Diseño Avanzado y de Máquinas.

DOCUMENTACIN PARA EXAMEN
dam
DISEO AVANZADO DE MAQUINAS
Resistencia a Rodadura
Elementos de mquinas.
f v MR
Fu Q Q Q
Fw
G
dm
Q Fw Q+G Fu
f f
3
Seleccin de un Rodamiento
Dos grupos de rodamientos, en principio iguales, se han ensayado bajo dos condiciones de carga P1 y P2. Las
vidas L1 (nmero de revoluciones) y L2 estn relacionadas por la ecuacin de vida del rodamiento.
k=3 para cojinetes de bolas

k=3,3 para cojinetes de rodillos cilndricos
Vida til de un Rodamiento

Si en la ecuacin de vida de un rodamiento, P2=C y la correspondiente vida L2=1x106, entonces la vida del
rodamiento L con la carga dinmica bsica aplicada C, para una carga P vendr dada por:
Cuando se selecciona un determinado rodamiento de un catlogo de fabricante, es Ll saber que la carga
dinmica bsica necesaria para una carga P y vida L, viene dada por:
5
Ecuacin de Vida de un Rodamiento

ISO 281:1990/Amd 2:2000 proporciona una ecuacin de vida modicada teniendo en cuenta la lubricacin,
las condiciones de contaminacin y el lmite de faLga del material.
La ecuacin para SKF de vida Ll modicada es:
donde
Lnm = es la vida til en millones de revoluciones
(para una confiabilidad de 100-n%)
a1 = es el factor de ajuste para una confiabilidad dada.
aSKF= es el factor de modificacin de vida de SKF
Ecuacin de Vida de un Rodamiento

Este mtodo requiere el clculo de la relacin de viscosidad K, de la viscosidad cinemLca de trabajo real de
lubricante v [m2/s] y la viscosidad cinemLca nominal v1 [m2/s], que es funcin del dimetro medio y de
la velocidad de rotacin.
Valores para aSKF son funcin de la relacin de viscosidad K y del producto del factor de contaminacin y
la relacin de caga a faLga/carga nc Pu/P
Tpicos valores para el factor de contaminacin

7
Viscosidad y Temperatura
Grados de Viscosidad
9
Escalas de Viscosidad
10
Viscosidad: Ecuacin de Petro

Dos parmetros adimensionales muy utilizados en lubricacin

El nmero de Sommerfeld se define por la ecuacin:
11
Lubricacin Estable
Qu ocurre si aumenta la temperatura?
12
Diseo de Cojinetes de Friccin

CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES EN EL DISEO DE COJINETES DE FRICCIN
Dimensiones del cojinete:

0,5 L/D 1,5
Capacidad de carga, P=W/LD
13
Diseo de Cojinetes de Friccin

14
Criterios de Diseo para un Cojinete HD

Algunas de las variables en el diseo de cojinetes deslizantes que vienen dadas o son elegidas por el
diseador son:
La viscosidad
La carga por unidad de rea proyectada, P
La velocidad N
Las dimensiones del cojinete r, c, y L
Las variables dependientes son:

El coeciente de friccin f
El incremento de temperatura t
El ujo de aceite Q
El espesor mnimo de pelcula ho
15
Diseo de Cojinetes HD
Nmero de Sommerfeld con distintas variables.
16
Diseo de Cojinetes HD
Uno de los supuestos ms importantes de Raimondi y Boyd es que la viscosidad del lubricante es
constante a medida que pasa por el cojinete.
17
Figura 1.
18
Figura 2.
19
Figura 3.
20
Figura 4.
21
Figura 5.
22
Figura 6.
23
Figura 7.
24
Figura 8.
25
Figura 9.
178 Chapter 5
4. If not already specified, select a lubricant. Lubricant oil selection is a function of speed or
compatibility with other lubricant requirements. Generally as the design speed rises, oils
with a lower viscosity should be selected.
5. Estimate a value for the temperature rise DT across the bearing. The value taken for the
initial estimate is relatively unimportant. As a guide, a value of DT 10 " C is generally a
good starting guess. This value can be increased for high-speed bearings and for low 26
bearing clearances.
Procedimiento de Diseo de Cojinetes HD

6. Determine the average lubricant temperature Tav T1 DT/2 and find the corresponding
value for the viscosity for the chosen lubricant.
7. Calculate the Sommerfield number, S (r/c)2
Elementos demN s/P, and the length-to-diameter ratio.
mquinas.
8. Use the charts (Figures 5.18e5.20) to determine values for the coefficient of friction
1. Capacidad de carga
variable, valor
the total comprendido
lubricant entre: and the ratio of the side flow to the total
flow variable,
1. 0,34 MN/m2flow
lubricant parawith
maquinaria ligera
the values for the Sommerfield number and the L/D ratio.
2. 13,4 MN/m para maquinaria pesada.
9. Calculate 2 the temperature rise of the lubricant through the bearing using
2. Incremento de temperatura
8:30 $ 10%6 P r=cf
DT 1
$ (5.112)
1 % 2 Qs =Q Q=rcNs L
3. 10.
Par necesario para vencer
If this calculated el rozamiento
value en el the
does not match cojinete: value for DT to within say 1 " C,
Par=fWr
estimated
repeat
4. Prdida the procedure
de potencia from step
en el cojinete: (6)
Pot= using the2N
x Par= updated value of the temperature rise to
s x Par
determine the average lubricant temperature.
5. Rugosidad superficial para el mun y el cojinete:
11. Check that the values for the Sommerfield number and the length-to-diameter ratio give a
1. buena
designcalidad
that is0,4-0,8
in the m
optimal operating region for minimal friction and maximum load
2. Equipamiento
capability onde thealta precisin
chart for the0,2-0,4
minimumm).film thickness variable (Figure 5.17). If the
6. Holgura radial c,Sommerfield
operating valores recomendados:
number and L/D ratio combination do not fall within this zone,
then it is likely that the bearing design can be improved by altering the values for c, L, D,
0,001r < c < 0,002r o bien 0,001D < 2c < 0,002D
the lubricant type, and the operating temperature as appropriate.
12. If the value for the temperature rise across the bearing has converged, values for the total
lubricant flow rate, Q, the side flow rate Qs, and the coefficient of friction f can be
calculated. The journal bearing must be supplied with the value of the total lubricant
calculated in order for it to perform as predicted by the charts.
13. The charts given in Figures 5.17e5.24 can be used to determine values for the maximum
t will not fail due to either static or fluctuating loads for the
n, that it will not buckle or deform beyond allowable limits,
ation are sufficiently in excess of the frequency of motion
d aesthetic aspirations are met. 27
Muellesthis
a spring, the parameter modeling y Resortes
is called the spring rate Springs 629
ce-deflection curve of a spring. If the slope is constant, then
Table 15.3: Typical properties of common spring materials.
Constante del Resorte Youngs modulus Modulus of Density Maximum service

Material (GPa) rigidity (GPa) (kg/m3) temperature (! C)
F Music wire
Hard drawn wire
207
207
79.3
79.3
7860
7860
120
150
k Oil tempered
Valve spring(15.1) 207
207
79.3
79.3
7860
7860
150
150
d Chrome vanadium alloy steel wire

Chrome silicon alloy steel wire
302 stainless steel
207
207
193
79.3
79.3
69
7860
7860
7920
220
245
260
F is the applied load (N), and d is the deflection (m).

17-7 PH stainless steel
Phosphor bronze (A)
Silicon bronze (A)
203
103
103
75.8
43.4
38.6
7810
8860
8530
315
95
95
Silicon bronze (B) 117 44.1 8750 95
Beryllium copper 128 48.3 8260 205
Inconel 600 214 75.8 8430 320
Inconel X750 214 79.3 8250 595
AISI 1050 207 79.3 7860 95
AISI 1065 207 79.3 7860 95
AISI 1074 207 79.3 7860 120
AISI 1095 207 79.3 7860 120
Source: Selected data reproduced from Joerres (1996).
The spring rate is also known as the spring constant or spring scale. Spring rates can be linear
or nonlinear.
Springs can be combined in parallel, Figure 15.3, series, Figure 15.4, or some combination of
these. For springs in parallel, the spring rates add directly,
n
X
ktotal ki k1 k2 k3 . kn : (15.2)
i1
For springs in series, the spring rates combine reciprocally:

Xn
1 1 1 1 1 1
. : (15.3)
ktotal k
i1 i
k1 k2 k3 kn
28
Muelles y Resortes
15.2 Helical Compression Springs
The most familiar type of spring is the helical compression spring. In its most common
form, it is madeElementos
from constantde mquinas.
diameter round wire with a constant pitch, as shown in
Figure 15.5. Other forms are possible, such as the variable pitch, barrel, hourglass, and
conical helical compression springs shown in Figure 15.6. In addition to variations on the
29
Muelles y Resortes
640 Chapter 15 Elementos de mquinas.
Wire diameter (in.)
0.004 0.008 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.200 0.400 0.800
450
3000
ASTM A228
400
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (103 psi)

Minimum ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
2500
350
ASTM A313
(302) ASTM A401
300
2000
ASTM A229
ASTM A227 250

ASTM A230 ASTM A232
1500
Inconel alloy X-750 (spring temper) ASTM A229
200
Spring
ASTM A227
ASTM B159 (spring temper CA510) 150
1000
ASTM A313
(302)
Table 15.3: Typical properties
100 of common spring materials.
500
50
Youngs modulus Modulus of Density Maximum
0 1 Material (GPa) rigidity (GPa) (kg/m3) temperatu
0.10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
1.0
2 3 4 5
Springs 629
6 7 8 9 1
10.0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91
Music wire (mm)

Wire diameter 207 79.3 7860 12
Hard drawn Figura
Figure 10.
wire
15.12 207 79.3 7860 15
Table 15.3: Typical properties of common spring
Minimum tensile materials.
strengths
Oiloftempered
spring wire. Associated Spring, Barnes Group Inc.
207 79.3 7860 15
Youngs modulus Table 15.5: Solid Modulus Valve
of to limit
shear stress Density spring
long-term setMaximum
in compression service 207
coil springs to less than 2%.
79.3 7860 15
Material (GPa) Chrome
rigidity (GPa) vanadium
(kg/m ) 3 alloy steel wire
temperature !
( C) 207 79.3 7860 22
ssolid Material condition
Chrome silicon alloy steel wire 207 79.3 7860 24
0.45suts Ferrous without presetting.
Music wire 207 0.35suts
79.3 302 7860
stainless steel
Nonferrous
120 193
and austenitic stainless without presetting. 69 7920 26
Hard drawn wire 207 0.65suts 79.3 17-7 7860
PH stainless steel 150
Ferrous with presetting.
203 75.8 7810 31
0.55suts Nonferrous and austenitic stainless with presetting.
Oil tempered 207 79.3 Phosphor7860bronze (A) 150 103 43.4 8860 9
Source: Juvinall and Marshek, 1991.
Valve spring 207 79.3 7860
Silicon bronze (A) 150 103 38.6 8530 9
vanadium alloy steel wire 207 specify a material, 79.3 7860
guess a trialSilicon
diameter bronze 220 the space available,
(B) considering
for the spring 117 44.1 8750 9
e silicon alloy steel wire 207 check the values 79.3 7860
calculated for Beryllium
spring rate and free length,245
copper and if necessary try128 a new wire 48.3 8260 20
302 stainless steel 193 diameter. This approach 69 is outlinedInconel 7920
below and 260 example. The design
in the following
600 214 75.8 8430 32
-7 PH stainless steel 203 procedure requires accessSprings
75.8
631of data for material properties and wire diameters.
to tables 7810 315
Inconel X750 214 79.3 8250 59
hosphor bronze (A) Table 15.4: 103 1.diameters.dcontd
Select a material43.4 and identify its 8860shear 95 G.
modulus of elasticity 30
Preferred wire AISI 1050 207 79.3 7860 9
Silicon bronze (A) Diameter (in) 103 2. IdentifyDiameterthe 38.6 , operating length, Lo, the
operating force, Fo8530 95installed force, F207 i, and the
Combinacin de Muelles
(mm)
AISI 1065 79.3 7860 9
0.406 installed 10.0length, Li.
Silicon bronze (B) 0.437 117 11.0 44.1 8750
AISI 1074 95 207 79.3 7860 12
0.469 12.0
Beryllium copper 0.500 128 13.0 48.3 8260
AISI 1095 205 207 79.3 7860 12
0.531 14.0 632 Chapter 15
Inconel 600 0.562 214 15.0 75.8 8430 de mquinas.
Elementos 320
0.625 16.0 Source: Selected data reproduced from Joerres (1996).
Inconel X750 214 79.3 8250 595
AISI 1050 207 79.3 7860 95
AISI 1065 k 1 207 k 2 k3 79.3 7860 95
AISI 1074 207 The spring rate
79.3 7860is also known 120as the spring constant or spring scale. Spring rates can be
AISI 1095 207 79.3
or nonlinear. 7860 120
ed data reproduced from Joerres (1996).
Springs can be combined in parallel, Figure 15.3, series, Figure 15.4, or some combina
these. For springs in parallel, the spring rates add directly,
ng rate is also known as the spring constant or spring scale. Spring rates can be linear
X n
ear. ktotal ki k1 k2 k3 . kn :
F i1
an be combined in parallel, Figure 15.3,
Figure 15.3
Springs series, Figure 15.4, or some combination of
in parallel.
r springs in parallel, the spring rates add directly, For springs in series, the spring rates combine reciprocally:
pitch of the coil and diameter, the formation of the end is important. A variety of common end F Figure 15.4
treatments is illustrated in Figure 15.7. Plain ends result from cutting the spring stock Springs in series.
and leaving the spring withna constant pitch. Treatment of the end by some form of machining
X n
X
or pressing can facilitate alignment, and this is the purpose of options (b)e(d) illustrated in 1coils N or the pitch p 1are used to 1define a helical
1 springs1geometry and in associated
1
k k k k k .k :
each of which adds toi the cost 1
total
Figure 15.7, 2 of the 3spring and influences nthe
of production (15.2)
The inner and outerdiameter
analysis. designing
are useful in . and
the mating locating:
performance. The end of a spring can also be formed to improve the connection to mating
i1
ktotal i1 i
k recommended
components. The minimum k1 diametral k2 clearance
k3 between the outerkdiameter
n
components by the incorporation of, for example, hooks and rings. and a hole or between the inner diameter and a pin, according to Associated Spring (1987),
is given by 0.10 D for D < 13 mm or 0.05 D for D > 13 mm.
The principal dimensions for a constant pitch helical compression spring are illustrated in
In addition to the geometrical parameters identified in Figure 15.8 for an unloaded spring,
gs in series, the spring rates combine reciprocally:
Figure 15.8. The wire diameter d, mean diameter D, free length Lf, and either the number of there are a number of useful lengths defined for a spring in use, as illustrated in Figure 15.9.
The installed length is the length after installation with initial deflection dinitial. The operating
length is the shortest dimension to which the spring is compressed in use. The shut height
n
X 1 15.2 1Helical Compression Springs
or solid length is the length of the spring when the spring is loaded such that the coils
1 1 1 1
. : (15.3)
ktotal k
i1 i
k1 k2 k3 k
The mostn familiar type of spring is the helical compression spring. In its most comm
form, it is made from constant diameter round wire with a constant pitch, as shown i
0.004 0.10
0.005 0.12
0.006 0.16
0.008 0.20
0.010 0.25
0.012 0.30
0.014 0.35
0.016 0.40
0.018 0.45
0.020 0.50
0.022 0.55
0.024 0.60 31
0.026 0.65
0.028 0.70
Muelles de Helicoidales de Compresin

0.030 0.80
0.035 0.90
0.038 1.00
0.042 1.10 Springs
Chapter 15 630 Chapter 15 0.045
0.048
Elementos de mquinas. 1.20
Table 15.4: Preferred wire diameters. Table 15.4: Preferred wire diameters.
0.051 Table 15.4: Preferred wire diameters.dcontd
0.055 1.40
Diameter (in) Diameter (mm) Diameter Diameter (in) Diameter (mm)
0.059(in) Diameter (mm)
0.004 0.10 0.063
0.004 1.60
0.10 0.406 10.0
0.005 0.12 0.067
0.005 0.12 0.437 11.0
0.006 0.16 0.072
0.006 1.80
0.16 0.469 12.0
0.008 0.20 0.076
0.008 0.20 0.500 13.0
0.010 0.25 0.081
0.010 2.00
0.25 0.531 14.0
0.012 0.30 0.085
0.012 2.20
0.30 0.562 15.0
0.014 0.35 0.092
0.014 0.35 0.625 16.0
0.016 0.40 0.098
0.016 2.50
0.40
0.018 0.45 0.105
0.018 0.45
0.020 0.50 0.112
0.020 2.80
0.50
0.022 0.55 0.125
0.022 3.00
0.55
0.024 0.60 0.135
0.024 3.50
0.60 k1 k2 k3
0.026 0.65 0.148
0.026 0.65
0.028 0.70 0.162
0.028 4.00
0.70
0.030 0.80 0.177
0.030 4.50
0.80
0.035 0.90 0.192
0.035 5.00
0.90
0.038 1.00 0.207
0.038 5.50
1.00
0.042 1.10 0.225
0.042 6.00
1.10
0.045 0.250
0.045 6.50
0.048 1.20 0.281
0.048 7.00
1.20
0.051 0.312
0.051 8.00
0.055 1.40 0.343
0.055 9.00
1.40
0.059 0.362
0.059
0.063 1.60 0.375
0.063 1.60
0.067 0.067
0.072 640 Chapter 15 1.80 0.072 1.80
0.076 0.076
0.081 2.00 0.081 2.00
0.085 2.20 0.085 Wire diameter (in.) 2.20
0.092 0.092
0.098 0.004 0.008
2.50 0.020 0.040
0.098 0.080 0.200 0.400
2.50 0.800
0.105 0.105 Figure 15.3
0.112 2.80 0.112 2.80 Springs in parallel.
0.125 3.00 0.125 3.00
450
0.135 3.50 0.135 3.50
3000
0.148 0.148 pitch of the coil and diameter, the formation of the end is important. A variety of common e
0.162 4.00 ASTM A2280.162 4.00
treatments is illustrated in Figure 15.7. Plain
400ends result from cutting the spring stock
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (103 psi)

0.177 4.50 0.177
and 4.50
leaving the spring with a constant pitch. Treatment of the end by some form of machini
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
0.192 5.00 0.192 5.00

0.207 2500 5.50 0.207 or pressing
5.50 can facilitate alignment, and this is the purpose of options (b)e(d) illustrated
350
0.225 6.00 0.225 Figure
6.0015.7, each of which adds to the cost of production of the spring and influences th
0.250 ASTM A313 6.50 0.250 6.50
(302) performance. The end of a spring can also be formed to improve the connection to matin
0.281 7.00 0.281 ASTM A401
7.00
components 300
by the incorporation of, for example, hooks and rings. 32
0.312 2000 8.00 0.312 8.00
0.343 ASTM A229
9.00 0.343
The 9.00
principal dimensions for a constant pitch helical compression spring are illustrated i

0.362 0.362
ASTM A227 250
Figure 15.8. The wire diameter d, mean diameter D, free length Lf, and either the number
0.375 0.375
ASTM A230 ASTM A232
1500
Inconel alloy X-750 (spring temper) ASTM A229
200
ASTM A227
ASTM B 159 (spring temper CA510) 150
1000
El Angulo de Paso () est definido en la figura adjunta (inferior a 12) ASTM A313
(302)
100
500
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91
0.10 1.0 10.0
Wire diameter (mm)
Figure 15.12
Minimum tensile strengths of spring wire. Associated Spring, Barnes Group Inc.
TENSIN/ESFUERZO inicial
sysolucionarios.net
Table 15.5: Solid shear stress to limit long-term set in compression coil springs to less than 2%.
ssolid Material condition
0.45suts Ferrous without presetting.
0.35suts Nonferrous and austenitic stainless without presetting.
0.65suts Ferrous with presetting.
0.55suts Nonferrous and austenitic stainless with presetting.
Source: Juvinall and Marshek, 1991.
specify a material, guess a trial diameter for the spring considering the space available,
check the values calculated for spring rate and free length, and if necessary try a new wire
diameter. This approach is outlined below and in the following example. The design
procedure requires access to tables of data for material properties and wire diameters.
Figure 15.7
Common styles of end treatments for helical compression springs. (a) Plain ends.
(b) Plain ground ends. (c) Squared ends. (d) Squared ground ends.
are actually touching. This is the shortest possible length for the spring without crushing it
33
beyond all recognition.
F

Springs are subject to failure by yielding due to too high a stress in the case of static loading or
by fatigue in the case of dynamic loading. In order to determine the geometry of a spring to
636 Chapter 15
avoid such failure, or to determine when failure will occur, it is necessary to consider the
stresses experienced by a spring under loading. F
Esfuerzo Torsional Cortante/Cizalladura debido al Par
Figure 15.10. There are two

T
components of debido
+
The free-body diagram for a helical spring loaded with force F is illustrated in
stress aonla any cross section of coil: a torsional
Esfuerzo Cortante/Cizalladura fuerza
shear stress due to the torque and a direct shear stress due to the force. The stresses T
Spri
accumulate and the maximum F shear stress will occur at the inner fiber of the wires F
cross section. Esfuerzo Cortante/Cizalladura mxima

0.7 F
Tr F FD=2d=2 F 8FD 4F Springs 637

smax 4
20.6 (15.4)
FJ A pd =32 pd =4 pd 3 pd2 Unstable T
0.7 0.5 Unstable

2 Springs 637
/ Lf
where smax is the maximum shear stress (N/m ), T is0.6the 0.4

torque (N m), r is the radius (m),
Stable
4 4 Unstable F
(m ) pd /32 for
J is the polar second moment of area T 0.5 a solid circular cylinder, F Stable
Unstable is Figure 15.10
0.3Stable
0.7 Parallel ends
/ Lf
Free-body diagram for a helical compression spring loaded with force F.

0.4
0.3
0.6
0.2 Stable
Unstable Parallel ends Springs 63
0.5 the load
Non(N),parallel
A is the area (m2), d is the wire diameter (m), and D is the mean coil
ends
Unstable
0.2 diameter (m).
/ Lf
0.1 Stable
Non parallel ends
0.4 0.7
0.1 The spring index is defined by
2 0.6 3 4 Stable 5 6Parallel ends
7 8 9 10
F 0.3 D
2 3 4 5 6 Unstable
7 8 9 C 10 : (15.5)
Lf Unstable
/D d
0.2 0.5
Non parallelLends
f /D
Figure 15.10 Preferred values for the spring index are between 4 and 12. For values of the spring index
/ Lf
areFigure
difficult to15.11
0.1 Stable
Figure 15.11
0.4 below 4, springs manufacture, and for values greater than 12, they are prone to
ram for a helical compression spring loaded
Critical with
buckling force
curves
Critical buckling 2curves F.
for two types of end
3 for 4two
buckling. condition.
types
Buckling
5 6ofbeend
can Adapted from
7 condition.
prevented
Stable 8by Associated
providing
9 10 Spring,
Adapted
either internalfrom Associated
or external support by, Spr
for
0.3 Barnes Group
instance, (1987).
placing the spring in a hole or on a rod. However, frictional contact between the
Parallel ends
Barnes
spring and the support Group
Lf /Dmay reduce(1987).
the force that can be delivered at the spring end. The
0.2 tendency of a helical spring to buckle is proportional to the slenderness factor, which is the
Figure 15.11ends
Non parallel 34
Substituting for the spring curves
index0.1for ratio(15.4)
in Eqn of the free length to the mean coil diameter, L /D, the ratio of the springs deflection
gives to its
Critical buckling two types of end condition. Adapted fromf Associated Spring,
(m2), d is the
free length, d/Lf, and the type of end support used. Figure 15.11 provides guidance for
wire diameter (m), and D isfor thethemean coil
Substituting spring index in Eqn
!
Barnes
determining
2 8FD3
Group "(15.4)
whether
41
(1987). gives
a particular
5 8FD6
combination of these factors results in a stable spring or
7 8 9 10
smax a spring 1
prone K
to buckling. (15.6)
pd 3 2C ! s 3
pdL /D "
Substituting for the spring index in Eqn (15.4) 8FD gives f1 8FD
where Ks is called the direct shear factor smax andis!given Figure
by 1 15.11 K s
3 " 2C pd 3
d by Indice del Muelle Critical buckling curves 8FD
for
Factor two
pd
de types 1 of end condition.
Cizallamiento 8FD Adapted from Associated Spring,
smax 3
1Barnes
1 2C Group Ks(1987). (15.6)
Ks pd 1
factor : and is given pd 3 (15.7)
D where K s is called the direct shear 2C by
C : where Ks is called the direct shear factor (15.5)and is given by
d Substituting
Curved beams for the
have a stress spring index
concentration on the
Esfuezo inCortante
Eqn (15.4)
inner surface gives
of curvature.
mxima 1 The Wahl factor,
Kw, includes both direct shear stress effects and theKstress s 1
! 1
concentration
" : factor due to
Ks 18FD : (15.7)
curvature and is given by Springs 637 2C 1 12C Ks 8FD
ring index are between 4 and 12. For values of the spring index pd3 smax
2C pd 3
(15.
lt to manufacture, and for values greater Curved beams

than 12, have a stress
theytheare 4C
concentration # 1
on the 0:615
inner surface of curvature. The Wahl factor, The Wah
0.7 Curved beams have a stress Kprone
concentration
w to and is given by
on the inner surface of curvature.
(15.8)
where Kboth
Kw, includes s is direct
calledshear direct
stress shear
4C # 4factor
effects and theC stress concentration factor due to
prevented by 0.6 providing either internal K , includes
w curvature or and both
external direct
is given by
shear
support by,8FD stress effects
for 8FC and the stress concentration factor due
Unstable
curvature and contact
is given by Factor de
smax Kw 3 Kw 2 : Wahl 1 (15.9)
g in a hole or onStable
a rod. However, frictional between the
0.5 Unstable
pd4C # 1Kspd 1
0:615 : (15.
2C
/ Lf
0.4 Kw (15.8)
y reduce the0.3force that can Stable be delivered
It is commonly at the spring end. The 4C # 4 4C # C 1 0:615
Parallel endsrecommended that Eqn (15.9) be used for modeling fatigue and Eqn (15.6) for
Curved beams have a stress K
concentration
w on the surface of curvature. The Wahl factor
inner
g to buckle 0.2is proportional to the slenderness modeling a spring factor, which
under static
Kw, includes both direct shear
loading isstress
only. the
Esfuerzo
smax
8FD 4CKand
Kw Cortante

effects
8FC4:
#mxima C (15.9)
pd 2the stress concentration factor due to
3 w
Non parallel ends pd
e mean coil 0.1 diameter, Lf /D, the ratio of curvature
For springsthe springs
with end and isdeflection
treatments, it
given by is to its
necessary to account
8FDfor whether some of the coils are
8FC
inactive and can
7 It is8commonly
be10recommended that Eqns(15.9)
neglected in calculations for
max be K
stress wand
used Kw For
fordeflection.
modeling a spring
fatigue with(15.6) for
: and Eqn
ype of end support used. Figure squared
2 3 4 5 6
15.11 provides
and
modeling
9
ground
a spring
guidance
ends or
under simply
static
for ends,
squared
loading only. each pd
4C
end # 3
coil1 is 0:615 pdand
inactive
2
the number of
Lf /D Kw (15.
ticular combination of these factors
Figure 15.11
active results
coils is given in a
by stable spring or 4C # 4 C
It is For springs with
commonly end treatments, itthat
recommended is necessary
Eqn (15.9)to account
be used for whether some of thefatigue
for modeling coils areand Eqn (
. Critical buckling curves for two types of end condition. Adapted from Associated
inactive and can be
Spring,
neglected
modeling a spring under static loading
Barnes Group (1987). in calculations for
smax only.
8FD
stress
Kw and 8FC For a spring with
deflection.
Kw : (15.
3 2
squared and ground ends or simply squared ends, eachpd
end coil ispd
inactive and the number of
active coils is given by
ubstituting for the spring index in Eqn (15.4) givesFor springs with end recommended
It is commonly treatments, that
it isEqn
necessary
(15.9) be to account
used for whether
for modeling some
fatigue and of thefo
Eqn (15.6)
! "
8FD 1 inactive and can abe
8FDmodeling neglected
spring in calculations
under static loading only. for stress and deflection. For a spring
Na N " 2 Na N " (15.10)
2 (15.10)
Naa
N
whereNN
Nis"
" 22 total number of coils in the spring.
the (15.10)
(15.10)
mber of coils in the spring.
totalnumber
tal numberofofcoils
coils in
inFor
theplain
the spring.
spring.
coils with ground ends,
und ends,
with ground ends, Na N " 1: (15.11)
ith ground ends, 35
Na NN " 1: (15.11)
Thea N " 1: of a helical spring under load F is(15.11)
Na deflection
N " 1: given by
(15.11)
of aspring
helical under
spring under load 3
8FC3 Na
cal load F is Fgiven
is given
by by 8FD Na
a helical spring under loadbajo
Desplazamiento F isunagiven
carga Fby d (15.12)
3 3 d4 G dG
38FD Na 8FC 3 Na
8FD Na4 3 NN8FC
d 8FD
where 8FC Nnumber
a3 Na of Na Numero de espiras acLvas (15.12)
d d G aa is the active coils in the spring.
Na=N-2 Para muelles escuadrados(15.12)
d 4
d G d4 G dG dG dG
y(15.12)
muelles escuadrados y recLcados
Na=N-1 Para muelles escuadrados
e number of active coilsThus
in thethespring.
spring rate for a helical spring
Na=N Para is planos
muelles given by
of active
umber coils coils
of active in theinspring.
the spring.
g rate for a helical spring del
is Muelle
given bajo
by una carga F F d4 G dG
Constante k 3 : (15.13)
3
d 8D Na 8C Na
ate for a helical
a helical springspring is given
is given by
4
by
F d G dG
k Itshould 4
3 be noted3 that: it is unlikely that a load on(15.13)
a spring will be directly on its geometric
Fd
Fk daxis.4 G 8D
d N
G a dG8C N
dG a
k d 3 8D Eccentric

