Pharmacy Acquisition Costs in Songkhla Province
Somsak Leelang, Surachat N. Prince of songkla University
Abstract
Objective: To examine pharmacy
acquisition costs among community pharmacies in
Songkhla Province and to compare them with
wholesale prices. Methods: Drug acquisition costs
were collected by copying their receipts of a
period of seven months. Also, drug price
quotations were retrieved from wholesalers.
Studied drugs included all dosage forms. Unit
price of those drugs were calculated. Descriptive
analyses, including frequency counting,
percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard
deviation, were conducted. Results: Results
showed that only 12 (6.7%) pharmacies were
willing to participate in the study. The majority of
these pharmacies (83.83%) bought drugs from
wholesalers. Acquisition costs were composed of
two types, including actual purchasing costs and
wholesalers offered costs. All pharmacies could
use them as reference costs when they purchase
those drugs. From the comparison of drug
acquisition costs and median prices, results
showed that nine pharmacies could obtain the
majority of drugs at acquisition costs equal to the
median prices. Pharmacies at different locations
and with different ownerships could still obtain the
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
November 2013
majority of drugs at the same median prices. On
the other hands, older and longer opening-hours
pharmacies could purchase at lower median prices
for their majority of drugs. Similarly, pharmacies
that had lower turn-over rate stocks could obtain
the majority of drugs at lower costs. There were
six pharmacies that could purchase drugs at lower
acquisition costs, even though the obtained
amounts were either lower or equal to those of
median costs. Results also showed that one
wholesaler offered drugs at median price while
other four Wholesalers sold drugs at price lower
than median prices. When pharmacy acquisition
costs were compared to wholesale median prices,
results showed that nine pharmacies could obtain
drugs at lower than median prices and three
pharmacies could purchase at the price lower than
wholesale prices (with same trade names)
Conclusion: Pharmacy acquisition costs could be
obtained and used as reference prices when drugs
were purchased.
Keywords: acquisition costs, wholesalers offered
costs, median prices, reference prices
 Introduction
Pharmacy is a Health Services in Primary
Care Health System Thailand is a close
community. And is often the first choice of the
people, especially when the initial illness.
Thailand currently share a modern medicine man
for a second type is a modern drug (b a. 1), which
requires pharmacists to comply with a specified
time. And non-packaged drugs, dangerous drugs
or controlled substance (b a. 2) (1) in the year
2548 to 2555 found that the trend of market share,
or distribution of drugs through pharmacies. down
from 25 percent to 23 percent of all medications
(2) at the same time found that the tendency of the
drug has increased across the country from the
number 13 329 of the 15 864 (3) and has turned up
at the shop. monotherapy with either drug store
chain owned by a foreign company, and Thailand.
The competition in the business model is more
serious.
Potentially make a huge impact in the
long term to operate a single dose (4) Therefore,
the administration of a single dose to achieve the
goal. Help may be on the administration. The
theory of marketing mix (Marketing Mix: 4Ps),
which include (Product) at (Place), promotion
(Promotion) Price (Price) (5) found that the cost of
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
medicines (acquisition costs) are. The volume of
orders per vendor vendors, etc. (6) differences in
drug costs is one problem that entrepreneurs
pharmacies found during the operation.
In a effort to collect cost of hospital
medicine by exploring drug prices then prepared
for use as a reference source of information on
selected medicines. Drug procurement For
hospitals or departments of State Health Services
(7) the study on the cost of medicines in
pharmacies. The study found the United States
The style health insurance system in the United
States are paid back to the participating pharmacy
or a health insurance company in terms of cost
medicines that are dispensed to patients by
prescription. Cost is determined. The estimated
cost of the drug (estimated acquisition cost), which
is calculated from a survey of wholesalers is the
average selling price of the wholesaler (average
wholesale prices) - 10.5% (8), but this makes the
cost of medicines. the state refund is higher than
the actual purchase price of the drug. Since
September 2011 the government changed the way
it's a true drug cost (actual acquisition cost) from a
participating pharmacy and then set a reference
price for the reimbursement to pharmacies. Also
important in determining the disbursement.
However, the country still can not find a report on
the cost of medicines in the private sector before.
The information is important, as mentioned above.
The researcher is interested in the cost of
medicines in pharmacies. However, due to
resource constraints and to provide benefits to the
drug store in Songkhla for bringing drugs to the
actual cost. The researchers chose to study
pharmacy located in Songkhla. It has modern
medicine (b a. 1), 263 (3) and the procurement of
pharmaceutical drugs from the manufacturer or
wholesaler. However, no research or any agency
that collects data analysis or cost this drug before.
Thus, research. "Cost of medications in drug stores
offense" in order to benefit the drugstore operator
to provide a basis for the reference price as a tool
to negotiate drug prices. To lead to lower drug
costs and pricing for the next.
Research Methods
This research is a descriptive study
(descriptive study) studied drug derived cost
(acquisition costs) of the drug in Songkhla and
compare the offer price to the wholesaler
company. This retrospective survey data from July
2555 until January 2556 in order to keep a
sufficient amount of information and data is up to
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
date at the time of the study. In this research to
study a modern drug (b a. 1) in Songkhla. Without
education in modern medicine, especially
medicine packaged non-dangerous drug or
controlled substance (b a. 2) as a modern drug (b
a. 1), a drug that is more diverse. The researchers
then collected data only in drug stores such types
and selection criteria sample drug stores that have
a pharmacy medicine (b a. 1) with a single dose
(stand alone) who are willing to join in. study
respondents And if found to be a drug dealer or
wholesaler would be eliminated from the study.
The researchers sent letters to modern
drug store (the unit. 1) that meet the selection
criteria, primarily in Songkhla for every
participant. The goal of the pharmacies that accept
the participant with the largest number. Then the
researcher back to the respondents participated in
the study. For storage of drugs in all forms of drug
administration. The Minister by the Medicines Act
2510 (Act No. 5 of 2530 drug), which contain
dangerous drugs, controlled drugs. Medicine pills
packaged drugs for external use and drug use only.
Because these drugs can be sold in modern
medicine (the unit. 1) and a variety of products.
Gives comprehensive information By requesting a
copy of a photograph showing the drug's cost,
including waybill. Receipt Or the price of other
forms of the drug stores have been supplied with
drugs. In addition, this study also collected
information from all companies offering
prescription drug wholesalers in Songkhla. By
asking for a confirmation in the form of an original
or copy data files electronically.
Then the researchers recorded data onto a
recordable design data is a record of sorts as
pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy size (number of
units) location of the operator. Apothecary shop
name During the operations, Circulation period of
the drug inventory And data entry costs by
purchasing drugs at pharmacies that contain
information about. The generic name of the drug
name, dosage form manufacturing, trade size,
price, unit price, number of purchase the seller's
name and date of purchase. The generic name of
the drug dosage form trade name manufacturers.
Quantity Price Seller's name and the date of the
bid.
Before analyzing the cost drugs. This
study has been calculated based on the price per
unit of dosage forms such as tablets for capsules
are packaged in foil panels. It is calculated as the
price per tablet or capsule. Potion or lotion bottle,
it is calculated as the price per milliliter. And
pharmaceutical creams or ointments, etc. It is
calculated as the price per gram. The data are
available individually or purchasing multiple times
within a period of seven months, it will use the last
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
day. The last price is a price that reflects the actual
prices the most current. The list of drugs that are
supplied by the POA in the confirmation. It is
costing the basis of the total amount of the
purchase price and the amount received from the
giveaway. Similarly, the cost of the drug
wholesaler company that has collected in the same
period. It will use the same criteria to the cost of
prescription drugs in the calculation of unit prices.
The research was based on data analysis
by descriptive statistics (descriptive statistics) to
compare the data of each participating pharmacy
research on data from wholesalers include the
mean, median and mode number of tables, the
standard deviation. The median cost of
prescription drugs and the cost of each store had
prepared the reference price of the cost of
purchasing drugs. It also conducted a cost
comparison drug. The data obtained from
pharmacies or procurement of information from
the offering price of the drug wholesaler. The way
to compare the cost of such drugs to the middle of
the two groups. Researchers led median cost of
medications. (Bid or selling drugs) used in the
comparative analysis. The basis of comparison is
as follows: 1) cost per unit dose. Is less than the
median 0.01 baht per unit is in comparison with
the less. The median cost of medications, 2) cost
drugs is equal to the median in all respects (set 2
decimal) that is in comparison with a value equal
to the median cost of medications 3) cost of drugs
per unit is greater than the median 0.01 baht. the
unit is in the group is greater than the median cost
of medications.
This study also presents the pharmacy is
divided into different groups by providing
information, an overview of the drug stores, the
majority of the drugs at cost price of drugs less
than or equal to the median cost of medications.
Researcher using criteria to determine the drug in
the same group. By segmenting an overview From
the list of the most common drugs. Each
benchmark that similarly grouped wholesaler will
be divided into different groups by presenting the
information as a whole is a wholesaler who mainly
sell medicines at cost drug that is less than equal.
or more than the median cost of medications.
Result
In the study, from modern medicine (b a.
1), the selection criteria of 179 stores Letter
participants were 12 shops and a letter back from
the pharmacy is not able to send a letter asking for.
partnership of three stores, or as a response to 6.70
percent after the data analysis. The study can be
divided into two parts, namely Part 1 Overview of
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
pharmacy and medicine procurement of drugs and
the cost of two drugs.
Overview of the pharmacy and purchase of
pharmaceutical drugs.
Table 1 shows the general information of
drug research participants. That is a small dose (1
unit) of 11 shops, a large dose (two units), the
number one restaurant, with locations spread
throughout the downtown area of six stores, and
outside of the six store when divided by. own
Found a drug store owner, a pharmacist and is
operating its own Number 9 of pharmacy owners,
not pharmacists, but hiring pharmacists who
practice the 3 shop, considering the period of
operation and during opening hours. Find a
pharmacy open new operations in the range of less
than or equal to 2 years, with a total of five stores
and drug stores that carry more than two years
with a total of seven stores and a pharmacy that
opened less than or equal to four. hours per day
with a total of five stores due to a drug that
pharmacists working in government or other
locations. Then open the pharmacy after work. The
drug, which pharmacists work all day without
working with a number of other places to shop and
seventh last term when considering the turnover of
pharmaceutical inventory of each drug.
Table 1. Overview of pharmaceutical research participants (N = 12 outlets).

