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    Word Games PDF

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    shoula

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    BLACK ATHENA REVISITED Mary R. Lefkowitz, oe Gay MacLean Rogers Cie it & London Se Me YY Nel RCANS] sia aura aUie Nia TEEN de Jay Hi. Jasanoff & Alan Nussbasm oe Athena winter on vue of hnks of iin oe espe, vasa considerable success rom a able tions pot afew nt Marta Beroal argued, defy enough ro mpies many reviewers who should have hoowa bez, hat he overthvow ofthe “Ancient Mode!” in he ninetecnth ceotury owed more to Nowtora European saci ad a Sern haa to ny seta improvemencin out krowledge of Greece, the Leva and Egypt since elastic acquit Ia Bernal tings the desipberment of hieroglyphic weking, Babylonian confor, asd ether ex sc onlpminrineiene the cially motivated “lof Egy toa ofthe Phoenician problem.” The fc tha neither Heodotas noc Pi ‘arch could rexda word of Egyptian, Phoenician, Aladin, or Myenaean Crack was. 20 eon, ia Bernas ees, not tet them a suites on the Basten Mediteaneas Beooze Age Abow al these md the aint ‘waters passed the Black. thn age tet ome had the misfertue tobe ben fer ofthe presente, Teisnocourpicpot here review Bera version of Wasern inelicto story. Tes wadenialy sue that many lneteath- dnd erly eet eotryseolars Hed views on rc nd tiny tha ae mw generally ad (ge propery condemned, I i also tra thatthe G “founder” of Western cvlizton, have repeatedly lars wih cal ate of tee ont i ‘he exten hat Bernas weak as ford agate: publi vanes of thee fale fats, can be sid to have played weal ole, Bu sal eight a the apposed alized, noo ty coment isnot the malopurpose of Blak Ate, Bernal choc in tacking ‘wha he terms wih chinctorsicianuend, the “Aran Mode!” so arg fora revisions version of Oreck prehistory thi beter conforms oi our peeerences. His "Revised Ancient Model” excite in pital wo. ‘heminate wish hiskng a fargo of hypotheses, ancien nd moder, alltending to support vison of Hell ass econd Git ofthe Nie ‘Te idence on which Bernal bates hi cate is of thre kinds—ae hacologia, documenty, and nui. The purported achucolopcal ind Aocumentary evidence, which incdes both historal rons proper snd trary sources such § Home, Hesiod, aad Aeschyls is preter in fe second volume of Blk bn. This mati decd by spells ele ‘whet inchs volume ewe simply note ha ecules nd isesians ve nt rushed to embrace the Revised Ancient Mods, despite Bernal sppaent confidence tha: + Kuban “parndign shi” isin fal ing, Out {cos in the fllowing pages wl be entizely on the words, place mimes, ‘and personal names that male up Bera’ nguistic evidence The pilogy in Black Ab has nes, to te best af oa knowledge, bean evewed by ‘competent historian ef the Greek lnguage® I is ety to sce why. The ‘material ie nowhere steatialypre‘ete hough ove «andsed ety. ‘ological propos ae sasered trough the pages ofthe reo vanes 9 ‘Bla Athena rblihed wf, hey at eer Ssctaed core a «rey 20 soppored with detaed linguistic asgument. A more ode exis. i of thefts wil presumably be epi in the long peomise ings (third) volume, which wewill be iteeted 0 see when tapes Bt Berel has aleady reveled enough of his clan and methods for ito be des tn tained histo linge dha is evidence for asi” Egy ad ‘Semic boroving ia Gis amige Before we proceed farther, few disdimer ate in ones As igus, swe have no profesional tert inthe pital charged eae thi moe ets Bernal Tis immu ou, for example, whee the Egyptian — ‘or the Grek for dat mater—were Blick, whe, or brown. We hee no deeply held conscions othe eacet of Sou consul the nic cor ‘osion of the Hpksos, ce the accomplishments ofthe hitoricl Kadnos, Hf ve ave thoroughly skeptical of wha Bernal he to say on thee eaters, itis became his ise 0 linguistic des leads us to question his sie 6 el fay with evidence tom ater touce, We emphasize, howe we have nothing i ric agsine the Reviaed Ancient Mov. We ett ‘ot because i shllenge or ext! eoavieton but beau it seem, on ‘he baa ofthe faces the ve conte tobe wong, HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND, tannin gg ee Schanechieaattna tam SEE SC pl Ele tet ect SoaTaS Ss ee liane rahe ahd ottteea cari ae ee a SSIS RAS gee as Sie nipmenmrbecmo ss Selene geet el Site Litem pole reineg a ichersttaee tes Sears pee a orate is dae a ae (eee ie cticeerh ees Satara sae caries Soeeicpanngae sea meee et SSPE cae ate Fae Set pan ne ein ae ieee ones os ‘Ta ach my eo ie ge ine a ge sgt crea ais aerate ey ‘Sa ein a chew one iene Soca Sari Taner Gea ta tg cna nly id Sey ne an Ss Scie ia ea een ck ae ote emg s EE ete “Ta innit areaitns ules