3N
loading :
3:N of a spring causes the stresses
(15.13)
on one side of the spring to be higher
(15.13)
8D a 3 8C a
d that
ted that it is unlikely thanaNload
indicated
a on NaEqnswill
8Ca spring
in (15.6) and (15.9).
be directly on its geometric
dloading
that it of
is aunlikely
spring causes
that a the
load
Springs stresses on one
onvibrate
can a springboth side
will of the
be spring
directly
laterally and ontoits
be geometric
higher
longitudinally when excited near their natural
tading
in isEqns
unlikely
(15.6) that
and a load
(15.9). on a
frequencies.
spring
If a
will
helical
be directly
spring, fixed
on
at one
of a spring causes the stresses on one side of the spring to be higher
its geometric
end, is given a sufficiently rapid compression at
of Eqnsa spring
(15.6) causes
and thethestresses
other, theon end one side
will of
coilexcited the their
benear
pushed spring
against to be higher
naturalits neighbor before the remaining coils have
brate both 638(15.9).
laterally and longitudinally
Chapter 15 when
a15.6)
helicaland (15.9).
spring, fixed attime onetoend,respond
is given to the displacement.
a sufficiently rapid This compressionatthen propagates down the spring with
compression
te both laterally and longitudinally
first coils when excited near their natural
nd coil will be pushed against itsone and
neighbor two in contact,
before then
the remaining
N N
coils
"
twohave
coils
2
and three in contact, and so on until the
(15.10)
hhelical
laterally andfixed
spring, longitudinally
atcompression
one end, is when given
wave excited
apropagates near
sufficiently
reaches the othertheir
a rapid
end, natural
compression at
to the displacement. This compression then down thewhere
springthe disturbance
with will be reflected back. This
spring,
coil
nd two infixed
will at one
be where
pushed
contact, then end,
Nagainst
is the is
process
coils two given
repeats
its
total neighbor
number
and a sufficiently
itself
three
until
before
ofin coils the
contact,inthe
therapid
motion
so compression
is damped
remaining
and spring. on until thehaveat
coilsout. This phenomenon is known as spring
oave thebe displacement. Thissurge and
compression causes thenvery high stresses down
propagates in the spring, which are approximately equal to those
will pushed
reaches against
the other end,its neighbor
where before
the disturbance the be reflectedthe
will remaining spring
coils
back. have
Thiswith
dsplacement.
two in For plain
contact, then when
coils the
twospring
with ground is compressed
ends, to itsandsolidso length. The thenatural frequency, fn, of the spring surge
itself until theThis
motion iscoils
compression
damped andthen
out. three
This in contact,
propagates
phenomenon downis knownthe onspring
asuntil
spring with
depends on the boundary conditions. For the fixed-fixed case,
e reaches
nes contact, the
very highthen other
stressescoilsend,
in the where
twospring, the
and three disturbance
which in arecontact, will
approximately andbe reflected
equal
on1:to back.
those This
N a so N " until
rthe
(15.11)
gself until the motion
is compressed to its solid is damped
length. The out.natural
This frequency,
phenomenon fn, ofistheknown
spring as
1 k Thisspring
surge 36
hes the other end, where the disturbance will be reflected fngivenback.
to (15.14)
very The deflection
high conditions.
stresses inFor
the the offixed-fixed
spring, a helical
whichspring under load F isequal
are approximately bymthose
boundary case,
til the motion is damped out. This phenomenon is known 2as spring
s compressed to its solid length.r natural frequency, 3fn, of the spring
The 3spring
surge
igh stresses in the where fnwhich
spring, 1 is the
k natural
are frequency
approximately 8FD (Hz),N a k is8FC
equal theto N those
a rate (N/m), and m is the mass (kg).
oundary conditions. For fthe fixed-fixed case, Elementos
d de mquinas.
(15.12)
ressed to its solid length.
n
The 2 natural
m frequency, dfn4,Gof the spring dG (15.14)surge
The mass r of
a helical spring is equal to the product of density and volume, so, for N coils in a
ynatural
conditions.
frequency For
where the
Frecuencia
(Hz), 1spring
kfixed-fixed
Naspring,
is thethenumber
this
Natural iskMuelle
del case,
of
given active
by coilsandinmthe is spring.
fis
n
rate (N/m), the mass (kg).(15.14)
rrate2 m
for a helicalmspring " 2 # 2 2
Thus the spring
elical spring is equal to the1product
k of density and volume, so, for Npd
rV is given
rNpD by coils=4in a rNp d D=4: (15.15)
atural
iven by frequency (Hz),
fn k is the spring rate (N/m), and m is the mass (kg).
(15.14)
2 m F d4 G dG
ical spring is equal to the product" 2 # k2 3 3 : Springs
(15.13) 6
m rV rNpD pd =4ofdensity rNp2 dand D=4: volume,
d 8D Nso, a for 8CN N coils
(15.15)
a in a
requency
en by
(Hz), k is the spring rate (N/m), and m is the mass (kg).
Substitution It should
for thebe mass
noted that it is unlikely thatina load
Eqnon(15.14)
a spring gives
will be directly on its geometric
" 2and# spring2 Frecuencia
rate
ring is equal
m rV to
the
axis. productloading
Eccentric
rNpD pdof =4
density
ofarNp anddvolume,
spring 2
D=4: theso,
causes forsN
Natural del
stresses coils
Muelle
on in a of the spring to be higher
one(15.15)
side
than indicated in Eqns (15.6) and (15.9).
d G
" vibrate
Springs can # both laterally fn : excited near their natural (15.1
2 2 2 and longitudinally
2pD 2 N when 2r
m rV rNpD pd =4 rNp d D=4: (15.15)
frequencies. If a helical spring, fixed at one end, is given a sufficiently rapid compression at
the other, the end coil will be pushed against its neighbor before the remaining coils have
3
For steel springs with atomodulus
time to respond of rigidity
the displacement. of 79.3 GPa
This compression and density
then propagates down7860 kg/m
the spring ,
with
first coils one and two in contact, then coils two and three in contact, and so on until the
compression wave reaches the other end, where 357d
the disturbance will be reflected back. This
fn (15.1
process repeats itself until the motion is dampedD2out.
N This phenomenon is known as spring
37

Springs 649
Pandeo
Do
F Springs 649
Di
Do
Loop
length
Free Body
Di T length
length
Gap
Loop
F length
Hook
length
Free Body
Figure 15.13
length length
sions for a helical extension
Gap spring with hook and loop end configurations.
F
Hook
length
sion springs are tightly wound together and the wire is twisted as it is
preload in the coils thatFigure
must15.13
be overcome
T in order to separate them.
imensions for a helical extension spring with hook and loop end configurations.
an extension coil is linear after the initial coil separation section and can be
38
Muelles Helicoidales de Traccin

extension springs are tightly wound together and the wire is twisted as it is
ng a preload in the coilsFthat must be overcome
o " Fi Gd4 in order to separate them.
k is linear afterthe initial
e for an extension coil 3
:coil separation section
Elementos deand can be(15.22)
mquinas.
F d 8Na D Springs 649
Constante del Muelle
s given by C Figure 15.10
D/d andFoshould
" Fi beGdkept
4 in the range of 4e12.Do
am for a helical compression
k spring 3loaded
: with force F. 650 (15.22)
Chapter 15
8Na Dby modifying Eqn (15.10)
n extension spring can be ddetermined to account
dex is given by C Desplazamiento
D/d and should
bajobeuna
kept in the
carga F range of 4e12.
R1
Di
2
(m ), extension
n of an d is the spring
wire can
diameter
" F(m), 3 and
beodetermined
8F i D Nby D is theEqn
a modifying mean coil
(15.10) to account
d d : (15.23)
Loop
http://librosy solucionarios
d4 G length
A Maximum
bending stress
by 8F " F
o i D3 N
a R2
ounting for stresses dinthe spring coils, : it is also Free
necessary to consider
(15.23)
Body
d4 G length length
hooks and loops used in an extension spring. The standard Gap
loop end
inDthe
Maximum
reaccounting
15.14 hasfora stresses
high
C bending stresscoils,
: spring at point A and
it is also a hightotorsional
necessary stress
consider (15.5)
Hook torsional stress
B
n the hooks and loops useddin an extension spring. The standard loop end
length
Figure 15.14
Figure 15.13 Locations of maximum stress in the loop of an extension spring.
Figure 15.14 has a high bending stress at point A and a high torsional stress
Principal dimensions for a helical extension spring with hook and loop end configurations.
Indice del muelle debe estar entre 4 y 12
sing indexAare
at point canbetween 4 andusing
be determined 12. For values of the spring index
where
t to manufacture,
stress and
at point A can be forThe
values
determined
16DFcoils ofgreater
using extension than
4F springs 12, theywound
are tightly are prone
together to
and the wire is twisted as it is
2
sA Kbeither
prevented by providing wound, creating
2a preload
3 internal or in the coils that must be overcome
external support by, (15.24)
for in order to separate them. 4C1 " C1 " 1
K
pd
The spring
16DF 4F pd
rate for an extension coil is linear after the initial coil separation section andb can4C
be 1 C1 " 1
in a hole or on a srod.
A KHowever,
bmodeled
pd 3

by frictional
pd 2
contact between the
(15.24)
2R1
C1 :
reduce the force that can be delivered at the spring Fo "end.
Fi The Gd4 d
k 3
: (15.22)
The spring index is given by C D/d and should be kept in the range of 4e12.
Maximum
B
The deflection of an extension
wherespring can be determined by modifying Eqn (15.10)
torsional stress
to account
650 Chapter 15 Figure 15.14
for the preload
Locations of maximum stress in the loop of an extension spring.
R1
8Fo " Fi D3 N a 4C12 " C1 " 1
d
where d4 G
: Kb (15.23)
4C1 C1 " 1 39 Sprin
In addition to accounting for stresses in the spring coils, it is also necessary to 4C 2
consider
"1 1 " C1
Muelles Helicoidales de Traccin

1. Select a suitableA Maximum
material
the stresses in the hooks and loops used in an extension spring. The standardfor the spring Kand
loop
2R
b determine
end1 ":the
1 relevant material pa
G, s.
bending stress
C 1
4C 1 C 1
5 illustrated in Figure 15.14 has a high bending R 2 stress at point A and a high torsional stress d
2R1
2.Elementos
Assume de a trial mean diameter for the spring.
mquinas. C1 :
at point B.
3. Calculate a diameter for the spring wire, using Eqn d(15.6) or Eqn (15.9), assumin
R1 The torsional
The bending stress at point A can
stress
be determined
Esfuerzo
at
using
B can be found from Wahl (1963)
Esfuerzo de torsin en punto B
for
Maximum KThe ofdeB1.2.
Flexin en punto A
torsional stress at B can be found from Wahl (1963)
torsional stress
4. Select the nearest larger diameter wire from Table 15.4 or a spring supplier.
Figure16DF15.14 4F 8DF
8DF
2 extension spring. sBsBK
5. Determine
Locations of maximum Kbin the
sA stress design
the3loop stress for the wire diameter
of an Kw2 selected.
(15.24)
pd pd w2
pd 3 3
6. Determine the outer, mean, and inner diameters forpd the spring.
Maximum
A 7. Determine
where the spring index and the Wahl factor.
where where8. Calculate the maximum shear stress in the spring under the operating load.
bending stress
R2 9. Determine 4C12the " Cnumber
1 " 1 of coils necessary to
4C2the
produce " 1desired deflection charac
K Kw2 (15.25)
b
10. Calculate4Cthe body length of the spring, propose the
1 C1 " 1 4C 2""
4C2end 1
4configurations, and dete
free length. Kw2 2R
11. Calculate the
2R1
deflection from the free length.C2 4C22 :" 4
Maximum C 1 : (15.26)
d
B d
torsional stress 12. Calculate the initial force at which the spring coils 2Rjust begin to separate. The
Figure 15.14 stress at B can be found C2 inshould be greater than 4 to avoid high stresses. 2
The torsional tension
from Wahl (1963) spring is typicallyC
an extension 2
10%e25% :
of the maximum design
ocations of maximum stress in the loop of an extension spring. the stress in the spring under the initial dtension and compare it with
13. RELACIN
Determine
In aTensin/Esfuerzo
helical extensionde
8DF montaje
spring, all recomendada
the coils are considered active and in addition a
sisB added
recommended Kw2 tovalues. Recommended values for (15.27)
the initial shear stress
bodyare in th
C2 should be greaterpdthe 3 number of coils in order
than
0.4suts/C ! sinitial ! 0.8suts/C.
4 to avoid high to calculate
stresses. the required length.
where Design procedures for extension springs can be developed in a similar fashion
Example 15.3
outlined for spring,
compression
In a helical extension 4C
allsprings. The are
the coils procedure given hereactive
considered relies upon
andthe
in des
" 1 for the maximum allowable torsional shear stress. If at any step
ad
4C12 " C1 " 1 A helical access
K w2
extensionto 2data
spring (15.28)
Kb is added to the number
4C ofiscoils
" 4(15.25)
required
in to exert to
order a force of 30 Nthe
calculate when the lengthbody
required betw
4C1 C1 " 1 attachmentarrived at2 are
locations is deemed
70 mm unacceptable,
and a force ofthen
20 Nparameters previously
at a length of 60 mm.determined ne
The sprin
reconsidered.
2R2 load 100 times a day. ASTM A228 music wire steel has been p
Designbe cycled through
C2 its
procedures for: extension springs can be developed in a similar
(15.29)
2R1 for the spring. The ddiameter of the spring should not exceed 20 mm. Determine the
C1 : outlined fordimensions
compression (15.26)
springs. The procedure given here relies upo
d be greater than
C2 should 4 suitable
to avoid high stresses.for the spring wire diameter, the number of coils, and the mean d
access to data for the maximum allowable torsional shear stress. If at
ess at B can be found fromInWahl
a helical extension spring,Solution
(1963) all the coils are considered active and in addition a fictitious coil
is added to the numberarrived
of coils inatorder
aretodeemed unacceptable,
calculate the then parameters previously determ
required body30length.
# 20
8DF reconsidered.
bud29281_ch08_409-474.qxd 12/16/2009 7:11 pm k 1000 N=m:
Page 412 pinnacle 203:MHDQ196:bud29281:0073529281:bud29281_pagefiles:
Design procedures for extension springs can be developed in a similar70fashion
sB Kw2 # 60 to the ones 40
(15.27)
outlinedpd for3compression springs. The procedure given here relies upon the designer having
Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

412 Mechanical Engineering Design
Assuming a nominal wire diameter of 1.8 mm, the approximate ultimate tensile stre
access to data for the maximum allowable torsional shear stress. If at any step the values
A228 music wire is s 1900 MPa.
arrived at are deemed unacceptable, then parametersutspreviously determined need to be
Table 81
reconsidered. Nominal
Major
Elementos
Tensile-
de
Coarse-Pitch Series
mquinas.
Minor- Tensile-
sMinor-
Fine-Pitch Series
max 0:45 $ 1900 855 MPa:
4CDiameters
2 " 1 and Fine-
and Areas of
Coarse-Pitch
Diameter Pitch Stress Diameter Pitch Stress Diameter
Kw2 Pitch Metric Threads.*
d
mm mm
p
A mean Area A
mm
Area A
coil diameter
mm
p
(15.28)
mm of
Area A
215 mm
mm
t Area A
mm is proposed.
2
r
2
t
2
r
4C2 " 4 1.6 0.35 1.27 1.07 ! "0:33

2 0.40 2.07 1.79 8 $ 30 $ 0:015 $ 1:2
2R2 2.5 0.45 3.39 2.98 d 6
1:172 $ 10#3 m:
C2 : 3
3.5
0.5
0.6
5.03
6.78
4.47
6.00 (15.29) p855 $ 10
d 4 0.7 8.78 7.75
5 0.8
6 1
Try14.2
20.1
12.7
d 1.4
17.9
mm.
ater than 4 to avoid high stresses. 8 1.25
Design
36.6
stress
32.8 1
smax 61.2
is1.25 0.4556.3
39.2
$ 2100 945 MPa. This looks acceptable.
36.0
10 1.5 58.0 52.3
12 1.75 84.3 76.3 1.25 92.1 86.0
sion spring, all the coils are considered active and in addition a fictitious coil
14
16
2
2
115
157
104
144
1.5
1.5
125
167
116
157
umber of coils in order to calculate the required body length. 20

24
2.5
3
245
353
225
324
1.5
2
272
384
259
365
30 3.5 561 519 2 621 596
36 4 817 759 2 915 884
es for extension springs can be developed in a similar fashion to the ones 42 4.5 1120 1050 2 1260 1230
48 5 1470 1380 2 1670 1630
pression springs. The procedure given here relies upon the designer having 56 5.5 2030 1910 2 2300 2250
64 6 2680 2520 2 3030 2980
r the maximum allowable torsional shear stress. If at any step the values 72
80
6
6
3460
4340
3280
4140
2
1.5
3860
4850
3800
4800
emed unacceptable, then parameters previously determined need to be 100

90 6
6
5590
6990
5360
6740
2
2
6100
7560
6020
7470
110 2 9180 9080
*The equations and data used to develop this table have been obtained from ANSI B1.1-1974 and B18.3.1-1978.
The minor diameter was found from the equation dr = d 1.226 869p, and the pitch diameter from dp = d
0.649 519p. The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tensile-stress area.
Square and Acme threads, whose profiles are shown in Fig. 83a and b, respec-
tively, are used on screws when power is to be transmitted. Table 83 lists the pre-
ferred pitches for inch-series Acme threads. However, other pitches can be and often
are used, since the need for a standard for such threads is not great.
Modifications are frequently made to both Acme and square threads. For instance,
the square thread is sometimes modified by cutting the space between the teeth so as
to have an included thread angle of 10 to 15 . This is not difficult, since these threads
are usually cut with a single-point tool anyhow; the modification retains most of the
high efficiency inherent in square threads and makes the cutting simpler. Acme threads
bud29281_ch08_409-474.qxd 12/16/2009 7:11 pm Page 413 pinnacle 203:MHDQ196:bud29281:0073529281:bud29281_pagefiles:
41

Table 82
Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints 413
Diameters and Area of Unified Screw Threads UNC and UNF*
Coarse SeriesUNC Fine SeriesUNF

Nominal Tensile- Minor- Tensile- Minor-
Major Threads Stress Diameter Threads Stress Diameter
Size Diameter per Inch Area At Area Ar per Inch Area At Area Ar
Designation in N in2 in2 N in2 in2
0 0.0600 80 0.001 80 0.001 51

1 0.0730 64 0.002 63 0.002 18 72 0.002 78 0.002 37
2 0.0860 56 0.003 70 0.003 10 64 0.003 94 0.003 39
3 0.0990 48 0.004 87 0.004 06 56 0.005 23 0.004 51
4 0.1120 40 0.006 04 0.004 96 48 0.006 61 0.005 66
5 0.1250 40 0.007 96 0.006 72 44 0.008 80 0.007 16
6 0.1380 32 0.009 09 0.007 45 40 0.010 15 0.008 74
8 0.1640 32 0.014 0 0.011 96 36 0.014 74 0.012 85
10 0.1900 24 0.017 5 0.014 50 32 0.020 0 0.017 5
12 0.2160 24 0.024 2 0.020 6 28 0.025 8 0.022 6
1
4
0.2500 20 0.031 8 0.026 9 28 0.036 4 0.032 6
5
16
0.3125 18 0.052 4 0.045 4 24 0.058 0 0.052 4
3
8
0.3750 16 0.077 5 0.067 8 24 0.087 8 0.080 9
7
16
0.4375 14 0.106 3 0.093 3 20 0.118 7 0.109 0
1
2
0.5000 13 0.141 9 0.125 7 20 0.159 9 0.148 6
9
16
0.5625 12 0.182 0.162 18 0.203 0.189
5
8
0.6250 11 0.226 0.202 18 0.256 0.240
3
4
0.7500 10 0.334 0.302 16 0.373 0.351
7
8
0.8750 9 0.462 0.419 14 0.509 0.480
1 1.0000 8 0.606 0.551 12 0.663 0.625
1 14 1.2500 7 0.969 0.890 12 1.073 1.024
1 12 1.5000 6 1.405 1.294 12 1.581 1.521
*This table was compiled from ANSI B1.1-1974. The minor diameter was found from the equation dr = d 1.299 038p, and the pitch diameter
from dp = d 0.649 519p. The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tensile-stress area.
Figure 83 p
p
p
p
2 2
(a) Square thread; (b) Acme 29
thread. p p
2 2
d d
dr dr
(a) (b)
42

Table 89
SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts

Size Minimum Minimum Minimum
SAE Range Proof Tensile Yield
Grade Inclusive, Strength,* Strength,* Strength,*
No. in kpsi kpsi kpsi Material Head Marking
1
1 4
1 21 33 60 36 Low or medium carbon
1 3
2
4 4
55 74 57 Low or medium carbon
7
8
1 21 33 60 36
1
4 4
1 21 65 115 100 Medium carbon, cold-drawn
1
5 4
1 85 120 92 Medium carbon, Q&T
1 81 1 21 74 105 81
1
5.2 4
1 85 120 92 Low-carbon martensite, Q&T
1
7 4
1 21 105 133 115 Medium-carbon alloy, Q&T
1
8 4
1 21 120 150 130 Medium-carbon alloy, Q&T
1
8.2 4
1 120 150 130 Low-carbon martensite, Q&T
*Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.
from scratching or scoring by a washer. If the thread runout has a 15 or less half-cone
angle, the stress is higher at the first engaged thread in the nut. Bolts are sized by
examining the loading at the plane of the washer face of the nut. This is the weakest
part of the bolt if and only if the conditions above are satisfied (washer protection of
the shoulder fillet and thread runout 15 ). Inattention to this requirement has led to
a record of 15 percent fastener fatigue failure under the head, 20 percent at thread
runout, and 65 percent where the designer is focusing attention. It does little good to
concentrate on the plane of the nut washer face if it is not the weakest location.
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Table 810
ASTM Specifications for Steel Bolts
ASTM Size Minimum Minimum Minimum

Desig- Range, Proof Tensile Yield
nation Inclusive, Strength,* Strength,* Strength,*
No. in kpsi kpsi kpsi Material Head Marking
1
A307 4
1 21 33 60 36 Low carbon
1
A325, 2
1 85 120 92 Medium carbon, Q&T
type 1 A325
1 81 1 21 74 105 81
1
A325, 2
1 85 120 92 Low-carbon, martensite,
type 2 Q&T A325
1 81 1 21 74 105 81
1
A325, 2
1 85 120 92 Weathering steel,
type 3 Q&T
1 81 1 21 74 105 81 A325
1
A354, 4
2 21 105 125 109 Alloy steel, Q&T
grade BC
2 43 4 95 115 99 BC
1
A354, 4
4 120 150 130 Alloy steel, Q&T
grade BD
1
A449 4
1 85 120 92 Medium-carbon, Q&T
1 81 1 21 74 105 81
1 43 3 55 90 58
1
A490, 2
1 21 120 150 130 Alloy steel, Q&T
type 1 A490
1
A490, 2
1 21 120 150 130 Weathering steel,
type 3 Q&T A490
*Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.
44

Table 811
Metric Mechanical-Property Classes for Steel Bolts, Screws, and Studs*
Minimum Minimum Minimum

Size Proof Tensile Yield
Property Range, Strength, Strength, Strength,
Class Inclusive MPa MPa MPa Material Head Marking
4.6 M5M36 225 400 240 Low or medium carbon

4.6
4.8 M1.6M16 310 420 340 Low or medium carbon

4.8
5.8 M5M24 380 520 420 Low or medium carbon

5.8
8.8 M16M36 600 830 660 Medium carbon, Q&T

8.8
9.8 M1.6M16 650 900 720 Medium carbon, Q&T

9.8
10.9 M5M36 830 1040 940 Low-carbon martensite,

Q&T 10.9
12.9 M1.6M36 970 1220 1100 Alloy, Q&T

12.9
*The thread length for bolts and cap screws is

2d + 6 L 125
L T = 2d + 12 125 < L 200

2d + 25 L > 200
where L is the bolt length. The thread length for structural bolts is slightly shorter than given above.

Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.
87 Tension JointsThe External Load

Let us now consider what happens when an external tensile load P, as in Fig. 813,
is applied to a bolted connection. It is to be assumed, of course, that the clamping
force, which we will call the preload Fi , has been correctly applied by tightening the
nut before P is applied. The nomenclature used is:
Fi = preload
1 12 times the nominal size. Therefore the mean collar diameter is
2 = 1.25d . Equation (b) can now be
bud29281_ch08_409-474.qxd arranged
12/16/2009 7:11 pm to give
Page 439 pinnacle 203:MHDQ196:bud29281:0073529281:b
#! " ! " $
dm tan + f sec
T = + 0.625 f c Fi d (c)
1 f tan sec
45
2d
Screws, Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanen
torque coefficient K as theTableterm 814in brackets,

Elementos and32.5,so 32.5, 32.9, 32.9, 33.8,
de mquinas.
30.3, 34.3, 34.7,
! "! Distribution of"
Preload Fi -
dm tan + fforsec of Lubricated Mean value, F = 34.18 kN. Standard deviation, = 2.88 kN.
10 Tests i
K = Bolts Torqued to 90+N 0.625

m fc (826)
2d 1 f tan sec
CARGA DE SUJECIN
0,75 de la carga de prueba
Table 815 Bolt Condition K
now be written PAR DE APRIETE
Torque Factors K for Use Nonplated, black finish 0.30
with Eq. (827)
T = K Fi d Zinc-plated
Lubricated
0.20
0.18
(827) Fastening
Cadmium-plated 0.16
nt of friction
686 Chapter 16 depends upon the surface smoothness, accuracy,
With Bowman Anti-Seize 0.12 and
tion. On the average, both f and f c are
For a bolted joint, the tensile stresses formed in the minimum section of the bolts shank need
about With Bowman-Grip nuts
0.15. The interesting 0.09
. area of the shank can be used in high-stress or safety-critical e

to be considered. The minimum section is normally taken as the core area of the thread, W We
26) isalthough
that K =
the necking down
0.20 for f = f
applications. A further issue is the inherent stress concentration caused = 0.15
c by the thread itself. In no matter what size bolts
d no matter whether the threads are thecoarse bolt stretches or fine.
most applications, the nut is in compression while the bolt is in tension. This has the effect of
slightly shortening the nut and hence the pitch of its thread. Conversely,
slightly and there is a consequential increase in its thread pitch. The combined effect of these
small changes in pitch is that most of the bolt load is taken onEXAMPLE 83 3 1 6
rtz have published results of numerous the first few threads
tests
of the bolt,
4 of the W torquing of bolts.
A in-16 UNF 2 in SAE grade 5 bolt is subjected
2
or perhaps just one thread, even if the nut is many bolt diameters long. This effect greatlysion joint. TheRinitial bolt tension is F = 25
to a load P of 6
WRkip. The bolt and joint
i
W + We
eir dataincreases
and to a statistical
loaded machines methodsanalysis, wethreaded can
the stress intensity. The maximum tensile stress in fasteners is therefore often high,
in cyclically of avoiding fatigue of male
b
learn
components something about the
k = 6.50 and k = 13.8 Mlbf/in, respectively.
m
(a) Determine the preload and service load stresses in the bolt. Compa
torquestructure,
coefficients andeffectthe resulting preload. SAE Blake andstrength
Kurtz of the deter-
(and occasionally of the female threaded component as well) are often required. For any
once the stress concentration is established, the likelihood of fatigue minimum proof bolt.
occurring can be determined by both the stress amplitude and the average stress. As a general (b) Specify the torque necessary to develop the preload, using Eq. (8
1 develop the preload, using Eq. (8
d in quantities of unlubricated and lubricated bolts of
rule, it is desirable to minimize the stress amplitude. In bolted joints, this can be achieved(c) Specify the torque necessary to
using a number of techniques, e.g. by maximizing the flexibility of the bolt compared to the W size 2 in-20 WR
c f = 0.15. R
ed to 800 lbfstrength.
in. This corresponds roughly to an M12 1.25 bolt
joint. In practice, this means using many thin, long bolts rather than a few short, fat bolts
of equivalent
Solution From Table 82, A = 0.373 in . 2
m. The statistical analyses of these two groups ofstress

bolts, converted
t
The compressive stresses in a bolted joint caused by the preload of the bolt can be assumed 46
to act over a restricted volume of material. This is usually taken as a conical form, as shown The preload
(a) is
splayed in slugs Tables Elementos

813 and 814. de Fijacin y Unin
in Figure 16.8, and the surrounding material is ignored in the analysis. Assuming the bolt
and conical of the material are of a similar Youngs modulus, the bolt will be more
We F 25
We
i
flexible than the joint due to the bolts smaller cross-sectional area. Answer i = = = 67.02 kpsi
hethat both groups have about
cyclic loading,the same ismean preload,quantity 34 kN. Fastening The and Power Screws 68
A 0.373
t
initial
Once load
tightened, is strain
any called
of the the
joint, due topreload, willand
be this
Elementos
equal de
to the strain ofan important
mquinas.
The stiffness constant is
have or a standard deviation of 4.9 kN andbolt a COV tends of about 0.15. The
the bolt; and due to the lower stiffness of the bolt, the stress amplitude in the bolt is
gineer the designer. The deflection of the to be much k b 6.5
fave
the ajoint.
standard This isdeviation of bolt 3 kN and a COV less of stiffabout 0.9.kjoint.
We
C= = We
= 0.320
because the is normally thanFigurethe +k
16.9
b 6.5 + 13.8
m
ebtained
bolt and from joint, the giventwo by the samples slope of arethenearly load/deflection identical,
From Eq. (824), theapproximately
Typical WR
lines,stress under the service load is
bolted is stated
joint forces.
WR
W + We
(16.3). we find, for both samples, K = 0.208.

