 10
1.64S + 1 1.64 1.8 + 1
M = 0.8 P = 0.8 7.25 = 1.433Ton.m/m
(LL) 16 16
M = 0.3M = 0.3 1.433 = 0.4299 Ton.m/m
(IL) (LL)
Total Moment = 0.25 + 1.433 + 0.4299 = 2.113Ton.m/m
Designs of main reinforcement use limit state design method:

fs = 0.5fy = 0.5 3600 = 1800Kg/cm2
fc = 0.4f c = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm2
Es
n= = 10 we assume
Ec
fs 1800
r= = = 21.43
fc 84
15
n 10
k= = = 0.318
n + r 10 + 21.43
J = 1 k/3 = 1 0.318/3 = 0.894
2M 2 2.113 105
d= = = 13.3cm
fcKJb 84 0.318 0.894 100
Clearcover = 3cm
Radius of reinforcement = 1cm
Total thickness slab = 13.3 + 1 + 3 = 17.3cm 22cm so it' s O.K
M
As = J = 0.894 d = h - 4cm = 22 - 4 = 18cm
fsJd
2.113 105
As = = 7.295cm 2 /m 7.3cm 2 /m
1800 0.894 18
use 16mm bars As(cm 2 ) S(cm)
2.01 100
7.3 X
2.04 100
S= = 27.5cm 25cm c c
7.3
As(cm 2 ) S(cm)
2.01 100
X 25
100 2.01
As = = 8.04cm 2 7.3cm 2 So it' s O.K
25
So use 16mm@25cm c - c
16
Design of distributed reinforcement:

120
% of D.R = 67%
S
120
= = 89% 67% so we use 67%
1.8
As = 0.67 7.3 = 4.891cm2 /m
use 14mm bars As = 1.54cm 2 /m
As(cm2 ) S(cm)
1.54 100
4.891 X
1.54 100
S= = 31.5cm 30cm c c
4.891
As(cm2 ) S(cm)
1.54 100
X 30
100 1.54
As = = 5.13cm 2 4.891cm 2 So it' s O.K
30
Design of Cantilever side walk:

Moment due to R.C.C railing = 0.58 1.1375 = 0.66Ton.m/m
Moment due to Side walk = 0.528 0.875 = 0.462Ton.m/m
Moment due to Slab weight = (0.22 1.275 2.5 11.275)/2 + (1/2 0.2 1.275
1 2.5 1.275)/3 = 0.583Ton.m/m
P
Moment due to Load of Truck M = X
E
E = 0.8X + 1.143for main bar virtecal on traffic
E = 0.8 1.275 + 1.143 = 2.163
1.275
M= 7.25 = 4.3Ton.m/m
2.163
Moment due to Impact = 0.3M = 0.3 4.3 = 1.29Ton.m/m
(LL)
Total Moment = 0.66 + 0.462 + 0.583 + 4.3 + 1.29 = 7.295Ton.m/m
17
2M 2 7.295 105
d = = = 24.72cm
min fcKJb 84 0.318 0.894 100
h = d + 3 + 1 = 24.72 + 3 + 1 = 28.72cm 42cm So it' s O.K
min
M 7.295 105
As = = = 11.93cm2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.894 38
use 16mm bars As = 2.01cm2 /m
As(cm2 ) S(cm)
2.01 100
11.93 X
2.01 100
S= = 16.85cm 15cm c c
11.93
As(cm2 ) S(cm)
2.01 100
X 15
100 2.01
As = = 13.4cm 2 11.93cm 2 So it' s O.K
15
350
? 12@ 200+? 12@200

(ALTERNATELY PLACED
800
8 ? 12 @ 200 ?16 10? 12 LONGITUDNAL BARS
S=1%
275
S=1.5%
3 SECTION A(W/STEEL RAILING)
(Section for Design of Side Walk)
18
(Slab Detail Reinforcement)
19
(Beam Design)
Interior Beam Design:
(L + 3) (16 + 3)
h = 1.1 = 1.1 = 1.161m 1.3m
min 18 18
Effective of dead load due to concrete slab, beam and asphalt:

w = 2.5(1.08 0.4 + 1.8 0.22) + 2.2(1.8 0.1) = 2.466Ton/m 2.5Ton/m
1. Determination of Reactions at supports:

2.5Ton/m
16m
RA RB
wLn 2.5 16
RA = RB = = = 20Ton
2 2
Mo = 0
2. Determination of Reactions at 1/4Ln:

2 .5 T o n /m V M o
4m
R A =20Ton
Fy + = 0
20 V 2.5 4 = 0
V = 10Ton
M o )+ = 0
20 4 + 2.5 4 4/2 + M o = 0
M o = 60Ton.m
20
3. Determination of Reactions at mid span:

2.5Ton/m V Mo
8m
R A =20Ton
Fy + = 0
20 2.5 8 V = 0
V=0
M o )+ = 0
20 8 + 2.5 8 2 /2 + M = 0
o
M = 80Ton.m
o
Effective of Live Load and Impact Load:
15 15
I.L = 0.3 = 0.28
L + 38 16 + 38
Total Live Load = L.L + I.L = (1 + 0.28)w = 1.28w
Distribution of Live loads use Corban method:

1. Truck Load:
The maximum moment due to truck load obtain, when the center of
beam place between the R1 and R2.
M o )+ = 0
9.5 7.25 1.813 4.25 + 16.313 X = 0
X = 3.75m
e = X/2 = 1.875m
W I
R = 1+ e
1 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 3.6 1.875 = 0.97W
5 2 2
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
21
W I
R = 1+ e
2 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 1.8 1.875 = 0.88W
5 2 2
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
W I
R = 1+ e
3 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 0 1.875 = 0.8W
5 2 2
I(2 1.8 + 2 3.6 )
Portion of beam from front wheel = 1.28 3.625/2 0.88 = 2.04Ton
2
Portion of beam from back wheel = 1.28 14.5/2 0.88 = 8.2Ton
2
Portion of beam from front wheel = 1.28 3.625 0.8 = 1.856Ton
3
Portion of beam from back wheel = 1.28 14.5/2 0.8 = 7.424Ton
3
Maximum flexure moment due to the equivalent linear load obtain,
when the concentrate load is place at the center of beam.
Distribution of Live loads uses AASHTO Standards:
S 1.8
Portion of beam from the equivalent linear load = 12 W = 12 W = 0.49W
2 1.83 1.83
= 1.28 0.49 0.95 = 0.6Ton/m
Portion of beam from the Concentrate load for Flexure = 1.28 0.49 8.2 = 5.14Ton.m
2
Portion of beam from the Concentrate load for Shear = 1.28 0.49 11.8 = 7.4Ton
2
22
Sketching of Shear and Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:

1. Sketching of Shear Influence Line for 2m of Span:
Sketching of Shear Influence Line for 2m of Span
10
12
14
16
0
8
Influence Line ForRL
1
0.875
Influence Line For 2m
0.125
0.75
0.25
0.625
0.375
0.5
0.5
Influence Line For 10m 0.375
0.625
0.75
0.875
1
Influence Line For RR
(Sketching of Influence Line)
23
2. Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:
Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span
10
12
14
16
0
8
1.75
3.75
3.75
1.75
(Sketching of Influence Line)
24
Procedure for Calculation of Shear and Moment Influence Line:

I show the calculation of the first 2m span, and the other shear and
moment influence line is the same.
10
12
14
16
0
8
x
RA RB
MB)+ = 0
R L + 1 (L X ) = 0
A
LX
R = For 0 X 16
A L
Fy + = 0
LX
R 1+ =0
B L
LX
R = 1 For 0 X 16
B L
1. Shear Influence Line for X=2m:

1
V
0 M o
x
R A = (L -X )/L
Fy + = 0
LX
1 V = 0
L
LX
V = 1 For 0 X 2m
L L
Ivalveting :
V
(0 ) = 0
16 2
V = 1 = 0.125
(2 ) 16
25
Fy + = 0
LX
V =0
L R
LX
V = For 2m X 16m
R L
Ivalveting :
16 2
V = = 0.875
(2) 16
16 16
V = =0
(16) 16
Sketching of Diagram:
0.875
Shear Influence Line For 2m
0.125
2. Moment Influence Line for X=2m:

1
V
0 M o
x
R A = (L -X )/L
M )+ = 0
O
LX
M 2 + 1(2 X ) = 0
(x ) L
LX
M = 2 + 1 (X - 2 ) For 0 X 2m
(x )L L
Ivalveting :
M
(0) = 0
16 2
M = 2 + 1 (2 - 2 ) = 1.75
(0) 16
26
M )+ = 0
O
LX
M 2 = 0
(x ) L
LX
M = 2 For 2m X 16m
(x )R L
Ivalveting :
M
(2) = 1.75
16 16
M = 2 = 0
(16) 16
Sketching of Diagram:
1.75
Moment Influence Line For 2m
Maximum flexure moment and shear force:

Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the support:
1
7.4Ton
Critical Situation due to Linear
0.6Ton/m Load for Shear at the Support
9.28Ton 8.2Ton 2.04Ton
Critical Situation due to Truck

Load For Shear at the Support
4.25m 4.25m
Truck Load Hs 20-44
Shear force due to truck load:

Due to AASHTO standard, first load must be equal to = 1.28 7.25 = 9.28Ton
111.75 1 7.5
V = 9.28 1 + 8.2 + 2.04 = 16.3Ton
truck 16 16
M max = 0
27
Shear force due to Equivalent linear load:

1
V = 16 1 0.6 + 7.4 1 = 12.2Ton
Linear 2
M max = 0
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/4Ln:
Shear force and Maximum Flexure Moment due to truck load:
0.75
0.25
4.25m 4.25m
T ruck L oad Hs 20-44
9.28Ton
4m
4.25m 4.25m

0.75 11.75 0.75 3.5
Positive V = 9.28 0.75 + 8.2 + 2.04 = 11.4Ton
truck 12 12
Negative V = 0.25 9.28 = 2.32Ton
truck
M max = 9.28 3 + 8.2 1.94 + 2.04 0.875 = 45.51Ton.m
28
Shear force and Maximum Moment due to Equivalent linear load:

0.75
0.25
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m Load For Positive Shear at 14Ln
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m Critical Situation due to Linear

Load For Negative Shear at 14Ln
5.14Ton
Critical Situation due to
0.6Ton/m Linear Load For Moment
1
Positive V = 0.75 12 0.6 + 7.4 0.75 = 8.25Ton
Linear 2
1
Negative V = 0.25 4 0.6 7.4 0.25 = 2.15Ton
Linear 2
1 1
M = 4 3 0.6 + 12 3 0.6 + 5.14 3 = 29.82Ton.m
max 2 2
Effect of shear force and Maximum Moment at the1/2Ln:
Shear force and Maximum Flexure Moment due to truck load:
3.75 0.5
Positive V = 9.28 0.5 + 8.2 = 6.56Ton
truck 8
3.75 0.5
Negative V = 0.5 9.28 - 8.2 = -6.56Ton
truck 8
3.75 4 3.75 4
M max = 9.28 + 8.2 4 + 2.04 = 54.1Ton.m
8 8
29
0 .5
0 .5
9 .2 8 T o n 8 .2 T o n
4 .2 5 m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0 -44
8 .2 T o n 9 .2 8 T o n
4 .2 5m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0-4 4
9 .2 8 T o n 8 .2 T o n 2 .0 4 T o n
4 .2 5 m 4 .2 5m
T ru ck L o a d H s 2 0 -44
Shear force and Maximum Moment due to Equivalent linear load:

1
Positive V = 0.5 8 0.6 + 7.4 0.5 = 4.71Ton
Linear 2
1
Negative V = 0.5 8 0.6 7.4 0.5 = 4.71Ton
Linear 2
1 1
M = 8 4 0.6 + 8 4 0.6 + 5.14 4 = 39.76Ton.m
max 2 2
0.5
0.5
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m Load For Positive Shear at 14 Ln
7.4Ton
0.6Ton/m Critical Situation due to Linear

Load For Negative Shear at 14 Ln
30
5.14Ton
Critical Situation due to
0.6Ton/m Linear Load For Moment
Positive Negative Max.Flexure

Position Loads
Shear(Ton) Shear(Ton) Moment (Ton.m)
Truck 16.3 ------ 0
Support Equivalent
12.2 ------ 0
Linear
Truck 11.4 -2.32 45.51
1/4Ln Equivalent
8.25 -2.15 29.82
Linear
Truck 6.56 -6.56 54.1
1/2Ln Equivalent
4.71 -4.71 39.76
Linear
Maximum flexure moment and shear force obtain from truck load, so we
design edge beam from truck load.
31
Distribution of Loads on beams:

Distribution of truck load on beams due to Corban method:
W I
R = 1+ e
1 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 3.6 2.5 = 0.31W
5 2 2
I(1.8 + 3.6 )
W I
R = 1+ e
2 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 1.8 2.5 = 0.26W
5 2 2
I(1.8 + 3.6 )
W I
R = 1+ e
3 5 2I x
x
4W I
= 1+ 0 2.5 = 0.2W
5 I(1.82 + 3.62 )
Use table of AASHTO we determine maximum shear and Flexure

moment due to truck load:
M max = 249.38Ton.m
Vmax = 62.34Ton
M max for Beam1 = 0.31 249.38 = 77.31Ton.m

Vmax for Beam1 = 0.31 62.3 = 19.31Ton

Vmax for Beam2 = 0.26 62.3 = 16.2Ton

Vmax for Beam3 = 0.2 62.3 = 12.46Ton
32
Internal force of edge beam:

Dead Load:
W = (0.9 + 1.5) 0.22 2.5 = 1.32Ton/m
Slab
1
W = 0.2 1.275 2.5 = 0.32Ton/m
Low Slab 2
W = 0.58Ton/m
Concrete Rialing
WBeam = 1.08 0.4 2.5 = 1.08Ton/m
WAsphalt = 1.76Ton/m
Load of side walk = 300Kg/m 2 1 = 0.3Ton/m
Total dead load = 5.36Ton/m
Dead Load of edge beam 5.36

= = 2.14
Derad Load of interior beam 2.5
If we multiply the shear force and flexure moment of interior beam with
2.14 the shear force and flexure moment of edge beam will obtain.
Live load:
Live Load of edge beam 0.97

= = 1.22
Live Load of interior beam 0.8
If we multiply the shear force and flexure moment of interior beam with
1.22 the shear force and flexure moment of edge beam will obtain.
Internal Force of Interior Beam

Position Shear Force (Ton) Flexure Moment (Ton.m)
Dead Impact and Live Load Dead Impact and Live Load
Load Positive Negative Load Positive Negative
Support 20 16.3 ----- 0 0 -----
1/4Ln 10 11.4 -2.32 60 45.51 -----
1/2Ln 0 6.56 -6.56 80 64.84 -----
I will design the edge beam because the load of edge beam is greater than
the internal beams. In practical work we assign dimension of great beam
instead of other beams.
33
(Design of External Beam)

Design for Flexure:
L1 + L2
b= = 180cm
2
Ln 1600
b = min b = = = 400cm
4 4
b = 16hf + bw = 16 22 + 40 = 392cm
So b = 180cm
180
22
h
bw
Assume that we use 3 layers steel 30mm clear spacing 5cm and clear
cover 7.5cm.
d = 1.3 - (0.075 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.015) = 1.13m
fc = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
Ec = 5000 f' c = 5000 21 = 2.29 10 4 Kg/cm 2
Es = 2 105 Kg/cm 2
2 105
n= = 8.7 10
2.29 10 4
Combination Loading use Limit State Method

Position V (Ton) M (Ton.m)
(D+L+I) (D+L+I)
Support 2.14 20 + 1.22 16.3 = 62.69 0
1/4Ln 2.14 10 + 1.22 11.4 = 35.31 2.14 60 + 1.22 45.51 = 183.92
1/2Ln 6.56 1.22 = 8 2.14 80 + 1.22 64.84 = 250.31
34
Design reinforcement of mid span:

M 250.31105
As = = = 136.33cm 2
fs(d hf/2) 1800(113 22/2)
As 136.33
= = = 0.0067
b d 180 113
n = 0.0067 10 = 0.067
1 1
q= = = 7.5
2 n 2 0.067
hf 22
= = = 0.195
d 113
n + 0.5 2 0.067 + 0.5 0.195 2
K= = = 0.3 0.195 So T Beam
n + 0.067 + 0.195
or K d = 0.3 113 = 33.9 22 = h So T Beam
f
6 - 6 + 2 2 + q 3 6 - 6 0.195 + 2 0.195 2 + 7.5 0.1953
J= = = 0.92
63 6 3 0.195
M 250.31 105
As = = = 133.76cm 2
fsJd 1800 0.92 113
fsK 1800 0.3
fc = = = 77.14 84 So O.K
n(1 K) 10(1 0.3)
use 17 32mm in 3 layers
As = 17 /4 3.2 2 = 136.72cm 2 133.76cm 2 So O.K
To 0.75d 85cm at two cutting point sides must Place addition
stirrups, its magnitude is equal to:
Av 4.2bw 4.2bw
= = 0.0012bw
S fy 3600
bw = 40cm
Av
= 0.0012 40 = 0.047
S
d Cuted Reinforcement
Smax = b=
8 Total Reinforcement
5
for 5 above bars b = = 0.294
17
11
for 5 midle bars b = = 0.647
17
35
113
Smax = = 48cm for point a
8 0.294
113
Smax = = 21.83cm for point b
8 0.647
0.06A fy 0.06 /4 3.2 2 3600
b = = 119.88cm
distance to continue d = max f' c 210
0.006db fy = 0.006 3.2 3600 = 69.12cm
So distance to contiue d = 120cm
For 6 remainder 32mm bars with 121cm effective depth, capacity of flexure moment
is equal to :
M
Development Lenght = + La
V
Capacity of 32mm = Asfs(d - t/2) = 6 /4 3.2 2 1800(121 22/2) = 95.54Ton.m
Width of Support = 70cm
a = 70/2 - 5 = 30cm
M 95.54 10 2
+ La = + 30 = 182.4cm d = 120cm So O.K
V 62.69
Design for Shear:

