MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE MERSING, JOHOR

TACKLING LENS ABERRATIONS FOR PERFECT IMAGES

(CATEGORY: PHYSICS)

TEAM MEMBERS:

ADRIEANA NOOR ZAININA BINTI NOOR HISHAM

NURFATHIN HUMAIRAH BINTI RAMLI

FACILITATOR:

MS. FAUZIATI BINTI AB WAHAB

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.

This research was partially supported by Department of Physics, Universiti Putra

Malaysia. We thank our colleagues who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted
the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations of this paper.

We thank Ms Fauziati Binti Ab Wahab for assistance with particular technique and
methodology, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaidan bin Abdul Wahab, Head of Department of Physics,
Universiti Putra Malaysia for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

We take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the MARA Junior Science
College Mersing members for their help and support. We also thank our parents; Mr Noor
Hisham Bin Karmin, Mrs Sarimah Binti Ismail, Mr Ramli Bin Hamid and Mrs Su Faizah
Binti Ramli for the unceasing encouragement, support and attention.

We also place on record, our sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or
indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the writing on this thesis is our own, except for quotations and
summaries of the other authors works which have been duly acknowledged.

Signature : ________________________

Name : ADRIEANA NOOR ZAININA BINTI NOOR HISHAM

Date :

Signature : _________________________

Name : NURFATHIN HUMAIRAH BINTI RAMLI

Date :

Signature : __________________________

Name : MS. FAUZIATI BINTI AB WAHAB

Date :

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 CONTENT

NO. CHAPTER ITEM PAGE

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

2 DECLARATION ii

3 CONTENT iii

4 ABSTRACT 1

5 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.2.1 HOW DOES WAVELENGTH OF DIFFERENT

COLOURS AFFECT ITS FOCAL LENGTH?

1.2.2 WHY DOES LENS ABERRATION IS USED AS

THE METHOD TO OVERCOME CHROMATIC AND
SPHERICAL ABERRATIONS?

1.2.3 HOW DOES DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX

(DSLR) CAMERA TACKLING LENS ABERRATION
TO SNAP THE PERFECT PICTURES?

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 USAGE OF PHYSICS CONCEPT TO OVERCOME

PROBLEM

1.3.2 INVESTIGATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

LENSES

1.3.3 TO SIMULATE THE LENS MODIFICATION IN

DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

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6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 DEFINITION OF LENS ABERRATION

2.1.1 SPHERICAL ABERRATION

2.1.2 CHROMATIC ABERRATION

2.2 DEFINITION OF PERFECT IMAGES

2.3 DEFINITION OF TACKLING LENS ABERRATION

FOR PERFECT IMAGES

2.4 THE DISCOVERY OF THESE ABERRATIONS

2.5 WAYS TO OVERCOME THESE ABERRATIONS

2.6 PHYSICS OF COLOUR

2.7 SPECTRAL COLOUR

2.8 COLOUR IN THE EYE

2.9 STRUCTURAL COLOUR

2.10 THE MECHANISM OF LENSES IN DIGITAL

SINGLE LENS REFLEX (DSLR) CAMERA

7 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 18

3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 VARIABLES

3.2 MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

3.3 METHOD / PROCEDURE

8 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS / DISCUSSION 24

4.0 INTRODUCTION

4.1 RESULTS

4.2 DISCUSSION

9 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION / SUGGESTIONS 26

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 5.0 INTRODUCTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

10 REFERENCES 27

11 APPENDIX 28

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ABSTRACT

There are two main factors that cause blurry images. Those factors are spherical aberration
and chromatic aberration. Spherical aberration occur due to the geometry of the lenses while
chromatic aberration occur due to the different wavelength of different colours. The
objectives of this research is to stimulate Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera. DSLR
camera corrected the aberration based on lens modification. As the result, the quality is
upgraded and more defined image are produced. Based on this research, we emulate the
conducive system with focused at the same position in the focal plane by using lens
modification method.

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter concerns about introduction that had been searched in the Internet and
being supervised by our facilitator and supervisor. In this chapter, we as researchers
will explain how was the idea sparked and the root or the basic of this research.

1.1 Background of the problem

Nowadays, sharp images are very important as it contains 1001 important memories.
However, sharp images are difficult to obtain as the wavelength of different coloured
light are different.

Thus, the image points at different points will produce blurry image. So we are
looking for the solution which can conduce sharp images by converging all the light
rays on the same point.