The nature of the drug store (Number of store).

Types of drug stores
Sales of modern medicine (and b. 1) 12
Pharmacy size
Pharmacy size 1 11
Pharmacy size 2 1
Location
In downtown of Hat Yai. 2
In downtown of Songkhla. 4
Around the outside Sadao District 5
Around outside Na Mom District 1
Ownership
Pharmacist 9
Not pharmacist 3
During the operations
Operations Less than or equal to 2 years 5
Established more than two years 7
Opening Hours
Opening less than four hours a day. 5
Opening more than four hours a day 7
Inventory turnover period of medication
About 1 month 10
About 2 months 2

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 Table 2 shows the number of items
pharmacies participant has purchased drugs from
the pharmacy of the study is called drug stores and
12 stores represented as drug A, B, C, D. , E, F, G,
H, I, J, K and L to prevent drug store to drug store
media participants. The data showed that the
number of procurement of medicines in
pharmacies participants each are different and can
be divided into groups by the number of items that
are different is that one is buying. many
medications Which counts more than 300 items to
the store is a second pharmacy drugstore B and J,
which has a number of drugs from the 311 and
326, or 15.47 per cent and 16.22 of the list of all
the medicines from drug stores everywhere. The
value of the drugs is Baht 260,571 and 253,432 or
23.07 percent and 22.44 percent of its medicines
from drug stores everywhere. The second group
had to buy a moderate amount. Count from 150 to
300 items in this group were found to have four
stores is drug A, drug C, drug stores H and drug
stores I have a number of medications ranging
from 152 to 251 transactions, representing a 7.56
percent to 12.49. the list of all the medicines from
drug stores everywhere. The drugs are worth
between 31,042 to 180,264 baht, from 2.57 percent
to 15.96 percent of its medicines from drug stores
everywhere. The fourth group to buy less. Which
counts more than 150 items to a sixth store is the
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
drug D, pharmacy E, pharmacies F, pharmacy G,
pharmacy K and drug stores L has a number of
drugs, ranging from 30 to 144 items, representing
the hundreds. 1.49 to 7.16 percent of the total
number of drugs from drug stores everywhere. The
drugs are worth between 21,558 and 113,596 baht,
from 1.91 percent to 10.05 percent of its medicines
from drug stores everywhere.
Also from the data in Table 2 reveals that
most drug stores participant. Having bought the
drug from a wholesaler in the amount of 1685,
representing 83.83 percent of the total number of
drugs from drug stores everywhere. The drugs are
worth 686,910 baht to 60.81 per cent of the value
of buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.
The purchase drugs directly from the
manufacturers will have only 325 or 16.17 percent
of the total number of drugs from drug stores
everywhere. The drugs are worth 442,628 baht,
accounting for 39.19 percent of the value of
buying medicines from drug stores everywhere.
But considering the details of the purchase drugs
from wholesalers. It may be a number of different
buy-out. Divided into groups according to the
number of drug wholesalers that sell to drug
stores. The group is one Wholesalers are buying
medication that many medications. Counting over
300 with one or more of the company Wang
 Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals Optical
Limited. The 1221 list of drugs accounted for
72.46 percent of the total amount of drugs
purchased from wholesalers. The drugs are worth
471,110 baht or 68.58 percent of the total value of
drugs purchased from wholesalers. The second
group is a wholesale pharmacy to buy medicine
with a moderate amount. Count from 150 to 300,
with two of the pharma company Hoffmann. Ltd.,
and family medicine The number of drug items
166 to 218 of 9.85 to 12.93 percent of the total
amount of drugs purchased from wholesalers. And
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
is valued at between 53,516 to 133,327 baht to buy
drugs or 7.79 percent to 19.41 percent of its total
drug purchases from wholesalers. The third group
is the drug wholesalers are buying fewer
medications. Since fewer than 150 of which have
come down to two things, namely a drug store and
the pharmacist's center. The amount of the drug 24
to 56 percent, 1:43 to 3:33 in the number of all
medicines bought from wholesalers. The drugs are
worth between 4,460 to 24,497 baht, or 0.65 to
1.43 percent of the value of all medicines bought
from wholesalers.
Table 2 shows the number of drug research participants. Has purchased drugs from various pharmacies.

The number of drug procurement Total transactions Total trading value

DRUG STORES store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K storeL number percent baht percent
Wholesaler
Phamahof Co., LTD - 161 - - - - 2 - 1 - 2 - 166 8.26 133327 11.80
Wangbhesaj Co., Ltd 187 90 129 113 82 - 75 154 149 1 97 144 1221 60.75 471110 41.71
Krobkruaya 22 - 2 - 1 - 12 - - 181 - - 218 10.85 53516 4.74
Drug center - - - - - - 24 - - - - - 24 1.19 4460 0.39
Soonyabhesaj 36 - - - 18 - - - 1 - 1 - 56 2.79 24497 2.17
Total transactions (number) 245 251 131 113 101 0 113 154 151 182 100 144 1685
(percent) 12.19 12.49 6.52 5.62 5.02 0.00 5.62 7.66 7.51 9.05 4.98 7.16 83.83
Total trading value (THB) 96161 175463 103788 86491 27481 0 21558 31042 34577 43285 22678 44386 686910
(percent) 8.51 15.53 9.19 7.66 2.43 0.00 1.91 2.75 3.06 3.83 2.01 3.93 60.81
pharmaceutical companies
Zuellig Pharma Co., Ltd - - - - 2 15 - - - 18 - - 35 1.74 87413 7.74
DKSH (Thailand) Co., Ltd - - - - - 6 - - - - - - 6 0.30 10384 0.92
TNP Healthcare Co., Ltd - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 1515 0.13
NewLife Pharma Co., Ltd - 18 27 10 - - - - - - - - 55 2.74 65547 5.80
B. Rich (Thailand) Co., Ltd - - - - - - - - - 8 - - 8 0.40 4661 0.41
B L H Trading Co., Ltd - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 2204 0.20
BLHUA Co., Ltd - 4 4 5 - - - - - - - - 13 0.65 39207 3.47
Berlin pharmaceutical Co., Ltd - 9 - - - - - - - - - - 9 0.45 12222 1.08

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 The number of drug procurement Total transactions Total trading value
store
DRUG STORES store A store B store C store D store E store F store G H store I store J store K Store L number percent baht percent
Biopharm Co., LTD - 8 - - - - - - 1 - - - 9 0.45 11682 1.03
Paiboonmed Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 0.05 220 0.02
Masalab Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 5 - - 5 0.25 2572 0.23
Millimed Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 9 - - 9 0.45 23655 2.09
Medline Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 12 - - 12 0.60 40707 3.60
Medicine supply Co., LTD - 14 35 1 - - - - - 60 - - 110 5.47 86056 7.62
Unison Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 16 - - 16 0.80 25171 2.23
Umega Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 0.10 942 0.08
Lamthong Co., LTD - 7 - - - - - - - - - - 7 0.35 7861 0.70
Vitthayasrom Co., LTD - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 0.15 1271 0.11
Sahaphat Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 11 - - 11 0.55 9635 0.85
FCP Co., LTD - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 0.10 5625 0.50
M&H Co., LTD 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 0.10 3825 0.34
GPO 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 4 0.20 253 0.02
Total transactions (number) 6 60 66 16 2 30 0 0 1 144 0 0 325
(percent) 0.30 2.99 3.28 0.80 0.10 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.05 7.16 0.00 0.00 16.17
Total trading value (bath) 4078 85108 76476 27105 2580 36234 0 0 900 210147 0 0 442628
(percent) 0.36 7.53 6.77 2.40 0.23 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.08 18.60 0.00 0.00 39.19
Total all transactions 251 311 197 129 103 30 113 154 152 326 100 144 2010 100.00
Total all trading value 100239 260571 180264 113596 30061 36234 21558 31042 35477 253432 22678 44386 1129538 100.00