62.69 P
= P = 51.48Ton
8 6.57
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
Vc = vc bw d = 3.63 40 113 10 3 = 16.4Ton
V = 51.48Ton
Vs = V Vc = 51.48 16.4 = 35.08Ton
Av Vs Av 35.08 1000
= = = 0.173
S fs d S 1800 113
6 2 .6 9 T o n
5 1 .4 8 T o n
Vs
3 5 .3 1 T o n
Vc
0 .3 1 .1 3 2
36
To this value we add Av/S = 0.047 from additional stirrup.

Av
= 0.173 + 0.047 = 0.22
S
Use 12mm As = 1.13cm 2
Av = 4 1.13 = 4.52cm 2
4.52
= 0.22 S = 20.55cm
S
Use double stirrup 12mm@20cm
Av bw 40
Min = 3.5 = 3.5 = 0.039
S fy 3600
4.52
= 0.039 S = 116.23cm
S
Max S use AASHTO standard = d/2=113/2=56.5cm

Use 12mm@35cm c-c
Av/S=4.52/35=0.129
fs d = 0.129 1800 113 10 3 = 26.24Ton

Av
Vs =
S
V = Vs + Vc = 26.24 + 16.4 = 42.64Ton
After 5cm from the face of column we use 12mm@20cm c-c and to
other length use 12mm@35cm c-c.
Camber of the form:

q = 2.5T/m
Dead Load
M Dead Load at mid span = 2.14 80 = 171.2Ton.m
3 3
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 I ct Ig
M max M max
Area Dimension A y M=A.y Ay2 Ii=bh3/12

1 18022 3960 119 471240 56077560 180.223/12=159720
2 400108 4320 54 233280 12597120 40.1083/12=4199040
Total 8280 704520 I1=4358760
37
M 704520
yt = = = 85.1cm
A 8280
M2 704520 2
Ig = Iy = I = 4358760 = 55586702.6 1cm 4
1 A 8280
Fr = 2 f' c = 2 210 = 28.983Kg/c m 2
FrIg 28.983 55586702.6 1
Mcr = = = 189.32Ton. m
yt 85.1
Mcr 189.32
= = 1.11
M max 171.2
a= c (2d + hf f ) + (1 + f )2 (1 + f) /c
bw 40
c= = 0.0293
n As 10 136.72
f = hf(b bw)/n As = 22(180 40)/10 136.72 = 2.253
a= 0.0293(2113 + 22 2.253) + (1 + 2.253)2 (1 + 2.253) /0.0293
a = 36.4cm hf = 22cm
Ict = (b bw)hf 3 /12 + bwa 3 /3 + (b bw)hf(a hf/2) 2 + nAs(d a) 2
Ict = (180 40)223 /12 + 40 36.43 /3 + (180 40)22(36.4 22/2) 2 +
+ 10 136.72(113 36.4) 2 = 10776494.75cm 4
3 3
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 I ct Ig
M max M max
Ie = (1.11)3 55586702.61 + 1 1.113 10776494.75 = 72060324.14cm 4
Ie Ig we use Ie = Ig = 55586702.61cm 4
E = 15000 f' c = 15000 210 = 217370.65Kg/cm 2
5 qL4 5 25 1600 4
= = = 0.177cm
384 EIe 384 217370.65 55586702.61
38
Determination of permanent deflection:
=
1 + 50 0
' = 0 For the beam, which don' t have compresion reinforcement.
= 2 For the 5years times of loading.
2
= =2
1+ 0
perment = 0.177 2 = 0.354cm
Total = 0.354 + 0.177 = 0.531cm 6cm
So we use minimum camber of forms from AASHTO standard = 6cm
6? 20mm
22
113
4? 20mm
130
17 ? 32mm
40
(Section for Design of Edge Beam)
39
(Design of Internal Beam)

Design for Flexure:
L1 + L2
b= = 180cm
2
Ln 1600
b = min b = = = 400cm
4 4
b = 16hf + bw = 16 22 + 40 = 392cm
So b = 180cm
180
22
h
bw
Assume that we use 3 layers steel 28mm clear spacing 5cm and clear
cover 7.5cm.
d = 1.3 - (0.075 + 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.015) = 1.13m
fc = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
Ec = 5000 f' c = 5000 21 = 2.29 10 4 Kg/cm 2
Es = 2 105 Kg/cm 2
2 105
n= = 8.7 10
2.29 10 4
Combination Loading use Limit State Method
Position V (Ton) M (Ton.m)
(D+L+I) (D+L+I)
Support 20 + 16.3 = 36.3 0
1/4Ln 10 + 11.4 = 21.4 60 + 45.51 = 105.51
1/2Ln 6.56 80 + 64.84 = 144.84
40
Design reinforcement of mid span:

M 144.84 105
As = = = 78.89cm2
fs(d hf/2) 1800(113 22/2)
As 78.89
= = = 0.00388
b d 180 113
n = 0.00388 10 = 0.0388
1 1
q= = = 12.89
2 n 2 0.0388
hf 22
= = = 0.195
d 113
n + 0.5 2 0.0388 + 0.5 0.195 2
K= = = 0.247 0.195 So T Beam
n + 0.0388 + 0.195
or K d = 0.247 113 = 27.91 22 = h So T Beam
f
6 - 6 + 2 2 + q 3 6 - 6 0.195 + 2 0.195 2 + 12.88 0.1953
J= = = 0.924
63 6 3 0.195
M 144.84 105
As = = = 77.06cm 2
fsJd 1800 0.924 113
fsK 1800 0.247
fc = = = 59.044 84 So O.K
n(1 K) 10(1 0.247)
use 17 25mm in 3 layers
As = 17 /4 2.5 2 = 83.45cm 2 77.06cm 2 So O.K
To 0.75d 85cm at two cutting point sides must Place addition stirrups,
its magnitude is equal to:
Av 4.2bw 4.2bw
= = 0.0012bw
S fy 3600
bw = 40cm
Av
= 0.0012 40 = 0.047
S
d Cuted Reinforcement
Smax = =
8 b Total Reinforcement
b
41
5
for 5 above bars =
= 0.294
b 17
11
for 5 midle bars = = 0.647
b 17
113
Smax = = 48cm for point a
8 0.294
113
Smax = = 21.83cm for point b
8 0.647
0.06A fy 0.06 /4 3.2 2 3600
b = = 119.88cm
distance to continue d = max f' c 210
0.006db fy = 0.006 3.2 3600 = 69.12cm
So distance to contiue d = 120cm
For 6 remainder 25mm bars with 121cm effective depth, capacity of flexure moment
is equal to :
M
Development Lenght = + La
V
Capacity of 32mm = Asfs(d - t/2) = 6 /4 2.52 1800(121 22/2) = 58.32Ton.m
Width of Support = 70cm
a = 70/2 - 5 = 30cm
M 58.32 10 2
+ La = + 30 = 190.66cm d = 120cm So O.K
V 36.3
Design for Shear:

3 6 .3 T o n
2 9 .8 1 T o n
Vs
9 .0 7 5 T o n
Vc
0 .3 1 .1 3 2
42
36.3 P
= P = 29.81Ton
8 6.57
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
Vc = vc bw d = 3.63 40 113 10 3 = 16.4Ton
V = 29.81Ton
Vs = V Vc = 29.8 16.4 = 13.41Ton
Av Vs Av 13.41 1000
= = = 0.0659
S fs d S 1800 113
To this value we add Av/S = 0.047 from additional stirrup.
Av
= 0.0659 + 0.047 = 0.1129
S
Av = 4 1.13 = 4.52cm 2
4.52
= 0.22 S = 40.04cm
S
Use double stirrup 12mm@40cm
Av bw 40
Min = 3.5 = 3.5 = 0.039
S fy 3600
4.52
= 0.039 S = 116.23cm
S
Max S use AASHTO standard = d/2=113/2=56.5cm
Use 12mm@35cm c-c
Av/S=4.52/35=0.129
fs d = 0.129 1800 113 10 3 = 26.24Ton
Av
Vs =
S
V = Vs + Vc = 26.24 + 16.4 = 42.64Ton
After 5cm from the face of column we use 12mm@40cm c-c and to
other length use 12mm@35cm c-c.
43
Camber of the form:

q = 2.5T/m
Dead Load
M Dead Load at mid span = 80Ton.m
3 3
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 I ct Ig
M max M max
Area Dimension A y M=A.y Ay2 Ii=bh3/12