get Saat ayaa Se on ec SRanoraes ton eee ‘eae esteem une Siriano cesta Seats aot Soe Tae gat ele Wek Come 9 back se oot milena en diced formore shan acntry bt ‘ein, espe Belson pronouncement on he abet (2A iy age vnsianiated cnet “He tasene of proclmguags of coun, imple poplation rete dng int a of Pro lnd Buoys PTB) es ppalton thought ‘byimmyacaclogea wo ane inated the eps of outst asia ihe sy oh leaian nc cpiinse ecoet fthe eidence In gien by Maley i), ot ie doe ot follow ave nine cetey ‘holed tale that theater documented gue descend Of te PowIndo-Euopams—th Ges he Romane, she Tetons the ele Aran, ee tb ee cy denial go eed Lingoge sell aries, emma in he ue ym egos, toch onventonso oie nto Engh Germans ngunge, {he eet spenesof wid he Anges nd the Sons, ese soe ropa of “Now” phys ype Anglo gees, weve ase to pees for mentenip i the pres-dycommoniy of Engl Speakers, whi olan speentaves of vial ey pom Bseopean ‘lie Retige Inthe wo. Io gets, lnglc and cal Donan {ary coincie an ite a nchewous fay oso the he eatin ‘os eel dra inthe thi tecond, oft ilesin ne The {Gels were Indo Enos” ba simply spear of en TE guage Ree hnguages show tsemBlnces i vocabulary and gor that sede thie common anos. Gree, Lata, ad Sut, or emp, ‘esa word fort eupen from oe ten, for Kai ‘Thy also show snr enlings inte infection of nouns and verbs. One ofthe major achievement of sietenth-ceniry igus echoarship was {he development ofthe spate md, a ee of echniques for wsng sich ‘eseblances to resonate sal word and frm in long-extinsprot- languages Ler consider an example, The masculine samieaive form of the word {oc ice” n Grek in i (phoneically [te], contacted fern a eee _wo-lile y,avtian il found inthe contervative Cretan dale. The conesponding words ia Lain and Sant ate wer and rus, respectively ‘akon together, the evdenaaf thse dee forms carly pola ta common ‘gin in she parent lnngange. Let us ey co determine wht the PIE word for “tre” acral was Ty begin withthe obvious, the intial and Sal -#foun in Gree, Lat, end Sanskrit rm aed ave been prezent in the protolangose; deny ti would be to chin ine, that an sevolved In each daugiver language independent. We can Ikesine ase that Gl layered Se. with ow short vowel pete emote gl Ho por pAnorr ao aan worsens sult of a han Lat This condone by poops Censdenons: is known from x at body of acute evdeace that CSntacton of to tort vomit 4 ingle lng wus area very co ‘honk of Hg change, whereas -Sirctions ofa lng vowel no Sesnene of two shor ar xen ey the sae eros an ‘entered tha Gl, wth two vowel tay ow ace han Serbo ts too vowel parted he consonant. Theale enti of te woed fo "ren PE ns tert eben form Shite pn ote he en of he vowels nd eis be determine’. ‘Hows nrane beyond thi pints not st Gn gane srl, The owe de tyytnd ory a rept by win Sat bot bye Grek Lat, Seth contacted from yay tes 0 ago Fr he pin of he “Greek extent anor, howeve sexe te gusion othe PIE oc {citnly The natured forte common pete ae “the {oem mgd by Sis Yu, the form agg by Grek nd the Ise ad ips Th poole to npc way orang fhreonear che “Te equi rns hatin et en vale for more ha cent J the ster « munerofTndo-Buopeanine made the rising di port erpea sve tthe proce of ound change i ponetily tioned an nele™ Wha hi mean in vey pate, tat if ‘per pe pete in he tery of ngage a sound develops imo (Cand ins parle pone ont tea des Jv into “rats envionment, Bape of ngage pei and lw of is ind are toner Thm fr example PIE lous ies Glee he egining of sd GK Agee,” "si hy ep" bese atop, ps La lye gives Pench (fr) in eet open spas: Lax go “ingot a “> Pr i be); Me ogee ayes Moder Engh when lowed byrne ssn yale cE ME rk dk p> Eng. dik pr) Inte of {he PE word fries” th car Gti hat Se. oily coesponds to hee dient vowels Grek namely, ain loro. Sl i: Gk "ay ain Sk =O ar” Gk spy (oman) atin Si. Ge ser? Spa Gk pi “od Ishuad” Ifwe took ne poon hat he PIE vowel ml hs fos ws ‘isthe wos evo dover phones conan fer te ge of to vor ein Grek we wold imply have to state tht PE "ied Gk in tome cases, ein others ad win et ote “Spredi” changesof hs ind {pricy we he realy pil own We as a 0 choice ‘toate hatte dee diincion of and n Grek gos bck eka os to the parent language, sa tha the change of PIE, fad “eto oat a ule sound law of Sn The comsmoa prosorype of Gk. le, Lt and Si, gers wngunyreconstracbl ss Te wil be een fom this example Ua compacsve seconszucion ia IE, watt nnd Proto Germanic o roto Semiic—i anything buca guessing game. Eiey Jeon eo setup a particle sound in ar contracted woe ental sto hypotheres which can be ete guest che ‘evidence of eter forms Ts, fr example, cur decision to rcontrct& ‘medial in "tres sequal othe