Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Review
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Many researches on PMA mixture have been conducted for the past two decades. Although addition of
Received 17 November 2011 virgin polymers to asphalt for the purpose of enhancing the properties of asphalt over a wide temperature
Received in revised form 18 January 2012 range in paving applications was contemplated quite some time ago, recycled polymer added to asphalt
Accepted 19 January 2012
have also shown almost the same result in improving the road pavement performance as compared to
Available online 23 February 2012
virgin polymers. This paper is a review of the use of polymers in asphalt pavement. In this study, a critical
review on the history and benets of using waste and virgin polymer in asphalt is presented followed by a
review of general studies on using polymers in asphalt in order to improve the properties of pavement.
Keywords:
Bitumen
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Polymer-modied
Waste polymer
Virgin polymer
Pavement
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2. History of using polymer in asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3. The benefits of using polymer in asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4. The use of waste polymer instead of virgin polymer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5. How polymers are incorporated into the asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6. Aspects that influence the properties of PMAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1. Polymer characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.2. Bitumen characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3. Mixing conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3.1. Nature of the polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3.2. Physical form of the polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3.3. Nature and grade of the bitumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3.4. Type of mixing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3.5. Timetemperature profile during mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4. Compatibility and stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.1. Incompatible polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2. Slightly compatible polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.3. Compatible polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7. General studies on using polymers in asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.01.009
56 Z.N. Kalantar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 33 (2012) 5562
uneconomical when used as a modier [19]. Therefore using waste [3638]. Fluxing agents or diluent oils are sometimes used to soft-
plastic bottles as modier in road surfaces can potentially help re- en the asphalt. Another method that can signicantly improve as-
duce material wastage and improve the performance of road sur- phalt quality is the addition of polymers [27]. TOSCO (the Oil Shale
faces at the same time [2024]. Company), was the rst company that used polyphosphoric acid
(PPA) as a modier in asphalt without air blowing. The other poly-
mers that have been used together with PPA were, EVA [39,40],
2. History of using polymer in asphalt
GMA [41,40],SIS, PE [42,43], SBS [4450], APP [51,52], ABS
[53,54], amongst several others. Modifying the asphalt with syn-
Synthetic and natural polymers have been used in asphalt as a
thetic and natural polymers can improve the performance of roads
modier as early as 1843. In the 1930s the project was underway
[32] and blending is the most common method of modifying [31].
in Europe and North America began to use rubber latex in 1950s.
A signicant number of researches on PMA (polymer modied
Europe was using modied asphalts ahead of the United States
asphalt) mixture have been conducted for the past two decades.
which were limited to use PMA because of its high expenses in
The addition of polymers to asphalt for the purpose of enhancing
the late 1970s [25,26]. In the mid-1980s, US began to use new
its properties over a range of different temperatures in paving
developed polymers and European technologies. Currently in
applications was contemplated a long time ago [55]. Polymers can
Australia, polymer modied binders is included in the guides and
signicantly improve the asphalt pavements performance at low,
specications of National Asphalt Specication [26].
intermediate and high temperatures. They can increase the resis-
In the survey of state departments of transportation in 1997, 47
tance of mixture to permanent deformation, thermal fracture and
states of US reported that in the near future they would be using
fatigue cracking at low temperature, decrease plastic ow and in-
modied asphalts and 35 states reported that they would need big-
crease shear modulus at high temperature [35,31]. The researchers
ger portions. Several investigations all around the world have re-
found that by modifying bitumen with even small amounts of poly-
searched and evaluated benets of modifying polymers on the
mers, the road pavement life span may be increased [56].
performance of pavement, and developing the specications and
Improvement in engineering properties including thermal
tests for binders are still continuing [26].
cracking, stripping, rutting resistance, temperature susceptibility
Over the last decade, USA is the country where most of the re-
and fatigue damage, have led polymer modied binders to be a
search is done, followed by China, Canada and some European
substitute for asphalt in paving and maintenance application, such
countries. Among the companies that have been ling patents on
as cold mix, cold and hot crack lling, slurry seal, patching, hot mix,
PMA over the last decade, Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC is
chip seals and recycling. They also can be used to cut down the life
the leading one. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Fina
cycle costs [27].