1 18022 3960 119 471240 56077560 180.223/12=159720
2 400108 4320 54 233280 12597120 40.1083/12=4199040
Total 8280 704520 I1=4358760
M 704520
yt = = = 85.1cm
A 8280
M2 7045202
Ig = Iy = I = 4358760 = 55586702.61cm 4
1 A 8280
Fr = 2 f' c = 2 210 = 28.983Kg/cm 2
FrIg 28.983 55586702.61
Mcr = = = 189.32Ton.m
yt 85.1
Mcr 189.32
= = 1.11
M max 171.2
2
a= c(2d + hf f ) + (1 + f ) (1 + f) /c
bw 40
c= = 0.0293
n As 10 136.72
f = hf(b bw)/n As = 22(180 40)/10 136.72 = 2.253
Ict = (b bw)hf 3/12 + bwa 3/3 + (b bw)hf(a hf/2)2 + nAs(d a)2
Ict = (180 40)223 /12 + 40 36.43 /3 + (180 40)22(36.4 22/2)2 +
+ 10 136.72(113 36.4)2 = 10776494.75cm 4
3 3
Mcr Mcr
Ie = Ig + 1 Ict Ig
M max M max
Ie = (1.11)3 55586702.61 + 1 1.113 10776494.75 = 72060324.14cm 4
44
a= 0.0293(2113 + 22 2.253) + (1 + 2.253)2 (1 + 2.253) /0.0293
a = 36.4cm hf = 22cm
Ie Ig we use Ie = Ig = 55586702.61cm 4
E = 15000 f' c = 15000 210 = 217370.65Kg/cm 2
5 qL4 5 25 1600 4
= = = 0.177cm
384 EIe 384 217370.65 55586702.61
Determination of permanent deflection:

=
1 + 50 0
' = 0 For the beam, which don' t have compresion reinforcement.
= 2 For the 5years times of loading.
2
= =2
1+ 0
perment = 0.177 2 = 0.354cm
Total = 0.354 + 0.177 = 0.531cm 6cm
So we use minimum camber of forms from AASHTO standard = 6cm
6? 16mm
22
113
4? 16mm
130
17? 25mm
40
(Section for Design of Interior Beam)
45
(Design of Abutment)
Calculating of loads on abutment:
SECTION For Retaining W all
Reaction due to Dead load of deck:

q = 11.5Ton/m
R = 1/2 11.5 16 = 92Ton
Dead load due to dick per 1m of width = 92/9.6 = 9.58Ton/m
Reaction due to live load:

Truck load:
14.5Ton 14.5Ton 3.625Ton
4.25m 4.25m
Truck Load Hs 20-44

RA RB
M )+ = 0
B
R 16 + 14.5 16 + 14.5 11.75 + 3.625 7.5 = 0
A
R = 26.85Ton
A
2 26.85
Live loads per 1m of width = = 5.6Ton/m Two line of traffic
9.6
46
Equivalent linear load:
11.8Ton
0.95Ton/m
RA RB
M )+ = 0
B
R 16 + 0.95 16 2 /2 + 11.8 16 = 0
A
R = 19.4Ton
A
2 19.4
Live loads per 1m of width = = 4.042Ton/m Two line of traffic
9.6
Tank load:
M )+ = 0
B
R 16 + 20 3.5 14.25 = 0
A
R = 62.35Ton
A
62.35
Live loads per 1m of width = = 6.5Ton/m One line of traffic
9.6
So RA=6.5Ton/m is critical and this load use for design of abutment.
Reaction due to Impact value:

In design of pier abutment effective of impact is not use and
negligible.
Lateral pressure of soil:

Ka = 0.33
s = 1.9
= 1.9 0.33 = 0.627 0.48 or 0.58
L
Pa = h 2 /2 = 0.627 7.32 /2 = 16.71Ton/m
L
47
Break load:
BL = 16 + About 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton load.
16 8
BL = 16 + = 20Ton
2
10
Load per 1m width = = 2.1Ton/m
9.6
Effective of variable temperature:

Shear modules = 15Kg/cm 2
Area of Elastomeric bearing pad = 900cm 2
Effective thickness of Elastomeric bearing pad = 3.5cm
L=L = 1600 12 10-6 60 = 1.152cm
Shear Modules Area of Elastomeric bearing pad T
F=
Effective thickness of Elastomeric bearing pad
15 900 1.152
F= = 4.44Ton
3.5
Nomber of Elastomeric bearing pad = 5
5 4.44
Load per 1m of width = = 2.31Ton/m
9.6
Force due to wind load:
= 45 from the AASHTO table we determine the wind load
WL = 75Kg/m 2 for longitudinal force
Wind load for second group of combination:

Transversal force = It dosen' t have effect to the retaining wall.
Lonitudinal force = 16 2.175 75/1000 = 2.61Ton
Lonitudinal force per 1m width = 2.61/9.6 = 0.272Ton/m
Wind load for third group of combination:

Transversal force = It dosen' t have effect to the retaining wall.
Lonitudinal force = 0.3wind load + wind load of vehicle
= 0.3 2.61 + 16 0.075 = 1.983Ton
Lonitudinal force per 1m width = 1.983/9.6 = 0.21Ton/m
48
Earthquake Load:
V = CFW
F = 1 from Japan standard.
I = 1.2
A = 0.25
R =3
M W
T=2 = 0.2
K P
3EI
P=
h3
E = 2.1 10 5 Kg/cm 2
= 1cm
h = 570cm
W = 92 10 3 Kg
3 2.1 10 5 /4 160 4 1
P= = 17.51 10 2 Ton
570 3
92 10 3
T = 0.2 = 0.05sec
17.51 10 5
2/3 2/3
T 1
B = 2.5 = 2.5 = 19.5 2.5sec So we use B = 2.5sec
T 0.05
ABI 0.25 2.5 1.2
C= = = 0.25
R 3
V Due to Dick = 0.25 9.58 = 2.395Ton

V Due to Stem = 0.25 (4.5 1.2 1 2.5) = 3.375Ton
V Due to Soil = 0.25 (1.2 0.45 2.5 1) = 0.3375Ton
V Due to Foating = 0.25 (1.5 5.5 1 2.5) = 5.16Ton
Bouncy of soil at time of earthquake use Wetman and Seedo method.
K =K + 0.75K
AE A h
K = 0.33 + 0.75 0.25 = 0.52
AE
0.52
Percentage of increase at the staticle mood = 1 100 = 56.8%
0.33
49
Calculating of Moments on abutment:
1. Righting Moments:
Righting Moment due to concrete wall about the toe:
Weight Moment
Place X
(Ton) (Ton.m/m)
W1 1.210.452.5=1.35 2.425 1.352.425=3.274
W2 13.5 1.6 21.6
W5 20.64 2.75 53.76
Total 35.49 81.63
Righting Moment due to Soil Pressure about the toe:
Weight Moment
Place X
(Ton) (Ton.m/m)
W3 5.72.8511.9=30.87 4.075 30.874.075=125.8
W2 0.453.91.91=3.34 2.425 8.1
Total 34.21 133.9
Righting Moment due to Dead load of deck about the toe:

R = 9.58Ton
A
X = 1.6m
M = 9.58 1.6 = 15.33Ton.m/m
Righting Moment due to Live load of deck about the toe:
R = 6.5Ton
A
Y = 1.6m
M = 6.5 1.6 = 10.4Ton.m/m
2. Overturning Moments:
Overturning Moment due to wind force about the toe:
For group2 :
R = 0.272Ton
A
Y = 6m
M = 6 0.272 = 1.632Ton.m/m
50
For group3 :
R = 0.21Ton
A
Y = 6m
M = 6 0.21 = 1.26Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Soil Pressure force about the toe:

= 0.33 1.9 = 0.63Ton/m 3
Liquid
0.63 7.32
Pa = = 16.8Ton/m
2
Y = 7.3/3m
Overturning moment = 16.8 7.3/3 = 40.88Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due Break force about the toe:

Break force = 2.1Ton/m
Y = 6m
Overturning moment = 6 2.1 = 12.6Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Temperature force about the toe:

