Electricidad Industrial Pasado A Word Traducido

SERVICiO NACIONAL DE ADIESTR4MIENTQ EN TRABAJO INDUSTRIAL
MANUAL DE APRENDIZAJE
r ^
INGLES TECNICO PARA

ELECTRICIDAD INDUSTRIAL
v y
CODIGO :89000058
Tecnico de Nivel Operativo

AUTORIZACI6N Y DIFUSION
MATERIAL DIDACTICO ESCRITO
FAMILIA OCUPACIONAL ELECTROTECNI

A
OCUPACION ELECTRICISTA
INDUSTRIAL
NIVEL TECNICO
OPERATIVO
Con la finalidad de facilitar el aprendizaje en el desarrollo de la formacion y capacitacion en la ocupacion del

ELECTRICISTA INDUSTRIAL a nivel naciona! y dejando la posibilidad de un mejoramiento y actualization
permanente, se autoriza la APLICACION Y DIFUSION de material didactico escrito referido a INGLES
TECNICO PARA ELECTRICISTA INDUSTRIAL.
Los Directores Zonales y Jefes de Unidades Operativas son los responsables de su difusion y aplicacion
oportuna.
DOCUMENTO APROBADO POR EL

GERENTE TEGVICO DEL SENATI
N de Pagina ... 140.
Fecha:.
Registro de derecho de autor: 5101-2002

SENAn
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Contents
UNIT ONE HAND TOOLS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
01
LESSON A 1. HAND TOOLS 02

CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A 13
LESSON B
1. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES 16
CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON B 24
UNIT TWO ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
OBJECTIVES
28
LESSON A
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT 29
LESSON B
1. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 35
UNIT THREE CELLS AND BATTERIES
OBJECTIVES 41
LESSON A 1. CELLS
45
LESSON B 1. BATTERIES
47
UNIT FOUR MAGNETISM
OBJECTIVES 52
LESSON A
1. MAGNETISM 53
LESSON B
1. ELECTROMAGNETISM (Cont.) 60
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Contents
SENAT1
UNIT FIVE THE SIMPLE GENERATOR AND TYPES OF CURRENT
OBJECTIVES 67 LESSON A
1. THE SIMPLE GENERATOR 68 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A 72
LESSON B
1. TYPES OF CURRENT 75 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON B 81
UNIT SIX SWITCHES AND RELAYS
1. SWITCHES AND RELAYS 85 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A 91
UNIT SEVEN FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
OBJETIVES 95 LESSON A
1. FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS 96 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A
102
UNIT EIGHT RESISTORS AND TRANSFORMERS

1. RESISTORS 106 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A 111
LESSON B
1. TRANSFORMERS 114 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON B 118
UNIT NINE POWER AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. POWER 122 CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A 125
LESSON B
1. ELECTRICAL SAFETY CLASSWORK 127
ASSIGMENT : LESSON B 133
SEN^Tl ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 1
UNIT ONE
HAND TOOLS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
2. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing describe cable features.
1. Given different pictures of hand tools the student will orally and/or in writing identify
the following ones :
standard screwdriver chisel

4. Given figures of various conductors the student will orally and/or in writing identify the
Phillips screwdriver file
following features :
ball-peen
rigid hammer
conduits punch tool
crimping
claw hammer
flexible conduits electric drillterminal
solder-type / hand drill
lug
open end
cable wrench
bundle wood handsaw
crimp-on terminal lug
box end wrench

stranded conductor pliersstriper
cable
adjustable open'end wrench soldering iron
straight hand snips soldering gun
hacksaw socket wrench

3. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing describe cord features.
5. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing define the following terms :
splice female connector
friction tape soldering
male connector
d&. ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLI8H COURSE Page 2
UNIT ONE
HAND TOOLS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES
LESSON A
1. HAND TOOLS
In this lesson we will talk about some of the tools used by electricians. Look at figure 1. This
figure shows a screwdriver. A screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening screws.
Figure 1Screwdriver
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 3
Now look si the two types of screwdrivers in figure 2. Figure 2 A shows a standard screwdriver.
A standard screwdriver is used to tighten and loosen standard screws. Figure 2 B shows a
Phillips screwdriver. A Phillips screwdriver is used to turn the PhHNps-head screws.
Look at figure 3. Screwdrivers are made in different sizes. So, remember when you use a
screwdriver make sure you use the correct size. The screwdriver should fit property into the
slot in the head of the screw. In this figure you can notice that the screwdriver in 2 A does not
fit properly in the screw slot, while the tool in 2 B has fitted correctly.
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH C0UR8E Page 4
Lets talk about hammers. Hammers are used for pounding cr hitting. Look at the two types of
hammers in figure 4. Figure 4 A shows a ball-peen hammer. A ball-peen hammer is used for
hitting objects. Figure 4 B shows a claw hammer. A claw hammer is used for driving and pulling
nails.
Now look at the next four figures. All of them show wrenches. You can see that wrenches have
different sizes and shapes, but the purpose is the same. A wrench is used to tighten and loosen
nuts and bolts.