atti that was egy oe between vowels in Greek and Lata; we can support this em by finding ston iseances ofthe sya = corespondence pitern (het ae ‘pany and ee by aang counterexample (hex tone) The eae Inve feof such Iypothessing and ccee-chockng, applied to a age number of individual cme, i ao itera consistent and remacly ‘dead phonesc istry cf he languages uadercompavzon, Time and gin. ‘the esuksof th compseive method have been independently conte by fies discoveries. The dedghermen of Mycenici it fo example fe ‘vealed a shai and coerrative Gock det which retained inerocalic yin precisely the forms wee its existence had been predicted on ling (grounds. The Mycensea alec a lio found to preserve the above” onsonnnts A, "and “hsoun which ad been posited fs Proto-Creck inthe niaeeenh centr, bat which were no longe!dtinguihed fom the abi (6p) and ents (inde dec Fhe classical peiod We shal st moe ofthese phoneres below “Thevabliy of: prepoved exymology withina family frente languages, ‘hen, depends not on wher the forms being compared “look alike” in an impresonistie sense, but whether they cen be sefezed back cs common protrype va indepenemly motvmed sound ews. Noone cating 4 cant ‘ye on Gd “reo” os cogostes Sk. dan Lae. dae won oppose ‘that these forms had anyeing todo with ry the contespanding word in lasical Armenian. Yer dd an dip go Back oa petorm oF he pe ‘dy with «PIE clare which sab epee by or in Ani (compize Arm. wkar"long" cogte with Gk dr dni lo Ae "fea" cognate with G19 pet dan "Wea ede), Note too & he Acmenian word fer “the,” ek which despite ts sues sangenes can be tact va weletblished sound changes to PIE Mr Eampleslike these ilsente the elementary pincpe that good etymology pends not on phoosi mary, but on phoney regu pater ‘We camo ell whee Bernal ie unavate ofthese fits of wheter—to adopt one of his favor lcwsone—be simply nds “ue” to ignone them, What is cea i hte sepestedl adranceseolgis tat lyon Ae Ar. onmore om sca onan sopeticily aggenive bur demonstrably secondary phovetc resemblances ‘tween Grecetnd Egyptian or Semtc words, Thus be caval each that (Gi fbr “dtc” "aot cern comes fom the Adan ee un sex (A 299, The intent ofthis formation ro smpas the reader ith ‘he eternal sna ofthe ew forms; no mention s made ofthe dif ties He doe aor expla, for example why the Greeks shuld hve borrowed Grdr rom Alkasan, 2 ngage of dare Mesopotams,rtber thn fom the source ofSemiticloan word that he sally peter —e Canasite ofthe Lect pope. In t,he reaton for de cole of Abadan wll be obvious to any Se plloogi: the Cansarte counterpart of nin the second rilenniam ce. would have been “ans, with preserved inal consonant (Cain?) and anarchic vowel pateen dst anheipfaleo the comparison vith dor Nor i hae al. Only he zeae who sts tneagh Bena’ foot ‘ote wil coves that “the Indo Buropeaais peer wo Seve a For 8 or "a (ack found ia Sensis ant Armenia” 37 7. Thien Concesion to schol hooey tery also conse he el impor ofthe ‘Sompariire evidence. Skt "are region ofthe oy” Arm, ea eve= ‘lag” aad Goth ig “dace” (form apparel tknown to Beel) point nt to are manna “as,” but wa neuter absence noun "har (genive #6 an) meaning “dcines"* Sich noun had it come down lito Gree, woald have Been tated acconding t the gular sound evs Inkl "Hye woud have yielded ery "= woul have given - before «or nd ntervoclie "1 ate developing to "4, would have dppeaced exe ‘ely. Ine, the Sasi, Armenian and Gothic formsmakes prediction: they elo that a search of the Greck lexicon might be expected f eve an rte” euler des “dcknes” wih genitive ee < "or < Ma, And shat isexaly what we find, Sgnionty, doris maa masala stem with ete in =the cl fo which the ast mio of Greek nouns ia, {ticking slmor al loan words belong, The gendes ao infection ofthis ‘worl ae unesplaied uads Bena’ Bottoming they, he ander heery ‘otonlyexplans but pedis dem. T ay that linguists ef” to compare Grd wih TE cognates in ie way, bike sing that geogesphers prefer t beleve tat the earth ound "This example binge eto the rbjet of loan words ln gener. These ‘no hun language which has not oceasionally borowed wor, sams, for other meaning elements fom is seghbors, In the most epi in- tances, now worde ae induced ine a lnguoge alo with new articles of tuted ele, am, for example, a the ese of Eng fe (om Anbic ‘is Tusk), ils om Nab via Spi), and woke (om Rusa). ‘Ba somesmen,patclly when one perch commnty hat been mje tothe poli or cll dominion oF enober, the ees of lings ‘cootat are more farreaching. Medien Fog inthe centres folowing inden 2 the Norman Congest wat red nd adminis by 4 renchspeking asinacmey. Although Bench visual lasppearl a polen