(827), b =
F
A
=
b CP + F
A
=C
P
A
i
+ i
WR t WR t t
tribution,lower a largethan manufacturer
the applied ofload fasteners,
Answer
variation. recommendsTo analyze the this,
values
6
+the
67.02 forces
= 72.17 kpsi acti
ness is given by = 0.320
15. In this book16.9, we shall useequated.these values and use K = 0.2 when 0.373
We We
Figure can be
Figure 16.8
From Table 89, the SAE minimum proof strength of the bolt is S =
is not stated.
Bolted joint modeling. p
pd 2 E preload and service loadFigure
stresses are respectively 21 and 15 percent less
16.9
kb strength. Typical bolted joint forces. (16.2)
4L We Wb WR
lower than the applied load variation. To analyze this, the forces acting on the bolt and joint,
Figure 16.9, can be equated.
where We Wb WR (16.1
Kurtz, The Uncertainties of Measuring Fastener Preload, Machine Design, vol. 37,
ng rate for the bolt (N/m), where
8131. is the applied external
We(m), We isload (N),
olt diameter the applied external load (N),
W is the force on the bolt (N), b
2
b is
lus for theWbolt the force
material on
(N/m ),the bolt (N),
WR is the force on the clamped members (N).
oad-carrying length (m). The load and deflection for the bolted joint shown in Figure 16.9, when there is no
Figure 16.9 b
area based
minor on an average
diameter. Testing, of the minor
Typical
however, bolted and
shows pitch
joint forces.
that the diameters.
zone. For short fasteners, the one in Fig. 814, for example, the unthr
tensile strength is better defined using an
small and so the first of the expressions in Eq. (816) can be used to find
lower than
area based ontheanapplied load variation.
average of theTominor analyzeand
this, p
the!forces
pitch acting"the
on the
diameters.
fasteners, bolt andarea
2 threaded joint,is relatively small, and so the second e
Figure 16.9, can be equated. At 688 dEq. d
(816)
r can
p Chapter 16 be used. Table 87 is useful. (16.5)
16 ! "2
We Wb WRp (16.1)
At opposite dp indrsign. The initial load (16.5)
is called the preload, and this is an importan
For UNS threads,
where 85 16 JointsMember
specified by the engineer or the
Stiffness
designer. The deflection of the bolt
47 tends to b
In the
greater previous
than that ofsection, weThis
the joint. determined thethe
is because stiffness
bolt isofnormally
the fastener
less in thethc
stiff

We is the applied external load (N),
For UNS threads,
Wb is the force on the bolt (N), 0:649519 The
Instiffness
this section,
of thewe boltwish and to
1:299038
study
joint, the by
given stiffnesses
the slopeofofthe themembers in the lic
load/deflection
Both of these stiffnesses must be known in order to learn
dp members
WR is the force on the clamped d # (N). and
in Eqnsd(16.2)
assembled
d #(16.3). is subjected to an external tensile loading.
r connection
and (16.6) happe
what
NElementos
0:649519688 Chapter
Forde mquinas.
16
a16.9,
bolt, the may
stiffness 1:299038
is
N by
given
The load and deflection fordthe p d
bolted # joint shown in and
Figure There
d r
when d #
there be ismore
no than two members included in(16.6) the grip of the
external load, We 0, is illustrated in Figure 16.10. NoppositeThe in together
loads
sign. areThe these
equal
initialin act like
magnitude
load N
compressive
is called and the preload, springs
andpd in
2 Eseries,
this and hence
is an important the tota
quantity
For ISO threads, specified by of thethe members
engineer or the
Rigidez Total
is designer. The deflection kb of the bolt tends to be much
4L
greater than that of the joint. This is because 1 the1bolt is1 normally 1 less stiff1 than the joint.
For ISO threads, = + + + + (16.7)
dp A d # 0:649519p
The where
stiffness of the bolt and joint, given by
km
the slope
k1
of
k2
the load/deflection
k3 ki
lines, is stated
in Eqns (16.2) and (16.3).
dp d #kb 0:649519p is the axial spring rate for the bolt (N/m),
If one of the members is a soft gasket, its stiffness relative (16.7) to the othe
and )
For a bolt,
d the
is stiffness
the nominal is given by
bolt diameter (m),Tornillo
Jo
Load bo
l t usually so small that for all
Rigidez practical purposes the others can be neglec
int
KE is Youngs modulus for the bolt material (N/m2),
n d the gasket
j
stiffness used.
and 2
(pl
ta pd E
nu
ate
L is the Ifeffective
there isload-carrying
no gasket, kthe blength (m). of the members is rather diffic
stiffness (16.
r( 4L
s)
e
ste
n K b d r d # 1:226869p
except by experimentation, using because a the 30"compression
, the stiffnessregion
(16.8)
spreads out
Fa where For flanges of equal thickness, of the members is
dr d # 1:226869p bolt head and the nut andRigidez
hence Arandelas
the area is not uniform. (16.8) are, ho
There
Bkb is the axial C spring
cases in rate
which for this
Elastic the boltarea(N/m),
can be determined. 0:5774pEd
The stress in a threaded O rodTension due to a tensile load
d is the nominal Ito
isbolt2 deformation
has used ultrasonic ktechniques
j !
to determine
"
Compression diameter (m), 0:5774L the 0:5dpressure distributio
The stress in a threaded rod due to a tensile E is Youngs load
(joint compression)
ber is for the
interface.
modulus Thebolt results show
material 2 ln),the
that
(N/m 2 5 #pressure stays high out to about 1
0:5774L 2d
(bolt elongation)
F
L is the effective load-carrying length (m).
Figure 16.10 s
t whereFkj is the spring rate for the "members (N/m). (16.9)
Load and deflection in a bolt Forandflanges A
joint,ofrespectively.
equal thickness, using a 30 , the stiffness of the members is given by
st Y. Ito, J. Toyoda, and S. Nagata, Interface Pressure Distribution in a Bolt-Flange
t 2 (16.9) Assembly
For the Atcase of an external
no. 77-WA/DE-11, 1977.
load, We > 0, applied to the joint, additional deflect
0:5774pEd
altering the stresses and kj strains ! of both the bolt and " the joint. If the applied lo
(16.
Theoretically one might think that when a nut engages a
sufficiently high, separation
thread, all
2 lnof 5the
the threads
0:5774L 0:5d in the
# two flanges will occur, potentially leading to
Theoretically
engagement wouldone share
mightthe think load. thatHowever,when a nut engages a in
inaccuracies
machine or degradation
thread,
thread allspacing
of machine
the
0:5774Lthreads
2d in the
functioncause virtually
by, for example, all (as in t
leakage
theengagement
load to be wouldtaken share
by thethe first load. However,
pair of where threads. kjinaccuracies
flanged
is the spring pipe containing
rate forinthe thread
fluid).
members spacing
The resultingcause
(N/m). change virtually
also of interest as this will enable calculation of the stress amplitude and hen
in bolt tension allfor a given c
the load to be taken by the first pair ofFor threads.
the case of an external of
characterization load,
theWfatigue
e > 0, applied
of the to theifjoint,
bolt, additionalload
the external deflection
varies will occur
cyclicall
Bolts are normally tightened by applying torque to the head or nut, which causes the bolt to is
altering the stresses and strains of both the bolt and the joint. If the applied load, W e ,
Bolts are normally tightened by applying torque
sufficiently Thehigh, toseparation
changes theinheadloads
of the ortwo
and nut,
strains
flanges which
are illustrated
will causes
occur, in Figure
potentially theleading
boltThe
16.11. totofailure
change of in
th
stretch. This stretching results in bolt tension, machine is known
or much
degradationsmallerasofthan
preload,
machinethe applied
functionwhich
load,
by, forWeis. It the
is also
example, force that
worth noting
leakage (as in thethatcase
to cause
of a
stretch. This stretching results in bolt tension, flanged pipe theknown
containing
joint, a load as preload,
fluid).
higher The than thewhich
resulting changemust
preload is the
in bolt force
betension
applied. that
forThe
a given change
so-called in We i
separati
holds a joint together. Torque is relatively easy to measure using a torque meter during 48
holds a joint together. Torque is relatively easy to measure using a torque meter sep
also of interest
is given as this
by will
Eqn enable
(16.4). calculation
Once the of the
threshold stress
value W during
amplitude is and hence
reached, the bolt wil
assembly, so this is the most frequentlycharacterization used the indicator ofandbolt tension. High preload tension
appliedof theload
fatigue of
thethe bolt,will
joint if the
seeexternal
none ofload it. Wvaries
sep cyclically.
represents the highest
assembly, so this is the most frequently usedshould indicator be
of bolt
allowed to
tension.
experience,
Highthat
assuming
preload
separation
tension
is not
helps to keep bolts tight, increases the strength
The changesof a
in loads joint, generates
and strains are illustrated friction
in Figure 16.11.between The change parts in allowable.
toload, Wb
bolt
helps to keep bolts tight, increases the strength is much smaller
Elementos
of a joint, generates
than the applied load, We. It is also worth
de mquinas.
friction between
! noting " that to causeto
parts separation o
resist shear,
resist shear,and andimproves
improvesthe thefatiguefatigue resistance the joint, a loadof
resistance bolted
higher
of connections.
than theconnections.
bolted preload must be Wsep
Therecommended
applied.
1The
The recommended
kb
so-called Wpreload separation force, Wsep
is given by Eqn (16.4). Once the threshold value W is kj
reached, the bolt will see all of
preload
preloadforforreusable
reusableconnections
connectionscan canbe be determined
determined by
the applied by
sep
and the joint will see none of it. Wsep represents the highest load the bolt
loadDESMONTABLE
PRECARGA UNIN
should be allowed to experience, assuming that separation is not allowable.
0:75A
FFii 0:75Atts
spp !
kb
"
(16.10)
(16.10)
Wsep 1 Wpreload (16.
kj
and forforpermanent
and permanentjoints
jointsby
by PRECARGA UNIN PERMANENTE
0:9A
FFii 0:9Atts
spp (16.11)
(16.11)
where
where
At= Area EfecLva
22
At Aist is
thethetensile
tensilestress
stressarea
areaofofthe
thebolt
bolt (m
(m ),), p= Carga de Prueba
spsisp isthetheproof
proofstrength
strengthofofthe
thebolt (N/m22).).
bolt(N/m
and any additional force. Such a joint can be classified as a soft joint. If, however, the bolt is
relatively flexible compared to the joint, then nearly all the externally applied load will
initially go toward decreasing the clamping force until the components separate. The bolt will
then carry all of the external load. This kind of joint is classified as a hard joint.
Practical joints normally fall between the two extremes of hard and soft joints. The clamped
49

components of a typical hard joint have a stiffness of approximately three times that of the
bolt. An externally applied load will be shared by the bolt and the clamped components
according to the relative stiffnesses, which can be modeled by
kb
Fb F i Fe (16.14)
kb kc
kc
Fc Fi & Fe (16.15)
kb kc
where
Fe= Carga Aplicada externamente
Fb is the final force in the bolt (N), Fi= Carga Inicial de Sujecin
Fb= Fuerza inicial en el Perno
Fi is the initial clamping load (N), Fc= Fuerza nal sobre los elementos sujetados
Kb= Rigidez del perno
kb is the stiffness of the bolt (N/m), Kc= Rigidez de los elementos sujetados
kc is the stiffness of the clamped components (N/m),

Fe is the externally applied load (N),
Fc is the final force on the clamped components (N).
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50

Figure 827 w lbf in

M1 O M2
(a) Beam bolted at both ends
with distributed load; (b) free- V1 V2
body diagram of beam;
(b)
(c) enlarged view of bolt group
centered at O showing primary
FA' FB'
and secondary resultant shear w lbf in
F B"
forces. A B
O + F A" rA rB
Beam O
FC' rC rD FD'
F D"
(a)
C D
F C"
(c)
In many instances the centroid can be located by symmetry.

An example of eccentric loading of fasteners is shown in Fig. 827. This is a
portion of a machine frame containing a beam subjected to the action of a bending
among the in bolts
Fig. so827c
that are
eachthe resultant
bolt takes Fforces
= V1 /n,actingwhere on the pins to
n refers withtheanumber
net force and moment
of bolts
equaland
in the group andtheopposite
force Fto is reaction
thecalled directVload,
the loads 1 andor Mprimary at O. The total load taken by
1 acting shear.
It is noted that an equal distribution of the direct load to the shear

each bolt will be calculated in three steps. In the first step the bolts Vassumes
1 is divided
an equally
absolutelyamong
rigidthe bolts soThe
member. that arrangement
each bolt takes ofFthe=bolts V1 /n,orwhere n refers
the shape andto the
sizenumber
of the of bolts
in the group and the force F
is called the direct
members sometimes justifies the use of another assumption as to the division of the load, or primary shear.
load. The direct It isloads
notedFthat an equal distribution of the direct load to the bolts assumes an
n are shown as vectors on the loading diagram (Fig. 827c).
absolutely rigid
The moment load, or secondary member. Theshear,arrangement of the bolts
is the additional loadoronthe shape
each boltand
duesize
to of the
51
members M1 . Ifsometimes
r A , r B , rCjustifies thetheuseradial
of another assumption
from theascentroid
to the division
to the of the
the moment
load. The Elementos de Fijacin y Unin
direct loads
, etc.,
F
are
are
shown
center of each bolt, the moment nand moment loads are related as follows:as
distances
vectors on
The moment load, or secondary shear, is the additional load on each bolt due to
the loading diagram (Fig. 827c).
74.qxd 12/16/2009 7:11 pm Page 457 pinnacle Elementos de mquinas.
203:MHDQ196:bud29281:0073529281:bud29281_pagefiles:
the moment M1 . M If1 r=A, Fr BAr, ArC+, etc.,
FB r Bare
+ Fthe radial distances from the centroid
C rC + (a) to the
center of each bolt, the moment Momentoand totalmoment loads are related as follows:
where the F are the moment loads. The force taken by each bolt depends upon its

radial distance from the centroid; M that1 =is,FA the + FBfarthest
r A bolt r B + FCfromrC +the centroid takes the (a)
greatest load, while the nearest bolt takes the smallest. We can therefore write
where the F are the moment loads. The force taken by each bolt depends upon its
radial distance from the centroid; FA Screws, Fthat is,
FCthe bolt
Fasteners, and thefarthest
Design from the centroid
of Nonpermanent takes 457
Joints the
B
greatest load, while the nearest = bolt =
takes the smallest. We can therefore write (b)
rA rB rC
where again, the diameters of the bolts are assumed equal. If not,C H then
A Pone
TER replaces
12
F in Eq. (b) with the shear stresses
F A F

F
B= 4F /dC

2
for each bolt. Solving Eqs. (a)
= = (b)
and (b) simultaneously, we obtainr A rB rC
Cortante en cada elemento Belt and Chain Drives
M1 r n
Fn = (857)
r A2 + r B2 + rC2 +
Chapter Outline
where the subscript n refers to the particular bolt whose load is to be found. These
12.1 Introduction 459
12.2moment loads461
Belt Drives are also shown as vectors on the loading diagram.
In the
12.2.1 Belt third step 463
Selection the direct and moment loads are added vectorially to obtain the
resultant load on each
12.2.2 Wedge Belt Selectionbolt.464
Since all the bolts or rivets are usually the same size, only
that boltSynchronous
12.2.3 having theBelts
maximum
473 load need be considered. When the maximum load is
found,
12.2.4 the
Flatstrength may492
Belt Drives be determined by using the various methods already described.
12.3 Chain Drives 495
12.3.1 Roller Chain Selection 501
12.4 Conclusions 510
References 510
EXAMPLE 87 Further
Shown in Fig.510
Reading 828 is a 15- by 200-mm rectangular steel bar cantilevered to a 250-mm
Nomenclature 511using four tightly fitted bolts located at A, B, C, and D.
steel channel 52
Elementos de Transmisin Flexibles

For a F = 16 kN load find
(a) The resultant load on each bolt
Abstract
(b) and
Belt Thechain
maximum
drives are shear stressElementos
used to transmit in each
power frombolt
de
one rotational drive to another. A belt is a flexible
mquinas.
power transmission element that
(c) The maximum bearing stress runs tightly on a set of pulleys. A chain drive consists of a series of pin-
connected links that run on a set of sprockets. This chapter introduces various types of belt and chain
(d) The critical bending stress in the bar
CORREAS drives and presents selection procedures for wedge, synchronous, and flat belts and also for roller chains.
Condiciones de diseo:
Solution
Funcin: Point O,velocidad,
(a)Potencia, the centroid of the bolt
durabilidad, factorgroup in Fig. 828,
de reduccin, is servicio,
factor de found byDistancia
symmetry.
entreIf a
free-body
centros (C) diagram of the beam were constructed, the shear reaction V would pass
Factor through
de de O and
Diseo nd the moment reactions M would be about O. These reactions are
12.1 Introduction
Tensin inicial de mantenimiento V = 16 kN M = 16(425) = 6800 N m
Material
Belt and chain drives consist of flexible elements running on either pulleys or sprockets,
Geometra In las
de
as illustratedFig. 829,
inpoleas
Figure the
D) bolt
(d,12.1. Thegroup hasofbeen
purpose a beltdrawn to adrive
or chain larger
is toscale and power
transmit the reactions
from
Geometra
are de la
shown. correa
The (t, b)
distance from the centroid to the center of each
one rotating shaft to another. The speed ratio between the driving and driven shaft is bolt is
!
dependent on the ratio of the pulley
r = or(60)
sprocket diameters,
2 + (75) 2 = 96.0asmm
is given by
Vpitch line u1 R1 u2 R2 (12.1)

e 828 250 u1 R2
Angular velocity ratio (12.2)
ions in millimeters. 10 15
u2 R1
whereVpitch line is the pitch line velocity (m/s), u1 is the angular velocity of the driving pulley
or sprocket (rad/s), u2 is the angular velocity of the driven pulley or sprocket (rad/s), R1 is the
M16 ! 2 bolts
F = 16 kN
Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097759-1.00012-5
C Elsevier Ltd. All rights
Copyright ! 2014 B reserved. 459
round and V belts. Timing belts require toothed wheels, or sprockets. In all cases, the
pulley axes must be separated by a certain minimum distance, depending upon the belt
type and size, to operate properly. Other characteristics of belts are:
ws a flat-belt drive with out-of-plane pulleys. The shafts need not

They may be used for long center distances.
in this case. Note the top view of the drive in Fig. 173. The pul- Except for timing belts, there is some slip and creep, and so the angular-velocity ratio
ned so that the belt leaves each pulley in the midplane of the other
rangements may require guide pulleys to achieve this condition.
between the driving and driven shafts is neither constant nor exactly equal to the ratio
age of flat belts is shown in Fig. 174, where clutching action is of the pulley diameters.
the belt from a loose to a tight or driven pulley.
ws two variable-speed drives. The drive in Fig. 175a is commonly
In some cases an idler or tension pulley can be used to avoid adjustments in center
ts. The drive of Fig. 175b can also be used for V belts and round distance that are ordinarily necessitated by age or the installation of new belts. 53
ed sheaves.
Figure 171 illustrates the geometry of open and closed flat-belt drives. For a flat

ade of urethane and also of rubber-impregnated fabric reinforced
lon cords to take the tension load. One or both surfaces may have
ting. Flat belts are quiet, they are efficient at high speeds, and they
belt with this drive the belt tension is such that the sag or droop is visible in Fig. 172a,
mounts of power over long center distances. Usually, flat belting is when the belt is running. Although the top is preferred for the loose side of the belt, for
l and cut and the ends are joined by using special kits furnished by other belt types either the top or the bottom may be used, because their installed tension
is Elementos de mquinas.
wo or more flat belts running side by side, instead of a single wide
o form a conveying system. usually greater.
e of fabric and cord, usually cotton, rayon, or nylon, and impreg- Two types of reversing drives are shown in Fig. 172. Notice that both sides of the
TIPOS DE CORREAS
contrast with flat belts, V belts are used with similar sheaves and
ances. V belts are slightly less efficient than flat belts, but a num-
belt contact the pulleys in Figs. 172b and 172c, and so these drives cannot be used
used on a single sheave, thus making a multiple drive. V belts are with V belts or timing belts.
lengths and have no joints.
e made of rubberized fabric and steel wire and have teeth that fit
he periphery of the sprockets. The timing belt does not stretch or
Variable Speed
y transmits power at a constant angular-velocity fact Table
ratio. The Belt 171
thatDrives Belt Type Figure Joint Size Range Center Distance
rovides several advantages over ordinary belting. One of these is
n is necessary, so that fixed-center drives may be used. Another Characteristics
is of Some Flat Yes 0.03 to 0.20 in No upper limit
t =c
at shorter center distances. V belts are slightly less efficient than flat belts, but a num-
into grooves cut on the periphery of the sprockets. The timing belt does not stretch or
that no initial tension is necessary, so that fixed-center drives may be used. Another is
A V belt is made of fabric and cord, usually cotton, rayon, or nylon, and impreg-
ber of them can be used on a single sheave, thus making a multiple drive. V belts are
Timing belts are made of rubberized fabric and steel wire and have teeth that fit
the belt is toothed provides several advantages over ordinary belting. One of these is
nated with rubber. In contrast with flat belts, V belts are used with similar sheaves and
slip and consequently transmits power at a constant angular-velocity ratio. The fact that
Common Belt Types 0.75 to 5 mm

(Figures are cross t
sections except for the Round Yes d= 1

to 3
in No upper limit
d 8 4
timing belt, which is a
Fork
side view).
(a)
(b)
Fork
Variable-speed belt drives.
V None 0.31 to 0.91 in Limited

b
b= c
8 to 19 mm
Figure 175
Timing None p = 2 mm and up Limited

made only in certain lengths and have no joints.
(a)
e need (b)
This drive eliminates the need
shifted left or right by use of

for a clutch. Flat belt can be
n be
Figure 175
se of
Shift fork
Driven
Variable-speed belt drives.

Figure 174
Loose pulley
Driver
a fork.
used if motion is to be in both
an idler guide pulley must be
Quarter-twist belt drive;
Figure 173
directions.
54

464PROCESO
CORREAS Chapter SELECCIN
12
Yes Is constant speed

Use synchronous belt
ratio important?
No
No
Is belt speed > 30 m/s ? Use V belt
Yes
Yes
Use flat belt Is belt speed > 40 m/s ?
No
No
Is speed ratio > 7:1?
Yes
Yes No
Is speed ratio > 8:1? Use wedge belt
Figure 12.4
Procedure for the selection of belt type. After Hamilton (1994).
The use of charts for the belt selection is illustrated by considering a wedge belt drive in
Section 12.2.2, and for synchronous belts in Section 12.2.3. Alternatively, use can be made of
fundamental relationships for the belt tensions and torque transmission and a belt selected
based on its maximum permissible tensile stress. These equations are illustrated by an
example using a flat belt drive in Section 12.2.4.
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55

CORREAS GEOMETRA ABIERTA Flexible Mechanical Elements 881
171 sin1
Dd
2C
ometry. (a) Open 2
D d)
1 4C (
2
ossed belt. 2
1 D d
12/21/09 8:46 PM sin
Page2C881 epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
!d !D
d D
Dd
!d = " 2 sin1
2C
1 D d
!D = " + 2 sin
Flexible Mechanical 2C Elements 881
C L= 4C 2 (D d )2 + 12 (D!D + d!d)
1 sin1
Dd (a)
2C
y. (a) Open
d ) sin1 D + d
2
D
1 4C (
2
belt. 2C
2
Dd
sin1
2C D+d
sin1
2C
!d d !D
! d D ! 56
D 1 Dd
!d = " 2 sin

2C
D d
1 !D = " + 2 sin11 D + d
2 4C 2 (D + d)2 ! = " + 2 sin 2C
Elementos de mquinas. 2C
C L = 4C 22 (D d )22 + 112 (D!D + d!d)
C L = 4C (D + d) + 2 (D + d)!
CORREAS GEOMETRA CRUZADA (a)
(b)
D+d
sin1
2C
172
ng and reversing D+d
sin1
2C
(a) Nonreversing
b) Reversing
d
t. Crossed belts
parated to prevent ! Driver !
high-friction (a) D
re used.
ng open-belt drive. 1 D+d
2 4C 2 (D + d)2 ! = " + 2 sin1
2C
C L= 4C 2 (D + d)2 + 12 (D + d)!
(b)
(b)
2
F2 = Fi + Fc %F/2 = Fi + Fc T/d (g)
tension F1 and the loose side tension F2 have the following additive components:
d is the diameter of the small pulley (m),
whereF = FF+ i = initial tension
Fthrough
1D is the c + %F/2
i diameter ofwhich
= Flarge
the power
i + Fpulley
c + T/d
is transmitted,
(m), and the idle (f ) arc. For the driving pulley the belt first
=contacts
hoop between
Fc distance the pulley
tension due
the to with acenters
centrifugal tight-side (m), tension F(g)
force 1 and a velocity V1 , which is the same as
F2C=is Fthei + Fc %F/2 = Fi + Fc T/d
pulley
is the =
qd%F/2 the surface
tension
angle velocity
due tobetween
of contact of
the transmitted the pulley.
the belt torque and theTsmall pulley passes
The belt then (rad), through the idle Beltarcand with no Drives
Chain
where Fi = initialqtension change in F1 orbetweenV1 . Then the creep or the
sliding
largecontact begins, and the belt tension changes
D is the d= angle
diameterof contact
of the pulley belt and pulley (rad).
Fc = hoop tension due in
The accordance
torque is force
to centrifugal with
given bythe friction forces. At the end of the effective arcBelt the belt
andleaves
Chainthe Drives 4
57
The lengthpulley of the beltwith cana be obtainedtension
loose-side by summing F 2 andthe a arc lengths
reduced of
speed contact
V 2 . and the spanned
%F/2 = tension
The due to the transmitted
difference torque
F2 isTrelated to the pulley
distancesbetween F1 and torque. Subtracting Eq. (g)
and torque
The isFirbank
given byhas
is given used by this theory to express Torque F1 # Fof
the mechanics 2 rflat-belt drives in mathe-
d= from Eq. ( fof) gives
diameter the pulley q
matical form
Assuming andthe
that has verified the results by
1 experiment. His observations include the find-
L friction 4C 2 " D is"uniform
d2 throughout
Dq
Torque D Fdqd #the F arc of contact andBelt
(12.5) ignoring centrif
Belt an
(12
ing that substantially more power 2T is transmitted
2 Eq. (g) by static
1 2 r
friction than sliding friction. He Chain
and Dr
The difference between F and F is related
effects, theto the
ratio Elementos
pulley
of torque.
the tensions de mquinas.
Subtracting
in the belts can be modeled (h)by Eytleweins formula
theFcoefficient
1 F2 =
r 1 2
F + dF
from Eq. ( f ) gives dS The power also foundthat
Assuming that the friction of friction throughout
duniform
isisgiven for a belt having the aarc nylon core
of Belt
contact
andandChain
leather
and surface
ignoring
Drives centrifug
493
transmitted by a belt
The The
drive
torque torque
is
was typically 0.7, but that it could be raised to 0.9 is
given given
by by by by employing special surface finishes.
Adding Eqs. ( f )effects,
and (g) the
gives ratio
2T iswillof the tensions in the belts F can
1 be mq modeled by Eytleweins formula
F Our
The
F =model
torque given assumebyPower that the
F friction
" F V force
(h)
on ethe belt
Torque F is 1proportional
Torque # F2F # Fto2 r
r 1(12.6) the nor-
dN
mal
1 2
pressure d along the arc of contact.
1
We
2
seek Ffirst
2 a relationship between the tight side
f dN + F2 = 2F
F1Assuming that i +the 2Ffriction
c Torqueis Funiform
1F1 #mq Fthroughout
2 r the arc ofthe contact and ignoring
(12.7) ce
where
F gives
Assuming that the friction
tension and slack side tension, similar to that of band brakes but incorporating the con-
where is e uniform throughout arc of contact (12
and
Addingd!Eqs. ( f ) and (g) Assuming effects,
that theeffects, the
friction ratio
is is, of
uniform the tensionsF
throughout 2 in the
the arc belts
ofthecan
contact be modeled
and ignoringby Eytleweins
centrifugal formul
! F1 is the belt sequences
tension ofthe
in movement,
tightofside that
(N), the centrifugal
ratio of the tension
tensions ininthe belt.
belts In Fig.
can 176
be we seeby
modeled a Eytlewe
F +isFthe
where
m1free
effects,
= 2F
2body ofthe
coefficient
i +a ratio
2F
small of the
c1 = Fisegment
tensions
friction, of in
the the
belt.belts
The can be modeled
differential F by
force Eytleweins
d S is due formula
to centrifugal
77 F2 is the belt tension in the slack side F + F c + F!
(N), 2
Belt and Chain Frmula
Drivesde Eytlewein
1
493 emqF1
force, is the normal T(rad),
force between the belt and pulley,
Figure 176d V is the belt q is the d N
angle of contact
= F + F + usually taken
F as the 2 and
angle
F forf dthe is
mq the shearing
Nesmaller pulley.
rques on a pulley. isspeed (per ms). of friction,
the coefficient
m traction due to friction
i
at
c d
the point of slip. The
1
Friccin
Uniforme
e
belt
mq
width is b and Fthe
2 thickness is (12.8)
t. The
The torque is given by F = F + F + F! 2 where F2
Sin efectos Centrfugos
Free body of an infinitesimal
qThe i centrifugal
delement
is
belt
1 themass
+ Fc + T
= Fi where
per unitforces
cangle of contact
length acting
(rad), on the belt
usually along
taken arcs offor
as the angle
whereis m. The centrifugal force d S can be expressed as
contact reducepulley.
the smaller the surface pres
of a flat belt in contact
The
Torque centrifugal
d
Fforce
F1 #forcesm is the is given by
coefficient
2 r acting
of friction,
2 belt along
2 2 (12.7)2 of contact reduce the surface pressur
with a pulley. The centrifugal qd S
m is the coefficientism=
the
of(mr
angle on
of the
d)r
friction, = mr(rad),
contact d the
= mV
friction,
usually arcs d as=the
taken Fc angle
d for the smaller (a)pulley.
T
Assuming that the friction is uniform is the coefficient of
Fuerza Centrfuga
Thethroughout
centrifugal the arc
force of
is
q is the angle of contact contact
given and
by
(rad), ignoring
usually taken centrifugal
asrV 2
the angle
Fc radially
Agivesfor
mVthe
along 2 smaller pulley.
where
ffects, the ratio of the tensions in the beltsVcan is the
be belt
The
modeled is the
qcentrifugal
speed. angle
bySumming offorces
forces
Eytleweins contact
acting on(rad),
formula the beltusually taken
the arcsas
of the angle
contact for the
reduce thesurface
smalle
T The centrifugal FThe
2!
=forces
+ Fcacting
F! 2 onforce
Fi centrifugal the beltisFdalongrV
given the arcs
by2d
A ofthe
mVcontact
2 reduce the surface pressure. (12
The centrifugal forcesc acting on belt along the arcs of contact reduce
where F1 centrifugal
The mq = Fi +FFr c =
force is (F + d F)
T
given by F + d N + d S = 0
e d
The centrifugal force 2 is given 2 (12.8)
by
F 2 2
F2 = Fi + FFc2 F! 2 3 c rV A mV
whereis the density
rIgnoring of the belt materialF (kg/m 2
rV A), mV 2
(12.9)
where = F i + Fc Tthe higher-order term, we havec
d 2 2 2
Fc rV A mV
rAisisthe thedensity
cross-sectional
of the beltarea of the(kg/m belt (m 3 ),
where
where material ),
d N = F d d S (b)
m is the coefficient of friction,
Amisisthe thecross-sectional
mass per r isunit length
the area
where
density of of
of
the the
the belt
belt
belt 2(kg/m).
material
3 ),
(m (kg/m3),
is the angle of contact (rad), usually taken r is the density
as the angleof the
for belt
the material
smaller (kg/m pulley. ), belt (m2),
Summing
mTheis the centrifugal
A perAforce
theforces
ismass
is the
tangentially
unit
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
length
acts
areaon gives
ofboth
of thebelt
the beltarea(kg/m).
2 of the
the(mtight), and the slack sides of the belt, and Eytlewe
mofisrcontact
the mass per unit length ofpressure.
the belt (kg/m). 3
The centrifugal forces acting on the belt along the
formula can be modifiedarcs is !the density
reduce
to model theof the
surface belt material (kg/m ),
dthe effect:
m is the mass per unit length of the belt (kg/m).
The centrifugal force is given by The centrifugal force acts
is theon Fcross-sectional
= fthe
t both Ntight Farea
and
+ (F the d F) =sides
slack
+the 0 2),of the belt, and Eytlewein
TheAcentrifugal force acts on both of
the tightbeltand (m the slack sides of the belt, and Eyt
The centrifugal
formula can be modified force acts on
to model both the tight
theuniteffect:and the slack sides of the belt, and Eytleweins
fromformula
which, m
formula
incorporating is the
can mass
be
Eqs. per
modified
(a) and to
(b), F model
we1 #
length F the
c
obtain of the
effect:
mq belt (kg/m).
Fc rV A mV 2 can be modified to model the effect:
2 e (1
F F#
1 2# F c
Fc(12.9) F # F
d F The= f centrifugal
d N = f F d force
F1 f# acts
dFSc =onf both
mqFedmq1 the
ftight
c
mr 2 and
emq
2
dthe slack sides58of the be
(12.1
where F # F e F # F (12.10)
formula can be modified F2 2# Fcto model the effect:
c 2 c