Look at figure 5. Both ends of this wrench are open so it is called an open-end wrench
Look at figure 6. Both ends of this wrench are dosed so if is called a box-end wrench
----------------- .K '-y,\
rXJ
l!
1;
1;
.... - - -----------
Figure 6. Box-end wrench
Look at figure 7. This an adjustable open end wrench or crescent wrench because the size
of the wrench can be adjusted
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH
COURSE
e
I
6
sfifa. Pag
Look at figure 8. This type of wrench comes in a set of different sizes. This wrench set is called
a socket wrench . A socket wrench has a long handle that fits into the socket.
Lets look another handy tool. Look at figure 9. This a picture of straight hand snips. Straight
hand snips are used for cutting light sheet metal.

Let's look at a tool which is used to cut metal that is too heavy for snips. Look at figure 10. It
is a hacksaw. A hacksaw is used to cut metal that is too heavy for snips to cut.
Look at figure 11. These are other tools for working metal. They are pictures of different kinds
of chisels . Chisels are used for chipping and cutting metal.
ROUND NOSE CHISEL.
DIAMOND POINT CHISEL

CAPE CHISEL
COLD CHISEL
Figure 11.- Chisels

1 ad&i ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 8
Look at figure 12. Another common tool is the fils. Again there are many kinds. The kind of file
you use depends on the job to be done. Some are used for smoothing work, and others are
used for sharpening tools.
CENTER PUNCH
33
STARTINC PUNCH
PIN PUNCH
t ........... ""1)
ALINING PUNCH
HOLLOW SHANK GASKET PUNCH REMOVING A BOLT WITH A PUNCH
Now, look at figure 13. Here ere pictures of some commonly used punches. These are many kind of
punches designed to do many kinds of work. The one you use depends on the job to be done. A
punch is a tool which Is held In the hand and hit on one end with a hammer.
Figure 1 3 .- Punches
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH CQURBE [
SENSJIPage 9
Lets look at figure 14. Here are two kinds of drills. A hand drill and an electric drill. Drills are used
for making or drilling holes in metal or wood.
Then, let s see what is used to cut wood. Look at figure 15. It shows a hand saw. A hand saw is used
for cutting wood.

Now, let's take a look at some pliers. Look at figure 16. Pliers are made in many different sizes
and shapes and are used for many
different jobs.
Remember this about pliers. Pliers

should never be used as a substitute
for a wrench.
Lets look at some of the uses for pliers. Pliers are used to hold objects and cut material such
as safety wires, in figure 17. pliers are used to hold objects.
Look at figure 18. Plies are also
used for cutting wire and nails.
Look at figure 20. This is a tool that
Look at figure 19. In this pictures pliers are used for stripping the insulation of a wire.
is frequently used by electricians. It is a soldering Iron.

Now that you know what a soldering iron looks like, lets see what is used for. Look at figure
21. This a picture of a solder. Solder is a metallic alloy that melts at a low temperature. Solder
is used to join metal surfaces. The soldering iron is used to heat the metal surface to a
temperature that will cause the solder lo melt and flow over the joint.
Look at figure 22. This is a soldering gun . It is used in places that are difficult to reach.
A
SENAn
UNIT ONE
CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A

The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructor's assistance :
I-
Figure 1
1. Look at figure 1 on the last page. Fill in the blanks below.

a. indicates a _________________________________________
b. indicates a _________________________________________
c. indicates an __________ ____________________________
d. indicates a __ _____________________________________ .
e. indicates a ___________ _ ___________________________
f. indicates a __________________________ __________ .
g. indicates ____ ______________________ ______________
h. indicates a _________________________________________
i. indicates an __________ ___________ ________________

j. indicates a _____________________________________
2. What are hammers used for ?
3. What would you use to sharpen hand snips ?
4. What tools are used for chipping and cutting metal ?
5. A is used for metal that is too
for Another cutting tool is the

, it is used to ______________ wood.
6. are made in different and shapes. We
can use them for striDDina the of a wire. for
nails and ; or for
But should not be as a

objects. they
for a wrench.
7. If you want turn a screw, what will you use ?