Technology, Polyphalt LLC, BASF Corporation and Ergon Incorpo-
rated are also reported. There have been signicant movements
in the marketing area. The interest for PMA technology has been 4. The use of waste polymer instead of virgin polymer
increasing, and so the number of companies which commercialize
it, and their earnings [27]. It has been known for some time that virgin polymers can im-
The United States, China, France and Italy are leaders in polymer prove the modied bitumens properties, however, there are some
modied asphalt (PMA) research and development activities, even concerns of replacing virgin materials with recycled polymers [31].
though considerable work has also been done in Japan, Germany, Since polymers are rather expensive, the amount of polymer
Russia, Great Britain, and Canada [27]. used to improve the road pavement must be small. Recycled poly-
mers have been found to show similar results in improving the
road performance as compared to virgin polymers. From economic
3. The benets of using polymer in asphalt
and environmental point of view using the waste polymer as a
modier is benecial because using waste polymer as a modier
Bitumen is one of the viscoelastic materials and the only
may help to improve the performance of pavement and quality
deformable element of pavement and has a very important role
of the roads and also to solve the waste disposal problem [31].
in pavement performance [27]. Bitumen has a good adhesion and
Many polymers have been used as binder modiers, and they can
cohesion with aggregates therefore it has been used for roong
be classied into ve groups. Table 1 presents a summary of these
and paving purposes [2732].
polymers and their advantages and disadvantages as asphalt mod-
One of the most important properties of the bituminous mix-
iers [27].
ture is its stability. The optimum stability is the one that can han-
The polymers used to modify bitumen can be divided in two
dle the trafc requirements sufciently. If the stability is lower
classes, elastomers and plastomers. Plastomers include polyethyl-
than the trafc demand, it will cause shoving and ow of the road
ene and various compounds based on polyethylene and ethylene
surface [33]. To prevent a pavement from rutting the ow should
vinyl acetate [5760]. At normal temperature, these polymers
be low. Flow can be considered as a property that reduces the sta-
can increase the stiffness of bitumen and provide a mix with high
bility [34].
viscosity. Depending on the polymer, high shear mixing may be
In hot climates rutting and in cold climates cracking are related
needed [57].
to the sensitivity of the asphalt pavement to the temperature var-
iation and the trafc load [35]. If the tire pressure, volume of heavy
vehicles and trafc increases, a higher performance pavement will 5. How polymers are incorporated into the asphalt
be needed which requires a bitumen with low susceptibility to
temperature changes and has high adhesion to aggregates. There are two common methods used to incorporate polymer
Some improvements in asphalt properties have been gained by into the asphalt, namely, the wet method (addition of latex poly-
selecting the proper starting crude, or tailoring the renery pro- mer into the asphalt), and dry method (addition of solid polymers
cesses used to make asphalt. Unfortunately, there are only a few into the asphalt).
crudes that can produce very good asphalts, and only a limited Wet method is relatively easy and free of trouble. In this meth-
number of actions that can be taken to control the rening process od solid polymer mixes with bitumen at high temperature before
to make improved asphalts [27]. The next step taken by the indus- the modied binder is used in the pavement mix. Mixing temper-
try was to modify the asphalt. Air blowing makes asphalt harder ature and mixing time will depend on the type of polymer and
Z.N. Kalantar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 33 (2012) 5562 57
contact physical properties of the blend will signicantly change. 6.3.5. Timetemperature prole during mixing
The result is a signicant increase in the plasticity interval, in ten- Practically, time and temperature during the mixing depends on
sile strength and elastic properties, and a reduction in thermal sen- the type of bitumen and its requirement to achieve mobility and
sitivity [27]. initial swelling of the polymer. For example, to avoid the thermal
Vonk and Bull [68] has shown that elastomer of a thermoplastic effects on SBS during the mixing process, the temperature should
rubber copolymer can absorb almost all the bitumen components be kept lower than 190 C [27]. However, the ideal mixing process
except the asphaltenes [65]. Therefore, the asphaltenes content should be undertaken at the lowest possible temperature for the
of the bitumen should not be too high, otherwise addition of a shortest possible time, corresponding to the complete incorpora-
thermoplastic rubber can result in asphaltene precipitation or gela- tion of the polymer into the bitumen both from an economic stand-
tion and will result in phase separation so the blend becomes point and to minimize any thermal effect on the polymer.
unworkable. On the other hand, if the asphaltene content is low Structure and properties of PMA is a function of blending condi-
a single phase blend may be obtained. tions. It means the longer the mixing time is, the ner the micro-
The permissible level of the asphaltene concentration is depen- structure will be and the higher the temperature is, the more
dent upon: rapidly this process is done [27].
Fig. 3. (a) M1 30 min, (b) M2 30 min, (c) M4 30 min, (d) M4 24 h, (e) M7 30 min mix, (f) M7 24 h curing, (g) M7 48 h curing, and (h) M8 2 h mix [77].