The
or
maximum
3
allowable tension, F 1,max , in the tight side of a belt depends in the allow
r is the density of the belt material (kg/m ), Ftight Fc depends
#belt
stressThe ofmaximum
the belt material,
The maximum smax . Typical
allowable values
,tension, for
Ftightside,the
in amaximum
of the side
1adepends permissible
of
ineamqbelt stress
depends in are
the ag
A is the cross-sectional area of theThe
belt maximum allowable tension, F FF1,max , in
allowable tension, in thethetight 1,max side of
belt the in the
allowable allowab
(m2), stress of the beltd material,1,max
. Typical 2 2values for the maximum permissible
in Table
stress stress
of the 12.20.
of belt
the belt Elementos
material,ssmax
material, f Fvalues
de..mquinas.
Typical
Typical
s=maxfor
values f mrthe
for maximum
the maximum Fpermissible
2 # Fpermissible
c (c) are givea
stress arestress
given stress
in Table 12.20.in Table 12.20. d
m is the mass per unit length of the belt (kg/m). max
in Table 12.20.
The solution toModicada
this The
nonhomogeneous FEytleweins
first-order MAX
linear smax A , in the
differential is of a belt depe(1
The centrifugal force acts on both
Frmulathe tight
de and the
Eytlewein slack sides of the belt,
maximum and
allowable 1;max
F1;max tension,
Fuerza Traccin
smax A F1;max smax equation
F1,max A tight side (12.11)
ormula can be modified to model
Friccinthe effect:
Uniforme stress of the belt F
material,
1;max
s s 2A
2. Typical
max values for the maximum (12.1
permiss
= A exp(a fbelt
Farea mr abelt
+drive found from (d)
The The
required cross-sectional ) max
required cross-sectional area forfor
The required cross-sectional area
a belt drive for
can becan befrom
found
drive
found can befrom
Frequired in Table 12.20.
1 # Fc cross-sectional Seccin Resistente
Thewhere A is an
arbitrary area
constant. for a belt
Assuming drive
Fstarts can be
F12at#the
found from
F12
2#
emq
Fc F at = 0 equals F gives A A=F 1 #F
(12.10) F2loose
F1 #side,
F2 the boundary con-
494 Chapter dition that A mr 2 2A.
2 TheFsolution iss A
s2 1F#ss#
(12.12) (1 1;max
s1 # s2 max
2 #
Fs
1 1 2 2
2 2A
exp( 2 2
(175) (12.1
The maximum allowable tension,Table 12.20:
F1,maxGuideline
in thevalues
,Example tightforside
The
12.4Example of F
the maximum = permissible
arequired
belt
12.4 depends
mrstress
(F2 cross-sectional
the
in )for s1f )
#
allowable s2mr
+
area for aflatbelt
high-performance belts.
drive can be found from
Example
tress of the belt material, smax. Typical values 12.4
At the A endisfor
fan
the
the maximum
Multiply
of structure
angle
belt-driven by
permissible
ofanwrap , the
electric motor
stress
tight are Maximum
side,
running
given permissible
atmotor
1500 rpm. The pulley
n Table 12.20. Friction Example
surface coating 12.4 A fan
Core is belt-driven
Top by an
surface electric stressrunning
(MN/m2) at 1500 F1 #diameters
F2 The for
rpm. pulley diameter
A fan is
the fanbelt-driven
and motor
the by
are
fan 500
andan electric
and
motor355 mm,
are motor
500 and 2 running
respectively.
2
355 mm, A at
flat 1500
belt has
respectively. A
rpm.
been
2 2
A The
selected
flat pulley
belt with
has a diameters
width
been fo
selected with
Elastomer F|=
Polyamide sheet= F1 = mr ) exp( f8.3e19.3
(F2 fabric
Polyamide ) + mr s1 # s2 (176)
Athe Ffan
fan
Elastomer is and
1;max motor
belt-driven
smax A are 500
bysheet
Polyamide and 355
an electric mm, respectively.
motor
Elastomer running A flat
at 6.6e13.7
(12.11) 1500 rpm.beltThe
haspulley
been selected
diameters with
fora w
Chrome leather Polyamide sheet None 6.3e11.4
the fan and motor areExample
Chrome leather 500 and 355
12.4
Polyamide sheet mm,fabric
Polyamide respectively. 5.7e14.7
A flat belt has been selected with a widt
The required cross-sectional area for aleather
Chrome belt drive can be found
Polyamide sheet fromChrome leather 4e8
Elastomer Polyester cord Elastomer Up to 21.8
Chrome leather
A fan is belt-driven by an electric motor running at 1500 rpm. The pull
F1 # FPolyester
2
cord Polyamide fabric 5.2e12
A
Chrome leather Polyester cord the fan and motor are 500 and(12.12)
Chrome leather 355 3.1e8
mm, respectively. A flat belt has been s
s1 # s2
of 100 mm, a thickness of 3.5 mm, a coefficient of friction of 0.8, a density of 1100 kg/m3,
Example 12.4
and permissible stress of 11 MN/m2. The center distance is 1500 mm. Determine the
A fan is belt-driven by an power capacity
electric motor ofrunning
the belt.at 1500 rpm. The pulley diameters for
he fan and motor are 500 andSolution

355 mm, respectively. A flat belt has been selected with a width
59
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Standard V-Belt Sections
Table 179 Belt
Section
DIMENSIONES DE CORREAS EN V
Flexible
FlexibleMechanical
MechanicalElements
Elements 899
899 A
Table
Table179 a
179 Belt
Belt Width
Widtha,a, Thickness
Thicknessb,
b, Minimum
MinimumSheave
Sheave hp
hpRange,
Range, B
Section
Section in
in in
in Diameter,
Diameter,in
in One
OneororMore
MoreBelts
Belts
Standard
StandardV-Belt
V-BeltSections
Sections
AA 11
22
1111
3232 3.0
3.0
11
4410
10 b C
aa 2121 77
BB 3232 1616 5.4
5.4 125
125
bb CC 77
88
1717
3232 9.0
9.0 15100
15100 40 D
DD 11141 33
13.0 50250
40
40
EE
4
11121
44
11
13.0
21.6 100
50250
E
2 21.6 100and
andup
up
CIRCUNFERENCIA INTERIOR PARA DIMENSIONES DE CORREAS EN V

Table
Table1710
1710 Section Circumference,
Section Circumference,in
in
Inside
InsideCircumferences
Circumferencesofof AA 26,
26,31,
31,33,
33,35,
35,38,
38,42,
42,46,
46,48,
48,51,
51,53,
53,55,
55,57,
57,60,
60,62,
62,64,
64,66,
66,68,
68,71,
71,75,
75,78,
78,80,
80,85,
85,
Table 1710 Section
Standard 90,
90,96,
96,105,
105,112,
112,120,
120,128
StandardVVBelts
Belts 128
BB 35,
35,38,
90,
38,42,
90,93,
42,46,
93,97,
46,48,
97,100,
48,51,
100,103,
51,53,
53,55,
103,105,
55,57,
105,112,
57,60,
60,62,
112,120,
62,64,
120,128,
64,65,
128,131,
65,66,
66,68,
131,136,
68,71,
136,144,
71,75,
144,158,
75,78,
78,79,
158,173,
79,81,
173,180,
81,83,
180,195,
83,85,
85,
195,210,
210,
Inside Circumferences of A
240,
240,270,
270,300
CC 51,
300
Standard V Belts
51,60,
60,68,
68,75,
75,81,
81,85,
85,90,
90,96,
96,105,
105,112,
112,120,
120,128,
128,136,
136,144,
144,158,
158,162,173,
162,173,180,
180,
195,
195,210,
210,240,
240,270,
270,300,
300,330,
330,360,
360,390,
390,420
DD 120,
420 B
120,128,
128,144,
144,158,
158,162,
162,173,
173,180,
180,195,
195,210,
210,240,
240,270,
270,300,
300,330,
330,360,390,
360,390,420,
420,
480,
480,540,
540,600,
600,660
660
EE 180,
180,195,
195,210,
210,240,
240,270,
270,300,
300,330,
330,360,
360,390,
390,420,
420,480,
480,540,
540,600,
600,660
660
C
Table
Table1711
1711
Length
LengthConversion
ConversionDimensions
Dimensions(Add (Addthe
thelisted
listedquantity
quantitytotothe
the
inside
insidecircumference
circumferencetotoobtain
obtainthe
thepitch
pitchlength
lengthinininches).
inches). D
Belt section A B C D E
Belt section A B C D E
Quantity to be added
Quantity to be added
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.8
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
4.5
4.5
E
To
Tospecify
specifyaaVVbelt,
belt,give
givethethebelt-section
belt-sectionletter,
letter,followed
followedby bythe
theinside
insidecircumfer-
circumfer-
ence
enceinininches
inches(standard
(standardcircumferences
circumferencesare arelisted
listedininTable
Table1710).
1710).For Forexample,
example,B75 B75
60Table 1
isisaaB-section
B-sectionbelt
belthaving
havingan aninside
insidecircumference
circumference ofof7575in.
Calculations involving the belt length are usually SELECCINbased onDE
in.
the CORREAS
pitch length.VFor any
Calculations involving the belt length are usuallyFactor based on dethe pitch length. For any
Servicio
given belt section, the pitch length is obtained by adding a quantity
Table 12.2: Service tofactors.
the inside cir-
given belt section, the pitch length is obtained by adding a quantity to the inside cir-
cumference (Tables 1710 and 1711). For example, a B75 belt has a pitch length of Length C
466 Chapter 12
cumference (Tables 1710 and 1711). For example, a B75 belt has aType pitch length
of prime of
mover
76.8 in. Similarly, calculations of the velocity ratios are made using the pitch diameters
76.8 in. Similarly, calculations of the velocity ratios are Softmade
starts.using the pitch diameters
inside ci
Heavy starts.
of the sheaves, and for this reason the stated diameters are usually understood to be the
of the sheaves, and for this reason the stated diameters aremotors:
Electric usually understood to be the Electric motors:
pitch diameters even though they are not always soACdstar specified.
pitch diameters even though they are not always so specified. delta start, ACdstar delta start,
The groove angle of a sheave is made somewhat DCdshunt smaller
wound.than the belt-section DCdshunt wound.
The groove angle of a sheave is made somewhat smaller than the belt-section
angle. This causes the belt to wedge itself into the groove,
IC engines with fourthus increasing
or more cylinders. friction. The IC engines with fewer than four cylinders.
angle. This causes the belt to wedge Prime itselfmovers
into the groove, thus increasing friction. The
exact value of this angle depends on the
exact value of this angle depends on thefluid
fitted
belt couplings,
section, with centrifugal
the
belt section,orthe
sheave soft clutches, dry
diameter,
sheave diameter,
electronic
and orthe anglePrime movers not fitted with soft start drives.
and the angle
start drives. Belt secti
of contact. If it is made too much smaller than the belt, the force requiredDuty to pull theper
belt
of contact. If it is made too much smaller than the belt, the force required to (hours pull the day)
belt
out of the Types
groove as themachine
of driven belt leaves the <10
pulley will be excessive.
10e16 Optimum >16 values are <10 10e16 >16
out of theLight
groove as the belt leaves the1.0pulley will be excessive. Optimum values are 1.1
given in the commercial literature.
duty,
given in (uniform
e.g.
the commercial
agitators
literature.
density), blowers,
1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 Quantity
exhausters, and fans (up to
7.5 kW), centrifugal
compressors, rotodynamic
pumps, uniformly loaded belt
conveyors. To sp
ence in in
Medium duty, e.g. agitators 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
(variable density), blowers,
exhausters, and fans (over
7.5 kW), rotary compressors
and pumps (other than
is a B-sec
centrifugal), nonuniformly
loaded conveyors, generators,
Calcu
machine tools, printing
machinery, and sawmill
given belt
machinery.
Heavy duty, e.g. brick 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
cumferen
machinery, bucket elevators,
reciprocating compressors and
76.8 in. S
pumps, heavy-duty conveyors,
hoists, pulverizers, punches,
of the she
presses, quarry plant, and textile
machinery. pitch diam
Extra heavy duty, e.g. crushers. 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 The
angle. Th
Source: After Fenner Power Transmission UK.
exact valu
of contact
out of the
given in t
468 Chapter 12
SELECCIN DE CORREAS V 61
Dimetro mnimo recomendado para Poleas
en transmisin por correas
Table 12.3: Minimum recommended pulley diameters for wedge belt drives.
Minimum pulley diameters (mm)
Design power (kW)
Speed of faster shaft (rpm) <1 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 25 30 40 50 60 75 90 110 130 150 200 250
500 56 90 100 112 125 140 180 200 212 236 250 280 280 315 375 400 450 475 500 560
600 56 85 90 100 112 125 140 180 200 212 224 250 265 280 300 335 375 400 475 500
720 56 80 85 90 100 106 132 150 160 170 200 236 250 265 280 300 335 375 450 500
960 56 75 80 85 95 100 112 132 150 180 180 200 224 250 280 280 300 335 400 450
1200 56 71 80 80 95 95 106 118 132 150 160 180 200 236 236 250 265 300 335 355
1440 56 63 75 80 85 85 100 112 125 140 160 170 190 212 236 236 250 280 315 335
1800 56 63 71 75 80 85 95 106 112 125 150 160 170 190 212 224 236 265 300 335
2880 56 60 67 67 80 80 85 90 100 112 125 140 160 170 180 212 224 236 e e
Source: Courtesy of Fenner Power Transmission UK.
Rangos de Potencias
Table recomendados
12.5: Power para belts.
ratings for SPB wedge correas
470 Chapter 12
Rated power (kW) per belt for small pulley pitch diameter (mm)
rpm of faster shaft 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 212 224 236 250 280 315
100 0.73 0.82 0.92 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.29 1.40 1.51 1.62 1.74 2.01 2.33
200 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.05 2.22 2.40 2.61 2.82 3.02 3.26 3.78 4.37
300 1.89 2.15 2.41 2.67 2.93 3.18 3.44 3.74 4.04 4.35 4.70 5.44 6.30
400 2.42 2.76 3.09 3.43 3.77 4.10 4.43 4.83 5.22 5.61 6.07 7.04 8.15
500 2.92 3.33 3.75 4.16 4.57 4.98 5.39 5.87 6.36 6.84 7.39 8.58 9.94
600 3.40 3.89 4.38 4.87 5.35 5.83 6.31 6.89 7.45 8.02 8.67 10.06 11.66
700 3.86 4.43 4.99 5.55 6.11 6.66 7.21 7.87 8.52 9.17 9.92 11.50 13.32
720 3.95 4.53 5.11 5.69 6.26 6.82 7.39 8.06 8.73 9.39 10.16 11.79 13.65
800 4.31 4.95 5.59 6.22 6.84 7.47 8.08 8.82 9.55 10.28 11.12 12.90 14.93
900 4.75 5.46 6.16 6.86 7.56 8.25 8.93 9.75 10.56 11.36 12.29 14.25 16.47
960 5.00 5.75 6.50 7.24 7.98 8.71 9.43 10.29 11.15 11.99 12.97 15.03 17.37
1000 5.17 5.95 6.72 7.49 8.25 9.01 9.76 10.65 11.53 12.41 13.42 15.55 17.96
1100 5.58 6.42 7.27 8.10 8.93 9.75 10.56 11.52 12.48 13.43 14.52 16.80 19.39
1200 5.97 6.89 7.79 8.69 9.58 10.46 11.34 12.37 13.40 14.41 15.57 18.01 20.75
1300 6.36 7.34 8.31 9.27 10.22 11.16 12.09 13.19 14.28 15.36 16.59 19.17 22.05
1400 6.73 7.77 8.81 9.83 10.84 11.84 12.82 13.99 15.14 16.27 17.57 20.28 23.28
1440 6.88 7.95 9.00 10.05 11.08 12.10 13.11 14.30 15.47 16.63 17.96 20.70 23.75
1500 7.09 8.20 9.29 10.37 11.44 12.49 13.53 14.76 15.97 17.15 18.51 21.33 24.43
1600 7.44 8.61 9.76 10.90 12.02 13.12 14.21 15.50 16.76 18.00 19.41 22.33 25.51
1700 7.78 9.01 10.21 11.40 12.58 13.73 14.87 16.21 17.52 18.81 20.27 23.27 26.51
1800 8.11 9.39 10.65 11.90 13.12 14.32 15.50 16.89 18.25 19.58 21.08 24.15 27.43
1900 8.43 9.76 11.08 12.37 13.64 14.88 16.11 17.54 18.94 20.31 21.85 24.97 28.27
2000 8.73 10.12 11.48 12.82 14.14 15.43 16.69 18.16 19.60 20.99 22.57 25.72 29.01
2100 9.02 10.46 11.88 13.26 14.62 15.94 17.24 18.75 20.22 21.64 23.23 26.41 29.67
2200 9.31 10.79 12.25 13.68 15.07 16.44 17.76 19.31 20.80 22.24 23.85 27.03 30.22
2300 9.57 11.11 12.61 14.08 15.51 16.90 18.26 19.83 21.35 22.80 24.42 27.57 30.68
2400 9.83 11.41 12.95 14.46 15.92 17.34 18.72 20.32 21.85 23.31 24.93 28.05 31.04
2500 10.08 11.70 13.28 14.82 16.31 17.76 19.16 20.77 22.31 23.78 25.38 28.44 e
2600 10.31 11.97 13.59 15.16 16.68 18.14 19.56 21.19 22.73 24.19 25.78 28.76 e
2700 10.53 12.23 13.88 15.47 17.02 18.50 19.93 21.56 23.11 24.56 26.12 28.99 e
2800 10.73 12.47 14.15 15.77 17.33 18.83 20.27 21.90 23.44 24.87 26.40 e e
2880 10.89 12.65 14.35 15.99 17.57 19.07 20.51 22.14 23.67 25.08 26.57 e e
2900 10.93 12.69 14.40 16.04 17.62 19.13 20.57 22.20 23.72 25.12 26.61 e e
3000 11.10 12.90 14.63 16.30 17.89 19.40 20.84 22.46 23.96 25.33 26.76 e e
Incremento
Table de potencia
12.6: Additional para correas
power increment per SPB belt.
Additional power (kW) per belt for speed ratio
Speed of faster shaft 1.00 to 1.02 to 1.06 to 1.12 to 1.19 to 1.27 to 1.39 to 1.58 to 1.95 to 3.39 and
(rpm) 1.01 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.38 1.57 1.94 3.38 over
100 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08
200 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17
300 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.25
400 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.34
500 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.43
600 0.00 0.04 0.12 0.20 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.51
700 0.00 0.05 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.59
720 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.62
800 0.00 0.06 0.16 0.28 0.37 0.45 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.69
900 0.00 0.07 0.18 0.31 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.77
960 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.32 0.44 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.81
1000 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.34 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.86
1100 0.00 0.08 0.22 0.37 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.81 0.89 0.94
1200 0.00 0.09 0.23 0.41 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.97 1.03
1300 0.00 0.09 0.25 0.44 0.60 0.73 0.86 0.96 1.05 1.11
1400 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.48 0.65 0.79 0.93 1.04 1.13 1.20
1440 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.48 0.66 0.79 0.94 1.06 1.15 1.21
1500 0.00 0.10 0.29 0.51 0.69 0.84 0.99 1.11 1.21 1.28
1600 0.00 0.11 0.31 0.54 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.19 1.29 1.37
1700 0.00 0.12 0.34 0.58 0.79 0.95 1.12 1.26 1.37 1.45
1800 0.00 0.13 0.35 0.61 0.84 1.01 1.19 1.34 1.45 1.54
1900 0.00 0.13 0.37 0.65 0.88 1.07 1.25 1.41 1.54 1.63
Belt and Chain Drives

2000 0.00 0.14 0.39 0.68 0.93 1.13 1.32 1.48 1.62 1.71
2100 0.00 0.15 0.41 0.72 0.98 1.18 1.39 1.56 1.69 1.79
2200 0.00 0.16 0.43 0.75 1.02 1.24 1.45 1.63 1.78 1.88
2300 0.00 0.16 0.45 0.78 1.07 1.29 1.51 1.71 1.86 1.97
2400 0.00 0.17 0.47 0.82 1.11 1.35 1.58 1.78 1.94 2.05
2500 0.00 0.18 0.49 0.85 1.16 1.41 1.65 1.86 2.02 2.14
2600 0.00 0.19 0.51 0.89 1.21 1.46 1.72 1.92 2.10 2.22
2700 0.00 0.19 0.53 0.92 1.25 1.52 1.78 1.99 2.18 2.31
2800 0.00 0.20 0.54 0.95 1.29 1.57 1.84 2.07 2.26 2.39
2880 0.00 0.20 0.56 0.97 1.32 1.60 1.88 2.11 2.31 2.44
471
2900 0.00 0.21 0.57 0.99 1.34 1.63 1.91 2.15 2.34 2.48
3000 0.00 0.22 0.59 1.02 1.39 1.69 1.98 2.23 2.42 2.57
SELECCIN
Table 12.4: Center distances for selected DE CORREAS
SPB wedge V is only a partial selection from a typical
belts. N.B. this 64
Distancia entre centros recomendado
catalogue relevant to thepara
workedcorreas y tipo de correa
examples.
Combined arc and belt length 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15
correction factor
Pitch Power per
diameter of belt (kW) Belt Length for SPB belt type
pulleys
Speed Driver Driven 1440 960
ratio rpm rpm 1250 1400 1800 2000 2240 2500 2800 3150 3550 4000 4500 5000 5600 6300 7100 8000
1.27 315 400 24.56 17.91 436 557 687 837 1013 1213 1438 1688 1938 2238 2588 2988 3438
1.27 118 150 6.37 4.58 414 489 689 789
1.28 125 160 7.24 5.18 401 476 676 776
1.29 140 180 7.69 5.54 373 448 648 748 869 998 1148 1342 1524 1749 1999 2249 2549 2899 3299 3749
1.29 132 170 8.10 5.78 387 462 663 763
1.53 118 180 6.51 4.67 390 465 665 765

1.56 180 280 12.03 8.61 259 335 536 637 757 887 1038 1213 1413 1638 1888 2138 2438 2788 3188 3638
1.56 160 250 9.95 7.13 300 375 576 676 797 927 1077 1252 1452 1677 1927 2178 2478 2828 3228 3678
1.57 150 236 8.89 6.37 319 394 595 696 816 946 1096 1271 1471 1696 1946 2196 2496 2847 3247 3697
1.57 200 315 14.05 10.05 290 492 593 713 844 994 1169 1369 1594 1845 2095 2395 2745 3145 3595
1.58 224 355 16.54 11.86 440 541 662 793 943 1118 1319 1544 1794 2044 2344 2694 3095 3545
1.59 315 500 24.81 18.09 471 603 754 930 1131 1357 1607 1858 2158 2508 2908 3359
1.60 125 200 7.49 5.35 368 443 644 744
1.60 140 224 7.95 5.71 336 412 613 713 833 963 1113 1288 1489 1714 1964 2214 2514 2864 3264 3714
1.60 250 400 19.02 13.68 382 484 605 736 886 1062 1262 1488 1738 1988 2288 2368 3039 3489
1.87 190 355 13.17 9.42 465 566 687 818 968 1144 1344 1570 1820 2070 2371 2721 3121 3571
1.89 212 400 15.37 11.00 409 511 633 764 915 1090 1291 1516 1767 2017 2317 2668 3068 3518
1.89 125 236 7.49 5.35 337 413 614 714
1.89 112 212 5.88 4.23 367 443 644 744
1.89 132 250 8.36 5.95 320 396 597 697
2.09 170 355 11.21 8.02 479 580 702 833 983 1159 1360 1585 1835 2086 2386 2736 3136 3586
2.10 150 315 9.11 6.53 324 528 629 750 881 1031 1207 1407 1633 1883 2133 2433 2784 3184 3634
2.11 190 400 13.26 9.48 424 526 648 780 931 1107 1307 1533 1784 2034 2334 2685 3085 3535
2.11 112 236 5.97 4.30 346 422 624 724
2.12 118 250 6.72 4.81 429 406 607 708
2.23 224 500 16.64 11.92 408 534 667 820 997 1198 1425 1676 1926 2227 2578 2978 3429
2.24 125 280 7.59 5.42 297 374 577 677
2.25 140 315 8.04 5.78 252 331 535 637 758 888 1039 1214 1415 1640 1891 2141 2441 2791 3191 3642
2.25 280 630 21.87 15.81 364 505 662 842 1046 1273 1525 1777 2078 2429 2830 3281
2.35 170 400 11.21 8.02 437 540 663 794 945 1121 1322 1548 1799 2049 2350 2700 3100 3550
2.54 315 800 24.81 18.15 654 865 1097 1353 1606 1909 2261 2663 3115
2.63 190 500 13.26 9.48 430 557 691 844 1021 1223 1450 1701 1952 2253 2603 3004 3455
Belt and Chain Drives 469
2.67 150 400 9.11 6.53 451 554 677 808 960 1136 1337 1563 1814 2064 2365 2715 3116 3566
2.67 118 315 6.72 4.81 267 346 551 652
2.67 236 630 17.79 12.77 390 533 692 873 1077 1305 1557 1809 2111 2462 2863 3314
3.39 236 800 17.86 12.82 705 918 1152 1408 1662 1966 2319 2722 3174
3.50 180 630 12.31 8.80 425 569 729 911 1116 1345 1598 1850 2152 2504 2905 3356
3.57 112 400 6.04 4.34 476 580
3.57 140 500 8.11 5.82 351 462 590 725 879 1057 1259 1486 1738 1989 2290 2641 3042 3493
3.57 224 800 16.71 11.97 713 926 1160 1416 1671 1975 2328 2731 3183
3.57 280 1000 21.94 15.85 673 925 1190 1450 1758 2114 2519 2973
3.71 170 630 11.28 8.06 431 576 736 918 1123 1352 1605 1857 2159 2511 2913 3364
3.77 212 800 15.53 11.11 720 934 1168 1425 1679 1983 2337 2739 3192
3.79 132 500 8.52 6.06 356 467
3.94 160 630 10.23 7.32 437 582 742 925 1130 1359 1612 1865 2167 2519 2920 3371
4.72 212 1000 15.53 11.11 714 968 1235 1496 1805 2162 2568 3022
5.00 160 800 10.23 7.32 554 753 968 1203 1461 1716 2021 2374 2778 3230
5.00 200 1000 14.34 10.25 722 976 1243 1504 1813 2171 2576 3031
5.26 190 1000 13.33 9.53 728 982 1250 1511 1820 2178 2584 3038
5.33 150 800 9.18 6.57 759 975 1210 1468 1723 2028 2382 2785 3238

109 (113.8)
Answer Eq. (1728): t> = 46 600 h
720(3390)
174 Timing Belts

65
Elementos
within to de
take theTransmisin Flexibles
A timing belt is made of a rubberized fabric coated with a nylon fabric, and has steel wire
tension load. It has teeth that fit into grooves cut on the periphery of
Elementos
the pulleys (Fig. 1715).de
A mquinas.
timing belt does not stretch appreciably or slip and conse-
quently transmits power at a constant angular-velocity ratio. No initial tension is needed.
CORREAS DENTADAS o SNCRONAS
Especificaciones de diseo:
Figure 1715 Belt pitch Belt pitch line
Timing-belt drive showing

portions of the pulley and belt.
Note that the pitch diameter of
the pulley is greater than the Pitch circle
of pulley
diametral distance across the
top lands of the teeth.
Root diameter
Outside diameter
SELECCIN DE CORREAS SINCRONASSBelt and Chain Drives 491 66

Tipos
Figure 12.6
Belt pitch selection guide. Chart courtesy of Fenner.
From Table 12.11 the belt length factor is 1.00.

The ratio of the design power to the power rating is 85/69.77 1.22. From Table 12.12
the next larger standard width factor is 1.44, with a corresponding belt width of 55 mm.
SELECCIN DE CORREAS SINCRONAS 67
Ratio
Table 12.7: Powerde Potencia
ratings 8MXP
(kW) for - 20mm8MXP belts.
20-mm-wide
Number of grooves
Rev/min of
small pulley 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 44 48 56 64 72
100 0.43 0.50 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.14 1.30 1.45 1.71 1.88 1.94
200 0.83 0.97 1.11 1.26 1.41 1.57 1.72 1.88 2.04 2.19 2.50 2.79 3.27 3.59 3.71
300 1.23 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.07 2.30 2.53 2.76 2.99 3.21 3.66 4.07 4.76 5.22 5.37
400 1.61 1.88 2.15 2.43 2.72 3.01 3.31 3.61 3.91 4.20 4.78 5.31 6.21 6.78 6.97
500 1.99 2.32 2.65 3.00 3.35 3.71 4.08 4.44 4.81 5.17 5.87 6.52 7.60 8.29 8.51
600 2.37 2.75 3.14 3.55 3.97 4.40 4.83 5.26 5.69 6.11 6.93 7.69 8.96 9.76 9.99
720 2.82 3.27 3.73 4.22 4.71 5.21 5.73 6.23 6.74 7.24 8.20 9.09 10.57 11.49 11.74
800 3.10 3.60 4.11 4.64 5.19 5.74 6.29 6.85 7.40 7.95 8.99 9.96 11.56 12.54 12.79
960 3.65 4.23 4.83 5.45 6.08 6.72 7.37 8.01 8.65 9.28 10.50 11.62 13.44 14.54 14.80
1000 3.82 4.42 5.05 5.70 6.36 7.03 7.71 8.38 9.05 9.71 10.97 12.13 14.02 15.16 15.41
1200 4.52 5.23 5.97 6.73 7.50 8.29 9.08 9.86 10.64 11.40 12.86 14.20 16.36 17.63 17.85
1450 5.38 6.21 7.08 7.98 8.89 9.81 10.73 11.64 12.55 13.43 15.12 16.66 19.11 20.51 20.67
1600 5.57 6.43 7.33 8.25 9.18 10.12 11.07 12.00 12.93 13.83 15.55 17.12 19.58 20.95 21.07
1800 6.54 7.55 8.59 9.66 10.75 11.84 12.94 14.02 15.09 16.13 18.10 19.89 22.67 24.17 24.21
2000 7.18 8.29 9.43 10.59 11.77 12.96 14.15 15.32 16.47 17.59 19.71 21.62 24.56 26.08 26.02
2500 8.74 10.07 11.43 12.82 14.22 15.62 17.01 18.39 19.73 21.02 23.46 25.60 28.82 30.30 29.91
2850 9.79 11.26 12.76 14.29 15.83 17.37 18.89 20.38 21.83 23.24 25.84 28.11 31.42 32.79 32.10
3000 10.23 11.76 13.32 14.91 16.50 18.09 19.66 21.20 22.70 24.14 26.80 29.12 32.44 33.74 32.91