In 1729, James Bradley, an astronomer was first to observe the theory of

aberration. So, we are looking forward to explain and promote on how the lenses
working in order to overcome this aberration. This is due to the modification of lens.
Therefore, in order to obtain perfect images, lens modification method is used in our
project.

1.2 Problem Statements

1.2.0 Different colour of lights contain different wavelength. However, we are

inquisitive on how does wavelength of different colours affect its focal length.

1.2.1 The thickness and type of lenses influence the focal length of the light rays. In
order to overcome chromatic and spherical aberration, why does lens
modification is used as a method to force the light rays to converge on the
same spot?

1.2.2 Lens aberrations are natural phenomenon that will occur and affect the image
captured. However, Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera is able to
overcome the lens aberration to snap perfect photo. We are curious with the
ability of Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera tackling lens aberration
to snap perfect pictures.

1.3 Objectives

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1.3.0 Usage of Physics Concept to Overcome Problem

To overcome the aberrations effect in photograph, we have to use Physics concept

which refraction, colour spectrum and waves. The concepts are totally useful in
overcoming aberrations to produce perfect pictures.

1.3.1 Investigating Physical Properties of Lenses

We learn to figure out the effect of different wavelengths of different colours

towards their focal length which can be reduced by the modification of lenses.

1.3.2 To simulate the lens modification in Digital Single Lens Reflex camera

We want to simulate the lens modification in Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)
camera in order to make sure that people not only know how to use the camera,
but they totally know how the camera functions and know how to avoid the
producing of blurred images by tackling the aberration phenomenon.

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1.4 Significance of the study

The study of tackling lens aberration is significant in order to simulate the physics
concept, light waves for lecture session. This experiment can also be used as
educational kit to ease the students understanding this concept thoroughly.

This experiment is very simple but is able to explain numerous subtopic in light
waves topic. Thus, this experiment is very suitable and flexible to be used as an
educational kit as it includes affordable cost and short preparation time.

The topic of light is very important to us, especially for form four and form five
students that we have to investigate more about it. Light topic is very complicated and
this is proved when Albert Einstein himself. Construct two different hypothesis of light.
Light is a wave and light is a particle. Thus, this experiment that we constructed is
perfect for increasing the learning outcomes about light.

Physics is the study of nature. This study is also significant as an initiative to

attract form four and form five students to experience physics phenomenon to help
them to understand the concepts and scores flying colours in exams. This is a
consequence to the technology era which produce students who are more attracted with
technology when the students are able to master the concept of light especially
aberration and know how to overcome the phenomenon, they can apply the knowledge
in their daily life such as capturing photo using a camera.

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1.4 Hypothesis

Focal length increases as wavelength increase. The thickness of lenses are also
affecting the focal length of light convergence. Modification of lenses will reduce the
lens aberrations phenomenon which are commonly known in photography world. In our
experiment, we use high quality laser along with convex and concave lenses which
consists of different thickness and sizes.

Besides, this experiment will bring new knowledge for people nearby us to get to
know about what aberration is. It also will explain how does the method to overcome
this problem being done.

1.5 Research design

This research consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the beginning and the roots of the
idea.

Chapter two contains review of literature that are found or written by previous
scientists and authors about the main idea of this research.

Chapter three explains on how the experiment carried out. On first attempt we use
only single convex lens. Second attempt we use the initial convex lens and a concave
lens as for the third attempt, we use the combination of convex and concave lens along
with the initial convex lens.

For chapter four, the data obtained and tabulated. The table and figures shown
then were discussed together.

Last but not least, for chapter five we draw a conclusion that should be tally with
the hypothesis and we suggest several ideas of improvements for future researcher.

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1.6 Theoretical framework

Reading Experiment Result

Idea Hypothesis Discussion

Brief research
Problem
of literature Conclusion
statement
review

1.7 Limitations

In completing this study, we have to face some limitations that affect the accurateness
and errors in our result.

First limitation that we have to face is regarding the apparatus used. This is because
the apparatus needed for this experiment are expensive. We also face some difficulties
in finding the high quality apparatus as they are limited.

Second, the condition is limiting our finding. For this experiment, we need a total
dark room in order to obtain perfect shot of the experiment. Unfortunately, we are
unable to obtain it due to some internal factors.

Last but not least, we are lack of perfect method to carry out the experiment because
of some issues due to the apparatus and materials error.