Z.N. Kalantar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 33 (2012) 5562 61
the optimum bitumen content. From the Marshal test results it was [8] Fink M, Fink JK. Plastics recycling coupled with enhanced oil recovery. A
critical survey of the concept. Anal Appl Pyrol 1997;40(4):187200.
obvious that polypropylene bers added to the bituminous mix can
[9] Garforth AA, Ali S, Hernndez-Martnez J, Akah A. Feedstock recycling of
improve Marshall quotient and Marshall stability values, which is a polymer wastes. Curr Opin Solid State Mater 2004;8(6):41925.
kind of pseudo stiffness [79]. [10] Liu S, Ma Ch, Cao W, Fang J. Inuence of aluminate coupling agent on low-
temperature rheological performance of asphalt mastic. Constr Build Mater
2010;24(5):6509.
8. Conclusion [11] Estevez M. Use of coupling agents to stabilize asphaltrubbergravel
composite to improve its mechanical properties. Clean Prod
2009;17(15):135962.
The use of virgin polymers in asphalt pavements have shown to [12] Zhang F, Yu J. The research for high-performance SBR compound modied
be advantageous in terms of improving certain characteristics of asphalt. Constr Build Mater 2010;24(3):4108.
the pavement as revealed through research ndings over the past [13] Abtahi M, Sheikhzadeh M, Hejazi M. Fiber-reinforced asphalt-concrete a
review. Constr Build Mater 2010;24(6):8717.
two decades. There appear to be a common consensus amongst [14] Kang Y, Wang F, Chen Z. Reaction of asphalt and maleic anhydride: kinetics
researchers that certain polymers would greatly enhance the per- and mechanism. Chem Eng J 2010;164(15):2307.
formance and lifespan of the pavement when adequately blended [15] Goh SW, Akin M, You Z, Shi X. Effect of deicing solutions on the tensile strength
of micro- or nano-modied asphalt mixture. Constr Build Mater
with bitumen at optimum conditions. Apart from virgin polymers,
2011;25(1):195200.
use of waste polymers in asphalt pavement have also shown to im- [16] Fu H, Xie L, Dou D, Li L, Yu M, Yao S. Storage stability and compatibility of
prove certain properties of the pavement to a level similar to that asphalt binder modied by SBS graft copolymer. Constr Build Mater
achieved when using virgin polymers. From economical point of 2007;21(7):152833.
[17] Al-Hadidy AI, Yi-qiu T, Hameed AT. Starch as a modier for asphalt paving
view, using waste material in road construction and pavement is materials. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(1):1420.
benecial in different ways. It can be benecial through improved [18] Vasudevan R, Sekar ARCh, Sundarakannan B, Velkennedy R. A technique to
performance of pavement as well as from reduced landlls. Many dispose waste plastics in an ecofriendly way application in construction of
exible pavements. Constr Build Mater 2012;28(1):31120.
of the waste polymers could be hazardous and pose as environ- [19] Adhikari B, De D, Maiti S. Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Progress
mental burden if these are not effectively recycled or reused. By Polym Sci 2000;25(7):90948.
incorporating waste polymers in pavement, not only does it im- [20] Huang Y, Bird RN, Heidrich O. A review of the use of recycled solid waste
materials in asphalt pavements. Resour Conserv Recy 2007;52(1):5873.
prove the pavement performance and reduce environmental pollu- [21] Sengoz B, Topal A. Use of asphalt roong shingle waste in HMA. Constr Build
tion, the need to utilize virgin polymers in pavement will also be Mater 2005;19:33746.
reduced, thus leading to possible cost savings in the long run. [22] Xue Y, Hou H, Zhu Sh, Zha J. Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration
ash in stone mastic asphalt mixture: pavement performance and
environmental impact. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:98996.
References [23] Arabani M, Mirabdolazimi SM, Sasani AR. The effect of waste tire thread mesh
on the dynamic behaviour of asphalt mixtures. Constr Build Mater
[1] Mutha NH, Patel M, Premnath V. Plastics materials ow analysis for India. 2010;24:10608.
Resour Conserv Recy 2006;47:22244. [24] Huang B, Dong Q, Burdette EG. Laboratory evaluation of incorporating waste
[2] Curlee TR. Plastics recycling: economic and institutional issues. Conserv Recy ceramic materials into Portland cement and asphaltic concrete. Constr Build
1986;9(4):33550. Mater 2009;23:34516.