language England inthe couse ofthe furecath ear, English eerged fom the Mille Ages with iter thousands of Peach borowing the majority of Yam ein to uppeclsitzes, usted porsa oy bay, ef, eembr, ars, fm eas fk ot nso, al tome s,s rie ist cul be extended fox pages any compile iesanecs of nga borrowing te known, The Voerbulary tf Armenian 0 sich ie Midle einin lows words—alepicy ofthe period ‘when Armenia saleby dois of Parthian oigin-—tat Arena was focmany years mivakeny believed to be an naa language. Smythe lexicon of Mode Pea hasbeen henly Aaa ice the Maslin com apes of ian inthe severe ear In Eat sean Kove aed “Viesmamers have neil thusads of woe om Chins, the domiant Inngaage ofthe region. Cates ike eee important cee they faith am independent sandr for mening Beeals cms about the Bayon td Seite elements in Geek ‘Nae ~of people, gods pacer ca be boowed well Thepan- Ecopetn dtroution of ogi Sei personal nes ike oy, Joh, sd lay (Jo Jn Mart Kea. is ig, Mar: Jb), Jeph Mare; ton, Oi, Mary de, of cous, the inden of ‘he Bible; Musics same ike Mobo, Onur, ad Fane sr comply ‘widespread inthe amie wel even song non-Ambicapeking people, Incite wih pole eign, the names and eal be gosta selves may be of foreign iin. The, example, the Reman fegenarie ‘who popula the wonhpof Cybele cig an Antolin Fei god- dks and Mths, egy an Indo Lian god of eon never though ic pcesuy © provide dese divinities with ate Latin aumes,Toponyms (place mamas) ei gre dea of vay. A mop ofthe ete Ded Site gives» good overview ofthe poet ore we Sd ne a, recent Eaglshcoinages ach as Ne land Fk: der nes of Ea tlh origi, sch s Hard and Cari aes inrocel by immigras fom ote European cote, sichas Bri Holand) and Bol gd (Waly and Nave Anavean ame rene bythe str sah os Pane Algona ane Og ac) Sich indigenous oponas ac lo supisigy well eee in Western Europe, where many nein Eaglnd (eg, London) nd Fane (e4 Nines, Ars) ll beat mes of Cebicorign Becta ewo languages ely share dhe sane sous apt, words com tony gy eal nut fp "ation i be mre oroving proces. The sounds ofthe source ngage are epaced by cc blr ne eae ngage a cy at 1 yarn sasnone amo Ata sean ‘be Anbic dnincion berwesa phn and “emphatic elie) eonsonans isigaoed in Pesan, anda the nslied vowes of French ae repre seated by sequences of vowel ps tl eontonan it Mid an Modern English Bog oy, hbr< OF cn cand [br),Insvone were boeroving is heavy and bilinguals canbe axomed to have been ‘idespred ound subtitudoos of ths Kind are cartel ut with high de- ter ofconsineny. Our knowledge of the pronuciaea of Asien Chinese Apeds in lng parton the tematic wy in whict Chinese words were retdeed leo Jopaene and Korean ne thd centr x, Close oboe, the vowel ound of Old French were cepreduced in Mile Engh wt such acute hat word pl which dyed in Ol Frch were preserves ‘yer in Mile Engl ew rch pn modied tyne Eaglh sound ‘change, remain in he moder language OF doar fe > ME ae tf > Eg a ropes ba, fe). ets aw tun t the fact of Gres. Ti peed te, a Bec ys, shies lage numberof Gree word suchas rsh dee” apa ne lake “gn” and art" se” ack good I etymologie, What is wt eis that this station i wal for an 1 anguage, or da he existence of sch word ia Greek conus amy which ehetens 0 ‘urn our ptr of he ancient wodd on head Ta every Branch of the IE fay, and every Individual TE language, ba lex ere of oa lenven or at lst undetermined og, Tote aprons example the Prio-Germanic words comesponding ro Eng en (=German and), ag Gee Fig, (= Ges. We ap (= Ge. Stand od (= Geta) Ive no eymologie! conection ouside Garman Worl like Eg. by, th i bad wed in x even ore oad wis to knoe cogates at Sl, Germanic or there. The poblen” ofthe Grek vary mus be ‘ecnin peapectve: whi the percentage of denonstallyinkested TE words in Grek owe than nh igh conservative Sana ofthe Rig-Vea it 5s probably aboo the same as in Latin, ad vay high dun in te east stated TE guage, Hite Th pail, dee ate tw pombe reasons why «gen Greek word or sume may appear to ack aH etymology On the one hand he form maybe * genuine inhertance whose cognates have beea let oebeuted. This por "ii is acaly a prota in the ae of morphologically acai words like hi “at (gat pr “mont” o did “Tam ity” which ae 100 iolited ("ego") fiom a acon pot of vew wo be expla ‘cen adiona tthe ngage” Alero, he orm queton ay be ‘lown-word. No competent cholera eve dened et the Gree lexicon, lieth of most other IE and nonTE languages fl of borings. The “Hsin > dah wagge 5 eill more Ihe posbty. Augustine as good «representative of “the Ancieats" as Jerome fd 3:4) tls dha te pagan gods zd podeses of the Gras Sand Romans were demons wove worsip wr dispel withthe adoption [of Cling. Under Bet log it wold sam perf leghimste ‘contemplate die: bomoving of "Athena" Gom # feminized vant of lke didn "Sate older ling Sa), va the phonetic sages “Sant > Hithins > Athi. Responsible shoes wll ot be convinced by such ings slg of hand bat the Great Deesiver wo ue be amused Online Wide "The Rgyptian and Semitic eymologes that Bena proposes for adinary Greek words at no more convincing than his eqpmologie of ames, The {ie or°moon” or “otage ches” than co make wach argues for ames le Rladimeu or 1, Neel his gen fo gules voabuley ee 194 © JH JAINOPP a AN wussE wth “Afni” epmologies i rene forward wih wagging ests ‘Whit his mggestons lc In semantic inventiveness they make up fo a ‘hel complete ditegard for eaublised sound ln and patens of word Formation ‘Some epresenative examples: ‘rms “acoso whic Bernal ade the nexplcale glo “tackle seated to come fom "the Semiie woot «fm (t” (4 60). There is noth- lng t be aid fr this propo. Phonetaly i lated bythe face hat the comerponding form, in Ue meaning “charoc whe" spelled eae in yemtean, pointing oa spade reali dws The bof Ati ira it thus noe orginal, a Bera ple clans, ba the ssul ofa secondary "aniston of the in «preform reconstetbe a “hme, Meese “rb and pe-Aeic “irs i crm go back to pr-Giek *éromy 2 well Formed ston noua consining of the toot a“ oi fogeter” ee as 1G) andthe common somal sux *(im(he Sematicaly, there isevey sexton ope this nal to Beral's 2 Greck word ening “chat "hast whee!” sf mote cay referred PIE form neu "ing Ste together” thant a Seni oot meaning "pet" Here weocwhere, Bel fas arempred ro impose a Semi or Egyptian esmelegyon «Grek word ‘shots frm infection, and meaning ae ely onprabematicin TB terms ‘il “pable, vie, covuely” and atl “[boe) slere"—Berna’s glows “et” imply wong--te raced oa Cenante doe dy said to mes “dependent, eedued” or “poot” (BA 1:6), Tee intemal Gece evidence, ower, showe del and drt be seated dl sppeac in Myenacan 1s aber repreenting tile “ar (= “ara reading ard 0 ‘econ with Beals aleged Semi source, which peespposes abilten oot As fo dil, Bernal omits to menton the eal fac thatthe & of ‘bir word "makes poston” in Homer—chatis it behaves metrically nota ingle consonant, bu at coer "de. The sodeling em was thus peob- {iy Pde loo abel, a adjectival dette ofthe vel-knowa PE rot ‘ig "fear. Gk er "ight, dead” < "by. The orginal meaning of dil rst be been "Fafa, cowering” om whic the stesed sense bred “(als Ay std to men “oui compazed wih “pe, ol” (24 a6). Deapne Bernal speci pleding, howe, the meaning of ir ‘not “woul” bat “te, doom, valent) death, xn” sometimes divine a Doominthesngalr end) Faces inthe pu.” Pron phonetic pint of ow the equation ie hopeew neither here nr elocwhee thee a shed of ‘idence to support Bema oft petted ci dat Eg, was sometimes bor ‘owed arin Gresk He i evne unable to explain, and doe at dens, the eltonship of the eran dsnd Ad the dnt ntbuion of wich ‘desoasttes that Abi mtsimpya phonetic vant of krshowing she naw Wed Came = 95 sal Aue loue change of 0, Bosh wean a ely aconted for “certain PIE one ou han gy (Genag teal “cut selon” thoes Tat), Such el nouapertety og in PLE ems--waad hae ded sweaty Grek unig hr, hans te “ok” no hich ar) wet tena the ott of depart eon of cw Som Aso date era ovo th 0 good TE elo isi by Bez Som pst phar rising fa tog) This isu pow ule a po eer erected by Gk. bin cocoa ea wor andthe Egypan ate py cobs Whe aoving fo ge Gg in then Bypian booing ie pin unguent(cBa o ‘gnc abo and potas“ bec” (c Bo ca). Ba eh Se Sie objection o Berl slog came fom he Mjcetean, ‘edie usa) which shows at the bo th wor, ket 2 nb “nha” ihe “Tbe goes ack sco lenin Invent it vlan of lk An Beale rm of oe tees of bila he Sade "n0 pone acy oh he eerson fit om Et cond wl, howe ele poe ‘gun iste ag gy ess tee ofthe sin randy Menineen 48) Then empl po rls nero te I ioe day bok down ea ving psn ee sore ar pclae wigs othe sound ann ig ore Ont entry 20 bing tees is kw hich he bee ign sce ted wie denon od ai rn hich te abl sige toed wit a denon abo” “tly whic Beal lows a "ie glony” edo come mn he Scritctoot "ered Bathe agin th des bon eke the i aoking cnet “acre hy shoe the Greck words which siupiy meas “enown” Nolo costcaion mike dt pooch fora na worn tit pl tin aes ety tl ‘ce epee of formal ype which we ov borings belong, The fil more, mee Formate st he ot pope a ‘hichaloappear wth ao Sagecfrmening incase Aaa gl ‘and he eompeindl comtining fm 6 Aad "n ehh ‘nea ave gory" Campion with Sekt ond ote ngage tes at the chon inegaardemtion paternal bade te Stn th wehae t of PI Seonal as iowm cael a Cad Law, Aeration ef his ope became cot 0 xy the hey of ‘Grek tt ws fais wich xi Calan evi val sae direct inheritances from the pagent language. Not surprisingly, Aldor has & 196 © rn aanorr ano Lan oes arate eerste ee Serene nnn Ne taPierhe e ee nents pia cgay eer ee eer See eral sirieeceameeaeie eons Se pate errr Tre gener erg Be cones praia and Late 2 literally “barley in barley’. . [or] ‘really r Tonsil orca yur he ne he mig cd ee Sa Scemeageecre See Seeiiteh Sees nh omen oa twa got cet aoe een Seeger eats =e Pee peace ee soca ieee iireumeineseee fo tackeos um ah” ach cording to Bern cab plwly aohig arena ee pba ete ti te payee ote imerrcenoimsa Scere oem Se ee ee Work Goow + 197 i rl bc pie an Fes eater poereenrearepeenetrs Sei i Seton tc et ect ot eeh aetan nee comet Some Sete a eer ponies pant Coplay b ree Paioatuntassse cme Sacenee Rete enacts peste fg lmeetchenp apes Basel Samal eae, 2ltety rigceieuerttia uae Toe Tibco ii ohne SLUG Com mt oe ge arn ain sa pce wed crmartealus ati ct fan eae novos wate pty ey Stina a cr Fach de a eT a fom Se tam a tno a ema ccna ee Ting dione eae cra ope mteatinaya tiga ora prem nd cosine Seopa Seay che Se a a Hobe saintaoeteanigcrr ose Sip fhemiecawaranesbes et rae an nts nar ol ss neeT tpn (ie Enact at copa ear hee Poets oa Tha Tartitte nn Sealer arse setter te den nde pl rants path hae ie aeons Sherciesowas eae one ania 1 Awe eon tian Ym ‘aested in Derote a8 fn’ meaning (render tru, justi)” (4 “hres lew neater ttt piiceat icone tment Soacaditvtgcc net Stee dt nance yng CODES ied ae een tmoxphloge poit of wen eras deon gprs het hat fd hope conned wit eves Tower” To dered tere i wold scm merely to cone te tne interpretation of ind ons son bt the fot“ padel eg 0 an “p= vein” bade ie prev” Chat uf) Bra mply {rt this ania re ae ot se whee be wall low the gi of ‘Hk poston ad deve b ety Gom te Bpyptan ve (le rd, wich onside pu hypoees pase“ meas ins “pe” any cae shoal be atl that Gk cn plas be compared ache pofotm *wdhbe Sar 0th yo ober epee” “pl “oor” snug by Bera to bea borowing fom Bg. (& Cepif "oend” (A 359). Te eis an odo, is ‘otinpowie hati hs indeed boon borowed to Grek Eom some hie ngage. But the phonetic ft beroen the Geek ad the Egypen fens very poo. On che ype sd, spotted out by X He Peo: (sr het of Cops of ptt a MieEgypsan seed long vorsh whee offen tor Bera, wo eam tha 0 us foe Tech notes whe hyo sere his parposs dee ieee nso ‘Shay ah inthe ecotrcton of Anta Egypt vowels om Cptie™ ‘eu teadeacosy ines nieve page fo Gade Ga “the ‘Ror unal ewe fe howere oop Oar’ rx poston on be ‘meonatucton of Eggpe vocal, aly, at "oles lave seceded in etesmiig Som the Cope he poston ond he get (eis oss) of Teotginal wwe ina lage uber of wont bathe ule iferlesseasly ‘sca (py) One Grek oe cle frm he Meese ‘paling grgee “two sword hat he Prt-Grck form of ide began ‘ih the tern, which sc nconpeebensble a a efex of Eg, 1Bemals olin to seep the Mpcnsean form under der fer nyting ome aoe he syn cae of ignetpecon” Ti alco i, Ab) ond” al be boning ‘tm Hg (tg) The sant, for once, re unenepionable, The Gree dls form homer pot saga Prow-Grek "Ee. i, with athng bot on iia comonant in common —aod dae laters hon with Betas Egyptian compu." Ont oer fad the conespondenc esc wh Sit. se bere "Bowsend” (or treats on") wich nes together with De prone of the Grek fos Sables «PIB ave “Be, tel «dente of te nn le Sfhowad? Sk, mina ean hoger) Tre dedvtion of Ai, te tn PE iaoieymigheorveed pola hat eqs emphasis Inligh of Bera oor that 2. Channin,thepteipal autor of ene of ‘besa Grek cool iors Gente) ed "nny Focal ‘tees wih dein? Ts ina minepeestaon The dcusion Wink Gom 199 ohh Renal aude (Chas, ps6), which wa acl hoe by JL Pile, merely mgers-wrongy no opnon tht more han oe ln ne fo i wor in Etre. tt (let ti ir, id, ne) “tere” i connected by Ben — cosy a happete—vi the ve na" del?” (146), He aks Soh am te Sete oom or which provide no plow we pre beha mind Hebe al wel” Ths i phonology topo The sori of mb on he em star which sow hat the presen a ‘eclmant go bak op Gh ny, wha or Par allowed by te com- ‘on present forming ais "yo rset om the ste ta et towers, he pcoem is coaarocie a sed sem ar “abit tim obich beame the sue, vinndependenty meted ond changes rope ote individ Gok des, of t,o and he oer ete forms Al hatte Gre nd Serie wort ra connen is tial one gan npreunscrsenaas shes wien al he evant {hs ad foo retaken into conierton. should be emphasied t the ojos to Bera’ eymaogy ain no wy ied by ef at trad nahapento lack poi e cognate athe ter IE ange ‘Wecnd out hore Thr expe jist er wich ness of ers oul en be sted ae inno wy exept or ype. Tern cermin mene tll of Berl eymologie. In ch oe» Grek woud is mid ‘Come tom’ oa Egy Sei expreion to which 8 bes some fe or fied sy of mening a's vga ofien eterely temas phot resemble, No fits made wo go bad the eit of wppeanaces Lnows sod ineblefts bout he ey of india foxms a ema gue, cere or pred. Above a, there ba heoughging cone pose cossency vowels ae Ae sod dappest o conmand, conan aunt beyond sogaiion, {4 “aot” pores Ike become sca anying that Bera dt eta” ona he fn of B.A and ad give Ge rand ‘ili, especie). To beta, an ect ofc for he conto: he ‘nconisenc tht weber in tb etn of ig sounds, Besa tli are do diferee ia dte at wbehnial word wre Borrowel athe ke ao ere to abst ti ci by agsing for ‘eam that Greek wards vic eh the “sty” want of E70 eomiteraly show the "ext and ever the te” or "middle" tetont fhe srl aie ound band Tn fy ute lee hat no ech gala ex the pothesis fete eat vero late ate ‘oowtngis ply aot ea an uta aspen won ony fanaon bt genet ply of oxreaic aad wee emolgis "Were reinded in his comes of page sate begining the 0 1 Jana peANorT ano stam nossa Sse volume of Blk Ais, where Beco discusses te dtereacesberween 1 "eonsrucveouaide sda agosto,” such a Mel Vents the de ‘eres of Linear and "crank," such sIncanuel Velo, de suthor (ofan exe and very diferent "Revied Ancient Moe!” of Eatern Medi tecranern history. Can, walike conserve Innovator, Beral as end to "kd aewuoknown and unlnowlefctorint thi horse con ‘ent, men fom outer space, plneary clisions, et” (A 1:6). We agree, ‘oti merely that whet thet dove lot continents Bernal ascomplishet june sacesily or nsueceasflly—wit et contrat. ONCLUSION (ar judgment, chen, i that Hema’ cain to have ancoveed “handed of viable Geel-Egyptin and Grek Semitic etymologies ip fale We ‘loube that hess discovered esen ove such ecology chats wholly ew Crs here ace Sei and Egypian botonings a Grck, bt hey a6, standard beloved, elnively ow in mamberand vik seme conepioao ‘ceptions onthe Semiicsde—Iate in ate. Tadeo if thee i any postive Tgaisce esl that can be ad to Fllow from Bak Aten iat nce ‘of the dentiale Semitic and Egyptian loan words a Grek have aleady been Foun, sr Bernal snremiting seach fo furthetenarpes ha been 0 notably sapeodostv. al hie amounts 1 4 Yery tong argument against ‘he Hesed Ancient Model, which poss intimate aud polonged contacts ‘of presiely che kin that ought ave been sect in a lege an rane. patent body of econd millennia oan words. In elsi to Bernal overall et thelial evidences wore than abep- Some reader wil nd ths eaition stspelsing nit ealy pose haa vite so obviously well-ed a Been, o apparently profit a3 waety of dial lagsages snd 0 clestly "on the rght nie" ofa garat of cle tual sues cas be as wooag ab We say hes? The anes, wortaraey is thar where linguie evidence concerned it is posable wo be vey wong indeed. Now edacated nonspecelits including claicits, rchacaogats, fd historsoe—are at best only din aor of how Imgusgecn be wed at 4 tool fr kvenguig the pat. For the gene read of «work ike Ble Aden, tall to easy fll ito the ep of contig the sud of pee slat axa with heey of pier of suppoing ha knowledge of an atane langage ithe only prreglt ospsking wth autor om is istry or to making meanings cover about pein conacts ‘withotber languages Ths the general view nthe dxteenhy seventeenth, 2d eighteenth cents the Golden Age ofthe Ancient Modlin Besta’ teling—when scholars of leisure, well-vered in a viet of Western and ‘Oneal angeages fled learned tomes wah erudite rosens deeving CA Wika 5 at sete fe Here nd Hen fom Lat sh gs 10 hen Vie ek nee deers mous up bing cology tse sn ‘Teh he cae Cound fri nde oreo osig tal Therany i tower int ede of compre ploy the eens cny a» genane np frond in he el pore {SF humin kage x nd Barofanina maybe shut ome eth pron of tine =e does Bea, od 0 Go we bey ‘feb get scr ohne ering wd odio emery ante te dcline of tn nga hk oto od the oo thr ter, wes a pomein fa toe of fr Son ho thoy of parle guage ond sos he ees ovnsngbngge change geal Moho hs infation ene Schumer an fie ese te gee render, Dot he method of Toeialingie zeae any colnge vena pele ‘elrmolopi dicate andere ary se rable or mot eft wrt major haguge flee. Te ty of word smocton pret. So alg gen eal panicn for onkeng” he ae ship of obey the ce thn ew eae ae pik, Bo Ielogn Aledo npn wth be ven of he compen tet ny mete tan Wold ack-epanay td sgl i {Ppa ath the dewiopnent of higher maence Obra vse Bisty (or cmp Hangin fo tern oe Cal Man fem ‘eect be found ines of any weld wives ey ‘fen ch oc inp ch lng expences of hia Shon w ne of beok esd Gn Pech) cent [= Vue), ‘eae Tino Comes On th Ci Se aid i ‘Ri bye Frenchy geal Hee Nols Fe. ry wet Ahr by bos hie sms bd progr hp were ew le teeing