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1.8 Definition of terms

1.8.0 Definition of Spherical Aberration

Monochromatic defect that causes the image to appear blurred and slightly out of
focus named as spherical aberration. This imitates the similar effects of flare.

Lenses usually made with spherical surfaces, rays of light which are parallel
to the principal axis but at different distances from the principal axis may fail
towards converge to the same point. This is because the outer parts of a lens are
optically stronger than the central part.

Figure 1.1 Shows the Spherical Aberration

1.8.1 Definition of Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic aberration occurs because of different wavelengths of colours of light

that refract at slightly different angles in a provided lens.

Thus, the red, green and violet images may not be equally in focus at the
same focal point. There are two forms of chromatic aberration, longitudinal and
transverse aberration.

Figure 1.2 Shows the Chromatic Aberration

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1.8.2 The differences between chromatic aberrations and spherical aberrations.

Diagram 1.3 The differences between Spherical Aberration and Chromatic Aberration

1.8.3 Definition of Perfect Images

Perfect have various meanings based on Oxford Dictionary.

i) Having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or

characteristics; as good as it is possible to be.
Synonyms: ideal, model, without fault, faultless, flawless,
consummate, quintessential, exemplary, best, ultimate, copybook;
ii) Absolute; complete (used for emphasis)."a perfect stranger"
Synonyms: absolute, complete, total, real, out-and-out,
thorough, thoroughgoing, downright, utter, sheer, arrant, unmitigated,
unqualified, veritable, in every respect, unalloyed

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 Image

i) A visible impression obtained by a camera, telescope, microscope, or

other device, or displayed on a computer or video screen.

Synonyms: picture, photograph, snapshot, photo

ii) An optical appearance or counterpart produced by light or other

radiation from an object reflected in a mirror or refracted through a
lens.

Synonyms: reflection, mirror image, likeness

Thus, an optical appearance that have all the required and desirable
elements, qualities and characteristics defines perfect image.

1.8.4 Definition of Tackling Lens Aberration for Perfect Images

Tackling lens aberration for perfect images is an initiative to deal with the
divergence of the accomplishment of an optical system from the predictions
of paraxial optics that leads to blurring of the image produced in order to
get perfect images. These aberrations are corrected by using lens
modification method so that light from one point of an object converge into
a single point after transmission through the optical system such as lens and
mirror.

1.9 Summary

The study of tackling lens aberration for perfect images is conducted in order to
investigate more about light aberration that causes blurry and fringes images in
photographs.

We apply Physics concept (Light wave) in order to prove that light aberrations are
actually exist in our daily life. The experiments that we had conduct is the best way to
show people especially Form 4 and Form 5 students and explain to them about the lens
aberration.

In Chapter II, the review of literature that are discovered and written by the
previous scientists will be presented.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.0 Introduction

This chapter concerns about literature review that had been searched in the Internet and
being supervised by our advisor. In this chapter, we as researchers will explain in detail
about others project that are related to ours.

2.1 The Discovery of These Aberrations

Aberration is historically significant because of its role in the development of the

theories of light, electromagnetism and the theory of special relativity. It was first
observed in the late 1600s by the astronomers who was searching for stellar parallax in
order to confirm their research about the heliocentric model of the Solar System.

In 1729, James Bradley provided his theory which classically explain the terms of
the finite speed of light are related to the rotation of the Earth in its orbit around the
Sun, which he used to make one of the earliest measurements of the speed of light.

However, Bradley's theory was inapplicable with the 19th century theories of
light, and aberration became a major motivation for the Aether drag theories of
Augustin Fresnel in 1818 and G. G. Stokes in 1845.

The aberration of light along with several other scientists experiments led Albert
Einstein to develop the theory of special relativity in 1905, which provided a full of
conclusive explanation for the aberration phenomenon.

2.2 Ways to Overcome These Aberrations

Spherical aberration are fortunately can be prevented by using a parabolic element

rather than using a spherical element. However, these are more complex and
expensive to build. High quality lenses are having at least one of these aspherical
elements. Spherical aberration is one of the contributor to the loss of contrast and
vignetting.

Special achromatic or apochromatic doublet lenses are designed to correct

chromatic aberration. A lens that is affected by chromatic aberration will show fringes
of colour at the edges of a subject in its respective image of picture.

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 In 1947, Scherzer had described several ways of correcting these aberrations
by abandoning one or other of the assumptions. The use of transverse lenses and
octopole to cancel the spherical aberration of lenses with rotational symmetry about
the principal axis.