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 Drug Acquisition Costs
Cost drugs used in this study used two
groups are one. The data were collected from
medical costs. Receipts from low-cost generic
drugs from all of the participants. The summary
details and pricing out the form baht per unit price
(price / unit) by bringing information to all. The
table records the cost of drugs purchased at
pharmacies by generic real strength, dosage form,
size, packaging units, the lowest price, the highest
average price, median price, mode of entry for
drug storage. The cost of drugs has also been sent
to the pharmacy participants. To use as a reference
price for the cost of the drug. The second source is
the research, collect items to sell all medicines.
The confirmation data for drugs is a form of
electronic files from major wholesalers in
Songkhla. Be summarized and calculated out in
the unit price as well as the cost of pharmacy.
Table 3 shows the results of comparing
the cost of prescription medications each
participant with a median cost of medications from
the pharmacy all participants. The group found
that the drug, when compared to the cost of a drug
is less than, equal to or greater than the median.
By considering the group as a whole. From the list
of the most common drugs. Each benchmark that
is the one drug that most can be bought at the cost
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
of drugs is lower than the median a second store is
drug stores B and pharmacy J, which has a number
of drugs, 131 and 126 items or ideas. 42.12 and
38.65 percent of the total number of drugs from
the pharmacy each. The value of the drugs is Baht
107,665 and 129,548 or 41.44 percent and 51.22
percent of its medicines from drug stores each.
The second group Pharmacy where most drugs in
the cost of drugs is the median has nine stores is
drug A, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,
pharmacies G, pharmacies H, pharmacy I, shop. K
and L, a drug store prescription drugs from 54
items to 105 items, representing a 41.63 to 60.39
percent of the total number of drugs from the
pharmacy each. The value of the drugs between
9989 to 66,762 baht, representing a percentage of
37.07 to 58.16 percent of its medicines from
pharmacies, each of the circle of pharmacy at the
most can be bought at the cost of drugs is high.
than the median with one store's pharmacy F,
which has a number of drug 12 list accounted for
40 percent of the amount of drugs from
pharmacies F, worth buying 15,193 baht
representing 51.93 percent of its medicines for all.
from pharmacies F
Table 3 compares the cost of prescription drugs, participants with a median cost of medications. (From the pharmacy all participants).
Compare Pharmacy
Acquisition cost vs Median drug cost store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L
Acquisition cost Drug item 77 131 58 30 25 10 26 18 35 126 12 17
< percent 30.68 42.12 29.44 23.26 24.27 33.33 23.00 11.69 23.03 38.65 12.00 11.81
Median drug cost Worth bying 31225 107665 55285 24262 6932 10935 4754 3062 9409 129548 2533 2870
percent 31.35 41.44 30.69 21.50 22.92 30.18 21.65 9.82 26.12 51.22 11.23 6.47
Mean -18.03 -17.11 -25.69 -20.87 -20.51 -7.64 -16.44 -24.34 -20.52 -19.22 -18.09 -16.20
Std.Dev. 22.46 20.94 23.78 19.66 20.01 10.45 14.76 16.1 20.49 25.42 17.48 17.46
Acquisition cost Drug item 105 106 82 69 58 8 54 93 87 120 60 73
= percent 41.83 34.09 41.63 53.49 56.31 26.67 47.79 60.39 57.23 36.81 60.00 50.69
Median drug cost Worth bying 38949 85527 66762 57097 15924 10105 9989 18134 17467 70007 11302 21365
percent 39.11 32.92 37.07 50.60 52.66 27.89 45.48 58.16 48.49 27.68 50.10 48.13
Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition cost Drug item 69 74 57 30 20 12 33 43 30 80 28 54
> percent 27.49 23.79 28.93 23.25 19.42 40.00 29.21 27.92 19.74 24.54 28.00 37.50
Median drug cost Worth bying 29422 66618 58070 31490 7385 15193 7220 9986 9146 53386 8722 20151
percent 29.54 25.64 32.24 27.90 24.42 41.93 32.87 32.02 25.39 21.11 38.67 45.40
Mean 14.08 17.30 18.50 15.16 11.77 37.36 10.81 16.68 12.67 18.51 14.70 16.12
Std.Dev. 18.41 18.29 22.49 17.80 12.85 25.62 16.00 21.95 15.13 20.65 20.29 20.89

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 Table 4 shows the results of the
comparison, the median cost of medications. By
the nature of the drug. Found that most drug stores
in the downtown area with the purchase of
medicines in the median cost of a prescription
drug the suburban network. This is the kind of 38
drugs accounted for 36.19 percent of the total
amount of the drug, according to its location. The
drugs are worth 222,755 baht or 36.54 percent of
the value of all the medicines, according to its
location. Segmentation by type of ownership.
Found that most pharmacy owners, a pharmacist
with the purchase of medicines in the median cost
of a drug is a drug that is not owned by a
pharmacist. This is the kind of 38 drugs accounted
for 38.38 percent of the total number of drug-
based ownership group. The drugs are worth
155,232 baht or 25.46 percent of the value of all
the medicines group ownership. It was found that
most drug stores that opened more than two years
of buying drugs on the median cost of medications
under the drug store opened less than two years.
This is 40 kinds of medicines accounted for 36.36
percent of the total number of drugs by the time
operations. The drugs are worth 165,239 baht or
27.11 percent of the value of all the medicines,
duration of operation. per day This is the kind of
42 drugs accounted for 39.25 percent of the total
number of drug groups during opening hours. The
drugs are worth 264,413 baht or 43.37 percent of
total drug spending by all groups during opening
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
hours. Month This is the kind of 51 drugs
accounted for 48.57 percent of the total amount of
drug administered according to the current period
inventory. The drugs are worth 346,830 baht or
56.89 percent of the value of all the medicines,
pharmaceutical inventory turnover period.
Table 5 shows the results of the
comparative cost drugs from wholesalers with a
median cost of medications. Segmentation can find
a wholesaler on the benchmark cost of drugs is
less than, equal to or greater than the median. By
considering the group as a whole. From the list of
the most common drugs. Each benchmark is that
one group. Most wholesalers sell drugs at prices
lower than the cost of drugs, the median cost of a
drug is the fourth company The amount of the
drug from 11 to 80 or from 36.70 to 45.83 percent
of the total number of drugs from wholesalers
each. With a turnover of between 2,183 to 51,582
baht, from 38.69 to 48.95 percent of the total
turnover of each of the wholesaler. The second
group is a wholesaler that most pharmacies in the
cost of drugs is the median cost of medications is
one namely Wang Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals
Optical Co. Ltd., which has a number of drugs 647
or ideas. 52.99 percent of the total number of
drugs from pharmaceutical companies, Wang
pharmaceuticals Optical limited with turnover of
225,010 baht or 47.76 percent of the total turnover
of the Palace Pharmacy Pharmaceuticals Optical
limited.
Table 4 compares the median cost of medications. By the nature of the drug.