Temperature force = 2.31Ton/m
Y = 6m
Overturning moment = 6 2.31 = 13.86Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment due to Earthquake force about the toe:

Moment due to soil :
K = 0.52
AE
Liquid = 0.52 1.9 = 0.988Ton/m 3
Pae = 1/2 7.32 0.988 = 26.33Ton/m
Y = 7.3/3m
Overturning Moment of soil = 26.33 7.3/3 = 64.1Ton.m/m
Moment due to Dead load:
O.M = 2.395 6 + 3.375 3.75 + 0.3375 6.3 + 5.16 0.75 = 33.023Ton.m/m
Total horizontal load = 2.395 + 3.375 + 0.3375 + 5.16 + 26.33 = 37.6Ton/m

Total overturning moment = 64.1 + 33.023 = 97.123Ton.m/m
51
(Result for Moments and Forces)

V .Force H .Force Righting .M Overturning .M
Description
(Ton) (Ton) (Ton.m) (Ton.m)
Wall weight 35.49 81.63
Soil weight 34.21 133.9
Reaction of Deck due to D.L 9.58 15.33
Reaction of Deck due to L.L 6.5 10.4
Static Pressure of soil 16.8 40.88
Break 2.1 12.6
Temperature effect 2.31 13.86
Earthquake 37.6 97.123
Wind force for group2 0.272 1.623
Wind force for group3 0.21 1.26
Combination of loads:
Group First: DL+LL+IL+CF+Ha+B+SF
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8Ton/m
Vertical force = 35.49 + 34.21 + 9.58 + 6.5 = 85.78Ton/m
Riting Moment = 81.63 + 133.9 + 15.33 + 10.4 = 241.26Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment = 40.88Ton.m/m
M 241.26
Overturning Safety factor = V = = 5.9 > 1.5 So O.K
M 40.88
H
F F 0.5 85.78
Sliding Safety factor = F = N = = 2.6 > 1.5 So O.K
F F 16.8
H H
M -M
X= V O = 241.26 40.88 = 2.34 > 5.5/3 Inside Middle Thired So O.K
R 85.78
V
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.34)
= (1 + ) = 1+ = 22.57Ton/m 2
Toe A L 5.5 1 5.5
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.34)
= (1 ) = 1 = 8.62Ton/m 2
Heel A L 5.5 1 5.5
Group Second: DL+Ha+B+SF+W
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8 + 0.272 = 17.072Ton/m

Vertical force = 35.49 + 34.21 + 9.58 = 79.28Ton/m
Riting Moment = 81.63 + 133.9 + 15.33 = 230.86Ton.m/m
Overturning Moment = 40.88 + 1.632 = 42.512Ton.m/m
52
M
Overturning Safety factor = V = 230.866 = 5.43 > 1.5 So O.K
M 42.512
H
F F 0.5 79.28
F F 17.072
H H
M -M
R 79.28
V
P 6e 79.28 6 (5.5/2 2.4)
= (1 + ) = 1+ = 19.927Ton/m 2
Toe A L 5.5 1 5.5
P 6e 79.28 6 (5.5/2 2.4)
= (1 ) = 1 = 8.91Ton/m 2
Heel A L 5.5 1 5.5
Group3th: First group+ (0.3Wind load+Wind load of Vehicle) +LF
Horizontal force or Ha = 16.8 + 0.21 + 2.1 = 19.1Ton/m

Overturning Moment = 40.88 + 12.6 + 0.21 = 53.69Ton.m/m
M 241.26
Overturning Safety factor = V = = 4.49 > 1.5 So O.K
M 53.69
H
F F 0.5 85.78
F F 19.11
H H
M -M
R 85.78
V
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.2)
= (1 + ) = 1+ = 24.95Ton/m 2
Toe A L 5.5 1 5.5
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.2)
= (1 ) = 1 = 6.24Ton/m 2
Heel A L 5.5 1 5.5
Group 4th: First group+Temperature

53
M
Overturning Safety factor = V = 241.26 = 4.4 > 1.5 So O.K
M 54.74
H
F F 0.5 85.78
F F 19.11
H H
M -M
R 85.78
V
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.17)

= (1 + ) = 1+ = 25.47Ton/m 2
Toe A L 5.5 1 5.5
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.17)
= (1 ) = 1 = 5.73Ton/m 2
Heel A L 5.5 1 5.5
Group 5th: Second group+Temperature

Checking of safety factors is similar to second group.
Group 6th: 3rd group+Temperature

Checking of safety factors is similar to 3rd group.
Group 6th: DL+Hae+B+SF+E

Horizontal force or Ha = 37.6Ton/m
Checking of safety factors is similar to first group.
54
(Results for Moments and Forces)

Group
1 16.8 85.78 241.26 40.88
2 17.072 79.28 230.86 42.512
3 19.11 85.78 241.26 53.69
4 19.11 85.78 241.26 54.74
5 19.38 79.28 230.86 56.37
6 21.42 85.78 241.26 67.55
7 37.6 79.28 230.86 97.123
From group 1-7, group 6 and 7 is critical. I design reinforcement for

6th group, the other groups reinforcement design are the same like 6th
group.
Reinforcement calculation:
Design of Stem:
To design of this retaining wall we dont have any surcharge load.
Ha = 21.42Ton
Overturning Moment = 67.55Ton.m
M
As =
fsJd
J = 1 K/3
n
K=
n+r
135 135
n= = = 9.32
f' c 210
fs 1800
r= = = 21.43
fc 84
n 9.32
K= = = 0.3031
n + r 21.43 + 9.32
J = J = 1 K/3 = 1 0.3031/3 = 0.898
M 67.55 105
As = = = 37.99cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 110
55
As 37.79
= = = 0.00346
bd 100110
Min vertical (ACI Section 14.3) = 0.0015 < 0.00346
As = 37.99cm 2 /m
Try 8 28@13cm c/c
As = 8 /4 (2.8) 2 = 39.3cm 2 /m > 37.99cm 2 /m So O.K
Minimum horizontal (ACI Section 14.4) = 0.0025

As' = 0.0025 100 110 = 27.5cm 2 /m
Try 9 20@13cm c/c
As = 9 /4 (2) 2 = 28.27cm 2 /m > 27.5cm 2 /m So O.K
Design of Toe:
MM
X= V H = 241.26 67.55 = 2.025 > 1.83 So O.K
R 85.78
V
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.025)
= (1 + ) = 1+ = 27.93Ton/m 2
Toe A L 5.5 1 5.5
P 6e 85.78 6 (5.5/2 2.025)
= (1 ) = 1 = 3.26Ton/m 2
Heel A L 5.5 1 5.5
27.93 3.26 v 3.26
= v = 23.45Ton/m 2
5.5 4.5
Vu = 1/2(27.93 + 23.45)1 = 25.69Ton
X=
(1/2 4.48 1)1/3 + 23.45 11/2 = 0.486m
1/2 4.48 1 + 23.45 1
Mu at the face of Stem = 0.486 25.69 = 12.485Ton.m
fc = 84Kg/cm 2
fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
J = 0.898
M 12.485 105
As = = = 5.52cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 140
As 37.79 1.4 1.4
= = = 0.00346 < = = 0.00389
bd 100 110 fy 360
56
So we use = 0.00389
min
As = 0.00389 100 140 = 54.44cm 2 /m
Try 28mm@15cm c/c
100/11 9 28mm
As = 9 /4 (2.8) 2 = 55.42cm 2 /m > 54.44cm 2 /m So O.K
Minimum horizontal As = 0.0025 b d
As = 0.0025 100 120 = 30cm 2
Try 25mm@15cm c/c
V 25.69 10 3
v= = = 1.835Kg/cm 2 < vc = 3.63Kg/cm 2 So O.K
bd 100 140
Design of Heel:
The upward soil pressure is conservatively negligible.
Vu = 5.8 3.3 1.9 1 + 3.3 1.5 2.4 1 = 48.25Ton
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.63Kg/cm 2
V 48.25 10 3
v= = = 3.45Kg/cm 2 < 3.63Kg/cm 2 So O.K
bd 100 140
M at the face of Stem = 48.25 (3.3/2 ) = 79.613Ton
J = 0.898
M 79.613 10 5
As = = = 35.18cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 140
As 35.18 1.4 1.4
= = = 0.00252 < = = = 0.00389
bd 100 140 min fy 360
So we use = 0.00389
min
As = 0.00389 100 140 = 54.46cm 2 /m
Try 9 28mm@11cm c/c
Design of fore wall reinforcement:

M = Pe
14.5 2
P= = 3.021Ton/m
9.6
e = 1.2/2 + 0.45/2 = 0.825m
M = Pe = 3.021 0.825 = 2.49Ton.m/m
M 2.49 105
As = = = 1.467cm2 /m < 27.5cm2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 105
57
As < As of Horizontal longitudin al reinforcem ent.