3500 11.65 13.36 15.10 16.87 18.63 20.38 22.10 23.78 25.40 26.94 29.77 32.18 35.46 36.43 35.06
4000 13.00 14.88 16.78 18.70 20.61 22.49 24.34 26.12 27.83 29.45 32.37 34.79 37.88 38.39 36.37
4500 14.28 16.31 18.36 20.41 22.44 24.44 26.37 28.23 30.00 31.66 34.61 36.98 39.71 39.63 36.86
5000 15.50 17.66 19.83 22.00 24.13 26.21 28.21 30.12 31.92 33.59 36.49 38.73 40.98 40.16 36.55
476 5500
Chapter 12
16.65 18.93 21.21 23.47 25.68 27.81 29.86 31.79 33.58 35.23 38.02 40.06 41.68 40.00 35.44
476 6000 17.74 20.12 22.49 24.82 27.08 29.26 31.31 33.24
Chapter 12 35.00 36.60 39.21 40.98 41.82 39.16 33.56
Table 12.8: Belt length correction factors for 20-mm-wide 8MXP belts.
Source: Table reproduced courtesy of Fenner.
Belt length (mm) Table 12.8: Belt length correction
384e600 640e880 factors for 20-mm-wide
960e1200 8MXP belts. 1800e4400
1280e1760
Length factor 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Belt length (mm) 384e600 640e880 960e1200 1280e1760 1800e4400
475
Source: Tablefactor
Length reproduced courtesy of0.8
Fenner. 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Table 12.9: Belt width factors for 20-mm-wide 8MXP belts.
Belt width (mm) Table 12.9: Belt 20width factors for 20-mm-wide
30 8MXP belts.
50 85
Width factor 1.00 1.58 2.73 4.76
Belt width (mm) 20 30 50 85
Width
Source: Tablefactor
reproduced courtesy of Fenner. 1.00 1.58 2.73 4.76
Table 12.10: Power ratings (kW) for 40-mm-wide 14MXP belts.
28 Table
476 12.10:
30 Power
29 Chapter 12ratings
32 34 (kW)
36 for 40-mm-wide
38 40 14MXP
44 belts.
48 56 64
10 28
0.44 29
0.47 30
0.50 32
0.55 34
0.60 36
0.65 38
0.69 40
0.74 44 0.88 48 0.92 56 1.10 64 1.29
20 0.85 0.90 0.96 0.55 1.06 0.60 1.15 0.65 1.24 0.691.33 0.74 1.42 0.88 1.69 0.92 1.78 1.10
10
50
0.44
1.99
0.47
2.12
0.50
2.24
Table
2.48
12.8:
2.71
Belt 2.92
length
3.14
correction
3.35 3.98
factors
4.20
for2.13
5.03
2.48
20-mm-wide
1.29
5.87
8MXP belts.
20 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.69 1.78 2.13 2.48
100
50 3.77
1.99 4.03
2.12 4.27 2.48
2.24 4.73 2.71 5.16 2.92 5.58 3.145.99 3.35 6.40 3.98 7.60 4.20 8.00 5.03 9.59 11.18
5.87
200
100 3.77 476
7.09 4.03Chapter
7.58 4.27 12
8.04 8.91
4.73 9.72
5.16 10.52
5.58 11.29
5.99 12.06
6.40 14.30
7.60 15.06
8.00 18.02
9.59 11.1820.95
300
200 10.19
7.09 10.91 Length11.57
7.58 factor12.82
8.04 8.91 14.00 9.72 0.8 15.13 11.29
10.52 16.25 12.06 0.9 14.30
17.34 20.55 15.0621.61 1.025.78 20.95
18.02 29.88 1.1 1.2
400
300 13.13 476
10.19 14.06Chapter
10.91 14.92 12
11.57 16.52 14.00
12.82 18.04 15.1319.50 16.25
20.92 17.34
22.31 20.55
26.40 21.6127.73 25.78
32.98 29.88
38.10
Table 12.8: Beltoflength correction factors for 20-mm-wide 8MXP belts.
500
400 15.93 Source:
13.13 17.06Table
14.06 18.11
14.92
reproduced
20.05courtesy
16.52 21.88 19.50
18.04
Fenner.
23.64 20.92
25.34 22.31
27.02 26.40
31.89 27.7333.48 32.98
39.68 38.10
45.67
600
500 18.61 Belt
15.93 19.93
17.06 21.16
18.11 23.42 384e600
20.05 25.54 23.6427.58 640e880
29.55 27.02
31.48 960e1200
37.06 33.4838.87 39.68
45.91 52.63
length (mm)
Table 12.8:21.88
27.40 Table
Belt length 25.34
correction factors31.89
for 20-mm-wide 45.67
1280e1760
8MXP belts. 1800e4400
720
600 21.78 19.93
18.61 23.34 24.77
Length 21.16factor 23.42 0.8 12.9:
29.87
25.54 32.22 Belt
27.58 0.9width
34.50
29.55 36.72factors
31.48 37.061.0 for
43.13 20-mm-wide
45.20
38.87 60.718MXP belts.
53.171.152.63
45.91 1.2
800
720 23.65 23.34
21.78 25.33 24.77 26.88 27.40 29.73 29.87 32.38 32.2234.90 34.50
37.34 36.72
39.71 43.13
46.51 45.2048.69 53.17
57.04 60.71
64.84
960
800 27.20 Source:
23.65 29.20
25.33 Table26.88
reproduced
30.90 courtesy 32.38
34.20
29.73 of Fenner.34.90
37.20 40.00 37.34
42.70 45.33 52.90 48.69 55.30 64.30 64.84
72.60
Belt
Lengthwidthfactor (mm) 0.8 200.9 39.71 46.51 1.0 30 57.04 1.1 50
1.2 85
1000
960 28.30 29.20
27.20 30.30 30.90 32.14 34.20 35.50 37.20 38.60 40.0041.55 42.70
44.38 45.33
47.11 52.90
54.64 55.3057.29 64.30
66.51 72.60
74.85
1200 32.59 Source:
Width
34.88
factor40.78
Table32.14
reproduced
36.97 Table38.60
courtesy of12.9:
Fenner.Belt
44.28
1.00
47.57width50.70factors
53.71for 54.64
20-mm-wide
62.11 57.29
1.58 74.38 belts.
64.73 8MXP 82.77
2.73 4.76
1000 28.30 30.30 35.50 41.55 44.38 47.11 66.51 74.85
1450
1200 37.49 Source:
32.59 40.10Table
34.88 42.46
36.97 46.74courtesy
40.78 50.62of 47.57
44.28 54.24 50.70
57.65 53.71
60.90 62.11
69.77 64.7372.47 74.38
82.07 82.77
89.83
1600
1450 40.20 Belt
37.49 42.97
40.10 width 45.47
42.46
reproduced
(mm) 46.74 Table50.62
49.98 12.9: Belt
54.04 SELECCIN
Fenner.
20 width
57.81
54.24 61.34
57.65 factors
64.66
60.90 DE69.77
for 30CORREAS
20-mm-wide
73.62 72.47 SINCRONAS
76.30 8MXP
85.57
82.07 50
belts.
92.58
89.83 85 68
Width factor 1.00 61.34 69.07 1.58 88.952.73 4.76
1800
1600
2000
1800
43.54 42.97
40.20
43.54
46.50
Belt
46.59 Source:
49.71
46.50 width
49.72 49.98
45.47
(mm)
52.51
53.93 54.04
57.46Table
58.18 57.81
12.10:
61.84
62.08
20 Ratio
65.80 65.69
de
65.69 64.66
Power
69.43 69.07
Potencia
ratings
77.83 76.30
73.62
(kW)
30
72.78 77.83
81.29 80.50
14MXP
80.50 85.57
for -
40-mm-wide
83.66 88.95
40mm
50
94.56
92.58
90.90 94.56
94.63 14MXP belts.
85
Table49.72
reproduced53.93
courtesy 58.18
of Fenner.62.08
2200
2000 49.35 49.71
46.59 Width factor
52.61 55.51 57.46
52.51 60.59 61.84 65.02 65.80 1.00 69.43
68.99 75.81 1.58
72.57 72.78 83.74 83.66
81.29 91.442.73
85.81 90.90 92.82
94.63 4.76
2200
2500 49.35 52.61
52.95 Source:
56.35 Table55.51
59.3328
reproduced60.59
64.49
Table 29 65.02
68.89
12.10:
courtesy
30 68.99 32
72.57
72.72 ratings
Power
of Fenner. 76.09 (kW) 34
75.81
79.04for83.74
85.59 36 85.81
40-mm-wide 38
87.06 91.44 40
89.47 92.82
14MXP 86.40
belts. 44 48 56 64
2500
2850 52.95
56.46 56.3559.94 59.33 62.96 64.49 68.05 68.89 72.25 72.7275.77 76.09
78.71 79.04
81.12 85.59
85.46 87.0685.99 89.47
83.65 86.40
2850
3000 56.46
57.70 59.94
10
61.20 62.96 280.44
64.20 68.05
69.21
0.47
29 12.10: 72.25
73.26
0.50
30 Power 75.77
76.58
0.55
78.71
32 ratings34 (kW)
79.26
0.60
81.12
36 for85.46
81.37
0.65
38 85.99
84.54
0.69
40 83.65
84.58 44
79.82
0.74
48 0.88
56 0.92
64 1.10 1.29
Table 40-mm-wide 14MXP belts.
3000
3500 57.70
60.83 61.20 20 64.20
64.23 0.85 69.21
67.06 71.55 0.90 74.87 0.96
73.26 76.58 1.06
77.27 79.26
78.85 81.37 1.15 84.54
79.68 77.951.24 76.021.33
84.58 79.82 1.42 1.69 1.78 2.13 2.48
10 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.88 0.92 1.10 1.29
3500
4000 60.83
62.41 64.23 50
65.54
20
281.99 71.55
67.06
68.03
0.85 71.64
29 2.12
71.64
0.90 73.86
30 2.24
74.87
73.86 77.27
0.96 74.94
32
74.94 2.48
78.85
34
75.01
1.06 75.01
2.71
79.68
36
74.12
1.15 74.12
382.92
77.95
66.07
1.24 66.07 1.33
40 3.1444 3.35
76.02
1.42 1.69
48
1.78
3.98
56
2.13
4.20
64
2.48
5.03 5.87
4000 62.41 65.54100 68.03
10
Source: Table reproduced of3.77
50courtesy0.44
1.99 2.124.032.24
Fenner.0.47 0.50 4.27 0.55 4.73
2.48 0.60
2.71 5.16 3.14
0.65
2.92 5.58 3.35
0.69 0.745.99 0.88 6.40
3.98 0.92 7.60
4.20 1.10
5.03 8.00
1.29
5.87 9.59 11.18
200
Source: Table reproduced
20
100 courtesy 7.09 0.90
of
0.85
3.77 Fenner. 4.037.584.270.96 8.04 1.06 8.91
4.73 1.15
5.16 9.72 5.99
1.24
5.58 10.52 6.40
1.33 11.297.60
1.42 1.6912.06 1.78 14.30
8.00 15.06
2.13 11.18
9.59 2.48 18.02 20.95
Table5012.11:
200
300 1.99
7.09 Belt length
10.19 2.12
7.58
10.91correction
2.2411.57
8.04 factors
2.48
8.91 for 40-mm-wide
2.71
9.72
12.82 2.92 11.29
10.52
14.00 3.1414MXP
15.13 3.35
12.06belts.
16.25 3.9817.34
14.30 4.20 20.55
15.06 5.03 20.95
18.02 5.87
21.61 25.78 29.88
Table100
300
12.11: 10.19
Belt length
3.77 4.03 correction
10.91 4.27 12.82
11.57
factors14.00
4.73 for 40-mm-wide
5.16 5.58 16.25
15.13
14MXP
5.99 belts.20.55
6.40
17.34 7.60 21.618.00 25.78
9.59 29.88
11.18
Belt length (mm)200 400966e1190 13.13 1400e1610 14.06 14.92 1778e1890 16.52 2100e2450
18.04 19.50 2590e3360 20.923500e6860
22.31 26.40 27.73 32.98 38.10
Belt (mm)400
lengthfactor
7.09 14.06
13.13 7.58 8.04 1778e1890
14.92 8.91 18.04
16.52 9.722100e2450
10.52 20.92
19.50 11.29 12.06 26.40
22.31 14.30 15.06 32.98
27.73 18.02 38.10
20.95
Length 500966e1190 15.9317.06
0.80 1400e1610
17.06
0.90 18.11 0.9520.05 21.88
1.00 16.25 2590e3360
23.64 1.05 25.34 3500e6860
27.02
1.1021.61 31.89 33.48 39.68 45.67
Length factor 300 500 0.80 10.19
15.93 10.91 0.9011.57
18.11 20.05 12.82 14.00 23.64
0.95 21.88 15.13
1.00 25.34 17.34
27.02
1.05 20.55
31.89 1.1033.48 25.78 45.67
39.68 29.88
600
400
600courtesy 18.61
13.13 14.06 19.93
19.93 14.92
of Fenner.
18.61 21.16
21.16 23.42 23.42
16.52 25.54
18.04 27.5825.54
19.50 29.55 27.58
20.92 31.48 29.5526.4031.48
22.31 37.06 27.73 37.06
38.87 38.87 45.91 52.63
32.98 52.63
45.91 38.10
720 courtesy of Fenner.
21.78 23.34
500
720 15.93
21.78 17.06
23.34 24.7724.77
18.11 20.05 27.40
27.40 21.88 32.22
29.87 29.87 34.50
23.64 32.2236.72
25.34 34.50
27.02 31.8936.72
43.13 33.48 43.13
45.20 45.20 53.17 60.71
39.68 60.71
53.17 45.67
600
800
800Table18.61 12.12:19.93
23.65
23.65 Belt
25.33 width
25.33 26.88factors
21.16 26.8823.42for29.73
29.73 40-mm-wide
25.54
32.38 27.58
34.90
32.38 14MXP
29.55
37.34
34.90 belts.
31.48
39.71
37.3437.0639.71
46.51 38.87 46.51
48.69 45.91 64.84
57.04 52.63
48.69 57.04 64.84
720
Table21.7812.12: Belt
23.34
width
24.77
factors
27.40
for 40-mm-wide
29.87 32.22
14MXP
34.50
belts.
36.72 43.13 45.20 53.17 60.71
960
960 27.20 27.2040 29.20 29.20 30.9030.90 34.20 34.20
37.20 40.0037.20 42.70 40.0045.33 52.9045.3355.30 52.90
64.30 72.60
Belt width (mm)800 23.65 25.33 26.88 55
29.73 32.38 85
34.90 37.34 11542.70
39.71 46.51 170
48.69 57.04
55.30 64.30 72.60
64.84
Belt widthfactor 1000
(mm)1000 28.30 28.30 30.30
40 30.30 32.1432.14 5535.50 38.60 41.55
85 44.38 47.11 54.64 57.29 66.51 74.85
Width 960 27.20 1.00
29.20
34.88 30.90 34.20 35.50
1.44 37.20 2.31 38.60 50.70
2.31
40.00 41.55115
42.70 3.1844.38
45.33 52.9047.11
170
4.78 54.64
55.30 57.29 66.51 74.85
64.30 82.77
72.60
Width factor 1200 32.59 1.00 36.97 1.44 40.78 44.28 47.57 53.71
3.18 62.11 64.73
4.78 74.38
1200
1000
1450 courtesy 32.59
28.30 30.30
of Fenner.
37.49 40.10 34.88 42.4636.97
32.14 35.50 40.78
46.74 38.60 54.24
50.62 44.28 57.65
41.55 47.5760.90
44.38 50.70
47.11 54.6453.71
69.77 57.29 62.11
72.47 64.73 74.38 82.77
66.51 89.83
82.07 74.85
1450
1200
1600 32.59 37.4934.88
40.20 42.97 40.10 45.4742.46
36.97 40.78 46.74
49.98 44.28 57.81
54.04 50.62 61.34
47.57 54.2464.66
50.70 57.65
53.71 62.1160.90
73.62 64.73 69.77
76.30 72.47 82.07 89.83
74.38 92.58
85.57 82.77
1450
1600
1800 43.54 37.49
40.2046.5040.10 42.97 42.46
49.7245.47 46.74 50.62
53.93 49.98
58.18 62.0854.24 57.65
54.04 65.69 60.90
57.8169.07 61.3469.77
77.8364.66 72.47 82.07
80.50 73.62 89.83
76.30 85.57 92.58
88.95 94.56
1600
2000 40.20
46.59 42.97
49.71 45.47
52.51 49.98 61.84
57.46 54.04 65.8057.81 69.43
61.34 72.7864.66 81.29
73.62 83.6676.30 90.90
85.57 94.63
92.58
1800 43.54 46.50 49.72 53.93 58.18 62.08 65.69 69.07 77.83 80.50 88.95 94.56
1800
2200 43.54 49.35 46.50 52.61 49.72 55.51 60.59 53.93 65.02
58.18 68.9962.08 72.57
65.69 75.8169.07 83.74
77.83 85.8180.50 91.44
88.95 92.82
94.56
2000 46.59
2000 46.59 49.71 52.5157.46 57.46 61.84 69.43 65.8072.78 69.4381.2972.78 83.66 81.29 83.66 90.90 94.63
2500 52.95 49.71 56.35 52.51 59.33 64.49 61.84 72.72
68.89 65.80 76.09 79.04 85.59 87.06 90.90 86.40
89.47 94.63
2200
2200
2850 49.35 49.3552.61
56.46 59.94 52.61 62.9655.51
55.51 60.59 60.59
68.05 65.02 75.77
72.25 65.02 78.71
68.99 68.9981.12
72.57 72.57
75.81 83.7475.81
85.46 85.81 83.74
85.99 85.81 91.44 92.82
91.44 92.82
83.65
2500
3000 57.70 61.20 64.20 69.21 73.26 76.58 79.26 81.37 84.54 84.58 79.82 87.06 89.47 86.40
2500 52.95
52.95 56.35 56.35 59.33 59.3364.49 64.49
68.89 68.89
72.72 72.72
76.09 76.09
79.04 85.59 79.04
87.06 85.59
89.47 86.40
2850
3500 56.46
2850 56.4659.94
60.83 64.23 59.94 62.96
67.0662.96 68.05 68.05
71.55 72.25 77.27
74.87 75.77 78.71
72.25 78.85 81.12
75.7779.68 78.7185.4681.12
77.95 85.99 85.46
76.02 83.65 85.99 83.65
3000
4000 57.70
3000 57.7061.20
62.41 65.54 61.20 64.20
68.0364.20 69.21 73.86
71.64 73.26 74.94
69.21 76.58 75.01
73.26 79.26 81.37 66.07
76.5874.12 79.2684.54 84.58 79.82
81.37 84.54 84.58 79.82
3500 60.83 64.23 67.06 71.55 74.87 77.27 78.85 79.68 77.95 76.02
3500Table
Source:
4000 60.83 64.23
reproduced courtesy
62.41 65.54 68.0367.06
of Fenner.
71.64 71.55
73.86 74.9474.87 75.01 77.2774.12 78.8566.0779.68 77.95 76.02
4000 62.41 65.54 68.03 71.64 73.86 74.94 75.01 74.12 66.07
Table 12.11:
Source: Table reproduced courtesy ofBelt length correction factors for 40-mm-wide 14MXP belts.
Fenner.
Table 12.11:
Belt length (mm) 966e1190 Belt length correction
1400e1610 factors for 2100e2450
1778e1890 40-mm-wide 2590e3360
14MXP belts.3500e6860
Length factor 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10
Table
Belt length (mm) 12.11:
966e1190 Belt length correction
1400e1610 1778e1890 factors for 40-mm-wide
2100e2450 14MXP
2590e3360 3500e6860 belts.
Length factor 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10
Belt length (mm) 966e1190 1400e1610 1778e1890 2100e2450 2590e3360 3500e6860
Source: Table reproducedTable
courtesy 12.12:
of Fenner.Belt
width factors for 40-mm-wide 14MXP belts.
Length factor 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10
Belt width (mm) Table 12.12: Belt width factors
55 for 40-mm-wide 14MXP belts.
Source: Table reproduced courtesy 40
of Fenner. 85 115 170
Width factor 1.00 1.44 2.31 3.18 4.78
Belt width (mm) 40 55 85 115 170
Source:
WidthTablefactor
reproduced courtesy
Tableof Fenner.
12.12:
1.00 Belt width
1.44 factors for
2.3140-mm-wide
3.1814MXP belts.
4.78
Belt width (mm) 40 55 85 115 170
Width factor 1.00 1.44 2.31 3.18 4.78
FACTORES DE SERVICIO 1
Table 12.13: Synchronous belt drive service factors.
Types of driven machine Types of prime mover
Special cases Soft starts Heavy starts
For speed increasing drives of: AC electric motors DC electric motors AC electric motors DC electric motors
1.00e1.24: no additional factor e Star/delta start e Shunt wound e DOL start e Series wound
1.25e1.74: add 0.1 e Synchronous e Stepper motors e Single phase e Compound
1.75e2.49: add 0.2 e Split wound e Slip ring e Servo motors
2.50e3.49: add 0.3 e Inverter control
3.50 and greater: add 0.4 I/C engines with four or more cylinders. Prime I/C engines with <4 cylinders
Seasonal/intermittent use: movers with centrifugal clutches or fluid couplings.
subtract 0.2 Hours per day duty Hours per day duty
Idler pulley used on drive: add <10 16 ! Hours > 10 >16 <10 16 ! Hours > 10 >16
0.2
Light duty 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0
Agitators (uniform density),
Bakery machinery: Dough
mixers, Blowers except positive
displacement. Centrifugal
pumps and compressors. Belt
conveyors (uniformly loaded).
Exhausters. Fans up to 7.5 kW.
Paper machinery: Agitators,
calenders, dryers, printing
machinery: Linotype machines,

cutters, folders. Screens: Drum,
conical. Woodworking
machinery: Lathes, band saws.
Medium duty 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1
Agitators and mixers (variable
density), belt conveyors (not
uniformly loaded), brick and
clay machinery, augers, mixers,
Continued

478 Chapter 12 70
FACTORES DE SERVICIO 2
Table 12.13: Synchronous belt drive service factors.dcontd
Types of driven machine Types of prime mover
granulators. Fans over 7.5 kW.
Generators, line shafts. Laundry
machinery. Punches, presses,
shears. Printing machinery:
Presses, newspaper, rotary
embossing, flat bed magazine.
Pumps: Positive displacement,
rotary. Screens, vibrating.
Machine tools.
Heavy duty 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3
Blowers, positive displacement.
Bucket elevators, centrifuges.
Conveyors: Drag, pan, screw.
Paper machinery: Beaters,
jordans, mash pumps, pulpers.
Pumps, piston. Pulverizers.
Woodworking machinery.
Textile machinery. Exiters.
Extra heavy duty 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.5
Brick machinery, pug mills.
Compressors, piston. Crushers:
Gyratory, jaw roll. Hoists. Mills:
Ball, rod, tube, rubber. Rubber
machinery: Calenders,
extruders, mills.
Source: Table courtesy of Fender.
DISTANCIA ENTRE CENTROS 1 - 8MXP
Table 12.14: Fenner torque drive plus 8MXP and 8M drives. Center distance (mm).
Belt pitch length (mm)
Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
Speed Driving Driven 60 70 75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 200 220 225 250 300 325 350 Speed
ratio pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth ratio
1.00 24 24 144 184 204 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 544 624 704 784 804 904 1104 1204 1304 1.00
1.00 26 26 136 176 196 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 536 616 696 776 796 896 1096 1196 1296 1.00
1.00 28 28 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1188 1288 1.00
1.00 30 30 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1180 1280 1.00
1.00 32 32 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1172 1272 1.00
1.00 34 34 104 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1164 1264 1.00
1.00 36 36 e 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1156 1256 1.00
1.00 38 38 e 128 148 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1148 1248 1.00
1.00 40 40 e 120 140 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1140 1240 1.00
1.00 44 44 e e e 144 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 544 624 704 724 824 1024 1124 1224 1.00
1.00 48 48 e e e e 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 528 608 688 708 808 1008 1108 1208 1.00
1.00 56 56 e e e e e 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 496 576 656 676 776 976 1076 1176 1.00
1.00 64 64 e e e e e e 184 224 264 304 344 384 464 544 624 644 744 944 1044 1144 1.00
1.00 72 72 e e e e e e e e 232 272 312 352 432 512 592 612 712 912 1012 1112 1.00
1.00 80 80 e e e e e e e e e 240 280 320 400 480 560 580 680 880 980 1080 1.00
1.05 38 40 e 124 144 164 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1144 1244 1.05
1.06 36 38 e 132 152 172 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1152 1252 1.06
1.06 34 36 e 140 160 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1160 1260 1.06
1.06 32 34 108 148 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1168 1268 1.06
1.07 30 32 116 156 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1176 1276 1.07
1.07 28 30 124 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1184 1284 1.07

1.08 26 28 132 172 192 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 532 612 692 772 792 892 1092 1192 1292 1.08
1.08 24 26 140 180 200 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 620 700 780 800 900 1100 1200 1300 1.08
1.09 44 48 e e e 136 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 536 616 696 716 816 1016 1116 1216 1.09
1.10 40 44 e e 132 152 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 552 632 712 732 832 1032 1132 1232 1.10
1.11 36 40 e 128 148 168 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1148 1248 1.11
1.11 72 80 e e e e e e e e 216 256 296 336 416 496 576 596 696 896 996 1096 1.11
1.12 34 38 e 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1156 1256 1.12
1.13 32 36 104 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1164 1264 1.13
1.13 64 72 e e e e e e e 208 248 288 328 368 448 528 608 628 728 928 1028 1128 1.13
1.13 80 90 e e e e e e e e e e 260 300 380 460 540 560 660 860 960 1060 1.13
479
1.13 30 34 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1172 1272 1.13
1.14 28 32 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1180 1280 1.14
Continued

Table 12.14: Fenner torque drive plus 8MXP and 8M drives. Center distance (mm).dcontd
480 Chapter 12

Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
1.14 56 64 e e e e e e 200 240 280 320 360 400 480 560 640 660 760 960 1060 1160 1.14
1.15 26 30 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1188 1288 1.15
1.16 38 44 e e 136 156 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 556 636 716 736 836 1036 1136 1236 1.16
1.17 24 28 136 176 196 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 536 616 696 776 796 896 1096 1196 1296 1.17
1.17 48 56 e e e e 152 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 512 592 672 692 792 992 1092 1192 1.17
1.18 34 40 e 132 152 172 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1152 1252 1.18
1.19 32 38 e 140 160 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1160 1260 1.19
1.20 30 36 108 148 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1168 1268 1.20
1.20 40 48 e e e 144 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 544 624 704 724 824 1024 1124 1224 1.20
1.21 28 34 116 156 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1176 1276 1.21
1.22 36 44 e 120 140 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1140 1240 1.22
1.23 26 32 124 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1184 1284 1.23
1.25 24 30 132 172 192 212 252 292 332 372 412 452 492 532 612 692 772 792 892 1092 1192 1292 1.25
1.25 32 40 e 136 156 176 216 256 296 336 376 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1056 1156 1256 1.25
1.25 64 80 e e e e e e e e 231 271 311 351 432 512 592 612 712 912 1012 1112 1.25
1.25 72 90 e e e e e e e e e 235 275 315 395 475 556 576 676 876 976 1076 1.25
1.26 38 48 e e 127 147 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 548 628 708 728 828 1028 1128 1228 1.26
1.27 30 38 103 144 164 184 224 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1164 1264 1.27
1.27 44 56 e e e e 159 199 240 280 320 360 400 440 520 600 680 700 800 1000 1100 1200 1.27
1.29 28 36 112 152 172 192 232 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1172 1272 1.29
1.29 56 72 e e e e e e 183 223 263 303 343 383 464 544 624 644 744 944 1044 1144 1.29
1.29 34 44 e 123 143 164 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1144 1244 1.29
1.31 26 34 120 160 180 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1180 1280 1.31
1.33 24 32 128 168 188 208 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 528 608 688 768 788 888 1088 1188 1288 1.33
1.33 30 40 e 139 159 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1160 1260 1.33
1.33 36 48 e e 131 151 191 231 272 312 352 392 432 472 552 632 712 732 832 1032 1132 1232 1.33
1.33 48 64 e e e e e 175 215 255 295 335 375 416 496 576 656 676 776 976 1076 1176 1.33
1.36 28 38 107 147 168 188 228 268 308 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1168 1268 1.36
1.38 32 44 e 127 147 167 207 248 288 328 368 408 448 488 568 648 728 748 848 1048 1148 1248 1.38
1.38 26 36 115 155 176 196 236 276 316 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1176 1276 1.38
1.40 40 56 e e e e 167 207 247 287 327 367 407 448 528 608 688 708 808 1008 1108 1208 1.40
1.40 80 112 e e e e e e e e e e e e 334 414 494 514 615 815 915 1015 1.40
Source: Table courtesy of Fenner.
Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
1.41 64 90 e e e e e e e e e 250 290 330 411 491 571 591 691 891 991 1091 1.41
1.41 34 48 e e 135 155 195 235 275 315 356 396 436 476 556 636 716 736 836 1036 1136 1236 1.41
1.42 24 34 123 164 184 204 244 284 324 364 404 444 484 524 604 684 764 784 884 1084 1184 1284 1.42
1.43 28 40 103 143 163 183 223 264 304 344 384 424 464 504 584 664 744 764 864 1064 1164 1264 1.43
1.43 56 80 e e e e e e e 206 246 286 327 367 447 527 607 627 727 927 1028 1128 1.43
1.45 44 64 e e e e e 182 223 263 303 343 383 423 503 583 664 684 784 984 1084 1184 1.45
1.46 26 38 111 151 171 191 231 272 312 352 392 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1172 1272 1.46
1.47 30 44 e 131 151 171 211 251 291 332 372 412 452 492 572 652 732 752 852 1052 1152 1252 1.47
1.47 38 56 e e e e 170 211 251 291 331 371 411 451 532 612 692 712 812 1012 1112 1212 1.47
1.50 24 36 119 159 179 199 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 600 680 760 780 880 1080 1180 1280 1.50
1.50 32 48 e 118 139 159 199 239 279 319 359 399 440 480 560 640 720 740 840 1040 1140 1240 1.50
1.50 48 72 e e e e e e 198 238 278 319 359 399 479 559 639 659 759 960 1060 1160 1.50
1.54 26 40 107 147 167 187 227 267 307 348 388 428 468 508 588 668 748 768 868 1068 1168 1268 1.54
1.56 36 56 e e e 134 174 214 255 295 335 375 415 455 535 615 696 716 816 1016 1116 1216 1.56
1.56 72 112 e e e e e e e e e e e 267 348 429 509 530 630 830 931 1031 1.56
1.57 28 44 e 134 155 175 215 255 295 335 375 416 456 496 576 656 736 756 856 1956 1156 1256 1.57
1.58 24 38 115 155 175 195 235 275 315 356 396 436 476 516 596 676 756 776 876 1076 1176 1276 1.58
1.60 30 48 e 122 142 162 203 243 283 323 363 403 443 483 564 644 724 744 844 1044 1144 1244 1.60
1.60 40 64 e e e e 149 190 230 270 310 351 391 431 511 591 671 691 791 992 1092 1192 1.60
1.61 56 90 e e e e e e e e 224 264 305 345 426 506 586 606 707 907 1007 1107 1.61
1.64 44 72 e e e e e 164 205 245 286 326 366 406 487 567 647 667 767 967 1067 1167 1.64
1.65 34 56 e e e 137 178 218 258 299 339 379 419 459 539 619 699 719 820 1020 1120 1220 1.65

1.67 24 40 110 151 171 191 231 271 311 351 391 432 472 512 592 672 752 772 872 1072 1172 1272 1.67
1.67 48 80 e e e e e e 179 220 261 301 342 382 462 542 623 643 743 943 1043 1143 1.67
1.68 38 64 e e e e 152 193 234 274 314 354 395 435 515 595 675 695 795 995 1095 1196 1.68
1.69 26 44 e 138 158 179 219 259 299 339 379 419 459 499 580 660 740 760 860 1060 1160 1260 1.69
1.71 28 48 e 125 146 166 206 247 287 327 367 407 447 487 567 647 728 748 848 1048 1148 1248 1.71
1.75 32 56 e e e 141 181 222 262 302 343 383 423 463 543 623 703 723 823 1024 1124 1224 1.75
1.75 64 112 e e e e e e e e e e 240 281 363 444 524 545 645 846 946 1046 1.75
1.78 36 64 e e e e 156 197 237 278 318 358 398 439 519 599 679 699 799 999 1099 1199 1.78
1.80 40 72 e e e e e 171 212 253 293 334 374 414 494 575 655 675 775 975 1075 1175 1.80
481
1.80 80 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 342 424 445 546 748 848 948 1.80
1.82 44 80 e e e e e e 186 227 268 309 349 389 470 550 630 650 751 951 1051 1151 1.82
1.83 24 44 e 142 162 182 223 263 303 343 383 423 463 503 583 664 744 764 864 1064 1164 1264 1.83
Continued