General characteristics Compare the median cost of medications. Differences median cost of medications.
of pharmacy Drug item percent Worth Buying percent Mean Std.Dev
Loacation downtown < district 37 35.24 219893 36.07 -19.61 25.35
downtown = district 38 36.19 222755 36.54 0.00 0.00
downtown > district 30 28.57 166965 27.39 18.84 20.63
Ownership Pharmacist < Not pharmacist 31 31.31 178744 29.32 -15.19 24.02
Pharmacist = Not pharmacist 38 38.38 155232 25.46 0.00 0.00
Pharmacist > Not pharmacist 30 30.30 275637 45.22 18.76 16.80
During the operations Established more than 2 years < Less than or equal to 2 years. 40 36.36 165239 27.11 -15.50 17.18
Established more than 2 years = Less than or equal to 2 years. 36 32.73 171724 28.17 0.00 0.00
Established more than 2 years > Less than or equal to 2 years. 34 30.91 272650 44.73 10.74 14.04
Opening hours more than 4 hours a day. < less than 4 hours a day 42 39.25 264413 43.37 -22.90 21.85
more than 4 hours a day. = less than 4 hours a day 37 34.58 123585 20.27 0.00 0.00
more than 4 hours a day. > less than 4 hours a day 28 26.17 221615 36.35 14.94 22.27
Rotation period About 2 months < About 1 month 51 48.57 346830 56.89 -20.28 21.81
Of inventory About 2 months = About 1 month 23 21.91 69526 11.40 0.00 0.00
About 2 months > About 1 month 31 29.52 193257 31.70 22.15 23.79

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

Table 5 compares the acquisition cost from wholesalers with a median cost of medications. (From the pharmacy all participants).
Compare Wholesalers
Acquisition cost vs Median drug cost Pharmahof Co., Ltd. Wang Co., Ltd. Krobkruaya Drugcenter Soonya
Acquisition cost Drug item 76 227 80 11 22
< percent 45.78 18.59 36.70 45.83 39.29
Median drug cost Worth bying 51582 79404 21106 2183 11519
percent 38.69 16.85 39.44 48.95 47.02
Mean -11.13 -20.48 -7.28 -16.2 -11.71
Std.Dev. 17.72 21.66 14.63 15.15 17.91
Acquisition cost Drug item 47 647 72 5 20
= percent 28.31 52.99 33.03 20.83 35.71
Median drug cost Worth bying 41770 225010 15342 555 7506
percent 31.33 47.76 28.67 12.44 30.64
Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition cost Drug item 43 347 66 8 14
> percent 25.90 28.42 30.28 33.33 25.00
Median drug cost Worth bying 39975 166696 17068 1722 5472
percent 29.98 35.38 31.89 38.61 22.34
Mean 24.07 15.37 17.28 9.97 16.05
Std.Dev. 19.75 19.58 22.95 14.02 18.27