So we use 20mm@10cm c/c
3 - ? 16
3- ? 20
3 - ? 16
7 - ? 16
? 16 @ 150
DETAIL X
? 16 @ 150
7-?16 (EQUALLY SPACED)
DETAIL X
? 20 @ 100
?28@110
?28@110
?25@ 150
?28@110
? 25 @ 250
150
5-?16@300 5-?16@300
550
?25@ 250
?28@110
SECTION B
(Section for Design of Retaining Wall)
58
(Design of Piers)
Design of Pier Cap:

27.5 27.5
110 110
425 425
20
20
22
22
130
130
70
310 10 450
160
150
450
Elevation of Pier
Analysis of Pier Cap:

Reaction due to dead load on pier cap:
1. Dead load due to deck slab and 10cm Asphalt:
Dead Load = 11.5Ton/m
R = 11.5/5 16/2 2 = 36.8Ton/m
(DL)
2. Dead Load due to Pier Cap:
Dead Load = (8 0.42 + 1/2 3.1 0.68 2 + 1.8 0.68 + 0.4 0.35 2)1.5 2.5
= 26.2Ton
R(DL) = 26.2/8 = 3.26Ton/m
59
Reaction due to live load on pier cap:
1. Truck Load:
15 15
Impact Value = = = 0.28
38 + L 38 + 16
M )+ = 0
B
14.5 16 + 14.5 11.75 + 3.625 7.5 R 16 = 0
R = 26.85Ton
R = (1 + 0.28) 26.85 = 34.365Ton
(LL + IL)
M A )+ = 0
11.8 16 + 0.95 16 16 / 2 2 R 16 = 0
R = 27Ton
R = (1 + 0.28) 27 = 34.56Ton
(LL + IL)
3. Tank Load:
M A )+ = 0
20 3.5(16 3.5 / 2 ) R 16 = 0
R = 62.34Ton
Determination of Shear and Flexure Moment at the Face of Column:
Due to dead load:

Fy + = 0
- 3.26 3.2 36.8 2 Va = 0
Va = 84Ton
M )+ = 0
a
36.8 1 + 36.8 2.8 + 3.25 3.2 2 /2 + M = 0
a
M = 156.48Ton.m
a
60
Due to live load:
1. Truck Load:
Fy + = 0
- 17.2 2 Va = 0
Va = 34.4Ton
M )+ = 0
a
17.2 0.875 + 17.2 2.675 + M = 0
a
M = 61.06Ton.m
a
Use AASHTO Standard

w = 34.56/3 = 11.52Ton/m
Fy + = 0
- 11.52 3 Va = 0
Va = 34.56Ton
M )+ = 0
a
11.52 3(0.025 + 3 / 2 ) + M = 0
a
M = 52.7Ton.m
a
3. Tank Load:
Fy + = 0
- 62.34/2 Va = 0
Va = 31.17Ton
M )+ = 0
a
62.34 / 2 2.025 + M = 0
a
M = 63.12Ton.m
a
For the design of pier cap we use Ma = 63.12Ton.m and Va = 34.56Ton.
Total Va = VDL + VLL = 34.56 + 84 = 118.56Ton
Total Ma = M DL + M LL = 156.48 + 63.12 = 219.6Ton.m
61
Design of Shear and Flexure Moment Reinforcement:

fs = 1800Kg/cm 2
f' c = 210Kg/cm 2
fc = 0.4f' c = 0.4 210 = 84Kg/cm 2
vc = 0.25 f' c = 0.25 210 = 3.623Kg/cm 2
V = 118.56Ton
M = 219.6Ton.m
1. Shear Reinforcement:
d = 100cm
b = 150cm
V 118.56 103
v= = = 7.904Kg/cm 2
b.d 150 100
3T
vt =
X2Y
T = 17.2 2 0.45 = 15.48Ton.m
3T 3 15.48 10 5
vt = = = 0.796 < 0.22 210 = 3.2
X2Y 180 3
So we dont design this cross section for Torsion.
use 14mm stirrup with double leg As = 4 1.54 = 6.16cm 2

Av fs 6.16 1800
S= = = 14.38cm
(v vc)b (7.904 3.623)180
use 14mm@14cm c/c
2. Flexure Reinforcement:
M = 219.6Ton.m
J = 1 K/3
n
K=
n+r
135 135
n= = = 9.32
f' c 210
fs 1800
r= = = 21.43
fc 84
62
n 9.32
K= = = 0.3031
n + r 21.43 + 9.32
J = J = 1 K/3 = 1 0.3031/3 = 0.898
KJbd 2 = 0.32 0.898 180 100 2 10 5 = 217.24Ton.m

fc 84
Mc =
2 2
Mc = 217.24 < 219.6
M 219.6 105
As = = = 135.86cm 2 /m
fsJd 1800 0.898 100
use 14 36mm As = 14 10.18 = 142.52cm 2 /m > 135.86cm 2 /m So O.K
PIER PIER
1200 1200
8500
6X2-EQUALSPACE 7-?
2200 400 7-?
7-?
500
500
7-?
7-?36 2-?
2-16@200 7-?36 2-16@200 2-?
1500
2?12@200 2?12@200
1500
500
500
1186
2-? 2-?
VARIES
4-?
500
4-?
750
2?20
? 2-?
750
4?
? 25?
2 SECTIONA-A 3 SECTIONB-B
?
750
PIER
750
CAISSON 1200
FOUNDATION 25-32EQUALYSPACED
400
7-?
500
2-? ?1600
VARIES
2?12@200
4-?
51
5189
89
5 SECTIOND-D
4 SECTIONC-C
1 TRANSVERSEELEVATIONOFVPIER &PIERCAP
(Section for Design of Pier Cap)
63
Design of Pier:
450
160
150
450
Elevation of Pier
Dead Load:
Lateral load above the pier:

R V = 36.8 4 + 3.25 8 = 173.2Ton
ML = 0
Mt = 0
Lateral load below the pier:

R V = 173.2 + /4(1.6 ) 2.5 4.5 = 195.82Ton
2
ML = 0
Mt = 0
Live Load+Impact Load:
1. Truck Load:
Force Below and above the pier:
R V = 17.2 4 = 68.8Ton
ML = 68.8 0.45 = 30.96Ton.m
Mt = 17.2(3.4 + 1.6 + 0.3 1.5) = 65.36Ton.m
64

R V = 11.52 3 2 = 69.12Ton
ML = 0
Mt = 11.52 3 2.325 + 11.52 0.225 2 /2 11.52 2.775 2 /2
= 36.29Ton.m
3. Tank Load:

R V = 37.17Ton
ML = 37.88 0.45 = 17.046Ton.m
Mt = 18.585(2.825 + 0.225) = 56.68Ton.m
We use P = 68.8Ton and ML = 30.96Ton.m and Mt = 65.36Ton.m the
truck load.
Wind Load:
Magnitude of this load is small so negligible.
Break load:
Force Above the pier:

R H = 16 + (about 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton Load)
16 8
= 16 + = 20Ton
2
RV = 0
ML = 20 1.1 = 22Ton.m
Mt = 0
Force Below the pier:

R H = 16 + (about 2m more than 8m we add 1Ton Load)
16 8
= 16 + = 20Ton
2
RV = 0
ML = 20 (1.1 + 4.5) = 112Ton.m
Mt = 0
65
Earthquake Load:
P1 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Deck

P2 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Pier Cap
P3 = Earthquake Force due to weight of Pier
P1 = 11.5 16 0.25 = 46Ton

P2 = 0.25 26.2 = 6.55Ton
P3 = 0.25 / 4(1.6 ) 4.5 2.5 = 5.65Ton
2
Force above the pier:
RV = 0
ML = 46 (1.1 + 0.65) + 6.55 0.55 = 84.1Ton.m
Mt = 84.1Ton.m
Lontidunal Shear Force = Transversal Shear Force = 46 + 6.55 = 52.55Ton
Force below the pier:
RV = 0
ML = 46 (0.65 + 1.1 + 4.5) + 6.55 (0.55 + 4.5) + 4.5/2 5.65
= 333.29Ton.m
Mt = 333.29Ton.m
Lontidunal Shear Force = Transversal Shear Force = 52.55 + 5.65 = 58.2Ton
Temperature Load:
Magnitude of this load is small so negligible.
(Result for Moments and Forces)