C3S ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 15
8. Look et figure 2. Fill in the blanks below.

a. indicates a _______________________
b. indicates a _______________________
c. indicates a ____________ __________
UNIT ONE
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES
LESSON B
1. CONDUCTORS
in this unit we will talk about conductors and wiring techniques. During this lesson when we
refer to conductors we mean the wire or combination of wires used for carrying an electric
current. These conductors come in different sizes. The size and type of conductor you use
depends on the job. In other words the job determines the size and type of conductor you use.
Lets talk about wires, cords and cables. Look at figure 1. It shows three classifications of
conductors. Figure 1 A shows a single solid wire or conductor. Figure 1 B shows a cable. A
cable is a thick heavy wire. Figure 1 C shows a cord. A cord is a small insulated flexible
conductor.
INSULATION
WIRE
Cl ------- -
SINGLE SOLID WIRE
CONDUCTOR
1 ------------ ---------------- INSULATION
Figure 1. Conductors
SENJETI ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 17
Now look at figure 2. Figure 2 A shows a solid conductor. Then take a look at 2 B. It shows
another type of conductor. It is made of a group of wires twisted together. This type of
conductor is called stranded conductor
Look at figure 3. Certain circuits require a large number of conductors . This type of cable is
used in circuits that require a large number of conductors. The conductors are insulated from
each other.
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLI8H COURSE Page 18
Look at figure 4. Here are three ways of installing conductors so they are neat and easy to
handle. Look at figure 4 A. In 4 A the cables are tied in a bundle. A cable bundle consists of
many conductors tied together. Look at figure 4 B. This shows conductors installed inside a
rigid conduit. A rigid conduit is a tube usually made of aluminum alloy. Look at figure 4 C.
Here the conductors are installed inside a flexible conduit. Figure 4 shows the three methods
of installing conductors so they will be neat and easy to handle. The method you use will be
determined by the job.
Now look at figure 5. Let s talk about a splice. A splice is made by twisting two wires together.
Figure 5- Splice
Look at figure 6. In this part of the lesson we will talk about the steps in making a splice. Look
at figure 6 A. The first step is removing the insulation from the wire with a cable stripper. Now
look at figure 6 B. The next step in making a splice is twisting the wires together. Then look
at figure 6 C. The next step is soldering the splice. Solder and soldering Iron are used to
solder the splice. In order to complete the splice, it must be insulated. Look at figure 6 D.
Friction tape is wrapped around the splice. Friction tape is used to insulate the splice.
TWITTING THE WIRES TOGETHER
REMOVING THE INSULATION
INSULATING THE SPLICE

Figure 6 - Making a splice
Lets see at two other devices used for making splices. Look at figures 7 and 8. Picture 7
shows a split-sleeve splicer. Here the conductor tips are inserted between the split- sleeve
jaws. Then the slide rings are moved to the end of the sleeve. The slide rings close the sleeve
jaws and this holds the conductors in the split-sleeve splicer.
Look at figure 8. It shows a crimp-on splicer. The crimp-on splicer is very simple. The stripped
conductor tips are placed in the splicer. Then a crimping tool is used to squeeze or crimp the
splicer so the conductor tips will remain in place.
SENAJ1 ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 21
We talked about splicers, now lets talk about terminal connections. Conductors are often
connected to objects such as motors and switches. Since this is where the length of a
conductor ends, these connections are called terminal connections. Look at figure 9. This is
a conductor terminal connection. A conductor terminal connection is made by bending the
conductor around the terminal post

Now. Look at figure 10. This connection is made with a solder-type terminal lug. in a solder-
type terminal lug the conductor is soldered to the terminal lug.
SENSTI ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 22
Now look at figure 11. This shows a crimp-on terminal lug. The crimp-on terminal lug is
squeezed or crimped onto a conductor.
Lets take a look at some other types of connectors that you will see. Look at figure 12. These
are some of the connectors used for interconnecting cables and electronic circuits.
Now look at figure 13. There are two classifications of connectors : male and female. The
male connector has one or more contacts extending from the connector housing. The female
connector is the one to which male connector is connected.
In this unit we talked about a few of the conductors, cables, splices, terminals and connectors
used by electricians There are many more , but remember that the type you use depends on
the job to be done.
A. ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 24
UNIT ONE
CLASSWORK ASS IG MEN T : LESSON B
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance : 1. Look
at figure 1. Fill in the blanks below.
a. indicates a ________________________________________________ .
b. indicates a. _____________________________________________________ .
c. indicates a ______________________________________________________ .
2. In figure 1 are shown three of conductors,
together, we call it cable

when many conductors are
The method vou will be
4. The conductors come in _______________
determines the _________________ and
conductor.
3. Look at figure 2. Fill in the blanks below.
They are three ________________________ of
a. indicates a ___________________________
b. indicates the _________________________
c. indicates the _________________________
d. indicates a ___________________________
e. indicates a ________________________
sizes. The ________________