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 Table 6 shows a comparison of the effects
of the drug on the number of participants, the
median price. The group found that the drug, when
compared to the amount of the purchase is less
than, equal to or greater than the purchase of a
median. By considering the group as a whole.
From the list of the most common drugs. Each
benchmark is that one group. Most of the drug can
be bought for less than the median. The number of
buy less of the median with one shop is pharmacy
K, which has a number of drugs seven items
representing 58.33 percent of the total list of all
medications from the pharmacy K, worth buying
967 baht cent. 38.16 percent of the value of buying
drugs from pharmacies K of the second group.
Most of the drug can be bought for less than the
median. The total purchase amount of the median
has five stores is drug A, drug stores G,
pharmacies H, pharmacy I and drug stores L which
has a number of drugs, from 8 to 37, representing
a percentage of 44.44. 56.25 of the total number of
individual pharmacies. The number of purchases
over the amount of the median are six things the
drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,
pharmacies F and drug stores J, which has a
number of drugs, from 8 to 75 or. since 40 to 80
percent of the total amount of each drug. The
value of the drugs between 3437 to 110,202 baht,
or equivalent to 49.59 percent from 94.94 percent
of its medicines from drug stores each.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
Table 7 shows the results of comparing
the cost of pharmaceutical drug research
participants with a median sales price of medicine.
The group found that the drug, when compared to
the cost of a drug is less than, equal to or greater
than the median. By considering the group as a
whole. From the list of the most common drugs.
Each benchmark is that one group. Pharmacy
where most drugs in the cost of drugs under the
median price for the drug has nine stores is drug
A, drug B, drug C, Pharmacy D, pharmacy E,
pharmacies F. , pharmacy, G, J, drug stores and
pharmacies I have a number of drugs from 91 to
147 items, representing a 37.74 to 49.49 percent of
the total number of drugs from the pharmacy each.
The value of the drugs between 6472 to 114,242
baht, or equivalent to 33.41 percent from 47.79
percent of its medicines from drug stores each.
The second group Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs
at cost price of drugs as the median price
pharmacy has three outlets are pharmacies H, drug
stores K and drug stores L which has a number of
drugs from 43 to 68 entries representing. from
42.96 to 46.58 percent of the total number of drugs
from the pharmacy each. The value of the drugs
between 8842 to 16,964 baht, equivalent to 39.91
percent from 44.41 percent of its medicines from
drug stores each
Table 6 compares the number of pharmacies participants. The acquisition cost under the median cost of medications.
compares the number of purchase Pharmacy
Acquisition cost less than the median cost of medications. store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L
number of purchase Drug item 17 10 6 3 7 0 10 5 8 15 7 5
< percent 22.08 7.63 10.34 10.00 28.00 0.00 38.46 27.78 22.86 12.00 58.33 31.25
number of the median. Worth bying 5930 4759 2324 1115 1284 0 1337 1131 1498 4049 967 886
percent 18.99 4.42 4.20 4.60 18.53 0.00 28.12 36.92 15.92 3.13 38.16 30.86
Mean -20.38 -18.71 -13.21 -9.98 -19.61 0.00 -18.28 -17.79 -22.35 -7.38 -11.89 -18.00
Std.Dev. 18.94 19.47 9.15 5.66 15.90 0.00 16.55 16.83 17.14 7.38 9.07 10.20
number of purchase Drug item 37 46 12 6 8 2 14 8 17 47 1 9
= percent 48.05 35.11 20.69 20.00 32.00 20.00 53.85 44.44 48.57 37.60 8.33 56.25
number of the median. Worth bying 11198 26380 10199 4059 2210 603 3109 929 2702 15298 359 1625
percent 35.86 24.50 18.45 16.73 31.89 5.51 65.40 30.33 28.72 11.81 14.17 56.60
Mean -13.15 -11.50 -20.27 -33.58 -13.27 -21.16 -16.37 -22.72 -17.99 -12.66 -7.14 -18.06
Std.Dev. 17.90 16.65 18.70 24.49 15.64 0.48 14.53 13.71 18.80 16.79 0.00 22.17
number of purchase Drug item 23 75 40 21 10 8 2 5 10 63 4 2
> percent 29.87 57.25 68.97 70.00 40.00 80.00 7.69 27.78 28.57 50.40 33.33 12.50
number of the median. Worth bying 14098 76526 42763 19088 3437 10332 308 1003 5209 110202 1208 360
percent 45.15 71.08 77.35 78.67 49.59 94.49 6.48 32.75 55.36 85.07 47.67 12.54
Mean -14.83 -17.06 -24.28 -20.60 -26.11 -9.01 -7.74 -33.47 -23.60 -21.77 -31.66 -8.52
Std.Dev. 16.84 17.77 21.30 19.20 21.50 11.38 7.50 18.06 21.97 20.09 24.10 11.52

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

Table 7 compares the drug acquisition cost with a median bids price of medication. (From wholesalers)
Compare drug acquisition cost Pharmacy
with a median bids price store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L
Acquisition cost Drug item 91 139 71 47 41 12 40 43 58 147 30 35
< percent 40.27 49.29 40.34 38.84 43.62 42.86 37.74 29.45 41.73 49.49 30.61 25.93
Median bids price Worth bying 35960 114242 56881 36289 10676 11311 6472 8315 13668 99505 5656 7287
percent 40.10 47.79 34.42 33.45 38.60 37.30 33.41 28.19 41.17 44.89 25.53 17.83
Mean -15.00 -14.77 -19.42 -16.57 -14.78 -6.49 -12.60 -12.38 -18.00 -15.46 -15.72 -13.31
Std.Dev. 17.99 15.53 18.54 17.36 18.57 8.28 15.70 15.56 18.82 17.78 19.49 15.86
Acquisition cost Drug item 78 76 66 43 34 6 39 68 51 86 43 58
= percent 34.51 26.95 37.50 35.54 36.17 21.43 36.79 46.58 36.69 28.96 43.88 42.96
Median bids price Worth bying 28039 56912 57326 42184 8684 3818 7222 13096 10973 49563 8842 16964
percent 31.27 23.81 34.69 38.89 31.39 12.59 37.28 44.41 33.05 22.36 39.91 41.50
Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition cost Drug item 57 67 39 31 19 10 27 35 30 64 25 42
> percent 25.22 23.76 22.16 25.62 20.21 35.71 25.47 23.97 21.58 21.55 25.51 31.11
Median bids price Worth bying 25672 67877 51047 29999 8301 15197 5676 8081 8559 72606 7658 16625
percent 28.63 28.40 30.89 27.66 30.01 50.11 29.30 27.40 25.78 32.75 34.56 40.67
Mean 20.63 19.25 19.50 25.51 26.52 27.11 31.03 24.59 23.47 19.69 20.29 28.83
Std.Dev. 19.01 18.71 17.84 19.41 21.71 17.16 21.81 17.76 19.45 20.34 18.35 20.18

