Distribution Substation Bus Configuration Design

Lecture 6
Distribution Substations
Design Aspects
1
Objectives
Discussion of the substation bus
configuration
Discussion of substations reliability
concepts
Calculation of the substation rating
Derivation of the constant K factor
Introduction of the substation application
curves
Illustration of the discussed analytical
methods by some numerical examples
2
Outlines
Introduction.
Background.
Substation Bus Configuration Design.
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Sectionalized Single (Radial) Bus Scheme.
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme.
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme.
Ring Bus Scheme.
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme.
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme.
Substation Reliability Service .
The Constant K
Distribution Substation Rating.
Substation Application Curves.
Numerical examples.
3
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
4
Introduction
Selection of substation switchyard system schemes
represented in the substation buses and switches
configuration is based mainly on reliability and
economical aspects.
The choice of the substations rating, and the number of

exit primary-feeders are based on the service areas and
the percentage of voltage drop along the primary-feeders
and their associated laterals.
To evaluate the parameters of the substations several

analysis and practical considerations evaluations have to
be performed.
5
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
6
Background
Distribution substation main parts are:
The high side buswork and protection.
Low side buswork and protection.
Transformers.
The substation site.
From the construction point of view, there are three main types of
distribution substations.
Conventional outdoor (open terminal) substation in which busbars and
live parts can be seen.
SF6 gas insulated metal enclosed substation in which various equipment
is in metal enclosed form with SF6 gas providing internal insulation.
Such substation can be either indoor or outdoor.
Hybrid substation which is a combination of the above two. In the
hybrid substation some equipment are conventional open terminal type
and some equipment are metal enclosed SF6.
7
Background (Cont.)
There is no best or ideal substation voltage
Substation voltage rating will depend on substation location,
capacity, and service area.
There are some preferable voltage ratings of distribution

substation in North America. These ratings are:
69 kV/25 kV
33 kV/11 kV
69 kV/ 13 kV
161 kV/ 24 kV
230 kV/25 kV
The main function of distribution substation is to step down

the sub-transmission voltage to a lower primary system
voltage for local distribution via distribution primary
feeders.
8
Background (Cont.)
These three phase primary feeder distributes energy
from the low voltage bus through three phase feeder
and three or single phase laterals.
It is imperative for the substation to be equipped with

a reliable and efficient bus schemes that will insure the
continuity and the reliability of the delivered power
from the transformers to the feeders.
For this reasons the distribution substation buswork

becomes one of the main design parameters in any
distribution substation.
9
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
10
Single (Radial) Bus Scheme
Incoming Line
CB
Bus
N.O. bypass
switch
Disconnecting switch
Outgoing Line circuits
11
This scheme is routinely used in distribution voltage

levels less than 161 kV.
A normally opened (N.O.) bypass switch is used to
keep the CB line circuit energized.
However, to perform CB maintenance, one should
isolate the CB and its disconnecting switches, as well
as the relays and the control equipment by operating
the bypass switch in the closed mode (after opening
the CB).
12
It should be mentioned here that this circuit is

no longer protected and any fault occurring in
this circuit requires the main CB (incoming
line CB) to be opened and hence a complete
substation outage.
13
Sectionalized (Radial) Bus Scheme
Incoming Line Incoming Line
CB Bus-Tie CB
CB
Bus 1 Bus 2
N.O. bypass
switch
Disconnecting
switch
14
Sectionalized (Radial) Bus Scheme
Circuits supplying the same loads and

energized from the same source have to be
divided between different sections. The range
of operation of voltage level and location is
similar to that of the radial scheme.
In addition, CB bypass switches can be used.
15
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme
Incoming line
Main bus
N.O.
Transfer
N.O.
CB
N.O. Transfer switch

N.O. N.O. N.O.
Transfer bus
Outgoing line circuits
16
Main-And-Transfer Bus Scheme
It consists of main and transfer buses

connected through a N.O. transfer CB.
Its operation voltage level and location is
similar to that of the radial scheme.
17
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme
Bus 1
N.O.
Bus
N.O. tie
breaker
N.O.
Bus 2 N.O.
Outgoing line
18
Double Bus-Single Breaker Scheme
This scheme is the modification of the
sectionalized single bus scheme where two
buses are connected through a tie breaker.
It has the same voltage range and location as
of the sectionalized single bus schemes.
Each circuit can be connected to one bus
through CB and disconnecting switches.
19
Ring Bus Scheme
Line Line
Line Line
20
Ring Bus Scheme
In this scheme several sectionalized single bus
schemes (named position) are connected in a
series as shown in Fig. 5.
It is limited to a maximum of eight positions. In
the case of occurrence of bus or circuit fault,
one position is disconnected through its CB.
In the case of CB operation failure two
positions are disconnected. Each line is
equipped by a disconnecting switch.
21
Ring Bus Scheme
To make preparations for this line to go out of