_____ of the appropriate
5. What is a cable ?
6. What do you call a small insulated flexible conductor ?
7. What are the steps in making a splice ?
8. What is a splice ?
9. In order to insulate a splice a ___________ is used. It is

_________________________ around the
a. indicates a _______________________
b. indicates a _______________________
11. Figure 3 shows two ____________________

____________________________ splicer for making _ ______________ . In a
Inserted between the ___________________ the conductor ______________ are
conductors are held in place by the ________ ________________________ . The
________________ rings close the _______ ______________ jaws when the
SENAT1

A. indicates a _____________________
B. indicates a _______________________
C. indicates a _____________________
13. In figure 4 are shown _________________ types of ________________________

connections. In a _______________ terminal _______________ the conductor is
soldered to the ___________________ . The ______________________ terminal
____________ is made by _________________________ the conductor around the
terminal _________________ .
14. Look at figure 5. Write the correct names in the blanks.

a. is a _________________________________________
b. is a ________________________________________
UNIT TWO
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing explain the meaning of the following
terms :
Current
Electromotive force or voltage
Resistance
Conductor
Insulator
ampere
volt
ohm
2. Given figures of various electrical measuring instruments the student will orally and/or in
writing identify and explain the purpose of each one of he following instruments :
ammeter
voltmeter
multimeter
ohmmeter
UNIT TWO
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
LESSON A :
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
In this lesson we will deal with electric

current. Look at figure 1. The charged
objects have unlike charges.
Now, look at figure 2. Here a wire

connects the two charged objects.
Look at figure 3. Lets see what

happens when connect a wire in this
way. The wire permits electrons to
move through it* The electrons move
through the wire from negatively
charged object to the positively charged
object. This movement of electrons
through the wire is called electric
current .
A material that electrons can move through it is called a conductor. Copper permits electrons
to move through it, so we can call it conductor. The names of some metals that permit
electrons to move through them easily are :
silver aluminum
gold copper
Now, look at figure 4. Here is a picture

of a piece of copper wire. Electrons or
electric current is moving through the
wire.
Look a! figure 5. Here again is picture of a copper

wire. But there is also rubber around the copper
wire.. The rubber will not permit electrons to move
through it. Material that won t permit electrons to
move through it is an Insulator. Another example
of an insulator is glass, it will not permit electrons
to move through it.
Electric current will flow through a conductor, but not through an insulator. Electric current will
not flow through rubber.
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE
Figure 6 Page 31
We have talked about current,
conductors and insulators. Now, look at
figure 6. Here again we have current
flowing through a wire. There is a force
that pushes the current through the
wire. This force that pushes the current
through the wire is called electromotive
force. Another name for electromotive
force is
Look at Figure 7. Remember the voltage pushes the current through the conductor. When
current flows through a conductor it meets resistance. Resistance is opposing force.
Resistance tries to keep current from flowing through a conductor.
At this time, we have learned what

insulators and conductors are. We have
also learned about voltage, resistance and
current. Now lets talk about the units of
measurement for voltage, resistance and
current.
Look at figure 8 A. it is a picture of water flowing through a pipe. The unit of measurement for
water is the gallon. We can measure how many gallons of water flow through the pipe each
minute. Now look at figure 8 B. It is a picture of current flowing through a conductor. We can
measure the amount of current flowing through the wire. Now. just as the unit of measurement
for water is the gallon, the unit of measurement for current is the ampere .
Now look at figure 9. In this picture voltage pushes the current through the conductor. The
unit of measurement for voltage Is the volt. You can notice that resistance tries to keep electric
current from flowing through a wire. The amount of resistance in a conductor can be
measured. The unit of measurement for resistance is the ohm .
Figure 9
UNIT TWO
CLASSWORK ASIGMENT : LESSON A
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance : 1. What
is the movement of electrons through a wire ?
2. What do we call a material that permits electrons to move through it ?
3. Is electric current the movement of protons or electrons through a wire ?
4. What do we call material that will not permit electrons to move through it ?
5. What is electric current ?
6. Will rubber permit electrons to move through it ?
7. Does electromotive force push or pull the current through a conductor ?
8. Aluminum is a aood . It permits tc