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

Table 8 compares the acquisition of participant with a median bids price of medication from wholesalers. (With the same trade name).
Compare drug acquisition cost (trade name) Pharmacy
with a median bids price store A store B store C store D store E store F store G store H store I store J store K Store L
Acquisition cost Drug item 93 130 59 36 39 17 44 35 54 129 35 39
< percent 44.93 58.30 40.97 31.31 41.05 85.00 41.90 24.82 40.30 70.49 37.23 28.47
Median bids price Worth bying 46528 104190 49270 30863 10927 21954 8817 6677 15216 89644 7561 9875
percent 55.60 56.49 37.63 30.18 39.79 79.96 43.35 23.57 47.30 73.19 34.38 22.97
Mean -8.07 -7.18 -9.22 -6.58 -9.58 -7.26 -6.06 -8.72 -6.43 -5.75 -7.78 -7.48
Std.Dev. 14.61 7.55 16.77 5.95 14.87 8.32 6.57 15.21 6.26 8.66 14.86 14.84
Acquisition cost Drug item 107 80 81 77 53 1 55 103 74 35 57 92
< percent 51.69 35.87 56.25 66.95 55.79 5.00 52.39 73.05 55.22 19.13 60.64 67.15
Median bids price Worth bying 34499 55058 76410 70031 15446 578 10691 21292 16296 22251 14226 32062
percent 41.22 29.85 58.35 68.49 56.26 2.11 52.57 75.18 50.66 18.17 64.69 74.57
Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Std.Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition cost Drug item 7 13 4 2 3 2 6 3 6 19 2 6
< percent 3.38 5.83 2.78 1.74 3.16 10.00 5.71 2.13 4.48 10.38 2.13 4.38
Median bids price Worth bying 2662 25205 5266 1355 1086 4924 829 353 657 10589 204 1057
percent 3.18 13.66 4.02 1.33 3.95 17.93 4.08 1.25 2.04 8.64 0.93 2.46
Mean 14.25 6.35 4.02 6.21 2.75 5.46 4.53 6.50 3.36 5.30 4.17 2.97
Std.Dev. 15.12 5.86 2.99 4.07 0.30 2.38 1.12 1.92 2.91 4.55 1.18 1.94

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453

 Table 8 shows the results of comparing the
cost of prescription drugs at participating pharmacies
research bids from wholesalers. By analyzing the drug
with the same trade name. The group found that the
drug, when compared to the cost of a drug is less than,
equal to or greater than the offering price of the drug.
By considering the group as a whole. From the list of
the most common drugs. Each benchmark is that one
group. Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs at cost price of
drugs less than your pharmacy has three stores are
drug B, drug stores F and drug stores J, which has a
number of drugs from 17 to 130 items, representing
the hundreds. 58.30 to 85.00 percent of the total
number of drugs from the pharmacy each. The drugs
are worth between 21,954 to 104,190 baht, or a
percentage from 56.49 to 79.96 percent of its
medicines from drug stores each. The second group
Pharmacy, mainly to buy drugs at cost medicines bid
pharmacies are nine store is drug A, drug C,
Pharmacy D, pharmacy E, pharmacies G, pharmacies
H, pharmacy, I. , pharmacy drugstore K and L, which
has a number of drugs from 53 to 107, or from 51.69
to 67.15 percent of the total number of drugs from the
pharmacy each. The drugs are worth between 10,691
to 76,410 baht, or equivalent to 41.22 percent from
75.18 percent of its medicines from drug stores each.
Discussion
The proportion of participant feedback.
Found that a small number of pharmacies that are
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
willing to provide low-cost drugs. This may be due to
the pharmacy business is highly competitive. Thus,
the cost of drugs, which is a very important
relationship requires trust and one of the researchers.
To prevent media information about the male
participants and affect business operations. The drug
can not be sent away. There could be many reasons,
such as the drug is unclear. Store out of business, or
other reasons, can not send an invitation to join the
study.
The study found that the procurement of
pharmaceutical drugs in Songkhla province who
participated in this research. The most popular
medicines from wholesalers, accounting for 83.83
percent of total procurement of medicines from
pharmacies. The study is based on expected future
events and are subject to a number of factors such as
location, close to all pharmacy wholesalers. Making it
possible to deliver drugs to the pharmacy quickly.
Maya Unlimited order quantities. Making it possible
to prescribe requirements that are actually sold. And
the type of drug and diverse. Do not allow pharmacies
to buy drugs from multiple sources to multiple needs.
The purchasing directly from the manufacturer of the
drug may be greater in some places. There may be
reasons of demand and type of drugs are different.
Prices are reasonable, and more.
The cost of medicines in this research from
the price of the purchase of the drug in the time frame
studied. Which can be used as reference for the
procurement of drugs. So, after collecting and
analyzing data and drug costs. The research data
delivery cost medicines to pharmacies that participate
in this project, without disclosing the name of the
drug, according to the data of the main objectives laid
down. In order to remedy the participant or do not
provide a basis for reference in deciding to buy drugs.
Can negotiate drug prices. Reduce administrative
costs, and reasonable pricing.
Information from comparative cost of each
dose of the drug with a median cost of prescription
drugs that were actually purchased. Found that most
drug stores (9 stores) to buy drugs at a cost equal to
the median cost of medications administered. The
reason may be due to the drug, each of the
participants, most buying drugs from wholesalers.
Making drug costs in line with the median cost of
medications. However, there are some medications
that can be bought in drug costs lower than the
median cost of medications. The drug can be
purchased for less than the median cost of
medications. Considering the business perspective, it
is a powerful drug to drug administration and a cost
advantage in the race. Compared with other drugs, a
lot of the pharmacies to buy medicines at prices
higher than the median cost of prescription drug cost
may be more advantageous. Compare low cost drugs
To consider to improve and make more effective the
next administration.
For cost reasons or factors that make it
different medications. Part be explained by the results
of comparative analysis, the median cost of
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
medications by various drug stores. Such as the
duration of the operations that the pharmacy
operations for more than two years. With the purchase
of medicines in the median cost of medications under
the drug store operations less than two years. This
may be due to the drug store to open its long duration.
Rather than experience in pharmacy management.
Enabling selective drug Procurement of drugs and
drug cost management more effective drug stores