service: the two CBs are opened first; then the
line disconnecting switch is opened; following
that the two CBs are closed.
This scheme is used in 115-345 kV voltage
range and when high reliability is required.
22
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme
Line Line
Bus 1
Tie
breaker
Bus 2
Line Line
23
Breaker-And-A-Half Scheme
In this scheme each circuit has its own CB and
shares one CB with another circuit (one and one-
half CB) as shown in Fig. 6.
A CB failure connecting a bus and circuit causes
this circuit to be out of service.
A CB operation failure between two circuits causes
these two circuits to be out of service. This scheme
is utilized for voltages greater than 230 kV and in
locations which require high reliability.
24
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme
Incoming Incoming
Line 1 Line 2
Bus 1
Bus 2

25
Double Bus-Double Breaker Scheme
For this scheme each circuit has two CBs to
connect to either one of the two buses as shown in
Fig. 7.
Each circuit has two CBs. Therefore, only the
faulted circuit is disconnected.
Furthermore, for a faulted bus no circuit is
disconnected.
A CB failure to operate in case of a faulted bus
causes only one circuit to be out of service.
26
Comparison Between Different Bus Switching
Schemes
Bus switching Advantages Drawbacks
scheme
Single (radial) bus -Simplest to operate and to install -Least system reliability
protective relaying -Least system flexibility for
-Lowest cost and the least land operation and maintenance
area requirement -Complete substation outages in
case of bus fault or CB failure
-Requires complete substation
shutdown for bus extension
-Used to supply non-critical
loads or in case of other supply
existence.
Sectionalized single -A CB (other than tie CB) failure -More complex in operation and
(radial) bus causes an outage only in its protection. More expensive than
scheme sectionalized section the radial scheme
- Low required land area
-More reliable, flexible and easier
to expand than the radial scheme
27
Schemes (Cont.)
scheme
Main-and-transfer bus -Small land area requirement -Higher cost as it requires a bus
scheme -Easier for expansion transfer CB
-More flexible in operation and -Increased complexity of
maintenance requirement operation and protection
-Low cost especially in a CB maintenance
-CB can be easily removed for situation
maintenance -No reliability improvement
-Complete substation shutdown
in case of bus or any CB failure
Double bus-single -Loads can be connected on either -Switching circuits between
breaker scheme bus to balance the load and source buses is manual and not
-All loads can be connected to one automatic
bus in case of outage or -More expensive (One tie
maintenance on the other bus breaker and four disconnecting
-Critical loads can be separated switches per circuit)
-Flexible operation with two buses -More complex protection model
than that of the sectionalized
single bus scheme
-A complete substation outage
occurs in case of tie breaker
failure
28
Schemes (Cont.)
scheme
Ring bus -Low cost -More complex protection
-High reliability and flexible CB relaying
maintenance and operation -The ring is separated into two
-Any CB can be disconnected for sections in case of CB failure
maintenance without circuit outage during another CBs maintenance
-Easily expandable
-Each circuit is fed through two CBs
Beaker-and-a-half -Any CB can be removed for -Large required land area
scheme maintenance without any circuit outage -High cost (one and half CB is
-Either bus can be out for maintenance required per circuit)
without affecting the operation - Complex protection relaying
-Bus failure does not cause a circuit
outage
-Most reliable and flexible operation
-Ease for expansion
Double bus-double -Flexibility in operation and -The most expensive
breaker scheme maintenance -For a CB failure a loss of half the
-Higher reliability circuit could occur if circuits are
not connected to both buses
29
Bus Schemes and Their Applied Voltage
Substation voltage level in kV

Substation bus configuration
69 115 138 161 230 345 500
Single and Sectionalized single (radial) bus