In 1961, Venyamin Kelman and Stella Yavor pointed out that the chromatic
aberration of a quadrupole with four electrodes and four magnetic poles at 45 to the
latter, can take either sign and is hence a potential C, corrector.

In 1967, David Hardy demonstrated the reliability of this proposal, using a

mixed quadrupole multiplet. He also examined the effect of such a corrector for
spherical aberration. Chromatic correction becomes impractical beyond 500kV.
Corrector which consists of five combined electrostatic magnetic multipoles was
tested on a homemade column.

The mechanical centres of the multiple lenses were very different from the
magnetic centre. In addition, the magnetic centre also makes us could never align the
system and maintain this alignment.

However, quadrupoles and octopole are not the only multiple elements that
can provide correction. Vemon Beck realise that spherical aberration can be corrected
by using a suitable combination of sextupoles.

2.3 Physics of Colour

Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength or frequency and

its intensity. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of
wavelengths humans can perceive is approximately from 390 nm to 700 nm), it is
known as "visible light".

Most light sources of different colours emit light at many different

wavelengths. A source's spectrum is a distribution that gives its intensity at each
wavelength. In fact, one may formally define a colour as a spectral class that give rise
to the same colour sensation eventhough such classes would vary widely among
different species, and to a lesser extent among individuals within the same species. In
each such class the members are called metameres of the colour in question.

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2.4 Spectral Colour

Colou wavelength interval frequency interval

r

Red ~ 700635 nm ~ 430480 THz

Orange ~ 635590 nm ~ 480510 THz

Yellow ~ 590560 nm ~ 510540 THz

Green ~ 560520 nm ~ 540580 THz

Cyan ~ 520490 nm ~ 580610 THz

Blue ~ 490450 nm ~ 610670 THz

Violet ~ 450400 nm ~ 670750 THz

Table 2.2 The colour spectrum physical properties

The familiar colours of the rainbow in the spectrum are named using the Latin
word for appearance by Isaac Newton in 1671. This is including all those colours that
can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the pure spectral or
monochromatic colours. The table at above shows approximate frequencies and
wavelengths for variety of pure spectral colours. The wavelengths listed are as
measured in air or vacuum.

The colour table should not be interpreted as a definitive list such as the pure
spectral colours form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided into distinct
colours. A common list of colours identified as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and
violet. Newton's conception included the seventh colour, indigo which is situated
between blue and violet in colour spectrum. It is possible that what Newton said as
blue is nearer to what today we call cyan. In the other hand, indigo was the dark blue
of the indigo dye that was being imported at the time.

The intensity of a spectral colour, relative to the context in which it is viewed,

may include its perception considerably. As example, a low-intensity orange-yellow is
brown and a low-intensity yellow-green is olive-green.

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2.5 Colour in the Eye

The ability of the human eye to identify colours is based upon the sensitivity
of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans are trichromatic
which means to have retina contains three types of colour receptor cells, or cones. One
type of light which is most responsive to light that we perceive as blue or blue-violet,
with wavelengths around 450 nm; cones of this type are sometimes called short-
wavelength cones, S cones, or blue cones.

The other two types are closely related genetically and chemically: middle-
wavelength cones, M cones, or green cones are most sensitive to light perceived as
green, with wavelengths around 540 nm, while the long-wavelength cones, L cones, or
red cones, are most sensitive to light we perceive as greenish yellow, with wavelengths
around 570 nm.

Light, no matter how complex its composition of wavelengths, is reduced to

three colour components by the eye. For each location in the visual field, the three types
of cones yield three signals based on the extent to which each is stimulated. These
amounts of stimulation are sometimes called tristimulus values.

The response curve as a function of wavelength varies for each type of cone.
Because the curves overlap, some tristimulus values do not occur for any incoming
light combination.

For example, it is not possible to stimulate only the mid-wavelength (so-called

"green") cones; the other cones will inevitably be stimulated to some degree at the same
time. The set of all possible tristimulus values determines the human colour space. It
has been estimated that humans can distinguish roughly 10 million different colours.

The other type of light-sensitive cell in the eye, the rod, has a different
response curve. In normal situations, when light is bright enough to strongly stimulate
the cones, rods play virtually no role in vision at all.

On the other hand, in dim light, the cones are under-stimulated leaving only
the signal from the rods, resulting in a colourless response. (Furthermore, the rods are
barely sensitive to light in the "red" range.)