482 Chapter 12

Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
1.85 26 48 e 129 149 170 210 250 291 331 371 411 451 491 571 651 731 751 852 1052 1152 1252 1.85
1.87 30 56 e e e 144 185 226 266 306 346 387 427 467 547 627 707 727 827 1027 1128 1228 1.87
1.88 48 90 e e e e e e e 197 238 279 320 360 441 521 602 622 722 922 1023 1123 1.88
1.88 34 64 e e e e 159 200 241 281 322 362 402 442 523 603 683 703 803 1003 1103 1203 1.88
1.89 38 72 e e e e e 175 216 256 297 337 378 418 498 578 659 679 779 979 1079 1179 1.89
2.00 24 48 e 132 153 173 214 254 294 335 375 415 455 495 575 655 735 755 855 1056 1156 1256 2.00
2.00 28 56 e e 127 148 189 229 270 310 350 390 431 471 551 631 711 731 831 1031 1131 1231 2.00
2.00 32 64 e e e e 163 204 245 285 325 366 406 446 526 607 687 707 807 1007 1107 1207 2.00
2.00 36 72 e e e e e 178 219 260 301 341 381 422 502 582 662 682 783 983 1083 1183 2.00
2.00 40 80 e e e e e e 193 234 275 316 356 397 477 558 638 658 758 959 1059 1159 2.00
2.00 56 112 e e e e e e e e e e 254 295 377 458 539 559 660 861 961 1062 2.00
2.00 72 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 356 438 459 561 762 863 964 2.00
2.05 44 90 e e e e e e e 204 245 286 327 367 448 529 609 629 730 930 1030 1130 2.05
2.10 80 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 367 388 491 695 796 897 2.10
2.11 38 80 e e e e e e 197 238 279 320 360 400 481 561 642 662 762 963 1063 1163 2.11
2.12 34 72 e e e e e 182 223 264 304 345 385 425 506 586 666 686 787 987 1087 1187 2.12
2.13 30 64 e e e e 166 207 248 289 329 369 410 450 530 610 691 711 811 1011 1111 1211 2.13
2.15 26 56 e e 130 151 192 233 273 314 354 394 434 474 555 635 715 735 835 1035 1135 1235 2.15
2.22 36 80 e e e e e e 200 242 282 323 364 404 485 565 646 666 766 966 1067 1167 2.22
2.25 32 72 e e e e e 185 226 267 308 348 389 429 509 590 670 690 790 991 1091 1191 2.25
2.25 40 90 e e e e e e e 210 252 293 334 375 456 536 617 637 737 938 1038 1138 2.25
2.25 64 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 286 370 453 473 575 777 878 979 2.25
2.29 28 64 e e e e 170 211 252 292 333 373 413 454 534 614 694 715 815 1015 1115 1215 2.29
2.33 24 56 e e 134 155 196 236 277 317 358 398 438 478 559 639 719 739 839 1039 1139 1239 2.33
2.33 48 112 e e e e e e e e e 225 268 309 392 473 554 574 675 876 977 1077 2.33
2.33 72 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 380 401 505 709 811 912 2.33
2.35 34 80 e e e e e 161 204 245 286 327 367 408 488 569 649 669 770 970 1070 1171 2.35
2.37 38 90 e e e e e e e 214 255 297 338 378 459 540 620 641 741 942 1042 1142 2.37
2.40 30 72 e e e e 146 188 230 271 311 352 392 433 513 594 674 694 794 995 1095 1195 2.40
2.40 80 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 432 640 742 844 2.40
2.46 26 64 e e e 131 173 215 255 296 337 377 417 457 538 618 698 718 819 1019 1119 1219 2.46
Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
2.50 32 80 e e e e e 165 207 248 290 330 371 411 492 573 653 673 774 974 1074 1174 2.50
2.50 36 90 e e e e e e e 217 259 300 341 382 463 544 624 644 745 946 1046 1146 2.50
2.55 44 112 e e e e e e e e e 232 274 316 399 480 561 582 683 884 984 1085 2.55
2.57 28 72 e e e e 150 192 233 274 315 356 396 436 517 597 678 698 798 998 1099 1199 2.57
2.57 56 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 299 384 467 487 589 792 893 994 2.57
2.63 64 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 394 415 519 724 825 927 2.63
2.65 34 90 e e e e e e 178 220 262 304 345 385 467 547 628 648 749 949 1050 1150 2.65
2.67 24 64 e e e 134 177 218 259 300 340 381 421 461 542 622 702 722 822 1023 1123 1223 2.65
2.67 30 80 e e e e e 168 210 252 293 334 375 415 496 576 657 677 777 978 1078 1178 2.67
2.67 72 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 446 654 757 858 2.67
2.77 26 72 e e e e 153 195 237 278 319 359 400 440 521 601 681 702 802 1002 1102 1203 2.77
2.80 40 112 e e e e e e e e e 238 281 323 406 487 569 589 690 891 992 1092 2.80
2.81 32 90 e e e e e e 181 224 266 307 348 389 470 551 632 652 752 953 1053 1154 2.81
2.86 28 80 e e e e e 171 214 255 297 338 378 419 500 580 661 681 781 982 1082 1182 2.86
2.95 38 112 e e e e e e e e e 242 284 326 409 491 572 593 694 895 996 1096 2.95
3.00 24 72 e e e e 156 199 240 281 322 363 403 444 524 605 685 705 806 1006 1106 1206 3.00
3.00 30 90 e e e e e e 184 227 269 311 352 393 474 555 635 656 756 957 1057 1157 3.00
3.00 48 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 312 397 480 501 604 807 908 1009 3.00
3.00 56 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 320 407 428 533 738 840 941 3.00
3.00 64 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 350 459 668 771 873 3.00

3.08 26 80 e e e e e 174 217 259 300 341 382 422 503 584 664 685 785 986 1086 1186 3.08
3.11 36 112 e e e e e e e e e 245 288 330 413 495 576 596 697 899 999 1100 3.11
3.21 28 90 e e e e e e 187 230 273 314 355 396 477 558 639 659 760 961 1061 1161 3.21
3.27 44 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 319 404 487 508 611 814 915 1016 3.27
3.29 34 112 e e e e e e e e 204 248 291 333 416 498 579 600 701 903 1003 1104 3.29
3.33 24 80 e e e e e 178 220 262 304 345 385 426 507 588 668 688 789 989 1090 1190 3.33
3.43 56 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 340 363 472 682 785 887 3.43
3.46 26 90 e e e e e e 191 234 276 318 359 400 481 562 643 663 764 985 1065 1165 3.46
3.50 32 112 e e e e e e e e 207 251 294 337 420 502 583 603 705 906 1007 1107 3.50
3.50 48 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 333 420 442 547 752 854 956 3.50
483
3.60 40 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 325 411 494 515 618 821 922 1023 3.60
3.73 30 112 e e e e e e e e 210 255 298 340 423 505 587 607 708 910 1011 1111 3.73
Continued

484 Chapter 12

Number of
grooves on: 480 560 600 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1440 1600 1760 1800 2000 2400 2600 2800
3.75 24 90 e e e e e e 194 237 279 321 362 403 485 566 647 667 767 968 1069 1169 3.75
3.79 38 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 328 414 498 518 621 825 926 1027 3.79
3.82 44 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 339 427 448 553 760 862 963 3.82
4.00 28 112 e e e e e e e e 213 258 301 343 427 509 590 611 712 914 1014 1115 4.00
4.00 36 144 e e e e e e e e e e e e 331 417 501 522 625 829 930 1031 4.00
4.00 48 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 352 375 485 696 799 901 4.00
4.20 40 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 346 433 455 560 767 869 970 4.20
4.24 34 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 244 335 421 505 525 628 832 933 1035 4.24
4.31 26 112 e e e e e e e e 216 261 304 347 430 512 594 614 716 917 1018 1119 4.31
4.36 44 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 358 381 492 703 806 908 4.36
4.42 38 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 349 437 459 564 770 872 974 4.42
4.50 32 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 247 338 424 508 529 632 836 937 1038 4.50
4.67 24 112 e e e e e e e e 219 264 308 350 434 516 597 618 719 921 1022 1122 4.67
4.67 36 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 352 440 461 567 774 876 978 4.67
4.80 30 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 250 341 427 511 532 635 839 941 1042 4.80
4.80 40 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 365 388 498 710 813 916 4.90
4.94 34 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 355 443 465 570 777 879 981 4.94
5.05 38 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 368 391 502 713 816 919 5.05
5.14 28 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 253 344 431 515 536 639 843 944 1046 5.14
5.25 32 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 358 446 468 574 781 883 995 5.25
5.33 36 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 371 394 505 716 820 923 5.33
5.54 26 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 256 348 434 518 539 642 847 948 1049 5.54
5.60 30 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 361 450 471 577 784 887 988 5.60
5.65 34 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 374 397 508 720 823 926 5.65
6.00 24 144 e e e e e e e e e e e 259 351 437 522 542 646 850 952 1053 6.00
6.00 28 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e 269 364 453 475 581 785 890 992 6.00
6.00 32 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 377 400 511 723 827 930 6.00
6.40 30 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 380 403 515 727 830 933 6.40
6.46 26 168 e e e e e e e e e e e e 272 368 478 456 584 791 894 996 6.46
6.86 28 192 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 383 406 519 730 834 937 6.86
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
Speed Driving Driven 69 85 100 115 127 135 150 165 175 185 200 225 250 275 309 327 Speed
ratio pulley pulley teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth teeth ratio
1.00 28 28 287 399 504 609 693 749 854 959 1029 1099 1204 1379 1554 1729 1967 2093 1.00
1.00 29 29 280 392 497 602 686 742 847 952 1022 1092 1197 1372 1547 1722 1960 2086 1.00
1.00 30 30 273 385 490 595 679 735 840 945 1015 1085 1190 1365 1540 1715 1953 2079 1.00
1.00 32 32 259 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 2065 1.00
1.00 34 34 245 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 2051 1.00
1.00 36 36 231 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 2037 1.00
1.00 38 38 217 329 434 539 623 679 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 2023 1.00
1.00 40 40 203 315 420 525 609 665 770 875 945 1015 1120 1295 1470 1645 1883 2009 1.00
1.00 44 44 e 287 392 497 581 637 742 847 917 987 1092 1267 1442 1617 1855 1981 1.00
1.00 48 48 e 259 364 469 553 609 714 819 889 959 1064 1239 1414 1589 1827 1953 1.00
1.00 56 56 e e 308 413 497 553 658 763 833 903 1008 1183 1358 1533 1771 1897 1.00
1.03 29 30 276 388 493 598 682 738 843 948 1018 1088 1193 1368 1543 1718 1956 2082 1.00
1.04 28 29 283 395 500 605 689 745 850 955 1025 1095 1200 1375 1550 1725 1963 2089 1.04
1.05 38 40 210 322 427 532 616 672 777 882 952 1022 1127 1302 1477 1652 1890 2016 1.05
1.06 36 38 224 336 441 546 630 686 791 896 966 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 2030 1.06
1.06 34 36 238 350 455 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 2044 1.06
1.06 32 34 252 364 469 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 2058 1.06
1.07 30 32 266 378 483 588 672 728 833 938 1008 1078 1183 1358 1533 1708 1946 2072 1.07
1.07 28 30 280 392 497 602 686 742 847 952 1022 1092 1197 1372 1547 1722 1960 2086 1.07

1.09 44 48 e 273 378 483 567 623 728 833 903 973 1078 1253 1428 1603 1841 1967 1.09
1.10 40 44 e 301 406 511 595 651 756 861 931 1001 1106 1281 1456 1631 1869 1995 1.10
1.10 29 32 269 381 486 591 675 731 836 941 1011 1081 1186 1361 1536 1711 1949 2075 1.10
1.11 36 40 217 329 434 539 623 679 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 2023 1.11
1.12 34 38 231 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 2037 1.12
1.13 32 36 245 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 2051 1.13
1.13 30 34 259 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 2065 1.13
1.14 28 32 273 385 490 595 679 735 840 945 1015 1085 1190 1365 1540 1715 1953 2079 1.14
1.14 56 64 e e e 385 469 525 630 735 805 875 980 1155 1330 1505 1743 1869 1.14
1.16 38 44 e 308 413 518 602 658 763 868 938 1008 1113 1288 1463 1638 1876 2002 1.16
1.17 48 56 e e 336 441 525 581 686 791 861 931 1036 1211 1386 1561 1799 1925 1.17
Continued

486 Chapter 12
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
1.17 29 34 262 374 479 584 668 724 829 934 1004 1074 1179 1354 1529 1704 1942 2068 1.17
1.18 34 40 224 336 441 546 630 686 791 896 966 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 2030 1.18
1.19 32 38 238 350 455 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 2044 1.19
1.20 30 36 252 364 469 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 2058 1.20
1.20 40 48 e 286 392 497 581 637 742 847 917 987 1092 1267 1442 1617 1855 1981 1.20
1.21 28 34 266 378 483 588 672 728 833 938 1008 1078 1183 1358 1533 1708 1946 2072 1.21
1.22 36 44 202 314 420 525 609 665 770 875 945 1015 1120 1295 1470 1645 1883 2009 1.22
1.24 29 36 255 367 472 577 661 717 822 927 997 1067 1172 1347 1522 1697 1935 2061 1.24
1.25 32 40 230 343 448 553 637 693 798 903 973 1043 1148 1323 1498 1673 1911 2037 1.25
1.26 38 48 e 293 398 504 588 644 749 854 924 994 1099 1274 1449 1624 1862 1988 1.26
1.27 30 38 244 357 462 567 651 707 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 2051 1.27
1.27 44 56 e 244 349 454 538 594 699 805 875 945 1050 1225 1400 1575 1813 1939 1.27
1.29 28 36 258 371 476 581 665 721 826 931 1001 1071 1176 1351 1526 1701 1939 2065 1.29
1.29 56 72 e e e 355 440 496 601 706 776 846 951 1126 1302 1477 1715 1841 1.29
1.29 34 44 209 321 426 532 616 672 777 882 952 1022 1127 1302 1477 1652 1890 2016 1.29
1.31 29 38 248 360 465 570 654 710 815 920 990 1060 1165 1340 1515 1690 1928 2054 1.31
1.33 30 40 237 349 454 560 644 700 805 910 980 1050 1155 1330 1505 1680 1918 2044 1.33
1.33 36 48 e 300 405 510 594 650 756 861 931 1001 1106 1281 1456 1631 1869 1995 1.33
1.33 48 64 e e 306 411 496 552 657 762 832 902 1007 1182 1358 1533 1771 1897 1.33
1.36 28 38 251 363 468 574 658 714 819 924 994 1064 1169 1344 1519 1694 1932 2058 1.36
1.38 32 44 215 328 433 538 622 678 784 889 959 1029 1134 1309 1484 1659 1897 2023 1.38
1.38 29 40 240 353 458 563 647 703 808 913 983 1053 1158 1333 1508 1683 1921 2047 1.38
1.40 40 56 e 257 362 468 552 608 713 818 888 958 1063 1238 1414 1589 1827 1953 1.40
1.41 34 48 e 306 412 517 601 657 762 867 937 1008 1113 1288 1463 1638 1876 2002 1.41
1.43 28 40 244 356 461 566 650 706 812 917 987 1057 1162 1337 1512 1687 1925 2051 1.43
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
1.43 56 80 e e e 325 410 466 571 677 747 817 922 1098 1273 1448 1686 1812 1.43
1.45 44 64 e e 319 425 509 565 671 776 846 916 1021 1196 1371 1546 1784 1910 1.45
1.47 30 44 222 335 440 545 629 685 790 895 965 1036 1141 1316 1491 1666 1904 2030 1.47
1.47 38 56 e 263 369 474 559 615 720 825 895 965 1070 1245 1420 1595 1834 1960 1.47
1.50 32 48 200 313 418 524 608 664 769 874 944 1014 1119 1295 1470 1645 1883 2009 1.50
1.50 48 72 e e e 381 466 522 628 733 803 873 979 1154 1329 1504 1742 1868 1.50
1.52 29 44 225 338 443 548 633 689 794 899 969 1039 1144 1319 1494 1669 1907 2033 1.52
1.56 36 56 e 269 375 481 565 621 727 832 902 972 1077 1252 1427 1602 1840 1966 1.56
1.57 28 44 228 341 447 552 636 692 797 902 972 1042 1147 1323 1498 1673 1911 2037 1.57
1.60 30 48 206 319 425 530 615 671 776 881 951 1021 1126 1301 1476 1652 1890 2016 1.60
1.60 40 64 e e 332 438 522 579 684 789 859 929 1035 1210 1385 1560 1798 1924 1.60
1.61 56 90 e e e e 370 427 534 640 710 780 886 1061 1237 1412 1650 1776 1.61
1.64 44 72 e e 287 394 479 535 641 746 817 887 992 1167 1343 1518 1756 1882 1.64
1.65 34 56 e 276 382 488 572 628 733 839 909 979 1084 1259 1434 1609 1847 1973 1.65
1.66 29 48 209 323 428 534 618 674 779 884 955 1025 1130 1305 1480 1655 1893 2019 1.66
1.67 48 80 e e e 350 435 492 598 703 774 844 949 1125 1300 1475 1714 1840 1.67
1.68 38 64 e e 338 444 529 585 691 796 866 936 1041 1217 1392 1567 1805 1931 1.68
1.71 28 48 212 326 432 537 621 678 783 888 958 1028 1133 1308 1483 1658 1896 2023 1.71
1.75 32 56 e 282 388 494 579 635 740 845 915 986 1091 1266 1441 1616 1854 1980 1.75

1.78 36 64 e e 344 451 535 592 697 803 873 943 1048 1223 1399 1574 1812 1938 1.78
1.80 40 72 e e 300 407 492 548 654 760 830 900 1005 1181 1356 1531 1770 1896 1.80
1.82 44 80 e e e 362 448 505 611 717 787 857 963 1138 1314 1489 1727 1853 1.82
1.87 30 56 e 288 395 501 585 641 747 852 922 992 1097 1273 1448 1623 1861 1987 1.87
1.88 48 90 e e e e 395 452 559 665 736 807 912 1088 1264 1439 1677 1804 1.88
1.88 34 64 e 243 351 457 542 598 704 809 879 950 1055 1230 1405 1581 1819 1945 1.88
1.89 38 72 e e 306 413 498 555 661 766 837 907 1012 1188 1356 1538 1776 1902 1.89
1.93 29 56 e 291 389 504 588 645 750 855 926 996 1101 1276 1451 1626 1865 1991 1.93
2.00 28 56 e 294 401 507 592 648 753 859 929 999 1104 1279 1455 1630 1868 1994 2.00
2.00 32 64 e 249 357 464 548 605 710 816 886 956 1062 1237 1412 1587 1826 1952 2.00
487
2.00 36 72 e e 312 419 505 561 667 773 843 913 1019 1194 1370 1545 1783 1909 2.00
Continued

488 Chapter 12
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
2.00 40 80 e e e 374 460 517 624 730 800 870 976 1152 1327 1502 1741 1867 2.00
2.00 56 112 e e e e e e 444 553 625 696 802 979 1155 1331 1570 1696 2.00
2.05 44 90 e e e 320 407 465 572 678 749 820 925 1101 1277 1452 1691 1817 2.05
2.11 38 80 e e e 380 467 524 630 736 807 877 983 1158 1334 1509 1747 1874 2.11
2.12 34 72 e e 318 426 511 568 674 779 850 920 1026 1201 1376 1552 1790 1916 2.12
2.13 30 64 e 255 363 470 555 611 717 823 893 963 1068 1244 1419 1594 1832 1959 2.13
2.21 29 64 e 258 366 473 558 615 720 826 896 966 1072 1247 1422 1598 1836 1962 2.21
2.22 36 80 e e e 387 473 530 636 743 813 884 989 1165 1340 1516 1754 1880 2.22
2.25 32 72 e e 324 432 517 574 680 786 856 927 1032 1208 1383 1558 1797 1923 2.25
2.25 40 90 e e e 331 419 477 584 691 762 833 938 1114 1290 1466 1704 1831 2.25
2.29 28 64 e 261 369 476 561 618 724 829 899 970 1075 1250 1426 1601 1839 1965 2.29
2.33 48 112 e e e e e e 468 577 649 721 828 1005 1181 1358 1597 1723 2.33
2.35 34 80 e e 282 393 479 536 643 749 820 890 996 1172 1347 1523 1761 1887 2.35
2.37 38 90 e e e 337 425 483 591 697 768 839 945 1121 1297 1472 1711 1837 2.37
2.40 30 72 e e 330 438 524 580 687 792 863 933 1039 1214 1390 1565 1804 1930 2.40
2.48 29 72 e e 333 441 527 584 690 796 866 937 1042 1218 1393 1569 1807 1933 2.48
2.50 32 80 e e 288 399 485 542 649 755 826 897 1002 1178 1354 1529 1758 1894 2.50
2.50 36 90 e e e 343 431 489 597 704 775 845 951 1128 1303 1479 1718 1844 2.50
2.55 44 112 e e e e e 368 480 590 662 733 840 1018 1194 1371 1610 1736 2.55
2.57 28 72 e e 336 444 530 587 693 799 869 940 1045 1221 1397 1572 1810 1937 2.57
2.57 56 144 e e e e e e e e 485 561 671 852 1031 1209 1450 1577 2.57
2.65 34 90 e e e 349 437 495 603 710 781 852 958 1134 1310 1486 1724 1851 2.65
2.67 30 80 e e 294 405 491 549 656 762 833 903 1009 1185 1360 1536 1775 1901 2.67
2.76 29 80 e e 297 408 494 552 659 765 836 906 1012 1188 1364 1539 1778 1904 2.76
2.80 40 112 e e e e e 379 492 602 674 746 853 1031 1207 1384 1623 1750 2.80
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
2.81 32 90 e e e 354 443 501 609 716 787 858 964 1141 1317 1492 1731 1858 2.81
2.86 28 80 e e 300 411 498 555 662 768 839 910 1015 1191 1367 1543 1781 1907 2.86
2.95 38 112 e e e e e 385 498 608 680 752 859 1037 1214 1390 1630 1756 2.95
3.00 30 90 e e e 360 449 507 615 723 794 865 971 1147 1323 1499 1738 1864 3.00
3.00 48 144 e e e e e e e e 508 584 695 877 1056 1234 1475 1603 3.00
3.00 56 168 e e e e e e e e e e 560 749 933 1113 1356 1484 3.00
3.10 29 90 e e e 363 452 510 619 726 797 868 974 1150 1327 1502 1741 1868 3.10
3.11 36 112 e e e e e 390 504 614 686 758 865 1043 1220 1397 1636 1763 3.11
3.21 28 90 e e e 366 455 513 622 729 800 871 977 1154 1330 1506 1745 1871 3.21
3.27 44 144 e e e e e e e 441 519 595 707 889 1069 1247 1488 1616 3.27
3.29 34 112 e e e e e 396 509 620 692 764 872 1050 1227 1403 1643 1769 3.29
3.43 56 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 635 826 1012 1259 1388 3.43
3.50 32 112 e e e e e 401 515 626 698 770 878 1056 1233 1410 1649 1776 3.50
3.50 48 168 e e e e e e e e e e 583 773 957 1138 1381 1509 3.50
3.60 40 144 e e e e e e e 452 530 607 719 901 1081 1260 1501 1629 3.60
3.73 30 112 e e e e 343 407 521 632 704 777 884 1062 1240 1416 1656 1783 3.73
3.79 38 144 e e e e e e e 457 536 612 725 907 1087 1266 1507 1635 3.79
3.82 44 168 e e e e e e e e e e 594 784 969 1150 1394 1522 3.82
3.86 29 112 e e e e 346 410 524 635 707 780 887 1065 1243 1419 1659 1786 3.86

4.00 28 112 e e e e 349 413 527 638 710 783 890 1069 1246 1423 1662 1789 4.00
4.00 36 144 e e e e e e e 462 542 618 730 913 1094 1272 1514 1641 4.00
4.00 48 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 654 849 1035 1283 1413 4.00
4.20 40 168 e e e e e e e e e e 605 796 981 1162 1406 1534 4.20
4.24 34 144 e e e e e e e 488 547 624 736 919 1100 1279 1520 1648 4.24
4.36 44 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 668 861 1047 1295 1425 4.36
4.42 38 168 e e e e e e e e e 488 610 802 986 1168 1412 1541 4.42
4.50 32 144 e e e e e e e 473 553 630 742 925 1106 1285 1527 1654 4.50
4.67 36 168 e e e e e e e e e 493 616 807 992 1174 1419 1547 4.67
4.80 30 144 e e e e e e e 479 558 635 748 931 1112 1291 1533 1661 4.80
489
4.80 40 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 678 872 1059 1307 1437 4.80
Continued

490 Chapter 12
Number of
grooves on: 966 1190 1400 1610 1778 1890 2100 2310 2450 2590 2800 3150 3500 3850 4326 4578
4.94 34 168 e e e e e e e e e 499 621 813 998 1180 1425 1553 4.94
4.97 29 144 e e e e e e e 481 561 638 751 934 1115 1294 1536 1664 4.97
5.05 38 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 684 878 1065 1313 1443 5.05
5.14 28 144 e e e e e e e 484 564 641 754 937 1118 1297 1539 1667 5.14
5.25 32 168 e e e e e e e e e 504 627 819 1004 1186 1431 1560 5.25
5.33 36 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 689 884 1071 1319 1449 5.33
5.60 30 168 e e e e e e e e e 509 632 825 1010 1192 1437 1566 5.60
5.65 34 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 695 889 1076 1325 1455 5.65
5.79 29 168 e e e e e e e e e 512 635 828 1013 1195 1440 1569 5.79
6.00 28 168 e e e e e e e e e 514 638 830 1016 1198 1443 1572 6.00
6.00 32 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 700 895 1082 1331 1462 6.00
6.40 30 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 706 901 1088 1337 1468 6.40
6.62 29 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 708 904 1091 1340 1471 6.62
6.86 28 192 e e e e e e e e e e e 711 906 1094 1343 1474 6.86
with toothed sprockets as shown in Figure 12.9. A cross section of a sprocket for the case of a
triplex chain is illustrated in Figure 12.10.
Chain drives are usually manufactured using high-strength steel, and for this reason they are
capable of transmitting high torque. Chain drives are complementary and competitive with
belt drives serving the function of transmitting a wide range of powers for shaft speeds up
83
to about 6000 rpm. At higher speeds, the cyclic impact between the chain links and the

sprocket teeth, the high noise, and the difficulties in providing lubrication limit the
application of chain drives. Table 12.21 shows a comparison of chain, belt, and gear
attributes. Chain drives are principallyElementos
useddeformquinas.
power transmission, conveyors, and for
supporting
CADENASorDE lifting loads (see American Chain Association, 2005). Applications range from
TRANSMISIN Belt and Chain Drives 497
motorcycle anddebicycle
Especificaciones diseo: transmissions, automotive camshaft drives (although synchronous
Driven
sprocket
Driving
N2
sprocket
N1
Center distance, c
Figure 12.9
Simple chain drive.
Figure 12.10
Triplex sprocket.
belts have replaced chains in many modern automotive applications), machine tools and 84

aerospace drives such as the thruster nozzles for the Harrier, to conveyors and packaging
machinery. Efficiencies of up to 98.9%, ratios of up to 9:1 (where necessary), and power
transmission of several 100 kW canElementos
be achieved. Chain drives are typically used with
de mquinas.
COMPARATIVA ENTRE LOS 2 SISTEMA DE TRANSMISIN SINCRONOS FLEXIBLES Y LOS ENGRANAJES

Table 12.21: Comparison of chain, belt, and gear performance.
Feature Chain drive Belt drive Gear drive
Efficiency A A A
Positive drive A A* A
Large center distance A A C
Wear resistance A B A
Multiple drives A A C
Heat resistance A C B
Chemical resistance A C B
Oil resistance A C A
Power range A B A
Speed range C A A
Ease of maintenance A B C
Environment A C A
A excellent, B good, C poor.
* Using a synchronous belt drive.
11. Specify the lubrication method.
The chain length, in pitches, is given by
! "
N1 N2 2C N2 # N1 2 p
L
2 p 2p C
85
12/21/09 8:46 PM Page 909 epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete
where Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
Elementos de Transmisin Flexibles L is the number of pitches,

N1 is the number of teeth in the driving sprocket,
504 ChapterElementos
12N2 is thede mquinas.
number of teeth in the driven sprocket,
C is the center distance (m),
CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN504 9.Chapter 12 the chain length. Eqn (12.13) gives the chain length as a function of the number
Calculate p is the chain pitch (m).
Parmetros de diseo: Flexible Mechanical Elements 909
of pitches. Note
9. Calculate the chainThe
thatEqn
exact
length.
the value
center for the
distance
(12.13) gives is length
the given byshould
chainCentros
length
be rounded up to the nearest even
as a function of the number
integer. Distancia exacta entre
of pitches. Note that the value for the length should be rounded up to the nearest even
17 p
10. #
Calculate the exact center pdistance. This can r be
calculated using Eqn %
e A integer. 2 p (12.14). 2
10. 11. Specify
Calculate the lubrication
theBexact C
method.
center distance. 2L # N # N 2L # N # N # N # N
a chain and 8 This can be calculated usingBelt Eqn (12.14).
2 1 2 1 2 1
and Chain 3:88Drives 505
11. Specify
!2 the lubrication method.
! The chain length, in pitches, is given by
506 Chapter
The chain Chainisdrives
12in pitches,
length,
Variable given should
by
Longitud be
de protected
la cadenaagainst dirt and moisture (tell this to a mountain bike
de transmisin
D Lubrication should be provided using! a nondetergent
"2 mineral-based oil. For the major
N N ! 2C " N # N p are five is
applications,
Note that the minimum angle N of1 Lmultigrade
wrap