No Description
1 Dead Load 195.8 ----- 0 0
2 LL+IL 68.8 ----- 30.96 65.36
3 Wind Load ----- ----- ----- -----
4 Break Load 0 20 112 0
5 Earthquake Load 0 58.2 333.29 333.29
6 Temperature Load ----- ----- ----- -----
66
(Combination Table)
V .Force S .Force T .M L .M
No Loading
1 Dead Load 175.8 0 0 0
100% Total 175.8 0 0 0
First Group 175.8 0 0 0
2 LL+IL 68.8 0 30.96 65.36
100% Break Load 0 20 112 0
Total 244.6 20 142.96 65.36
First Group 175.8 0 0 0
T. Earthquake 0 58.2 333.29 0
Total 175.8 58.2 333.29 0
5
Total divided to 1.33 132.2 43.76 250.6 0
133%
L. Earthquake 0 58.2 0 333.29
Total 175.8 58.2 0 333.29
Total divided to 1.33 132.2 43.76 0 250.6
67
(Pier Design Procedure)
Design of a pier for the Second group of loading:
P = 244.6Ton
M X = 142.96Ton.m
M Y = 65.36Ton.m
For circular cross section we can write :
M = M X + M Y = 142.96 2 + 65.36 2 = 157.19Ton.m
2 2
K =1 Lu = 450cm
r = 0.25D = 0.25 160 = 40
KLu 1 4.5
= = 11.25 < 22 So Short Column
r 40
= 0.35 Use AASHTO Standard
Mu 157.19
Mn = = = 449.11Ton.m
0.35
Pu 244.6
Pn = = = 698.86Ton
0.35
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 t m)D
A st 25 /4 3.2 2
= = = 0.01
/4 160 2
t
Ag
fy 3600
m= = = 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 0.01 20.17)1.6 = 0.51
Mn 449.11
e= = = 0.643 > e b = 0.51
Pn 698.86
e > e b So Tension Failure
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85f' c(Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85210( 802 25 1.62 ) + 3600 25 1.62 ]
Pn (max) = 3635.356Ton
2
0.85e mDs 0.85e
Pn = 0.85f' cD 2
0.38 + t
0.38
D 2.5D D
68
Try 25 32mm and D = 1.6m

2
2 0.85 0.643 0.01 20.17 153.2 0.85 0.643
Pn = 0.85 210 160 0.38 + 0.38
160 2.5 160 160
Pn = 3559.62Ton < 3635.4Ton So O.K
Spiral Design:
Ag f' c 80 2 210
= 0.45 = 0.45 = 0.0286
Ac 1 fy 76.6 1 3600
S 2
use 16mm
a s (Dc Ds) 0.8 2 (153.2 1.6 )
S= = = 1.82cm < 2.5cm
Ac S 76.6 2 0.0286
So use 16mm@2.5cm c/c
Design of a pier for the 5th group of loading:
P = 132.2Ton
M = 250.6Ton.m
KLu 1 4.5
= = 11.25 < 22 So Short Column
r 0.25 1.6
= 0.35 Use AASHTO Standard
Mu 250.6
Mn = = = 716Ton.m
0.35
Pu 132.2
Pn = = = 377.71Ton
0.35
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 t m)D
A st 25 /4 3.2 2
= = = 0.01
/4 160 2
t
Ag
fy 3600
m= = = 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
e b = (0.24 + 0.39 0.01 20.17)1.6 = 0.51
Mn 716
e= = = 1.896 > e b = 0.51
Pn 377.71
69
e > e b So Tension Failure

Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85f' c(Ag Ast ) + fy Ast ]
Pn (max) = 0.85[0.85210( 80 2 25 1.6 2 ) + 3600 25 1.6 2 ]
Pn (max) = 3635.356Ton
2
0.85e mDs 0.85e
Pn = 0.85f' cD 2
0.38 + t
0.38
D 2.5D D
Try 25 32mm and D = 1.6m

2
2 0.85 1.896 0.01 20.17 153.2 0.85 1.896
Pn = 0.85 210 160 0.38 + 0.38
160 2.5 160 160
Pn = 3404.81Ton < 3635.4Ton So O.K
Spiral Design:
Ag f' c 80 2 210
= 0.45 = 0.45 = 0.0286
Ac 1 fy 76.6 1 3600
S 2
use 16mm
a s (Dc Ds) 0.8 2 (153.2 1.6 )
S= = = 1.82cm < 2.5cm
Ac S 76.6 2 0.0286
So use 16mm@2.5cm c/c
70
200
400
75
300
? 16mm@25
25? 32mm
200
75
250
300
50
(Section for Design of Pier)
71
(Design of Elastomeric Bearing Pad)

Given data from previous design:
Nomber of Beams = 5
R ( DL ) = 20Ton
R ( LL ) = 11.74Ton
M ( DL ) = 80Ton.m
M ( LL ) = 46.69Ton.m
16 - 8
Break Force = 16 + 1 = 20Ton
2
= 10.8 10 6 / C For normal density concrete
= 9 10 6 / C For low density concrete
E = 2.29 10 5 Kg/cm 2
T = 60C
Elastomer shall be 60 durometer hardness
Calculation Thickness of Elastomer Bearing Pad:

Effective Lenght = Clear Span + 0.5 = 16 + 0.5 = 16.5m
L = ( T )L = 10.8 10 6 60 1650
L = 1.07cm
= 2 = 2 1.07 = 2.14cm
Use 4(2mm ) Steel Layers and 3(8mm ) Elastomer Layers and 2(4mm ) Cover Layers
4 2 = 8mm
3 8 = 24mm
2 4 = 8mm
Total thickness = 40mm
ERT = 4cm
Calculation Area of Elastomer Bearing Pad:

Compression Stress for DL = 35Kg/cm 2 AASHTO Standard
Compression Stress for (DL + LL) = 55Kg/cm 2 AASHTO Standard
R ( DL ) 20 103
Minimum Area for (DL ) = = = 571.43cm 2
35 35
72
Minimum Area for (DL + LL ) =

R ( DL+ LL )
=
(20 + 11.74) 10 3
= 577.1cm 2
55 55
20 10
R ( DL ) 3
Maximum Area = == 1428.57cm 2

14 14
So use L = 35cm and W = 25cm.
A = 25 35 = 875cm 2
Calculation of Shape Factor:

L W 25 35
S.F = = = 9.11
2t (L + W ) 2 0.8(25 + 35)
Calculation of Compression Transformation:

(R + R LL ) = (20 + 11.74) = 36.27Kg/cm 2
Existing Compression Stress = DL
A 875
use 60 durometer hardness
3.5% < 7% So O.K
Checking of Relation between DL and Temperature Deformation:

R ( DL ) 338( L ) = 338 (1.07 ) = 386.98Kg
2 2
20 10 3 > 365.6Kg So O.K
Checking of Sliding:
Break Force 20
Lateral Force of Beam = = = 4Ton
Nomber of Beam 5
1 1
R ( DL ) = 20 = 4Ton = 4Ton of Lateral Force
5 5
So Sliding Will happen.
Calculation of Force on Pier due to Temperature:

E A
F = Shear
ERT
E Shear for (- 29C ) = 1.9 11.2 = 21.28Kg/cm 2
21.28 875 1.07
F= = 4.981Ton
4
Total Lateral Force = 4.981 + 4 = 8.981Ton
Force for Stable Support = 4.981 + 4 = 8.981Ton
Force for Diastole Support = 4Ton
73
If Elastomeric Bearing Pad can endure the force, we dont use halter
bolt, or if Elastomeric Bearing Pad cant endure the force we must use
halter bolt.
Checking the Sufficiency of Elastomeric Bearing Pad for turning of Support:
1 L
= M max
3 EI
1 1
Iy = 180 3 22 + 40 3 108 = 1.13 10 7 cm 4
12 12
M max = (M DL + M LL ) = (80 + 46.69 ) = 126.69Ton.m
1 1600
= 126.69 10 5 = 0.0026
3 2.29 10 1.13 10
5 7
= L = 0.0026 35 = 0.0914cm
0.0914
= = 0.0228 = 2.28% < 6% allowed So O.K
t 4
BEARING 58mmTHIK 6mmthick. cover layers
4-2.5 mmthik .steel plates PIER
12mmthik
elastomer BEARING BEARING
(3 layer)
BEARING PLINTH
2 SECTIONB
BEARING
5-? 16@250
DIRECTION 3?12
OF TRAFFIC
BEARING
3?16
BEARING
PLINTH
1 PLAN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARING
3 SECTIONC
(Section for Design of Elastomeric Bearing)
74
(Design of Caisson Foundation)

Calculation Dimension of Caisson Foundation:
Pu = 24000KN
f' c = 21MPa
GROUND LINE
60MIN
R.C.C COLUMN
R.CC CAP
150
100mm THK
LEAN CONCRETE
Ds CONSTRUCTION JOINT
200
300
t
50
125 MIN
Db
Calculation diameter of Caisson:

Pu
Ds = 2.257
f' c
Ds = Diameter of Caisson
24000
Ds = 2.257 = 2.413m
21000
So we use Ds = 2.5m
75
Calculation diameter bottom of Caisson:

Q P (net) = A p q' (N q 1)
Compressed Soil So N q = 60
q' = h1 s1 + h2 s2
q' = 2 16.2 + 3 19.2 = 90KN/m 2
Ap =
2
Db
4
Q P (net) = S.F Pu = 2 24000 = 48000KN
Q P (net) = A p q' (N q 1)
48000 = A p 90 (60 1)
A p = 9.04m 2
D b = 3.39m
So we use D b = 3.5m
Calculation thickness bottom of Caisson:

q
t = 1.18R i
fc
2.5
Ri = = 1.25m
2
qH w t c
H = Ymax + ds + depth of foundation
H = 6.52 + 3.585 + 5 = 15.11m
q = 15.11 9.81 - 24 t = 148.23 - 24t
148.23 - 24t
t = 1.18 1.25
0.25 2.1 10 3
t 2 + 0.0995t 0.614 = 0
t = 0.74m
So we use t = 1.25m
Checking for shear:

R i (H w t )
2
V= c
Pi t
1.252 (15.11 9.81 1.25 24 )
V= = 59.11KN/m 2
2 1.25 1.25
76
Vu = 0.17 f' c = 0.17 0.85 21 = 0.662MN/m 2

59.11KN/m 2 << 662KN/m 2 So O.K
Checking for Floating:

Fu = R
2
(H ) w
Fu = 1.75 (15.11 9.81) = 1426.11KN

2
Fd = Wc + Ws + Qs
Fu = floating Force
Wc = Weight of caisson
Ws = Weight of concrete
Qs = Frection of agility
Wc = (R 2
Ri
2
) c
Ht
Wc = (1.75 2 1.25 2 )24 16.61 = 1878.55KN
Ws = R i t
2
c
Ws = 1.25 1.25 24 = 147.26KN

2
Assume Qs 0
Fd = 1878.55 + 147.26 = 2025.81KN > 1426.11KN So O.K
Pile Cap Design:

Mu = 3269.6KN.m
Pu = 24000KN
f' c = 21MPa
Column Diameter = 1.6m
fy 3600
m= = = 20.17
0.85f' c 0.85 210
Mu 3269.6 10 6
Rn = = = 6.22
bd 2 0.9 1000 764.52
1 2Rn m 1 2 6.22 20.17
= 1 1 = 1 1 = 0.0285
m fy 20.17 0.85 360
> min = 0.002
So use = 0.0285 we determine the area of steel
As = bd = 0.0285 100 76.45 = 217.96cm 2
use 16mm@175mm c/c
77
GROUND LINE
14
5
60MIN
R.C.C COLUMN
350
CONSTRUCTION
JOINT
See DETAIL 2 R.CC CAP
150
45
100mm THK
350 LEAN CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
1 PLAN 250
14
200
5
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE

PORTION 500 THK
10
3.
350
FILLED WITH
GRAVEL&SAND FILLED WITH COMPACTED
GRAVEL & SAND(MIN UNIT
WEIGHT 20KN/M
300
125 MIN
45
PRECAST CONCRETE
50 PORTION 500 THIK
350
2 SECTION A 1250mm THK CONCRETE TREMIE

SEAL(28-DAY CULINDER STRENGHT=20MPa
350
See DETAIL 2
(Section for Design of Caisson Foundation)
78
(Mix design of normal weight concrete)

Required strength = 3000psi (210kg/cm2)
Type of structure: Slab, Beam and Building column.
Fineness modulus = 2.8
Max size of aggregate = 3/4in (1.91cm)
Dry-rodded weight of coarse aggregate = 100lb/ft3 (1.29kg/m3)
Moisture absorption = 1% for coarse aggregate.
Moisture absorption = 1.5% for fine aggregate.
Requirement:
Required slump = 3in (7.6cm)
For a slump of 7.6cm and a maximum aggregate size of 3/4in
the, Weight of water required per cubic meter
of concrete = 112.95 kg/m3
For the specified compression strength f'c = 210kg/cm2
W/C Ratio = 0.58
Amount of cement required per cubic meter of concrete:
Weight of cement = 112.95/0.58 = 194.74 kg/m3
Using a sand fineness value of 2.8:
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62 yd3
Using dry rodded weight of 100lb/ft3 for coarse aggregate,
Weight of coarse aggregate = (0.62) (27 ft3/ yd3) 100 = 1674
lb/yd3
Weight of coarse aggregate = 581.8 kg/m3
Estimated weight of fresh concrete for aggregate of 3/4in =
3960 lb/yd3
Weight of sand = [weight of fresh concrete weight of (water +
Cement + coarse aggregate)]
= 1376.2-112.95-194.74-581.8 = 486.71 kg/m3
Moisture absorption 1% for coarse aggregate = 5.82 kg/m3
Moisture absorption 1.5% for fine aggregate = 7.25 kg/m3
Net weight:
Net weight of gravel = 581.8 + 5.82 = 587.62 kg/m3
Net weight of sand = 486.71+ 7.25 = 493.96 kg/m3
Net weight of water = 112.95-0.01(518.8)-0.015(486.71) =
100.5 kg/m3
79
For 1m3 of concrete:

Cement = 200kg
Sand = 500kg
Gravel = 590kg
Water = 100kg (100liter).
80
(References)
ASHTOO
.- +, * ' & () %!& $ # ! "

& (, / 1J. Bowles0 +)/
& 6 , * " *4/ 5 * 23
& 8 7 %' & & %!& % # $
# : +9 * % # $ 1 0 5
English References:
1. Hec- Ras- Hydraulics references chapter 5.
2. Bridge design manual- section 8.2 revised 05/04/2000- Hydraulics
design manual.
3. Bridge deck analysis- (Engene J. Obrien and Damieul Keogh).
4. Bridge design manual- (Washington state department of
transportation).
5. Bridge analysis guide- 2005 Edition part- (Michigan department of
transportation).
81

Design of Bridge Structures For Final

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Design of Bridge Structures For Final

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Higher Education Ministry

Subject : Concrete Building Project

(BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND LOADING) ................................................................................... 5

(Plan of the Site)

(Bridge Analysis and Loading)

Calculation of dead load:

Type of Specific gravity Type of Specific gravity

1. Calculation dead load of Deck at the 1m of length:

Wslab = 0.22 9.6 2.5 = 5.04Ton/m

WPier = (1.6) 2 2.5 4.5 = 9.05Ton

Calculation of Live Load:

Truck Load Hs20-44

2. Equivalent Linear Load:

Impact value of vehicle:

L is equal to the length of span to determine the maximum moment

Loading of corridor or walk way:

a. Span from 0-7.5m 415 Kg/m2

W = Width of walk way by m.

Force for pick up the deck of bridge:

Force for floating:

Influence of Wind load:

1. Force of wind act on the deck of bridge:

Additional to above force a uniform distributed load 150 Kg/m2 is taken

Exerted load on bridge Piers:

b. Forces which directly exerted on the bridge piers:

Forces of wind pressure under passage:

Directionof Wind b/4

Loads according the water flow and ice pressure:

Lateral Soil Pressure:

Hydrodynamic force in edge pier:

1. Hydrodynamic force in middle pier:

Use AASHTO Classifications we determine the yave with below formula:

W.L at Time of Flood

General Scouring depth ymax = 6.52m.

d S1 = 1.59 V 0.67 b 0.67

d S2 = 1.11 (6.52 ) (1.6 ) = 3.585m

Local Scouring depth = 3.585m.

Calculation Dead load of slab:

Total dead load = 0.77 Ton/m2

Designs of main reinforcement use limit state design method:

Design of distributed reinforcement:

Design of Cantilever side walk:

? 12@ 200+? 12@200

8 ? 12 @ 200 ?16 10? 12 LONGITUDNAL BARS

3 SECTION A(W/STEEL RAILING)

(Section for Design of Side Walk)

(Slab Detail Reinforcement)

Effective of dead load due to concrete slab, beam and asphalt:

1. Determination of Reactions at supports:

2. Determination of Reactions at 1/4Ln:

3. Determination of Reactions at mid span:

Distribution of Live loads use Corban method:

Sketching of Shear and Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:

Sketching of Shear Influence Line for 2m of Span

Influence Line For 10m 0.375

Influence Line For 12m 0.25

Influence Line For 14m 0.125

(Sketching of Influence Line)

2. Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span:

Sketching of Moment Influence Line for 2m of Span

Influence Line For 4m

Influence Line For 6m