In certain conditions of intermediate illumination, the rod response and a weak

cone response can together result in colour discriminations not accounted for by cone
responses alone.

These effects, combined, are summarized also in the Kruithof curve that
describes the change of colour perception and pleasantness of light as function of
temperature and intensity.

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 Diagram 2.3 Normalized typical human cone cell responses (S, M, and L types) to monochromatic
spectral stimuli

2.6 Structural Colour

Structural colours are colours caused by interference effects rather than by pigments.
Colour effects are produced when a material is scored with fine parallel lines, formed of
one or more parallel thin layers, or otherwise composed of microstructures on the scale
of the colour's wavelength.

If the microstructures are spaced randomly, light of shorter wavelengths will be

scattered preferentially to produce Tyndall effect colours: the blue of the sky (Rayleigh
scattering, caused by structures much smaller than the wavelength of light, in this case
air molecules), the lustre of opals, and the blue of human irises.

If the microstructures are aligned in arrays, for example the array of pits in a CD,
they behave as a diffraction grating: the grating reflects different wavelengths in
different directions due to interference phenomena, separating mixed "white" light into
light of different wavelengths.

If the structure is one or more thin layers then it will reflect some wavelengths and
transmit others, depending on the layers' thickness.

Structural colour is studied in the field of thin-film optics. A layman's term that
describes particularly the most ordered or the most changeable structural colours is
iridescence.

Structural colour is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many
birds (the blue jay, for example), as well as certain butterfly wings and beetle shells.
Variations in the pattern's spacing often give rise to an iridescent effect, as seen in
peacock feathers, soap bubbles, films of oil, and mother of pearl, because the reflected
colour depends upon the viewing angle.

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 Numerous scientists have carried out research in butterfly wings and beetle shells,
including Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Since 1942, electron micrography has been
used, advancing the development of products that exploit structural colour, such as
"photonic" cosmetics.

2.7 The Mechanism of Lenses in Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) Camera

A camera lens is composed of multiple lens elements assembled and fitted

together in a tube called a lens barrel. This photographic lens is known as an
objective or compound lens.

The term objective refers to the complete optical system. Sometimes it is also
used to identify the lens element that is closest to the subject. The camera lens receives
light rays from an object and projects them on an image plane.

A focal plane is a plane that is parallel to the image plane. There are three focal
planes; front, rear, and principal (optical centre). They are also called the focal points.
The perpendicular axis extending through these focal points is referred to as the focal
axis.

The focal length is the distance from the centre of the lens to the front or rear
focal point along its focal axis. For a simple, symmetric lens these are the same
distance. This qualification will become relevant later.

The focal length of a lens is determined primarily by the curvature of its surfaces.
It is also affected by the index of refraction of the glass and the medium in which the
lens resides.

The index of refraction is simply the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum
and the speed of light in a given substance. The greater the curvature, the thicker the
lens, and the shorter the focal length is.

The image distance describes where an in-focus image of the subject is formed. It
can also be described as the point where the rays of light from a distant object converge
and are in focus.

If the image distance is positive, the image is formed behind the focal plane
(typically a convex lens). If it is negative, the image is in front of the focal plane
(typically a concave lens). A negative distance image is also referred to as virtual
image.

The aperture of the lens describes the size of the opening that allows light to pass
through. For example, if the focal length were 200mm, a lens opening of 50mm would
be F4. A lens opening of 6.25mm would be F32.

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 So, for a given focal length, a larger opening will give you a smaller number.
Since the aperture size controls the amount of light that hits the sensor, it directly
effects the amount of time (shutter speed) needed for proper exposures.

Exposure is discussed extensively in many other photography references. The

maximum aperture (smallest number) is important because it directly relates to the
maximum amount of light the lens can capture.

It will usually also reflect the overall quality of the lens. As the focal length of the
lens increases, the diameter of the aperture opening needs to increase to maintain the
same F-stop.

This is ultimately limited by the diameter of the lens barrel itself. The aperture is
frequently positioned as near as mechanically possible to the principal focal plane.

The refractive power of a lens is measured in dioptres and is equal to the

reciprocal of the focal length (1/f) in meters. It is a measurement of the amount that the
light bends as it passes through the lens.

The shorter the focal length, the more the lens refracts the rays of light. Dioptres
are used to determine the magnification power of the lens. A one-dioptre change
increases magnification by 25%.