recently opened joint venture did not last long. Also
found at drug stores open for more than four hours a
day. With the purchase of medicines in The median
cost of medications under the drug store opened less
than or equal to four hours per day. May be due to the
drug store opened less than four hours per day
pharmacists. Will work in the public sector or another
location, then open pharmacy after work. The drug,
which pharmacists work all day without work other
places. The time in the opening over. The list of
medications and drugs may have many more items.
Affect the ability to select drugs. Drug procurement
more efficient. In addition, pharmacies with
medication inventory turnover two months. With the
purchase of medicines in the median price of a lower-
cost drugs pharmacy with medication inventory
turnover a month. Which could explain the purchase
of medicines in a long time, more of the drug resulted
in the type and amount of purchasing drugs
differently. Administration of the drug inventory
turnover period is over. The median cost of
prescription drugs can be purchased at the store, so it
is different. It also found that a different location, such
as a drug store, a drug store downtown to suburban
nature and ownership between different owners who
are not pharmacists and pharmacists. Do not have to
buy the median cost of different drugs. This may be
because participants pharmacy research facility in
Songkhla province, which was not very large. Make a
difference in the cost of drugs resulting from the
transport segment and do not vary much.
This study found that the source of supply or
drug wholesaler, it affects the cost of different drugs.
By wholesalers to pharmacies at a price equal to the
median cost of a drug company. Wang Pharmacy
Pharmaceuticals Optical Co. because pharmacies
participating research mainly buy from wholesalers of
(percentage of 72.46 of buying drugs from
wholesalers all) makes the cost of drugs reflected.
most of it is equal to the median cost of medications.
The other four wholesalers found that most of the
drugs sold at prices lower than the median cost of
medications. Maybe the reason is that drug pricing
strategies. Pharmacy, they may be trying to buy drugs
from stores other than the major popular buy is
original. This may be considered together with other
factors such as payment terms and so on.
In addition, data from a comparison of the
number of pharmacies participating in the research.
The amount of purchasing medicines on time, it
affects the cost of different drugs. Which is based on
the principle that if a retail purchase price of the
product will be at a reduced price. So buyers can be
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
purchased for less than the median cost of
medications. The purchase amount is equal to or less
than the median cost of medications. Such buyers are
businesses that are cost-effective. Considering the
pharmacies participating in this research. Where the
participant can buy drugs at prices lower than the cost
of drugs, the median cost of medications. Find a
pharmacy for about half of all drug stores (6 stores) to
buy drugs in amounts less than or equal to the median
cost of medications. This may be due to its ability to
negotiate the purchase of medicines participants each
are different. As a result, the management of
procurement of medicines each drug does not need to
keep a lot of inventory. It held that the drug was more
effective cost management. However, the limitations
of the available data in this study can not determine
the cause or factors affecting the bargaining power
now.
It was found that the pharmacy number nine
most stores can buy drugs at prices equal to or lower
than the cost of drugs, the median price for the drug.
Show that the offered price of wholesale prices may
not reflect the true cost of drugs. Probably because the
wholesaler's offering price is the only price that
wholesalers set up to sell drugs. When the drug may
be uncertain in the bargain, trading with each drug. As
a result, the cost of drugs is different. Although
comparing the cost of prescription drugs at
participating pharmacies research bids from
wholesalers. View a list of drugs that have the same
trade name. It was discovered that most pharmacy to
buy drugs at the offering price of the drug
wholesaler's true. I found some drug stores (3 stores),
you can buy less than the offering price of
pharmaceutical wholesaler in the same trade name.
One reason is probably due to the cost of each
prescription medicines that are purchased from other
vendors that are not based on a single source
wholesaler. Drug costs have caused the price
difference. Or may be due to the offering price of
wholesale prices wholesalers are just set up to sell
drugs. When the drug may be uncertain in the bargain,
trading with each dose of the drug has resulted in cost
difference.
Result
This study also suggests that. A survey cost
medications from pharmaceutical drugs with the
purchase of real references prepared using median is
the middle value. And the cost of each prescription
drug. It is different with the seller to bid clearly. The
cost of drugs has been reported from drug stores to
reflect the cost of the drug entirely. And using a
reference price from the cost of actually purchasing
the drug is extremely useful for assembling the
selected drug. Drug procurement Vendors from
various sources affect the efficiency of the drug
administration.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453
Suggestion
This research has some limitations regarding
the selection of the sample. This is the only example
in Songkhla. Future studies should provide more
comprehensive. Also, in general, the cost medicines
will have to be adjusted regularly. To use as a
reference price for the drug is needed to improve the
price at all times. If cooperation from drug stores or
pharmacies, as well as the exchange of information,
cost drugs. It is helpful to have the power to bargain
with drug procurement and supply management cost
medicines better.
The researchers believe that this study
contribute to the administrative costs of medicine and
business relationships of a single dose of offense to
operate more efficiently. While the drug in Thailand is
changing with the expansion of pharmacy chains
nationwide more. To create a good relationship
between the drug alone together would be good for
competition and survival of the business in the future.
acknowledgment
Researchers would like to thank all pharmacy
operators. Please take the time for cooperation and
information documents helpful to the research. To
thank Faculty of Pharmacy University The
scholarships Type thematic fund The research was
done well.
 References