[3] Patel MK, Jochem E, Radgen P, Worrell E. Plastics streams in Germany-an [25] Attaelmanan M, Pei Feng Ch, Al-Hadidy AI. Laboratory evaluation of HMA with
analysis of production, consumption and waste generation. Resour Conserv high density polyethylene as a modier. Constr Build Mater
Recy 1998;24(34):191215. 2011;25(5):276470.
[4] Panda AK, Singh RK, Mishra DK. Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel: a [26] Yetkin Y. Polymer modied asphalt binders. Constr Build Mater
suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value 2005;21(1):6672.
added productsa world prospective. Renew Sust Energy Rev [27] Beker Y, Mendez PM, Rodrguez Y. Polymer modied asphalt. Vis Techlo
2010;14(1):23348. 2001;9(1):3948.
[5] Purcell AH, Smith FL. Energy and environmental impacts of materials [28] Polacco G, Stastna J, Biondi D, Zanzotto L. Relation between polymer
alternatives: an assessment of quantitative understanding. Resour Recov architecture and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of modied asphalts. Curr
Conserv 1976;2(2):93102. Opin Colloid Interf 2006;11:23045.
[6] Kumar S, Panda A Singh RK, Singh A. A review on tertiary recycling of high- [29] Navarro FJ, Partal P, Garcia-Morales M, Martn-Alfonso MJ, Martinez-Boza F,
density polyethylene to fuel. Resour Conserv Recy 2011;55(11):893910. Gallegos JC, et al. Bitumen modication with reactive and non-reactive (virgin
[7] Craighill AL, Powell JC. Lifecycle assessment and economic evaluation of and recycled) polymers: a comparative analysis. Ind Eng Chem 2009;15(4):
recycling. Resour Conserv Recy 1996;17(2):7596. 45864.
62 Z.N. Kalantar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 33 (2012) 5562
[30] Gonzlez Uranga O. Rheological property of bitumen modied with [60] Aire GD. Rheological evaluation of ethylene vinyl acetate polymer modied
polyethylene and polyethylene based blends; 2008 bitumen. Constr Build Mater 2002;16(8):47387.
[31] Gonzlez O, Pea JJ, Muoz ME, Santamara A, Prez-Lepe A, Martnez-Boza F, [61] Naskar M, Chaki TK, Reddy KS. Effect of waste plastic as modier on thermal
et al. Rheological techniques as a tool to analyze polymerbitumen stability and degradation kinetics of bitumen/waste plastics blend.
interactions: bitumen modied with polyethylene and polyethylene-based Thermochim Acta 2010;509:12834.
blends. Energy Fuel 2002;16:125663. [62] Garcia-Morales M, Partal P, Navarro FJ, Gallegos C. Effect of waste polymer
[32] Martin J-V. Polyphosphoric acid use in asphalt more than 40 years experience. addition on the rheology of modied bitumen. Fuel 2005;85(11):93643.
Asphalt 2006;21:146. [63] Lu X, Isacsson U. Rheological characterization of styrene-butadiene-styrene
[33] Hinisliglu S, Agar E. Use of waste high density polyethylene as bitumen copolymer modied bitumens. Constr Build Mater 1997;11(1):2332.
modier in asphalt concrete mix. Mater Lett 2004;58:26771. [64] Giavarini C, Filippis P, Santarelli M, Scarsella M. Production of stable
[34] Kuloglu N. Effect of astragalus on characteristics of asphalt concrete. Mater polypropylene-modied bitumens. Fuel 1996;75(6):6816.
Civ Eng 1999;11(4):2836. [65] Morgan P, Mulder A. The shell bitumen industrial handbook. Chertsey (Surrey,
[35] Perez-Lepe A, Martynez-Boza FJ, Gallegos C, Gonzalez O, Mun~o ME, UK): Shell Bitumen; 1995.
Santamary A. Inuence of the processing conditions on the rheological [66] Ali N, Zahran S, Trogdon J, Bergan A. A mechanistic evaluation of modied
behavior of polymer-modied bitumen. Fuel 2003;82(11):133948. asphalt paving mixtures. Can J Civ Eng 1994;2:95465.
[36] Aaki S, Tabatabaee N. Proposals for modication of Iranian bitumen to meet [67] Zielinski J, Bukowski A, Osowiecka B. An effect of polymers on thermal stability
the climatic requirements of Iran. Constr Build Mater 2009;2(1):110. of bitumens. Therm Anal 1995;43:271.