Lens contrast refers to the lens ability to discriminate tonally between small
adjacent areas in the image, lending a sense of texture and surface. Local contrast is the
lens ability to discriminate tonally between small adjacent areas in the image, lending a
sense of texture and surface.

Local contrast is the lens ability to distinguish different tones within a narrow
range such as highlight to highlight or shadow to shadow. This is exactly what
detuned when you put a softening filter on a lens.

It should not be confused with the overall contrast (range of lightest to darkest
areas) of a scene. Lacking this local contrast, the image will look muddy and lifeless.
Flare or loss of luminance can also cause loss of contract.

In general, lenses producing high quality images have both good resolution and
high contrast. Other factors being equal, a simpler lens with fewer elements will
generally have higher contrast than one with many more elements.

This fact is one major reason that prime lenses usually achieve the highest levels
of optical quality.

Bokeh is a term to define the quality of out-of-focus areas in an image. Bokeh is

the translation of a Japanese word for blur or fuzzy. The effect depends to a large
degree upon the shape of the diaphragm opening and the characteristic circle of
confusion of the lens.

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 Bad bokeh may show up as sharp pinpoint round or odd shaped highlights in near
or far out of focus areas of the image. Good or bad bokeh is a subjective term since
there is no specific scientific measurement. If you see hard-edged, bright, or distracting
shapes, you are seeing bad bokeh. If these highlights are soft edged, and non-
distracting, you are seeing good bokeh.

Compound objectives lenses are comprised of multiple element groups with

different functions such as magnification or focus. Some element groups are used to
correct aberrations such as image area curvature and chromatic shift and to improve
overall resolution (sharpness).

However, more is not always better. Too many element groups can lead to a loss
of contrast. These exotic compound lens designs provide manufactures with the tools to
bend the rules and provide higher quality, enhanced functions, and lower cost.

Some zoom lenses have an associated compensator group that helps to maintain
focus as the focal length is changed. One or more additional compensator groups
provide correction for optical distortion and/or aberrations.

For telephoto lenses, it can make the overall lens size shorter than the actual focal
length. Internal focus (IF) lenses move the focal plane by moving only one element
group, the focus group, instead of moving the entire lens assembly. This reduction in
mass and motion reduces the size of the motors needed, improves auto focus speed, and
contributes to a smaller or lighter lens assembly.

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter concerns about the methodology that had been used in research
performance. In this chapter, we as researchers will explain in detail how the research
undergoes from the beginning. It is including the experiment setup, observation and the
way the data are collected.

3.1 Method

This research incudes the methodology of simulating lens modification of Digital

Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera to correct aberration phenomenon. For chromatic
aberration, we modified different type and thickness of lenses to force the light rays to
converge at the same point.

3.2 Aim

To investigate the relation between wavelengths of different coloured lights, the

thickness of lenses and the focal length of lights converged.

3.3 Hypothesis

The focal length of lights converged increase as the wavelength of coloured light
increase.

When the thickness of lenses increase, the focal length converged increase.

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3.4 Apparatus and Materials

1. Lenses

2. Ray box

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3. Multi-coloured film

4. White laser and torchlight

5. Lenses (Standard Convex Lens, 100mm Convex Lens, 100mm Concave Lens)

26
 6. Stationeries (A4 papers, mechanical pencil, ruler and eraser).

3.5 Variables

Manipulated : Colours of light emitted

Responding : The focal length of the different colours

Constant : The distance between light source and lenses

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3.6 Procedure

A Chromatic Aberration

1. Prepare the apparatus as shown as the diagram below.

2. Emit white light without any coloured film through the ray box.

3. Draw the ray of convergence produced by the white light from the ray box.
This data is used as the constant indicator of the rays.

4. Emit white light with violet coloured film through the ray box.

5. Draw the ray of convergence produced by the white light through the ray box.
6. Repeat step 4 and 5 using red coloured film.
7. Compare the focal length of the rays produced.

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B Modification of lens

1. Prepare the apparatus as shown as the diagram below.

2. Emit white light with violet coloured film through the ray box.

3. Draw the ray of convergence produced by the white light through the ray box.

4. Repeat step 4 and 5 using red coloured film.

5. Compare the focal length of the rays produced.

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CHAPTER IV: RESULTS / DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter concerns about the discussion based on the result that had been obtained in
our research performance. In this chapter, we as researchers will explain in detail how
the results were obtained.