X X X
scheme
Main-and-transfer bus scheme X X X
Double bus-single breaker scheme X X X
Ring bus X X X X X X X
Beaker-and-a-half scheme X X X X X X
Double bus-double breaker scheme X X X X X X
30
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
31
Substation Reliability Service
High reliability service for the distribution substation is
insured by implementing many design and operation
practice in the construction of these substations.
The first design practice is the reliability of the buswork as

discussed in the previous section.
The second aspect is the selection of transformers ratings and

numbers. Most substations have two or more transformers to
provide contingency support in the event of a transformer outage
for improved reliability.
The third aspect is the combined high side/transformer/low side

connections which also have to be flexible as well as reliable.
32
High Side- Transformer- Low Side
Connections For Distribution Substations [7]
33
Two Case Studies For Reliability Analysis
For Distribution Substation
Case 1 Case 2
115 kV/25 kV, 31 MVA peak 115 kV/13 kV, 35 MVA peak
Situation Ave. 16 mile exposure on both Ave. 2.3 mile exposure on both
incoming transmission routes incoming transmission routes
8,300 customers. 9,100 customers.
Configuration Cost Voltage Freq. Duration Cost Voltage Freq. Duration
Radial/one trans. $4,400 .96 .73 112 1,735 1.00 .25 20
A $7,200 .95 .18 28 $2,200 1.00 .07 5
B $7,600 .95 .18 28 $2,500 1.00 .07 5
C $7,400 .95 .18 28 $2,300 1.00 .07 5
D $7,700 .98 .10 15 $2,600 1.03 .05 4
E $7,900 .98 .07 12 $2,800 1.03 .03 2
F $7,900 .98 .07 12 $2,800 1.03 .03 2
34
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
35
The Constant K
36
Constant K Derivation
1
S3 s (r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
VD pu 3 pu. V
Vb Vr
VD pu s K S3 s K S n pu. V
1
(r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
& K= 3 VDpu/kVAmi
Vb Vr
f (conductor size, spacing, cos and Vb )
Where s (in unit length) is the effective feeder main length

depending on the load type. Therefore:
s l for lumped-sum load at the end of the feeder.
1
s l for uniform distributed load along the feeder.
2
2
s l for linearly increasing distributed load along the feeder.
3
37
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
38
Distribution Substation Rating
Distribution system engineers can satisfy the load
increase by the following two options; which can be
implemented separately or combined:
Expanding an existing.
Building new substations.
The simplest and the most commonly used technique is
that based on the geometrical shape of the substation
service area [4, 5].
The output of this technique will be:
Substation rating,
Number of out-going primary, and
Maximum voltage drops on the feeder.
The input of this technique is:
Geometrical shape of the service area,
Electric loading, and
Substation operating voltage.
39
Distribution Substation Rating (Cont.)
In some cases this technique is used to determine also the

operating substation voltage and the shape of the
substation service area.
This can be done by first assuming these two parameters
as an input (known values) and then after calculating the
output one can use experience, engineering judgement,
historical data, etc. and modified the input values
accordingly.
This process can be iteratively carried out until satisfying
results are obtained.
In the following slides, the basic steps for executing this
technique is summarized.
40
Step # 1
Assume A Square Substation Service Area
A4
Central feed point m

One feeder main
L4 2/3 L 4
Feeder load center

(2/3 feeder main length)
Distribution transformer
Lateral last point w Feeder main last point t
41
Step # 1 (Cont.)
%VDmw %VDmt %VDtw
2
%VD4,main L4 K S4
3
S4 A4 D L24 D
42
Step # 2
Assume Hexagonal Shape Service Area
A6
Central feed point m

One feeder main
L6 2/3 L6
Feeder load center

(2/3 feeder main length)
Distribution transformer
Lateral last point w Feeder main last point t
43
Step # 2 (Cont.)
2
%VD6,main L6 K S6 0.385 K D L36
3
The feeders service load is given by:

L6
S6 A6 D L6 D 0.578 D L26
3
44
Step # 3
Assume A General Case of Geometrical Shape
Service Area
dA
m Feeder main
t

y
x dx
L6
45
Step # 3 (Cont.)
2 360
%VDn,main K D Ln tan
3
n 3
3 2n
Where: n represents the number of feeders
The feeders service load is given by:

Ln Ln
Sn dS D dA D L2n tan
x 0 x 0
Where: n 2 360 n 3
46
Comparison Between Four And Six Feeders
Service Area Characteristics
n=4 n=6
The feeder service area (A) 1

L24 L26
3
The substation service area (TA)
4 L24 6
L26
3
The feeder service area loading (S)
D L24 1
D L26
3
The substation service area loading
(TS)
4 D L24 6
D L26
3
2
%VDmain K D L36
3 3
The load current in main feeder (I) S4 D L24 S6 D L26