ora Te ri pin td ih ote ‘Bhd ft Hil mpi The no meting dence ‘enwcen ror ke he writen cary a ad contemporary es ke sme~Land ng Se (DR. Sn, hh ae 4 Jigme gin sachiigeo Areca "Elam he i tobe tom pa ren ies La era fh ero el). An epi compo line ek inguiie itera pled yh wv pops eprtn former” a oun fo ta pial pesto inthe etc esos of Bay Fell {tte AC. sp). ato + forme profesor of aie Mlogy 1rd fins re Cheon “ctu on aie of New Weed Ineo langage fic coe each mite of15, 408 5 nit asiore a Aas aN ‘Scots Gael, and Welt with « confsted porpoun of Seale and Beye tan. Another wok pervaded by an informed Cekomania is Te Whe Golder 48, ube “hss ranma of poetic nth,” bythe wel ‘esowa Baglch pet Robere Graves: Unlike Baal, Gave only margiaally Jnvereted inating the reeved view ofthe Grela, but inhi alent for genenting ussound exymologes in suppor of zac hypouses he is ‘neatly Bernal equal Ie rong ashore thts thet we believe Bema yas ented his place in the history of scholehip. As fr a “the ngustic cvdence” goes Black Athens shin mote han + White Goes with ‘dierent to grind, Notés ‘We wold ier thn Anna Marpngo Dei, Gert iit, Ies God, ‘Sted ano and Jens Ween for able pi th pepo of it ‘i All ero ule pei coded tooo ‘We flow th manda pace f wing gue bso to repent photic spon. The mtr Sootrs escuela 1 Rebuy, ba Sita sowed "ee Het” of Bea, sar bsta sey econ ere, 1 Sholrho Belev tha he Ansmann aguas pl ffm the et ofthe ‘amy before Tale, Genie, Gres began 0 die fom ech er ten pee the erm “indo” to "indo Burp” Bel fll is age ‘Salenin be radon Tndo Bape hee ‘The aybol °rproens« PIB csqwonant—on of the sl “tye gall vtowe phones le ltr, Therlarnon beter tren “Reser ineeted ia ein ths fr hemes ay wish 1 compare eset ee fer atin nd Pavel fo Hee The tnd Grek ey moll ington ae Chane yan Peep Bera ee ot ‘oe th ater wok Saye tres” but wake mont ter aaa ia shows nee pga en vain Co), wth shortens ke th se (ate lr ke Marte belong oh eed sf ous at ee ‘muerte thcmeclie, dis oe ofthe ery fw cnt ea ic he Sigel in -e thn y-o ashowng tha tw fhe recone ‘ee as xl ong CH, Conor doighement of ter ad Lea A See it sv fod sos na sepunce oe hiinmedie cil he ne lie ‘oh orto Sod Semicon vss esti n the New Woe ee, fg sC-H Gordon) Note lice names in ore Halaman, itd) ‘ea found Arar. 7 Wher pul Seni fers ae ce rm he doy ted Nerve Wed Gama = 303 Sent ngage btn Poi, Ug The vowel of Poss and See EFS ype ba can ene mite fm compan nod ‘ere Mf Sane tp. on wich he following dcuson i te. Bain wie ing ite Paola ond Ups: wig = ply omoemi Some formation ction ae mata Hypo ened om he oof Concannon pont eypin mane eg Ong 7 ree Hoge ue of th Geek velit (hy dv epee be Selle atta een op agent the See and Bayes ina yf hd sgh aped pomneiinn, na tale hol be ware at othe dacanion that follows we ate 2%, In gros, bers ale och eae of Bsa lowes and wnscipion of (ySoan ha Sms fox fh ty of hs Gres lone nye ‘spl oe tlw sch checking is bay eed sth eommeton of Tih ta ano ago bass in ts he could wlan Epp of Sec word sec igh oe pais ofS nd Egyptian ished byt ces sot of mons eed and rent appease ch Hockipe. +) Date Beals hana, he ce of consent inhi gyptin-Gres so one Gre phone openers cana be expand yb eng Tae dats of booing blo. Tie "cement ene ered by the wood “spe” fim an mediate ocean Heb, th vy The wand rm pap ac ily 0 be conn vith Ait Bdge” dor eal hav spn lb the cg of hi ae ieee ‘Sty wskoown 1 Lo fraes god excl of Bera raat eps econ beer in bitneson of he ly eaters mune Beal ay" Oat win Grok est ‘a Toad Rowen gy ao sigd ged md tn a. The core mea Tag of he wad wel over” (24:79) Mt fh ite fc "Te png a Sbo to whch Botella (46) igen and nica “Tooundelying se the ative pu nee "tight, Shing” (gr Shc) tering whch hed ina "vito "pect" via the me gue of TINIE Ergin tesa bl, Bea los "og" ipsam Seite terthn Gijon hound Ang ohare mane msg have treat i” oth hehe bn fo te glo wol™ exper ws compete Beals egrets ending be Bp area “Anat, with ial swt ne comply 9 oe our to st te Bn oF he gods’ Tee ch wos vel pvecy sulle nc tine is ef ein a Ai oC Lee io 9h hol este ha heer ti, bik a an npn pat mal abort aepes jo) the glo ot ea wot of rorainenten ‘athe na cxcption hat roe thi le esha wens only when—s8 eg: HEH JNANOR AND ALAN NEHER acckute en eatceemte Sth wn nn pl wi sign yen, Tis bn ‘ating on he work eed by Berl wih lh oo nla ay ‘She we aot ke ftom tne oat the a gre qr gn ‘erie be egies gwar sooe aged aminuts) ated pio goo Pr a Son oe anne gyn Serpe Coo spt wh pn pene "Ape Iyolgy gala Pp ya. 2 Nini fon ttn aed og of bt of te ang ch ss ceichaccmpei he phate: conn of Ale teh 2 Therein oy fy Ck. Minden sendin ple

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