4.1 Results

FOCAL LENGTH (cm) DISTANCE

BETWEEN THE
LENS(ES) USED
VIOLET RED TWO FOCAL
LENGTH (cm)
CONVEX LENS 4.5 5.7 12.0
CONVEX LENS
AND 200mm 6.2 7.0 0.8
CONCAVE LENS
CONVEX LENS
AND 100mm 10.0 10.3 0.3
CONCAVE LENS
CONVEX LENS,
100mm CONCAVE
8.9 9.0 0.1
LENS AND 100mm
CONVEX LENS
Table 4.3 Results on the correction of chromatic aberration

4.1.0 Chromatic Aberration

Diagram 4.1 Before lens modification

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 Diagram 4.2 After lens modification

4.2 Discussion

Based on the result shown at Table 4.3, Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, proved that the
wavelength of light affect the focal length of light converged.

From the experiment, white light are emitted towards the centre of a convex lens and
the ray produced are drawn precisely on A4 paper. The drawing is used as the constant
for the next experiments. The constant is very important as it indicates the normality of
the ray convergence.

Then, violet and red lights are emitted through the lens. Based on Table 4.3, the focal
length of red rays are much further than violet rays. This exactly represent statement that
the focal length increase as the wavelength increase. Wavelength, is the distance between
successive points of equal phase in wave or to be simple, is the length of a wave where
v
= , = wavelength, v = velocity of propagation and f = frequency of signal. Thus,
f
the velocity of light propagation is higher when the wavelength is bigger. That is why red
light converged on further focal point than violet light.

To make sure that the lights emitted are focused on the same focal point, lens
modification is conducted. Convex and concave lens are used in order to converge and
diverge the rays to produce the accurate image. The thickness of lens are modified until
the rays focused on the same point at the focal plane. Thicker lens have stronger power.
1
The thicker lens will produce shorter focal length based on the equation = (n1) [
f
1 1 ( n1 ) d
+ + ] whereas f is the focal length of the lens, n is the refractive
R2 R2 n R1 R 2
index of the lens material, R1 is the radius of curvature of the lens surface which is
closest to the light source, R2 is the radius of curvature of the lens surface which is

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farthest from the light source, and d is the thickness of lens. Thus, when we reduce the d
which is the thickness of lens, the f will increase.

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION / SUGGESTIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discussed about the conclusion of the experiment and suggestions.
Suggestions are important in order to improve the result obtained and the value of the
data collected will be more reliable.

5.1 Conclusion

From the previous chapter, the data obtained from the experiment had been
analysed. According to the result, the combination of multi-sized concave and convex
lenses shows better convergence of red, blue and violet light rays than the usage of one
type of lens.

Besides, the increasing of thickness of lenses causes the parallel light rays
refracted and forced to converge onto the same spot. Thus, the best optimum focal point
is obtained.

Hence, the combination of multi-sized concave and convex lenses will cause the
parallel light rays to converge onto the same focal point thus sharp image is formed.
From the experiment that had been done, we as researchers could conclude that the
experiment achieved its objectives.

5.2 Suggestions

In order to improve this experiment to become more efficient, we as researchers had

suggested several suggestions to improve the ways of overcoming the problems.

We can add a box to cover the model to give the dark effect so that students can
easily see the light convergence before their eyes. This is for increasing their learning
outcomes and to prove that the light aberrations are exist. Some of them are using
suitable lenses that consist of variety refractive index and type of lenses plus its
thickness.

Next, scientists can pursue their studies and investigations in aberration in order
to improve the quality of the image produced by the lens. Lastly, create simpler ways to
help increasing the quality of the images.

REFERENCES

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1) Our supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaidan bin Abdul Wahab, Head of Department of
Physics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.
2) Richard J. D. Tilley (December 2010). Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials:
An Exploration of the Relationship between Light, the Optical Properties of Materials
and Colour, 2nd Edition.
3) Milton Laikin (1995). Lens Design, 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded.
4) Sidney F. Ray (1992). The Photographic Lens, 2nd Edition,
5) http://www.rags-int-inc.com/PhotoTechStuff/Lens101/#L_DIST/
6) http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/c/v/cvm115/proposal/formulating_problem_statem
ents.html
7) http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html
8) https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/thickness-of-lens-and-its-focal-
length.385340/

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APPENDIXES

1. References thesis and report.

2. Data and results (Ray Diagram)

3. Handouts

4. Pictures

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