CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 What is engineering?
Purposeful use of science

What is 6.002 about?

Gainful employment of
Maxwells equations

From electrons to digital gates

and op-amps

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 Nature as observed in experiments
V 3 6 9 12
I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Physics laws or abstractions

!Maxwells abstraction for
!Ohms tables of data
V=RI
Lumped circuit abstraction
+
R V C L M S
Simple amplifier abstraction
6.002

Operational Digital abstraction

amplifier abstraction
abstraction Combinational logic
+ f
-
Filters Clocked digital abstraction

Analog system Instruction set abstraction

components: Pentium, MIPS 6.004
Modulators, Programming languages
oscillators, Java, C++, Matlab 6.001
RF amps, Software systems 6.033
power supplies 6.061 Operating systems, Browsers
Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle
6.455 6.170
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 Lumped Circuit Abstraction

The Big Jump

from physics
to EECS
Consider
I

?
Suppose we wish to answer this question:
What is the current through the bulb?

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 We could do it the Hard Way

Apply Maxwells

Differential form Integral form

B )B
Faradays $# E " ! ( E % dl " ! t
t
& % " !
q
Continuity $% J " ! ( J dS
t
t
& q
Others $%E " ( E % dS " '0
'0

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 Instead, there is an Easy Way
First, let us build some insight:

Analogy

F
a?

I ask you: What is the acceleration?

You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you: m
F
You respond: a "
m
Done !! !

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 Instead, there is an Easy Way
First, let us build some insight:

Analogy
F
a?

In doing so, you ignored

the objects shape
its temperature
its color
point of force application

Point-mass discretization

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 The Easy Way

Consider the filament of the light bulb.

We do not care about

how current flows inside the filament
its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.
Then, we can replace the bulb with a
discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 The Easy Way

Replace the bulb with a

discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.
A
I
+ V
and I "
V R R

B
In EE, we do things
the easy way

R represents the only property of interest!

Like with point-mass: replace objects
F
with their mass m to find a "
m
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 The Easy Way

A
I
+ V
R and I"
V R

B
In EE, we do things
the easy way

R represents the only property of interest!

R relates element v and i

V
I" called element v-i relationship
R

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 R is a lumped element abstraction
for the bulb.

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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 R is a lumped element abstraction
for the bulb.

Not so fast, though

I
A + S
A

V
SB
B
black box
Although we will take the easy way
using lumped abstractions for the rest
of this course, we must make sure (at
least the first time) that our
abstraction is reasonable. In this case,
ensuring that V I
are defined
for the element
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 I
A + SA
V I
V
SB must be defined
B for the element
black box

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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 I must be defined. True when
=
I into S AI out of S B
q
True only when " 0 in the filament!
t
( J % dS
SA

( J % dS
SB

q
( J % dS ! ( J % dS " t
SA SB

IA IB
from ell
a x w q
M I A " I B only if "0
t
So lets assume this
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 V Must also be defined.

see
A&L

So lets assume this too

)B
VAB defined when "0
t
So VAB " (AB E % dl outside elements

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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)
Or self imposed constraints:

)B
" 0 outside
t
q
More in " 0 inside elements
Chapter 1 t bulb, wire, battery
of A & L

Lumped circuit abstraction applies when

elements adhere to the lumped matter
discipline.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 So, what does this buy us?
Replace the differential equations
with simple algebra using lumped
circuit abstraction (LCA).

For example
a

R1 R4
R3
V + b d

R2 R5

c
What can we say about voltages in a loop
under the lumped matter discipline?

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 What can we say about voltages in a loop
under LMD?

R1 R4
R3
V + b d

R2 R5

)B
( E % dl " ! t
under DMD
0
( E % dl * ( E % dl * ( E % dl " 0
ca ab bc
* Vca * Vab * Vbc " 0
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 What can we say about currents?
Consider
S
I ca I da
a

I ba

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 What can we say about currents?

S
I ca I da
a

I ba

q
(S J % dS " ! t under LMD
0
I ca * I da * I ba " 0

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):

The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1

 KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:
+ j, j " 0
loop

KCL:
+jij " 0
node

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
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6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 1