1. Drug Act 2510, The Gazette, Volume 84 Special 8. Kreling DH. A comparison of pharmacists'
Edition Episode 101 on October 20, acquisition costs and potential Medicaid prescription
2510, as amended. ingredient. cost reimbursement in Wisconsin. JPE
2. IMS Health. Medicine Market Share [online]. 2013 1991; 3: 25-52
[cited 2013 Sep 5]. Available from: URL: 9. Mann C. Part II: Draft Methodology for calculating
http://www.imshealth.com/ the national average drug acquisition cost. CMS 2012;
3. The Food and Drug Administration. Statistics 2: 1-36
about drug business license Kingdom [online].
2556 [Retrieved on January 5, 2556]. Accessible
from:URL:http:/drug.fda.moph.go.th/zone_search/
files/. sea001_d18.asp
4. Tra Phong, Da Shi Waranon. Customer satisfaction
with the service of the pharmacy chain. [Master
Thesis Master of Business Administration]. Nayok:
University; 2553.
5. Siriwan Serirat, Prin Aqsa Eye joy, Supr Serirat,
bravado or varnish pan. Management a new era.
Magazine Company Limited. Bangkok; 2546.
6. successor of the Dalai Chai. Marketing
Management: Textbook Teaching Online Group
Management [online].
2555.[Retrieved on December 12, 2555]. Accessible
from:www.udru.ac.th/website/attachments/elearning/0
7/02.pdf.
7. Information Centre supplies. Central Drug [online].
2555 [Retrieved on January 4, 2556]. Accessible
from: URL: http: //dmsic.moph.go.th/price.htm.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH 7 (2013) 429 453