1 SAE20/50
2
N2 recommended
2C N2 # N
is suitable.
2 1 There
1forpthe small sprocket (12.13)
2 120! . types
principal of lubric
(12.13)
L
2p feed, p2p
manual application,
2 drip C 2p(see Figure
bath, stream C 12.18), and dry lubrication. Gr
The chain tension is given by is not recommended but can be used for chain speeds of less than 4 m/s#1. I
lubrication
to ensure the grease penetrates the working parts of the chain, it should be heated unti
where
where
becomes liquid and the chain dipped Power
into the grease until the air has been displaced. T
L is L
theisnumber of pitches, Chain tension (12.17)
the number ofprocess
pitches,should be repeated at regular service intervals. For dry lubrication, solid lubri
N1 u1 p=2p
N1 isNtheisnumber of teeth
the number ofinteeth
the driving
contained in the
in sprocket,
a volatile carrier
driving fluid. When applied to a chain, the carrier transports the lu
sprocket,
1
N2 is the number of teeth in the
into the chain
drivenandsprocket,
then evaporates, leaving the chain lubricated but dry to touch. Appli
N2 issprockets
Standard the number of
beteeth
can (m), in the driven
purchased. sprocket,
The choice of sprocket material depends on the number
C is the center distance for dry lubrication include food processing, dusty environments, and fabric handling.
C is thethe
ofpteeth center distance (m),
is theand operating
chain pitch (m). conditions as shown in Table 12.24.
rollers and the sprocket teeth
p is and
the also
chainwear in
The
pitch the chain
pitch
(m). joint. for
diameters Since
the the life and
driving of adriven
prop-sprockets are given by
The exact12.6
Example center distance is given by
erly selected drive is a function
The exact of center
the wear and the
distance surface
is given by fatigue strength of the
rollers, it is important to reduce the angle
# of articulation
A chain drive isp required for a gear pump operating as much as possible.
r
at Nrpm1 p driven
% Nby2 p a 5.5 kW electric
pD1400 2D2
The number of sprocket teeth C also 2Laffects
##N2 # the N1 velocity
2L # r ratio # Nduring 2
the rotation
N2
# N # N %
(12.14)
3:88 2thep motor andppump
1 2 1
motor running at 8 1440 p rpm. The center distance between p shafts is
through the pitch angle . At the position shown in Fig.
C mm.2L # N2 # N1 2L # N2 # N1 # 1717, the chain AB is N2 # N1 2
(12.14)
approximately 470 8 However, when the sprocket has turned3:88
tangent to the pitch circle of the sprocket.
Chain drives should be protected against dirt and moisture (tell this to a mountain biker!).
an
angle of /2, the chain line AB moves
Solution
Lubrication should be closer
providedto the center
using of rotationmineral-based
a nondetergent of the sprocket. oil. For the majority of
This means that the chain Chain
line drives
AB is should
moving
applications, multigrade SAE20/50 be protected
up and
1440 against
down, and dirt
is suitable. There are five that and the moisture
lever arm
principal (tell
typesthis to a mountain biker!).
of lubrication: 86
varies
12/21/09 8:46 PM Pagewith
909 rotationThe desired
through the
Lubrication
epg Disk1:Desktop reduction
pitch should ratio
angle, be is
all resulting
provided
Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete
manual application, drip feed, bath, 3:6:
using in a an uneven
nondetergent
Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas: chain
stream (see Figure 12.18), and dry lubrication. Grease exit
mineral-based oil. For the majority of
400
velocity. You can think of the sprocket as a polygon in which the exit velocity areoffive the
applications, multigrade SAE20/50 is suitable. There of principal #1
Thelubrication
nearest isratio
not recommended
available but
(see can
Table be used
12.22) for chain
using speeds
standardless than
sized m/s .types
4sprockets of lubrication:
In order
is 3.62. This
chain depends upon whether manual
to ensure the exit ispenetrates
the application,
grease fromdrip a corner,
feed,
the workingor from
bath, stream
parts aofflat (see
the of theitpolygon.
Figure
chain, 12.18),
should and dry
be heated lubrication.
until it Grease
requires a driving sprocket of 21 teeth and a driven sprocket of 76 teeth.
Of course, the same effectbecomes occurs
liquid when
lubrication and
is not the
Elementos
the chain chain defirst
dipped
recommended intoenters
mquinas.
thecan
but into
greasebe used engagement
until the air
for chain with
hasspeeds
been displaced.
of less thanThis4 m/s#1. In order
the sprocket. Theprocess should the
application
to ensure befactor
repeated
grease from at regular
Tableservice
penetrates 12.23 intervals.
is f1 parts
the working For dry
1.0. of the lubrication,
chain, itsolid shouldlubricant is
be heated until it
CADENAS
The chain DEvelocity
TRANSMISIN
contained in a volatile
is definedliquid
V becomes carrier
as theand number
19 fluid.
the 19
When
of feet
chain
applied
coming
dipped
to
into off
a chain,
the the grease
the carrier
sprocket
until the
transports the lubricant
perair has been displaced. This
unit time. Thus Theintotooth
the chain factor
the chain
velocity in fthen
2 per
andfeet
evaporates,
minute 0:905:
leaving
is the chain lubricated but dry to touch. Applications
Elements For909
Parmetros de diseo: process should
for dry lubrication include
beNrepeated
1 food21 atFlexible
regular Mechanical
service intervals.
processing, dusty environments, and fabric handling.
dry lubrication, solid lubricant is
containedpower
The selection in a volatile
N5.5 pn carrier
# 1.0 #fluid.
0.905When applied
4.98 kW. to a chain, the carrier transports the lubricant
17 p The into
pitchthe
diameters
chain V and
=
for the
then driving and driven
evaporates, leaving sprockets
the are given
chain (1730)
lubricatedby but dry to touch. Applications
12 chart, Tamao de los Piones
e A Usingfor thedry
BS/ISO selection
lubrication
Figure 12.17, a 12.7 mm
include food processing, dusty environments, and fabric handling.
pitch simple BS chain drive is
a chain and B
where N = number suitable.
of sprocket teeth N1 p N2 p
D2 12.18 (12.15)
2
The! pitch diameters for the Ddriving 1 Figure
p and drivenp sprockets are given by
p= ! chain pitch,
The chainin length is given Chain
by lubrication methods. Courtesy of Renold Chain.
Variable
n = sprocket D speed, rev/min
and the angle of contact (in radians) ngulos de contacto
between N1 p de los N2 p (rad)
Piones
The maximum exit velocity of the chain is D1 the chain D2and the sprockets by (12.15)
p p
Dn Table 12.24: pN2 " N1
np q1 pSelection
" 2 sin"1of sprocket materials. (12.16a)
vmax = = 2pC (b)
12 Smooth
12 sin(/2)
Sprocket running "1 pNshocks
Moderate 2 " N1 Heavy shocks
where Eq. (a) has been substituted for the pitch diameter
q2 D.pThe
2minimum
sin exit velocity
2pC
(12.16b)
occurs at a diameter d,
Upsmaller than D. Using
to 29 teeth the or
080M40 geometry of 080M40
Fig. 1717, we find
or 070M55 080M40 or 070M55 hardened
070M55 hardened and tempered 120 para piones
Recomendado and tempered
pequeos. or case-
or case-hardened mild steel hardened mild steel
d = D cos (c)
Over 30 teeth 2
Cast iron Mild steel 080M40 or 070M55 hardened
rollers and the sprocket teeth and also wear in the chain joint. Since the life of a prop- and tempered or case-
Thus the minimum exit velocity is
erly selected drive is a function of the wear and the surface fatigue strength of the hardened mild steel
rollers, it is important to reduce
Source: the Renold
Adapted from angle(1996).
dn ofnp cos(/2)as much as possible.
articulation
v = = (d)
The number of sprocketmin teeth also affects the velocity ratio during the rotation
87

CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN SELECCIN

1. Distancia entre centros aproximada. (30-50 veces la longitud del eslabn)
2. Relacin de velocidad en funcin de los piones standard
Se recomienda un mnimo de 19 dientes para aplicaciones comunes y de 25 para altas velocidades
3. Potencia de la Seleccin POWER S= Power x f1 x f2
bud29281_ch17_879-932.qxd 12/21/09 8:46 PM Page 908 epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
88
SELECCIN DE CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN
DIMENSIONES NORMALIZADAS ANSI
Table 1719 Minimum Average Multiple-
ANSI Tensile Weight, Roller Strand
Dimensions of American
Chain Pitch, Width, Strength, lbf/ft Diameter, Spacing,
Standard Roller Number in (mm) in (mm) lbf (N) (N/m) in (mm) in (mm)
ChainsSingle Strand
25 0.250 0.125 780 0.09 0.130 0.252
Source: Compiled from ANSI (6.35) (3.18) (3 470) (1.31) (3.30) (6.40)
B29.1-1975.
35 0.375 0.188 1 760 0.21 0.200 0.399
(9.52) (4.76) (7 830) (3.06) (5.08) (10.13)
41 0.500 0.25 1 500 0.25 0.306
(12.70) (6.35) (6 670) (3.65) (7.77)
40 0.500 0.312 3 130 0.42 0.312 0.566
(12.70) (7.94) (13 920) (6.13) (7.92) (14.38)
50 0.625 0.375 4 880 0.69 0.400 0.713
(15.88) (9.52) (21 700) (10.1) (10.16) (18.11)
60 0.750 0.500 7 030 1.00 0.469 0.897
(19.05) (12.7) (31 300) (14.6) (11.91) (22.78)
80 1.000 0.625 12 500 1.71 0.625 1.153
(25.40) (15.88) (55 600) (25.0) (15.87) (29.29)
100 1.250 0.750 19 500 2.58 0.750 1.409
(31.75) (19.05) (86 700) (37.7) (19.05) (35.76)
120 1.500 1.000 28 000 3.87 0.875 1.789
(38.10) (25.40) (124 500) (56.5) (22.22) (45.44)
140 1.750 1.000 38 000 4.95 1.000 1.924
(44.45) (25.40) (169 000) (72.2) (25.40) (48.87)
160 2.000 1.250 50 000 6.61 1.125 2.305
(50.80) (31.75) (222 000) (96.5) (28.57) (58.55)
180 2.250 1.406 63 000 9.06 1.406 2.592
(57.15) (35.71) (280 000) (132.2) (35.71) (65.84)
200 2.500 1.500 78 000 10.96 1.562 2.817
(63.50) (38.10) (347 000) (159.9) (39.67) (71.55)
240 3.00 1.875 112 000 16.4 1.875 3.458
(76.70) (47.63) (498 000) (239) (47.62) (87.83)
Figure 1717 shows a sprocket driving a chain and rotating in a counterclockwise

direction. Denoting the chain pitch by p, the pitch angle by , and the pitch diameter of
the sprocket by D, from the trigonometry of the figure we see
p/2 p
sin = or D= (a)
2 D/2 sin(/2)
Number of teeth in the drive sprocket N1
Number of teeth in the
driven sprocket N2 15 17 19 21 23 25
25 e e e e e 1.00
38 2.53 2.23 2.00 1.80 1.65 1.52
57 3.80 3.35 3.00 2.71 2.48 2.28
76 5.07 4.47 4.00 3.62 3.30 3.04
95 6.33 5.59 5.00 4.52 4.13 3.80
114 7.60 6.70 6.00 5.43 4.96 4.56
Source: Reproduced from Renold (1996).
89
subjected to transient SELECCIN
loads, theDEminimum
CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN
number of teeth rises to 25. Note that the
502 maximum
Chapter 12 number of teeth should not exceed 114.
6. Establish the application and tooth factors: Table 12.23 gives values for the application
Table 12.22:
RELACION Chain reduction ratios as a function of the standard sprockets available.
factor f1. DE The VELOCIDAD
tooth factor is given by f2 19/N1 assuming that the selection rating
charts are inbased Number of teeth in the drive sprocket N1
Number of teeth the on a 19-tooth sprocket.
7.driven
Calculate
sprockettheN2 selection 15 power. Selection
17 power19 Power " 21 f1 " f2. 23 25
8. Select 25the chain drive pitch. e Use power-speed
e rating
e charts as
e supplied by e chain 1.00
manufacturers
38 (see Figure2.53 12.17). The
2.23 smallest2.00
pitch of a simple
1.80 chain1.65should be used
1.52 as
57
this normally gives the 3.80 3.35 drive. If
most economical 3.00 2.71
the power requirement 2.48 2.28 is
at a given speed
76 5.07 4.47 4.00 3.62 3.30 3.04
beyond 95 the capacity of a single
6.33 strand of
5.59 chain, then
5.00 the use of a
4.52 multistrand
4.13 chain, such
3.80 as
duplex114 (two strands), triplex
7.60 (three 6.70
strands), and6.00
up to decuplex
5.43 (10 strands)
4.96 for the 4.56
ANSI
range, permits
Source: Reproduced higher
from Renold (1996).power to be transmitted and can be considered.
FACTOR DEtoUSO
subjected Table
transient loads, the 12.23:
minimumApplication
number factor.
of teeth rises to 25. Note that the
maximum number of teeth should not exceed 114. Characteristics of driver
6. Establish the application and tooth factors: Table 12.23 gives values for the application
Smooth
factor f1. The tooth factor is given by e.g.
running, f2 19/N1 assuming that the selection rating
Slight shocks,
charts are based on a 19-tooth electric motors,
sprocket. e.g. IC engines with Heavy shocks,
IC engines with more than six cylinders, e.g. IC engines
7. Calculate the selection power. Selection power Power " f1 " f2.
hydraulic electric motors with with fewer than
8. Select
Driven the chain
machine drive pitch. Usecoupling
characteristics power-speed ratingfrequent
charts as supplied by chain
starts six cylinders
2/21/09 8:46 PM
manufacturers (see Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
Page 911 epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete
Smooth running, e.g. fans,
Figure 12.17). 1The smallest pitch of a1.1 simple chain should be1.3 used as
this compressors,
pumps, normally gives the most economical drive. If the power requirement at a given speed is
printing
beyonduniformly
machines, the capacity
loadedof a single strand of chain, then the use of a multistrand chain, such as
duplexconveyors.
(two strands), triplex (three strands), and up to decuplex (10 strands) for the ANSI
range,shocks,
Moderate permitse.g.higher
concretepower to be 1.4
transmitted and can be 1.5 considered. 1.7
mixing machines, nonuniformly
loaded conveyors, mixers
Flexible Mechanical 911 Application factor.
Table 12.23:
Elements
Heavy shocks, e.g. planars, 1.8 1.9 of driver
Characteristics 2.1
Elongation maximum of 3 percent presses, drilling rigs.
Smooth
Horizontal shafts Source: Reproduced from Renold (1996).
running, e.g. Slight shocks,
Two 17-tooth sprockets electric motors, e.g. IC engines with Heavy shocks,
IC engines with more than six cylinders, e.g. IC engines
The fatigue strength of link plates governs capacity at lower speeds. The Americanhydraulic
Chain electric motors with with fewer than
Association (ACA) publication Chains forDriven
Powermachine
Transmission and Materials Handling
characteristics coupling frequent starts six cylinders
(1982) gives, for single-strand chain, the nominal
Smoothpower
H , link-plate
running,1 e.g. fans, limited, as 1 1.1 1.3
H1 = 0.004N11.08 npumps,
0.9 (30.07
1 p p)
compressors,hp printing (1732)
machines, uniformly loaded
and the nominal power H2 , roller-limited, as conveyors.
1.5 0.8
1000KModerate
r N1 p shocks, e.g. concrete 1.4 1.5 1.7
H2 = machines,hpnonuniformly (1733)
nmixing
1.5
1
loaded conveyors, mixers
bud29281_ch17_879-932.qxd 12/21/09 8:46 PM Page 912 epg Disk1:Desktop Folder:TEMPWORK:Don't-Delete Jobs:MHDQ196/Budynas:
where N1 = number of teeth in the smaller sprocket
Heavy shocks, e.g. planars, 1.8 1.9 2.1
n 1 = sprocket speed, rev/min presses, drilling rigs.
90
p = pitch of the chain, in Source: Reproduced from Renold SELECCIN
(1996). DE CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN
K r = 29 for chain numbers 25, 35; 3.4POTENCIA
for chain 41; DEandTRANSMISIN NOMINAL PARA PION DE 19 DIENTES
17 for chains 40240
0 Table 1720 Sprocket

Sprocket
ANSI Chain Number Speed, ANSI Chain Number
Speed, Rated Horsepower
wer rev/min 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 240
rev/min 25 35 40 41 50 60
ngle- Capacity of Single-
50 0.05 0.16 0.37 0.20 Strand0.72
Single-Pitch 1.24 50 Type A 2.88 5.52 9.33 14.4 20.9 28.9 38.4 61.8
Pitch
100 0.09 0.29 0.69 0.38 Roller 1.34
Chain for a 2.31 100 5.38 10.3 17.4 26.9 39.1 54.0 71.6 115
or a
150 0.13* 0.41* 0.99* 0.55* 17-Tooth
1.92*
Sprocket 3.32 150 7.75 14.8 25.1 38.8 56.3 77.7 103 166
cket
200 0.16* 0.54* 1.29 0.71 2.50
(Continued) 4.30 200 10.0 19.2 32.5 50.3 72.9 101 134 215
from ANSI
mation 300 0.23 0.78 1.85 1.02 3.61 6.20 300 14.5 27.7 46.8 72.4 105 145 193 310
rom 400 0.30* 1.01* 2.40 1.32 4.67 8.03 400 18.7 35.9 60.6 93.8 136 188 249 359
Type B
500 0.37 1.24 2.93 1.61 5.71 9.81 500 22.9 43.9 74.1 115 166 204 222 0
600 0.44* 1.46* 3.45* 1.90* 6.72* 11.6 600 27.0 51.7 87.3 127 141 155 169
700 0.50 1.68 3.97 2.18 7.73 13.3 700 31.0 59.4 89.0 101 112 123 0
800 0.56* 1.89* 4.48* 2.46* 8.71* 15.0 800 35.0 63.0 72.8 82.4 91.7 101
900 0.62 2.10 4.98 2.74 9.69 16.7 900 39.9 52.8 61.0 69.1 76.8 84.4
1000 0.68* 2.31* 5.48 3.01 10.7 18.3 1000 37.7 45.0 52.1 59.0 65.6 72.1
1200 0.81 2.73 6.45 3.29 12.6 21.6 1200 28.7 34.3 39.6 44.9 49.9 0
1400 0.93* 3.13* 7.41 2.61 14.4 18.1 1400 22.7 27.2 31.5 35.6 0
1600 1.05* 3.53* 8.36 2.14 12.8 14.8 1600 18.6 22.3 25.8 0
1800 1.16 3.93 8.96 1.79 10.7 12.4 1800 15.6 18.7 21.6
2000 1.27* 4.32* 7.72* 1.52* 9.23* 10.6 2000 13.3 15.9 0
2500 1.56 5.28 5.51* 1.10* 6.58* 7.57 2500 9.56 0.40
3000 1.84 5.64 4.17 0.83 4.98 5.76 3000 7.25 0
Type A Type B Type C Type C Type C!
*Estimated from ANSI tables by linear interpolation. Note: Type Amanual or drip lubrication; type Bbath or disk lubrication; type Coil-stream lubrication;
Note: Type Amanual or drip lubrication; type Bbath or disk lubrication; type Coil-stream lubrication. type C!type C, but this is a galling region; submit design to manufacturer for evaluation.
Table 1721(Continued)
Single-Strand Sprocket Tooth Counts Available from One Supplier*
No. Available Sprocket Tooth Counts

25 8-30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42, 45, 48, 54, 60, 64, 65, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 90, 95, 96, 102, 112, 120
35 4-45, 48, 52, 54, 60, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 90, 95, 96, 102, 112, 120
41 6-60, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 90, 95, 96, 102, 112, 120
91
SELECCIN DE CADENAS DE TRANSMISIN
BRITISH STANDARD - PION DE 19 DIENTES

Figure 12.17
British Standard chain drives rating chart using a 19-tooth drive sprocket.
Courtesy of Renold Chain.
92
HUSILLOS DE CONTACTO
VELOCIDAD MXIMA DE AVANCE
CALCULOS
93
VELOCIDAD MXIMA DE AVANCE
CALCULOS
94
AREA SOPORTE NECESARIA
CALCULOS
95
CALCULOS
96
CARGA CRTICA DE PANDEO
CALCULOS
97
VELOCIDAD CRTICA DE RESONANCIA
CALCULOS
98
RENDIMIENTO
CALCULOS
99
PAR DE ACCIONAMIENTO Y RETENCIN
CALCULOS
100
POTENCIA DE ACCIONAMIENTO
CALCULOS
101
RIGIDEZ
CALCULOS
Datos tcnicos estndar
102
Precisin de paso segn ISO

HUSILLOS DE BOLAS
La precisin de paso se mide sobre la carrera til, que es la longitud
roscada reducida, Elementos
en cada extremo, por la longitud le igual al dimetro
de mquinas.
del husillo. La precisin del paso se mide a 20 C.
ISO - PRECISIN DE PASO
G5 G7 G9
V300p m 23 35 87
lu ep vup ep vup ep vup

mm m
0 - 315 23 23 52 35 130 87
(315) - 400 25 25 57 40 140 100
(400) - 500 27 26 63 46 155 115
(500) - 630 32 29 70 52 175 130
(630) - 800 36 31 80 57 200 140
(800) - 1000 40 34 90 63 230 155
(1000) - 1250 47 39 105 70 260 175
(1250) - 1600 55 44 125 80 310 200
(1600) - 2000 65 51 150 90 370 230
(2000) - 2500 78 59 175 105 440 260
(2500) - 3150 96 69 210 125 530 310
(3150) - 4000 115 82 260 150 640 370
(4000) - 5000 140 99 320 175 790 440
(5000) - 6000 170 119 390 210 960 530
103
HUSILLOS DE BOLAS
GRADOS DE PRECIN V300
Es la variacin ms grande que nos podemos encontrar en el intervalo de 300 mm de longitud.
104
105
S99TE17-1212 5
3 Classification of Standard Ballscrews
3.1 Standard Ballscrew Spindle

HIWIN recommends our standard regular ballscrews for your design. However, high lead, miniature or other special
types of ballscrews, may also be available upon your request. Table 3.1 shows the standard ballscrew spindles which are
available.
3.2 Nut Configuration

The circuiting systems of nut of HIWIN ball screw can be divided into: external circuit, internal circuit, end caps,
and Super S. For each circuiting way the features are as follows: external recirculation type, internal recirculation type,
endcap recirculation type,and Super S. The features of these types are specified below.
3.2.1 Type of return tube design

Return Tube
(1) External recirculation type Fixing Plate

a. structure
The first, called the external recirculation type ballscrew, consists Screw Shaft
of the screw shaft,the ball nut, the steel balls, the return tubes and the
fixing plate. The steel balls are introduced into the space between the
Ball Nut
screw shaft and the ball nut. The balls are diverted from the ball tracks
Steel Ball
and carried back by the ball guide return tube form a loop. Since the
return tubes are located outside the nut body, this type is called the
external recirculation type ball screw Fig. 3.1.
b. features Fig. 3.1 External recirculation type nut with return
(a) Adapted to wide kinds of shaft diameters and leads of ball tubes
screw
(b) Complete specifications Ball Return Cap
(2) Internal recirculation type Screw Shaft
a. structure
Ball Nut
The second design, called the internal recirculation type ballscrew,
Steel Ball
consists of the screw spindle, the ball nut, the steel balls and the ball
return caps. The steel balls make only one revolution around the screw
spindle. The circuit is closed by a ball return cap in the nut allowing the
balls to cross over adjacent ball tracks. Since the ball return caps are
Fig. 3.2 Internal recirculation type nut with
located inside the nut body, this is called the internal recirculation type return caps
ballscrew Fig. 3.2.
b. features
Ball Nut
(a) Adapted to normal leads
(b) Outer diameter of nut is small Screw Shaft
End Cap
(3) Endcap recirculation type

End Cap
a. structure
Steel Ball
The third design is called endcap recirculation type ball screw Fig.
3.3.The basic design of this return system is the same as the external
recirculation type nut Fig. 3.5 except that the return tube is made inside
the nut body as a through hole. The balls in this design traverse the Fig. 3.3 Endcap recirculation type nut with return
whole circuit of the ball tracks within the nut length. Therefore, a short system
nut with the same load capacity as the conventional design can be used.
6 S99TE17-1212
b. features
(a) Adapted to high lead
(b) Outer diameter of nut is middle
(c) Single nut only
(4) Super S
a. structure
The forth design is called Super S recirculation type ballscrew Cassette
which consists of screw shaft, the ball nut, the steel balls and the
cassette (Fig.3.4). The basic design of this return system is the same as Screw Shaft
the endcap recirculation type. Instead of using endcap, cassette is used
in the recirculation. The balls in this design traverse the whole circuit of
Ball Nut
the ball tracks by passing through the cassette within the nut length.
b. features Steel Ball
(a) Quietness
(b) Compact and lightweight
Fig. 3.4 Cassette recirculation type nut with
(c) High acceleration and deceleration return system
(5) Super T
Recirculation
a. structure
Component
The Super T Series recirculation path is connected in tangent,
formed between the tunnel of the recirculation component and the
screws raceway. This tangential recirculation path greatly reduces
the drag force, resulting in smoother rotational motion of the ball nut
Screw Shaft
to shaft and having the ballscrew being able to reach its maximum
rotational speed.
b. features Ball Nut
(a) Smooth and high-speed motion Steel Ball
(b) Low noise
(c) Long service life
Table 3.1: The comparison chart of ball screw diameter vs lead and recirculation
lead 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.175 3.5 4 4.23 5 5.08 6 6.35 8 10 12 12.7 15 16 20 24 25 25.4 28 30 32 35 36 40 50 60 64 80
dia.
6 I I I H
8 I I I I I I H
T,H
10 I I I T,I I T,I T,I T T
S
T,I
12 I I I I T,I T,I T T,S T,H T,H
S
T,H
14 I I I I T,I T,I T,I T T
S
T,H
15 I I I T,I T,S T,H H
S
T,H T,H
16 I I I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T H
S S
18 I I I
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,H

20 I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T T T T H,S
S S S S S
22 T T T T
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,H T,H

25 I T,I T,I T,I T,I T I,S T,S T H H H
S S S S S S S
T,I T,I T,I T,I
28 T,I T,I T,I T,I T T T,S
S S S S
30 T T,I I I T S
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,S
32 I T,I I T,I I T,I T,I T,I T,S T S,H H H
S S S S S S S S S,H H
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,S T,S
36 T T,I T,I T T,S T,S T
S S S S H H
S99TE17-1212 7
38 I T,I T S I,S T,S S S S T,I T,S T S,H
T,I T,I T,I T,I

T,I T,I T,I T,I T,S
40 I I I T,I T,I T,I T,I S T T S
S S S S S S S,H S H
T,I T,I
T,I T,I T,I
45 I T,I T T,I I T T,S S
S S S S S
T,I T,I T,I
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,S T,S
50 T T,I T,I T,I I I,S T,S S T S
S S S S S S S H H
T,I T,I
55 I T,I T,I T,I T,S T,S T H
S S
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,S
63 I I I T,I T,I T,I I I T,S T,S T,S
S S S,H S S H
T,I T,I
70 T T,I T,I T T T T
S S
T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I T,I
80 I I I T I T,S
S S S S S S S,H
T,I T,I
100 T,I T,I I T,I T T T T
S S
120 I I,S T,S T
125 I,S T
Note: T : Return Tube I : Internal recirculation S : Super S H : End Cap
(2) Type of nuts

The type of nuts to select depends on the application requirements. HIWIN standard nuts are classified by three
letters as follows (see also Chapter 5 for details):
Flange Type (F) Round Type (R)
Single-Nut (S) Double-Nut (D)
Endcap (H) External Return Tube Internal Return Cap (I) Super S(C)
Tube within Tube above

the Nut Dia. (W) the Nut Dia. (V)
* Other types of nut shape can also be made upon your design.

Examples :
RDI means round type, double nut with internal return caps.
FSW means flange type, single nut with external return tube within the nut diameter.
DFSV means two-start, flange, single nut with external return tube above the nut diameter.
(3) Number of circuits

The HIWIN nomenclature for the number of circuits
in the ballnut is described as follows:
For the external type design:
A : 1.5 turns per circuit
B : 2.5 turns per circuit
C : 3.5 turns per circuit Fig 3.5 Circuit for external Fig 3.6 Circuit for internal
return tube return cap
D : 4.5 turns per circuit
E : 5.5 turns per circuit
For the internal type design:
T : 1.0 turn per circuit
For end cap type design:
U : 2.8 turns per circuit (high lead)
S : 1.8 turns per circuit (super high lead)
Fig 3.7 Circuit for Endcap Fig 3.8 Circuit for Super S
V : 0.8 turns per circuit (extra high lead)
8 S99TE17-1212
For Super S Series:

K : 1 turn per circuit
Example :
B2 : designates 2 external return tube ball circuits. Each circuit has
2.5 turns.
T3 : designates 3 internal return ball circuits. Each circuit has a
maximum of 1 turn.
S4 : designates 4 internal return ball circuits. Each circuit has 1.8
turns.
K5 : designates 5 internal return ball circuits. Each circuit has 1 turn.
HIWIN recommends that number of circuits for the external type design be 2 for 2.5 or 3.5 turns ( that is, B2 or C2),
and 3, 4 or 6 circuits for the internal type. Those shapes are shown in Fig. 3.5 and Fig. 3.6.
3.3 Spindle End and Journal Configuration
Mounting methods
Bearing mounting methods on the end journals of ballscrews are crucial for stiffness, critical speed and column
buckling load. Careful consideration is required when designing the mounting method. The basic mounting configuration
are shown as follows Fig. 3.9.
Spindle end journal configurations

The most popular journal configurations are shown in Fig. 3.10.
Table 3.2 lists the recommended dimensions and the bearings for the configurations of Fig. 3.10.
Table 3.2 Dimension for spindle ends

Recommended Bearing
Model d1 d5 d6 d7 d8 E L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 bxt1 I.II.III III.IV.V
DIN625 DIN625 628 720
10 10 8 7.6 M8x0.75 6 6 16 7 29 26 0.9 39 50 56 18 10 12 3.0x1.8 608 738B

12 12 8 7.6 M8x0.75 6 6 16 7 29 26 0.9 39 50 56 18 10 12 3.0x1.8 608 738B
14 14 10 9.6 M10x0.75 8 8 20 9 37 34 1.15 45 54 62 20 10 14 3.0x1.8 6200 7200BTVP
16 16 12 11.5 M12x1 10 8 21 10 41 38 1.15 46 56 66 20 10 14 4.0x2.5 6201 7301BTVP
20 20 15 14.3 M15x1 12 - 22 11 47 44 1.15 55 70 84 25 13 16 5.0x3.0 6202 7202BTVP
25 25 17 16.2 M17x1 15 - 23 12 49 46 1.15 56 72 86 25 13 16 5.0x3.0 6203 7203BTVP
28 28 20 19 M20x1 16 - 26 14 58 54 1.35 68 82 100 28 20 18 6.0x3.5 6204 7602020TVP
32 32 25 23.9 M25x1.5 20 - 27 15 64 60 1.35 79 94 116 36 22 26 7.0x4.0 6205 7602025TVP
36 36 25 23.9 M25x1.5 20 - 27 15 64 60 1.35 79 94 116 36 22 26 7.0x4.0 6205 7602025TVP
40 40 30 28.6 M30x1.5 25 - 28 16 68 64 1.65 86 102 126 42 22 32 8.0x4.0 6206 7602030TVP
45 45 35 33.3 M35x1.5 30 - 29 17 80 76 1.65 97 114 148 50 24 40 10.0x5.0 6207 7602035TVP
50 50 40 38 M40x1.5 35 - 36 23 93 88 1.95 113 126 160 60 24 45 12.0x5.0 6308 7602040TVP
55 55 45 42.5 M45x1.5 40 - 38 25 93 88 1.95 125 138 168 70 24 50 14.0x5.5 6309 7602045TVP
63 63 50 47 M50x1.5 45 - 33 27 102 97 2.2 140 153 188 80 27 60 14.0x5.5 6310 7602050TVP
70 70 55 52 M55x2.0 50 10 44 29 118 113 2.2 154 167 212 90 27 70 16.0x6.0 6311 7602055TVP
80 80 65 62 M65x2.0 60 10 49 33 132 126 2.7 171 184 234 100 30 80 18.0x7.0 6313 7602065TVP
100 100 75 72 M75x2.0 70 10 53 37 140 134 2.7 195 208 258 120 30 90 20.0x7.5 6315 7602075TVP
* We reserve the right to modify and improve data value without prior notice.
* Different diameters and leads are available upon request.
DIN 625 DIN 628 DIN 720