I4 I
3 VL L 3 VL L 6 3 VL L 3 VL L
47
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
48
Substation Application Curves
Example
49
Introduction.
Background.
Ring Bus Scheme.
The Constant K
Numerical examples.
50
Numerical Examples
Example #1
A three-phase 4.16 kV wye-grounded feeder,
Determine the constant K of the main feeder:
By applying the equation.
By using the K constant curves.
I P, Q
kVL-L = 4.16
Load
Z = R + jX Pr, Qr = 500 kVA, 0.9 pf lag
Vs Vr
s = l = 1 mi
#4 copper, Dm = 37"
51
Solution
By applying the equation.
1
(r cos x sin ) ( 1000)
K 3 pu
Vb Vr
1
(1.503 0.9 0.7456 0.4359) ( 1000)
= 3
2400 2400
0.0001 VDpu/(kVAmi) = 0.01 %VD/(kVAmi)
52
Solution
By using the K constant curves.
K = 0.01 %VD/(kVAmi)
Therefore the calculated K value is the same of that

obtained from the K curves.
53
Example #2
Calculate the substation design parameters for the
following substation input data
Given:
A load density (D) of 500 kVA/mi2
Substation voltage 13.2/22.9 kV
Substation rating (TS) of 40MVA
3 % voltage drop
Determine:
1- Substation service area (TA)
2- Substation outgoing feeders number (n)
54
Substation voltage 13.2/22.9 kV
3 % voltage drop
A load density (D) of 500 kVA/mi2
Solution Substation rating (TS) of 40MVA
Fig. 19 The substation application curve under study
Fig. 19 The substation application curve under study

55
Solution (Cont.)
From Fig. 19:

Substation service area (TA) = 80 mi2
Substation outgoing feeders number
(n) = 6
56
References
[1]T. Gnen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1986.
[2]Beaty, H. Wayne, Electric power distribution systems: a non-technical guide,

Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell, 1998.
[3]Van Warme, F.C.: Some Aspects of Distribution Load Area Geometry, AIEE
Trans., December 1954, pp. 1343-1349.
[4]Denton, W. J., and D. N. Reps: Distribution Substation and Primary Feeder

Planning, AIEE Trans., June 1955, pp. 484-499.
[5]Westinghouse Electric Corporation: Electric Utility Engineering Reference

Book- Distribution Systems, vol. 3, East Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
[6]J.R. Lusby, Fundamental concepts in substation design, Rural Electric Power

Conference, 1993. Papers Presented at the 37th Annual Conference, 25-27 April
1993, pp. D2/1 - D225.
[7]H.L. Willis, Power distribution reference book, Marcel Dekker, INC, 1997.
57

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Lecture 6

The choice of the substations rating, and the number of

To evaluate the parameters of the substations several

There are some preferable voltage ratings of distribution

The main function of distribution substation is to step down

It is imperative for the substation to be equipped with

For this reasons the distribution substation buswork

Outgoing Line circuits

This scheme is routinely used in distribution voltage

It should be mentioned here that this circuit is

Incoming Line Incoming Line

Outgoing Line circuits

Circuits supplying the same loads and

N.O. Transfer switch

Outgoing line circuits

It consists of main and transfer buses

To make preparations for this line to go out of

Outgoing Line circuits

Substation voltage level in kV

Single and Sectionalized single (radial) bus

Main-and-transfer bus scheme X X X

Double bus-single breaker scheme X X X

Double bus-double breaker scheme X X X X X X

The first design practice is the reliability of the buswork as

The second aspect is the selection of transformers ratings and

The third aspect is the combined high side/transformer/low side

Radial/one trans. $4,400 .96 .73 112 1,735 1.00 .25 20

A $7,200 .95 .18 28 $2,200 1.00 .07 5

B $7,600 .95 .18 28 $2,500 1.00 .07 5

C $7,400 .95 .18 28 $2,300 1.00 .07 5

D $7,700 .98 .10 15 $2,600 1.03 .05 4

E $7,900 .98 .07 12 $2,800 1.03 .03 2

F $7,900 .98 .07 12 $2,800 1.03 .03 2

Where s (in unit length) is the effective feeder main length

In some cases this technique is used to determine also the

Central feed point m

Feeder load center

Lateral last point w Feeder main last point t

%VDmw %VDmt %VDtw

Central feed point m

Feeder load center

Lateral last point w Feeder main last point t

The feeders service load is given by:

The feeders service load is given by:

The feeder service area (A) 1

The load current in main feeder (I) S4 D L24 S6 D L26

By applying the equation.

Therefore the calculated K value is the same of that

Fig. 19 The substation application curve under study

Fig. 19 The substation application curve under study

From Fig. 19:

[2]Beaty, H. Wayne, Electric power distribution systems: a non-technical guide,

[4]Denton, W. J., and D. N. Reps: Distribution Substation and Primary Feeder

[5]Westinghouse Electric Corporation: Electric Utility Engineering Reference

[6]J.R. Lusby, Fundamental concepts in substation design, Rural Electric Power

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