[37] Cort JF. Development and uses of hard grade asphalt and of high modulus [68] Vonk WC, Bull AL. Phase phemena and concentration effect in blends of
asphalt mixes in France. Transp Res Circ 2001;503:1230. bitumen and cariex TR. In: Proceedings of the 7th international roong
[38] Lee HJ, Lee JH, Park HM. Performance evaluation of high modulus asphalt congress, Munich, Germany, May 30June 1; 1989.
mixtures for long life asphalt pavements. Constr Build Mater [69] Lesueur D. The colloidal structure of bitumen: consequences on the rheology
2007;21:107987. and on the mechanisms of bitumen modication. Adv Colloid Interf
[39] Giavarini Carlo. EP patent 0710700 A1; 1996. 2009;145:4282.
[40] Vander Werff, Johannes C. US patent 5519073A; 1996. [70] Brl B, Druon M. La microscopie de uorescence applique lobservation
[41] Moran Lyle E. US patent 4882373A; 1988. de bitumes thermo plastiques. Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chausses. 1975;79:
[42] Giavarini Carlo, Filippis Paolo De, Laura Santarelli M, Scarsella Marco. 114.
Production of stable polypropylene modied bitumens. Fuel [71] Kraus G. Modication of asphalt by block polymers of butadiene and styrene.
1996;75(6):6814. Rubber Chem Technol 1982;55:1389402.
[43] Baumgardner Gaylon L, Burrowmartin R. US patent 06031029A; 2000. [72] Bouldin MG, Collins JH, Berker A. Rheology and microstructure of polymer/
[44] Moran Lylee. US patent 4882373A; 1989. asphalt blends. Rubber Chem Technol 1990;64:577600.
[45] Puzic Olga, Williamson Kenneth Edward. WO patent 09958600A1; 1999. [73] Murphy M, OMahony M, Lycett C, Jamieson I. Recycled polymers for use as
[46] Puzic Olga, Williamson Kenneth Edward. US patent 06414056B1; 2002. bitumen modiers. Mater Civ Eng 2001;13(4):30614.
[47] Usmani Arthur M, Gorman William B. US patent 19950919; 1995. [74] Satapathy S, Nag A, Nando GB. Thermoplastic elastomers from waste
[48] Linda M. US patent 99/58600; 1998. polyethylene and reclaim rubber blends and their composites with y ash.
[49] Planche Jean-pascal, Tuerlld Patrick. US patent 5880185; 1999. Process Saf Environ 2010;88(2):1314.
[50] Loza Roman, Dammann Laurence. US patent 06136898A; 2000. [75] Zheng Y, Shen Zh, Cai Ch, Ma Sh, Xing Y. The reuse of nonmetals recycled from
[51] Uamani Arthur M, Gorman William B. US patent 5451621A; 1995. waste printed circuit boards as reinforcing llers in the polypropylene
[52] Planche Jean-pascal, Tuerlld Patrick. US patent 8496597A; 1999. composites. Hazard Mater 2009;163(23):6006.
[53] Alexander S. US patent 3751278A; 1973. [76] Casey D, McNally C, Gibney A, Gilchrist MD. Development of a recycled
[54] Engber Steven L, Reinke Gerald H. US patent 06117926A; 2000. polymer modied binder for use in stone mastic asphalt. Resour Conserv Recy
[55] Abdel-Goad MA. Waste polyvinyl chloride-modied bitumen. App Polym Sci 2008;52:116774.
2006;101:15015. [77] Polacco G, Berlincioni S, Biondi D, Stastna J, Zanzotto L. Asphalt modication
[56] Hesb SAM, Woodhams RT. Asphalt-polyolen emulsion breakdown. Colloid with different polyethylene-based polymers. Eur Polym J
Polym Sci 1991;269(8):82534. 2005;41(12):283144.
[57] Awwad MT, Shbeeb L. The use of polyethylene in hot asphalt mixtures. Am J [78] Gonzalez O, Munoz ME, Santamaria A. Bitumen/polyethylene blends: using m-
Appl Sci 2007;4(6):3906. LLDPE to improve stability and viscoelastic properties. Rheol Acta J
[58] Al-Hadidy AI, Yi-qiu T. Effect of polyethylene on life of exible pavements. 2006;45(5):60310.
Constr Build Mater 2009;23(1):145664. [79] Tapkin S, Cevik A, Usar U. Prediction of Marshall test results for polypropylene
[59] Ahmadinia E, Zargar M, Karim MR, Mahrez A, Shagh P. Using waste plastic modied dense bitumius mixtures using neural networks. Expert Sys Appl
bottles as additive for stone mastic asphalt. Mater Des 2011;32:48449. 2010;37:466070.