S99TE17-1212 13
4.2 Ballscrews Selection Procedure

The selection procedure for ballscrews is shown in (Table 4.1) From the known design operation condition, (A) select
the appropriate parameter of ballscrew, (B) follow the selection procedure step by step via the reference formula, and (C)
find the best ballscrew parameters which can be met for the design requirements.
Table 4.1 Ballscrew selection procedure
Step Design operation condition (A) Ballscrew parameter (B) Reference formula(C)
Step 1 Positioning accuracy Lead accuracy Table 4.2
V max
(1) Max. speed of DC motor (Nmax)
Step 2 Ballscrew lead
(2) Rapid feed rate (Vmax) Nmax
Total length =
thread length+journal end length
Step 3 Total travel distance Total thread length Thread length =
stroke+nut length+100 mm
(unused thread)
(1) Load condition (%) Mean axial load
Step 4 M7~M10
(2) Speed condition (%) Mean speed
Step 5 Mean axial force (1/5 C is the best) Preload M1
(1) Service life expectancy
Step 6 (2) Mean axial load Basic dynamic load M13~M14
(3) Mean speed
(1) Basic dynamic load
(2) Ballscrew lead Screw diameter and nut type
Step 7 M31~M33 and dimension table
(3) Critical speed (select some range)
(4) Speed limited by Dm-N value
(1) Ballscrew diameter
Stiffness
(2) Nut type
Step 8 (check the best one via lost M34~M40
(3) Preload
motion value)
(4) Dynamic load
Thermal displacement and target
(1) Surrounding temperature M41 and 4.6 temperature
Step 9 value of cumulative
(2) Ballscrew length rising effect
lead (T)
(1) Stiffness of screw spindle
Step 10 Pretension force M45
(2) Thermal displacement
(1) Max. table speed
Motor drive torque and
Step 11 (2) Max. rising time M19~M28
motor specification
(3) Ballscrew specification
4.3 Accuracy Grade of HIWIN Ballscrews

Precision ground ballscrews are used in applications requiring high positioning accuracy and repeatability, smooth
movement and long service life. Ordinary rolled ballscrews are used for application grade less accurate but still
requiring high efficiency and long service life. Precision grade rolled ballscrews have an accuracy between that of the
ordinary grade rolled ballscrews and the higher grade precision ground ballscrews. They can be used to replace certain
precision ground ballscrews with the same grade in many applications.
HIWIN makes precision grade rolled ballscrew up to C6 grade. Geometric tolerances are different from those of
precision ground screws (See Chapter 6). Since the outside diameter of the screw spindle is not ground, the set-up
procedure for assembling precision rolled ballscrews into the machine is different from that of ground ones. Chapter 7
contains the entire description of rolled ballscrews.
(1) Accuracy grade

There are numerous applications for ballscrews from high precision grade ballscrews, used in precision
measurement and aerospace equipment, to transport grade ballscrews used in packaging equipment. The quality and
accuracy classifications are described as follows: lead deviation, surface roughness, geometrical tolerance, backlash,
drag torque variation, heat generation and noise level.
14 S99TE17-1212
HIWIN precision ground ballscrews are classified to 7 classes. In general, HIWIN precision grade ballscrews are
defined by the so called V 300p value see Fig 4.12 and rolled grade ballscrews are defined differently as shown in Chapter 7.
Fig. 4.12 is the lead measuring chart according to the accuracy grade of the ballscrews. The same chart by the DIN
system is illustrated in Fig. 4.13. From this diagram, the accuracy grade can be determined by selecting the suitable
tolerance in Table 4.2. Fig. 4.14 shows HIWINs measurement result according to the DIN standard. Table 4.2 shows the
accuracy grade of precision grade ballscrews in HIWINs specification.The relative international standard is shown in
Table 4.3.
The positioning accuracy of machine tools is selected by ep value with the V 300p variation. The recommended accuracy
grade for machine applications is shown in Table 4.5. This is the reference chart for selecting the suitable ballscrews in
different application fields.
(2) Axial play (Backlash)

If zero axial play ballscrews (no backlash) are needed, preload should be added and the preload drag torque is
specified for testing purpose. The standard axial play of HIWIN ballscrews is shown in Table 4.4.For CNC machine tools,
lost motion can occur in zero-backlash ballscrews through incorrect stiffness. Please consult our engineers when
determining stiffness and backlash requirements.
(3) Geometrical tolerance

It is crucial to select the ballscrew of the correct grade to meet machinery requirements. Table 4.6 and Fig 4.15 are
helpful for you to determine the tolerance factors, which are based on certain required accuracy grades.
Table 4.2 HIWIN accuracy grade of precision ballscrew Unit: 0.001mm

Accuracy Grade C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
2p 3 4 4 6 8 8 8
300p 3.5 5 6 8 12 18 23
Item
Thread length ep u ep u ep u ep u ep u ep u ep u
above below
- 315 4 3.5 6 5 6 6 12 8 12 12 23 18 23 23
315 400 5 3.5 7 5 7 6 13 10 13 12 25 20 25 25
400 500 6 4 8 5 8 7 15 10 15 13 27 20 27 26
500 630 6 4 9 6 9 7 16 12 16 14 30 23 30 29
630 800 7 5 10 7 10 8 18 13 18 16 35 25 35 31
800 1000 8 6 11 8 11 9 21 15 21 17 40 27 40 35
1000 1250 9 6 13 9 13 10 24 16 24 19 46 30 46 39
1250 1600 11 7 15 10 15 11 29 18 29 22 54 35 54 44
1600 2000 18 11 18 13 35 21 35 25 65 40 65 51
2000 2500 22 13 22 15 41 24 41 29 77 46 77 59
2500 3150 26 15 26 17 50 29 50 34 93 54 93 69
3150 4000 30 18 32 21 60 35 62 41 115 65 115 82
4000 5000 72 41 76 49 140 77 140 99
5000 6300 90 50 100 60 170 93 170 119
6300 8000 110 60 125 75 210 115 210 130
8000 10000 260 140 260 145
10000 12000 320 170 320 180
Table 4.3 International standard of accuracy grade for ballscrews Unit: 0.001mm
Ground
Grade Rolled
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C10
ISO, DIN 6 12 23 52 210
300p
JIS 3.5 5 8 18 50 210
HIWIN 3.5 5 6 8 12 18 23 50 100 210
Table 4.4 Standard combination of grade and axial play Unit: 0.001mm
Grade C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Axial Play 5 5 5 10 15 20 25
S99TE17-1212 15
Table 4.5 Recommended accuracy grade for machine applications
Accuracy grade
Application grade AXIS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
X
Lathes
Z
X
Milling machines
Y
Boring machines
Z
X
Machine Center Y
Z
X
Jig borers Y
CNC Machinery Tools
Z
X
Drilling machines Y
Z
X
Grinders
Y
X
EDM Y
Z
X
Y
Wire cut EDM
U
V
X
Laser Cutting Machine Y
Z
X
Punching Press
Y
Single Purpose Machines
Wood working Machines
Industrial Robot ( Precision )
Industrial Robot ( General )
Coordinate Measuring Machine
Non-CNC Machine
General Machinery
Transport Equipment
X-Y Table
Linear Actuator
Aircraft Landing Gear
Airfoil Control
Gate Valve
Power steering
Glass Grinder
Surface Grinder
Induction Hardening Machine
Electromachine
All-electric injection molding machine
S99TE17-1212 21
(3) Preload calculation
Fbm
p= M1
2.8
P : preload force ( kgf )
Fbm : Mean operating load(kgf)
(Ref.M8~M10)
Kp P l
Td = M2
2
Preload drag torque (Fig. 4.20)
Td : preload drag torque (kgf-mm) Td = Fp x L
P : preload (kgf)
l : lead (mm)
Kp : preload torque coefficient **
1 L
Kp : - 2 (is between 0.1 and 0.3)
1 Fp
1 , 2 are the mechanical efficiencies of the ballscrew.
Load cell
(1) For common transmission (to convert rotary motion to linear motion)
tan() 1 tan Fig 4.20 :

1 = tan( + ) = 1+ / tan M3 Preload drag torque measuring
method(according to JIS B1192)
(2) For reverse transmission (to convert linear rotary motion to rotary motion)
tan( ) 1 / tan
2 = = M4
tan() 1+ tan
l
= tan-1 M5
Dm
= tan-1 M6
: lead angle (degrees)
Dm : pitch circle diameter of screw shaft (mm)
l : lead (mm)
: friction angle (0.17~0.57)
: friction coefficient (0.003~0.01)
0.05
** Kp = tan
(4) Uniformity of preload drag torque

(1) Measuring method
Preload creates drag torque between the nut and screw. It is measured by rotating the screw spindle at
constant speed while restraining the nut with a special fixture as shown in Fig. 4.20. The load cell reading force Fp
is used to calculate the preload drag torque of the ballscrew.
HIWIN has developed a computerized drag torque measuring machine which can accurately monitor the
drag torque during screw rotation. Therefore, the drag torque can be adjusted to meet customer requirements
(Fig. 2.5). The measurement standard for preload drag torque is shown in Fig. 4.21 and Table 4.7.
(2) Measuring conditions
1. Without wiper.
2. The rotating speed, 100 rpm.
4. The return tube up.

(3) The measurement result is illustrated by the standard drag torque chart. Its nomenclature is shown in Fig. 4.21.
(4) The allowable preload drag torque variation as a function of accuracy grade is shown in Table 4.7.
22 S99TE17-1212
(f) (c)
(e)
(b)
(+)
(a) : basic drag torque.
( -) (b) : Variation of basic preload drag torque.
(d)
(a)
Lu (c) : Actual torque.
minimum torque
(d)
(d) : Mean actual preload drag torque.
Lu (a) maximum torque
(e) : Variation value of actual preload drag torque.
( -)
(f) : Starting actual torque.
(+) Lu : Useful travelling distance of nut
(c)
(f) (b) (e)
Fig 4.21 Nomenclature of drag torque measurement
Table 4.7 : Variation range for preload drag torque (According to JIS B1192) Unit: %
Useful stroke length of thread (mm)

(1)
Basic 4000 mm maximum over 4000 mm
Dragtorque Slender ratio 40 40 < Slender ratio < 60
(kgf - cm)
Accuracy grade Accuracy grade Accuracy grade
Above Up To 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 4 30 35 40 40 45 50 60 - 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 - - - - - - - - -
4 6 25 30 35 35 40 40 50 - 35 35 40 40 45 45 60 - - - - - - - - -
6 10 20 25 30 30 35 35 40 40 30 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 - - - 40 43 45 50 50
10 25 15 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40 - - - 35 38 40 45 45
25 63 10 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 - - - 30 33 35 40 40
63 100 - 15 15 15 20 20 25 30 - - 20 20 25 25 30 35 - - - 25 23 30 35 35
Note : 1. Slender ratio=Thread length of spindle/ Nominal spindle O.D.(mm)

2. Refer to the designing section of the manual to determine the basic preload drag torque.
3. Table 4.9 shows the conversion table for Nm.
4. For more information, please contact our engineering department.
4.5 Calculation Formulas
Service life
nav
t1 t2 t3 M7
nav = n1 + n2 + n3 +......
100 100 100
nav : average speed (rpm)
n : speed (rpm)
t1
: % of time at speed n1 etc.
100
S99TE17-1212 23
bm
(1) With variable load and constant speed
3
t1 t2 t3
Fbm = Fb13 fp13 + Fb23 fp23 + Fb33 fp33 ...... M8
100 100 100
Fbm : average operating load (kgf); Fb : working axial load
fp : operation condition factor
fp : 1.1 ~ 1.2 when running without impact
1.3 ~ 1.8 when running in the normal condition
2.0 ~ 3.0 when running with heavy impact and vibration
(2) With variable load and variable speed
3
n1 t1 n2 t2 n3 t3
Fbm = Fb13 fp13 + Fb23 fp23 + Fb33 fp33 ...... M9
nav 100 nav 100 nav 100
(3) With linear variable load and constant speed
Fb min fp1 + 2 Fb max fp2

Fbm = M10
3
n2
n3
n av
Speed ( min -1 )
n1
Time ratiot ( % )
t1 t2 t3
100%
Fig 4.22 Equivalent speed
Example 4.5 - 1
A HIWIN ballscrew is subjected to the following operating conditions. Calculate the average running speed and
operating load.
Operating Condition :
For smooth running without impact fp = 1.1
Condition Axial load (kgf) Revolution (rpm) Loading time ratio (%)
(Fb) (n) (t)
1 100 1000 45
2 400 50 35
3 800 100 20
Calculation
45 35 20
nav = 1000 + 50 + 100 = 487.5rpm (ref.M7)
100 100 100
3
1000 45 50 35 100 20
Fbm = 1003 1.13 + 4003 1.13 + 8003 1.13 = 318.5 kgf
487.5 100 487.5 100 487.5 100
24 S99TE17-1212
The resultant axial force, Fa

For a single nut without preload
Fa = Fbm M11
For a single nut with preload P
Fa Fbm + P M12
Expected service life
For single nut

3
C M13
L= 106
Fa
L : Service life in running revolution (revolutions)

C : dynamic load rating (kgf) (106 rev)
For symmetrical preload double nut arrangement
3/2
Fbm C 3
Fbm (1) = P 1+ L (1) = 106
3P Fbm (1)
C 3
Fbm (2) = Fbm (1) Fbm L (2) = 106
Fbm (2)
L = [ L(1)-10/9 + L(2)-10/9]-9/10 M14

L = Service life in running revolution (revolutions)
P : Preload force (kgf)
L
Lh = M15
nav 60
Lh : Service life in hours (hours)
nav : Average speed (rpm, Ref. M7)
Ld 106 1 M16
Lh =
l nav 60
Lh : Running life (in hours)

Ld : Running life (in distance, Km)
l : Ballscrew lead (mm per rev)
nav : Average running speed (rpm)
S99TE17-1212 25
(d) the modified service life for different reliability factors is calculated by
Lm = L fr M17
Lhm = Lh fr M18
with the reliability factor fr ( Table 4.8)

Table 4.8 Reliability factor for service life
Reliability % fr
90 1
95 0.63
96 0.53
97 0.44
98 0.33
99 0.21
Example 4.5 - 2
By the example 4.5-1, if the design service life of the ballscrew is 3500 hours, lead = 10mm, single nut with zero
backlash, find the nominal diameter of the HIWIN ballscrew.
Calculation
Fbm 318.5
P= = = 114 kgf (Assume zero backlash when Fbm = 318.5 kgf)
2.8 2.8
Fa = Fbm + p = 318.5 + 114 = 432.5 kgf (Ref formula M1)
L = Lh nav 60 = 3500 487.5 60 = 1.02375 108 (revolutions)

1/3 1/3
L 1.02375 108
C' = Fa = 432.5 = 2023 kgf C' rating
106 106
So, from the dimensions table of HIWIN ballscrews, select FSV type nut with spindle nominal diameters equals
32mm and C1 circuits which can satisfy this application.
Example 4.5 - 3
If the ballscrew nominal diameter=50mm, lead=8mm, and service life L=7x106 revolutions, find the permissible load
on the screw spindle.
Calculation
From the dimensions table of HIWIN ballscrew, the FSV type ballscrew with nominal diameter=50 mm, lead=8 mm and
B3 type return tube has the dynamic load rating C=5674.
1/3 1/3
L 7 106
Fa = C = 5674 = 2966 kgf
106 106
Drive torque and drive power for the motor
( Friction force + operation force)

Gear 2
Motor Ballscrew
Gear 1
Fig 4.23 Load operation by ballscrew

26 S99TE17-1212
Fig. 4.23 shows the terms for a feed system operated by ballscrew. The formula for motor drive torque is given below :
(a) Common transmission (to convert rotary motion to linear motion)
Fb l
Ta = M19
21
Ta = Drive torque for common transmission (kgf-mm)
Fb = Axial load (kgf)
Fb = Fbm + W (for horizontal motion)
l = Lead (mm)
1 = Mechanical efficiency (0.9~0.95, Ref. M3)
W = Table wight + Work piece weight (kgf)
= Friction coefficient of table guide way
(b) Reverse transmission (to convert linear motion to rotary motion)

Fb l 2
Tc = M20
2
2 = Mechanical effciency (0.9~0.95, Ref. M4)
Tc = Torque for reverse transmission (kgf-mm)
(c) Motor drive torque

For normal operation :
N1
TM = ( Ta + Tb + Td ) M21
N2
TM = Motor drive torque (kgf-mm)
Tb = Friction torque of supporting bearing (kgf-mm)
Td = Preload drag torque (kgf-mm, Ref. M2)
N1 = Number of teeth for driver gear
N2 = Number of teeth for driven gear
For acceleration operation :

Ta = J M22
Ta : Motor drive torque during acceleration (kgf)
J : System inertia (kgf-mm-sec2)
: Angular acceleration (rad/sec2)
2Ndif
= 60t M23
a
Ndif = rpmstage2 rpmstage1

t a = acceleration rising time (sec)
2 2 2 2 2
N1 1 DN N1 W l N1
J = JM + JG1 + JG2 + W + M24
N2 2g s 2 N2 g 2 N2
= Motor inertia + Equivalent gear inertia + Ballscrew inertia + Load inertia (Fig.4.23)
WS : Ballscrew weight (kgf)

DN : Ballscrew nominal diameter (mm)
g : Gravity coefficient (9800 mm/sec2)
JM : Inertia of motor (kgf-mm-sec2)
JG1 : Inertia of driver gear (kgf-mm-sec2)
JG2 : Inertia of driver gear (kgf-mm-sec2)
S99TE17-1212 27
Total operating torque :
TMa = TM + Ta M25
TMa = Total operating torque (kgf)
The inertia of a disc is calculated as following :

For disc with concentric O.D.
1
J= d R4L M26
2g
J : Disc inertia (kgf mm sec2)
d : Disc specific weight (7.8 10 -6 kgf/mm3) for steel
R : Disc radius (mm)
L l : Disc lenght (mm)
g : Gravity coefficient (9800 mm/sec2)
(d) Drive power

Tpmax Nmax
Pd = M27
974
Pd : Maximum drive power (watt) safety
Tpmax : Maximum drive torque (safety factor Tma, kgf-mm )
Tmax : Maximum rotation speed (rpm)
(e) Check the acceleration time

J 2Nmax
ta =
TM1 TL 60 f M28
ta = Acceleration rising time

J = Total inertia moment
TM1 = 2 Tmr
TMr = Motor rated torque
TL = Drive torque at rated feed
f = Safety factor = 1.5
Table 4.9 : Shows the conversion relationship of different measurement units for the motor torque or
preload drag torque.
Table 4.9 Conversion table for motor torque

kgf - cm kgf - mm Nm kpm ( kgf - m ) OZ - in ft - l bf
1 10 9.8x10-2 10-2 13.8874 7.23301x10-2
0.1 1 9.8x10-3 1.0x10-3 1.38874 7.23301x10-3
10.19716 1.019716x10 2
1 0.1019716 1.41612x10 2
0.737562
102 103 9.80665 1 1.38874x103 7.23301
7.20077x10 -2
0.720077 7.06155x10 -3
7.20077x10 -4
1 5.20833x103
13.82548 1.382548x10 2
1.35582 0.1382548 1.92x10 2
1
Example 4.5 - 4
Consider the machining process driven by the motor and ballscrew as Fig. 4.24.
Table weight W1 = 200 kgf
Work weight W2 = 100 kgf
Friction coefficient of slider = 0.02
30 S99TE17-1212
Buckling load
The ballscrew shaft when subjected to an axial compressive force may be undergo a visibly large deflection. The
axial force is called the buckling load.
Nf dr4 M29
Fk = 40720
Lt2
Fp = 0.5 Fk M30
Fk = Permissible load (kgf) fixed - fixed Nf = 1.0

Fp : Maximum permissible speed (kgf) fixed - supported Nf = 0.5
d r : Root diameter of screw shaft (mm) supported - supported Nf = 0.25
Lt : distance between support bearing (mm) fixed - free Nf = 0.0625
Nf : Factor for different mounting types 1kgf = 9.8N;1daN=10N
The buckling load diagram for different spindle diameter and support method is shown in Fig 4.25.
Critical speed
The critical speed is said to exist when the rotational frequency of a shaft equals the first natural frequency of the
shaft. This will cause the ball screw to bend under the stress of vibration coupled with the centrifugal forces due to the
rotation and cause the shaft to vibrate violently. Therefore, the rotational speed of the ball screw should be set to below
the value indicated by critical speed.
Mf d r
Nc = 2.71 108 M31
Lt2
Np = 0.8Nc M32
Nc = critical speed (rpm) fixed - fixed Mf = 1

Np = Maximum permissible load (rpm) fixed - supported Mf = 0.689
dr : Root diameter of screw shaft (mm) supported - supported Mf = 0.441
Lt : distance between support bearing (mm) fixed - free Mf = 0.157
Mf : Factor for different mounting types
The critical speed for different spindle and support method is shown in (Fig 4.26).
5
10
9
8
7 4
6 10
5 9
8 100-20
4 7
6 80-20
3
5 63-20
100
2
Critical Axial Load ( kgf )
4
-20
50-12
80-
3
Critical Speed ( min-1 )
4 45-10
20
10
9
40-10
63-
8 2
7
20
6
50- 5-10 0-10
5
20
4
4
3
3 10 36-10
9
8 32-10
4
2 7 28-10
36- 2-1010
6
3 8- 0
1
5 25-10
0
2 5-1
3
20-6
2
10 4
9
8
16-5
20-
7 3
6
6
12-5
16-
5
4 2
5
10-3
12-
3
10-
5
8-2.5
8-2
2 2
.5
10
Fix - Fix 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
10
Fix - Fix 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 Fix - Sup. 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fis - Sup. 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Sup. - Sup. 3
Sup. - Sup. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6
3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
Fix - Free
Fix - Free 3
6 7 8910
3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
3
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 2 3 4
Length of Spindle ( mm ) Length of Spindle ( mm )
Fig 4.25 Shows the buckling load for different Fig 4.26 shows the critical speed for different screw
screw spindle diameter and length spindle diameter and length
S99TE17-1212 31
Supporting Conditions for Calculation of Buckling Load and Critical Speed
Critical Speed: fixed-fixed Fixed Lt (Critical Speed) Fixed

1
Buckling Load: fixed-fixed
Slide
Lt (Buckling Load)
Fixed Fixed
Critical Speed: fixed-supported

2
Buckling Load: fixed-fixed
Slide
Lt (Critical Speed) Lt (Buckling Load)

Fixed Fixed Supported
Critical Speed: fixed-supported Supported Lt (Critical Speed) Fixed

3
Buckling Load: fixed-supported
Slide
Lt (Buckling Load)
Supported Fixed
Critical Speed: fixed-free

4
Buckling Load: fixed-fixed Slide
Lt (Buckling Load) Lt (Critical Speed)

Fixed Fixed Free
Fig 4.27 Supporting conditions for screw shaft ball nut

32 S99TE17-1212
Dm-N value for ballscrew surface speed

Dm-N value has a strong influence over ballscrew noise, working temperature and service life of return system.
For HIWIN ballscrew,
Dm N 70,000 M33
Dm : Pitch circle diameter (mm)
N : Maximum speed (rpm)
Ballscrew structure enhancement designed by HIWIN when Dm-N value ranges from 70,000 to 180,000 . If Dm-N
value above 180,000 , please consult our company.
Stiffness
Stiffness is an indication of the rigidity of a machine. The stiffness of the ballscrew is determined by nut-spindle
rigidity via axial load, balltrack contact rigidity and screw spindle rigidity. When assembling the ballscrew in the machine,
the stiffness of support bearing, mounting condition of nut with machine table etc. also should be considered. Fig 4.28
shows the relation of total stiffness of the machine feed system.
From testing, the stiffness of nut-spindle relation and ball and balltrack relation can be combined into the stiffness
of nut, Kn, and listed in dimension table of different nut type. The stiffness of the ballscrew is shown as :
1 1 1
= + M34
Kbs Ks Kn
Kbs : Total stiffness of ballscrew (kgf/m)
The stiffness of the screw spindle is shown as :
dr2
Ks = 67.4 (Fixed-Fixed) M35
L1
dr2
Ks = 16.8 (Fixed-Free) M36
L1
The stiffness chart is shown in Fig 4.29
dr : Root diameter of screw spindle (mm) Dm Db M37
Db : Diameter of ball (mm)
Ks : Screw spindle stiffness (kgf/m)
Kn : Nut stiffness (kgf/m)
The stiffness of the nut is tested using an axial force equal to the highest possible preload of 10% dynamic load
(C) and is shown in the dimension table of each nut. When the preload is less than this value, the stiffness of the nut is
calculated by extrapolation method as :
1/3
P
Kn = 0.8 K M38
0.1C
Kn : Stiffness of nut
K : Stiffness in the dimension table
P : Preload
C : Dynamic load on dimension table
Single nut with backlash is calculated when the external axial force is equal to 0.28 C, thus :
1/3
Fb
Kn = 0.8 K M39
2.8 0.1C
S99TE17-1212 33
The axial stiffness of the whole feed system includes the stiffness of support bearings and nut mounting table. The
designer should consider the total stiffness carefully.
2
10
9
8
Kt 7
6
Min. Stiffness of Spindle ( kgf /m )

5
Ks 4
10
0-
3
20
80
Ktot Kbs
-2
Knb
0
63
2
-2
0
50 5-1 -10
Kn
4 40 10 0
- 12 0
1
36 32- -1 10
Knr 10
- 1 0
Kb
9
8
28 25-
7
6
5
20
-6
Ktot : Total stiffness of machine feed system 4
16
-5
3
Kt : Table mounting stiffness
12
Kb : Support bearing stiffness
-5
2
10
-3
Kbs : Ballscrew stiffness
8-
2.
5
Ks : Ballscrew spindle stiffness 10
0
Kn : Ballscrew nut stiffness Fix - Fix

3 4 5 6 7 8 9103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9104
Knb : Ball and balltrack stiffness Fix - Sup.
Knr : Nut-spindle stiffness by radial load 8 9102 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9103 2
Length of Spindle ( mm )
Fig 4.28 Stiffness distribution for ballscrew feed system Fig 4.29 Stiffness chart for ballscrew spindle
Thermal expansion
L = 11.6 10-6 T Ls M40
L : Thermal expansion of screw spindle (mm)

L : (C) Temperature rise at screw spindle
Ls : Total length of screw spindle (mm)
The T value should be chosen to compensate for the temperature rise of the ballscrew.
HIWIN recommends a T value of -0.02 ~ -0.03 per meter for CNC machine tools.
Basic dynamic axial load rating C (theoretical)

The dynamic load is the load at which 90% of the ballscrews will achieve the service life of 1 x 106 rev (C). The
reliability factor can be adjusted by Table 4.8. The dynamic load is shown on the dimension table of each nut type.
Basic static axial load rating Co (theoretical)

The static load is the load which will cause the balltrack to have a plastic deformation exceeding 0.0001x ball
diameter. To calculate the maximum static load of a ballscrew, the static safety factor Sf of the application condition
should be considered.
Sf Fa(max) < Co M41
Sf : Static factor = 2.5 max

Co : Static load from the dimension table of the nut type
Fa(max) : Maximum static axial load
S99TE17-1212 35
Manufacturing range
The maximum length to which a ballscrew can be manufactured depends on spindle diameter and accuracy grade
(Table 4.10). Since high accuracy ballscrews require a high degree of straightness to the screw spindle, the higher the
slender ratio (length/diameter), the more difficult to manufacture and the less the spindle stiffness.
HIWIN recommends the maximum lengths shown in Table 4.10.
If a longer length is required, please contact with HIWIN engineer.
Table 4.10 General manufacturing range of HIWIN screw spindle vs. diameter and accuracy grade Unit : mm
Total O.D.
length 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 28 32 36 40 45 50 55 63 70 80 100
Grade
C0 110 170 300 400 600 700 1000 1000 1200 1300 1500 1600 1800 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
C1 110 170 400 500 720 950 1300 1500 1800 1800 2300 2500 3100 3500 4000 4000 4000 4000
C2 140 200 500 630 900 1300 1700 1800 2200 2200 2900 3200 4000 5000 5200 5500 6300 6300
C3 170 250 500 630 1000 1400 1800 2000 2500 3200 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7100 10000 10000
C4 170 250 500 630 1000 1400 1800 2000 2500 3200 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7100 10000 10000
C5 170 250 500 630 1410 1700 2400 2500 3000 3200 3800 4000 5000 5500 6900 7100 10000 10000
C6 400 800 1000 1200 1500 1800 2500 3000 3000 4000 4000 4000 5600 5600 6900 7100 10000 10000
C7 400 800 1000 1200 3000 3000 4000 4000 4500 4500 5600 5600 5600 5600 6900 7100 10000 10000
Please consult with HIWIN in this area
Heat treatment
HIWINs homogenous heat treatment technique gives the ballscrew maximum life capability. Table 4.11 shows the
hardness value of hardness in each component of HIWIN ballscrews. The surface hardness of the ballscrew affects both
dynamic and static load value. The dynamic and static values shown in the dimension table are the values for a surface
hardness equal to HRC 60. If the surface hardness is lower than this value, the following formula will give you the
calibration result.
3
Real Hardness (HRC)
Co = Co fHO fHO = 1 M42
60
2
Real Hardness (HRC)
C = C fH fH = 1 M43
60
Where fH and fHO are the hardness factor.
Co : Calibrated static load

Co : Static load
C : Calibrated dynamic load
C : Dynamic load
Table 4.11 Hardness of each component of HIWIN ballscrew

Item Treat Method Hardness (HRC)
Carburizing
Spindle 58 - 62
or Induction Hardening
Nut Carburizing 58 - 62
Ball 62 - 66

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DOCUMENTACIN PARA EXAMEN

k=3 para cojinetes de bolas

Vida til de un Rodamiento

Ecuacin de Vida de un Rodamiento

La ecuacin para SKF de vida Ll modicada es:

Ecuacin de Vida de un Rodamiento

Tpicos valores para el factor de contaminacin

Viscosidad: Ecuacin de Petro

Dos parmetros adimensionales muy utilizados en lubricacin

Qu ocurre si aumenta la temperatura?

Diseo de Cojinetes de Friccin

CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES EN EL DISEO DE COJINETES DE FRICCIN

Dimensiones del cojinete:

Diseo de Cojinetes de Friccin

Criterios de Diseo para un Cojinete HD

Las variables dependientes son:

Nmero de Sommerfeld con distintas variables.

Procedimiento de Diseo de Cojinetes HD

Constante del Resorte Youngs modulus Modulus of Density Maximum service

d Chrome vanadium alloy steel wire

F is the applied load (N), and d is the deflection (m).

For springs in series, the spring rates combine reciprocally:

Minimum ultimate tensile strength (103 psi)

ASTM A227 250

Music wire (mm)

Muelles de Helicoidales de Compresin

Minimum ultimate tensile strength (103 psi)

0.192 5.00 0.192 5.00

Muelles de Helicoidales de Compresin

Muelles de Helicoidales de Compresin

Esfuerzo Torsional Cortante/Cizalladura debido al Par

Figure 15.10. There are two

cross section. Esfuerzo Cortante/Cizalladura mxima

Tr F FD=2d=2 F 8FD 4F Springs 637

0.7 0.5 Unstable

where smax is the maximum shear stress (N/m ), T is0.6the 0.4

Free-body diagram for a helical compression spring loaded with force F.

lt to manufacture, and for values greater Curved beams

Muelles de Helicoidales de Compresin

Muelles Helicoidales de Traccin

Muelles Helicoidales de Traccin

Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

4C2 " 4 1.6 0.35 1.27 1.07 ! "0:33

umber of coils in order to calculate the required body length. 20

emed unacceptable, then parameters previously determined need to be 100

Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

Coarse SeriesUNC Fine SeriesUNF

0 0.0600 80 0.001 80 0.001 51

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Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts

*Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.

Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

ASTM Size Minimum Minimum Minimum

*Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.

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Elementos de Fijacin y Unin

Minimum Minimum Minimum

4.6 M5M36 225 400 240 Low or medium carbon

4.8 M1.6M16 310 420 340 Low or medium carbon

5.8 M5M24 380 520 420 Low or medium carbon

8.8 M16M36 600 830 660 Medium carbon, Q&T

9.8 M1.6M16 650 900 720 Medium carbon, Q&T