through it. Other are silver,
and
9. Will electric current flow through a conductor or an insulator ?
10. What is voltage ?
11. What is the rubber around a conductor called ?
12. What is the force or pressure that pushes the electrons through a conductor ?
13. ___________________ pushes the ____________________________ through a

conductor, it is also called_________________________________________ . Its units
of measurement are the _________________ .
14. What tries to keep current from moving through a conductor ?
15. What is the movement of electrons through a conductor ?
16. What is resistance ?
17. The units of measurement are as follows :

for is the
for is the
* for is the
UNIT TWO
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
LESSON B
1. ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
In the last two lessons we studied current, resistance and voltage. We learned the units of
measurement for current, resistance and voltage; these units are the ampere, the ohm and
the volt. In this lesson we will talk about some electrical measuring instruments. Look at figure
1. These are pictures of measuring instruments. These measuring instruments are called
meters. There are many types of meters,
you can find analog or digital meters.

Now look at figure 2. They are a conductor and a meter. This conductor has current flowing
through it. As you remember the ampere is the unit of measurement for current, ihe
abbreviation for ampere is amp. The meter in figure 2 is used to measure current in amps. So
this meter is an ammeter .
Look at figure 3. Here you see another

type of meter. Remember, voltage
pushes current through a conductor
and the unit of measurement for
voltage is the volt. The meter in figure 3
is used to measure voltage in volts.
This meter is a voltmeter .
Look ai figure 4. This is again a picture of

a meter. Now, answer this question ; What
opposes current in a conductor? The
answer is resistance, which is measured in
ohms. The meter in figure 4 is an ohm m
eter. The ohmmeter is used to measure
resistance.
Look at figure 5. This is a picture of another
type of electrical measuring instrument. It is
a muiiimeter. Multi is a prefix that means
many. A multimeter has more than one'
function. It has three elemental
functions, it measures either current,
resistance or voltage. Sometimes
multimeters can measure frequency or
temperature too.
SENAn
Now, look at figure 6. The numbers on

the face of the meter are called the
scale. The meter also has a pointer or
needle, that points to a number on the
scale. In figure 6 it is pointing to 30 on
the meter scale.
The pointer is movable. It moves across the

scale. When the meter is not being used, the
pointer is on zero. Look at figure 7 A. this
meter is not in use. Now. look at figure 7 B,
the meter is now measuring current. It
shows 4 amps of current
UNIT TWO
CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON B
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance :
1. Look at figure 1 Fill in the blanks below :

a. indicates a _______________________
b. indicates a _______________________
c. indicates an _ ____________________
d. indicates a _______________________
2. What do we call the measuring instruments in figure 1 ?

3. What instrument is used to measure electrical current ?
ELEC TRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 39
SENAT1
4. What is the unit of measurement for current ?
5. What instrument is used to measure electromotive force ?
6. What is the unit of measurement for resistance ?
7. If you want to measure voltage, which meter will you use ?
8. What instrument measures resistance ?
EMF is measured by a . The unit of measurement for

current is the . The measures
electrical in amps. opposes
and its unit of measurement is the : it can
be measured with an
10. What does multi mean ?
11. What meter can measure more than one electrical parameter ?
12. What are meters ?

13. Which instrument can be used to measure either voltage, current or resistance ?
14. What is the purpose of an ammeter ?
15. What are the numbers on the face of the meter called ?
16. Name three functions of a multimeter ?
17. When you measure current, voltage or resistance, what part of the meter moves to the
correct number on the scale ?
18. what is the meter scale ?
19. What is the purpose of an ohmmeter ?
20. When the meter is not woiking, where is the pointer pointing ?
A
SENAT1
UNIT THREE
CELLS AND BATTERIES
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing state the purpose of an electric cell.
2. Given a scheme of an electric cell the student will orally and/or in writing identify the
following cell features:
# Zinc plate
* Carbon plate
Electrolyte
3. Given a task the student will be able to define the following terms :
Chemical energy
Oead cell
plate
4. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing describe the following:
Wet-cell battery
* Dry-cell battery
5. Given a task the student will be able to define the following terms :
Secondary cells
Primary cells
Positive terminal
* Negative terminal
Paste
* Poles
SENAT1
UNIT THREE
CELLS AND BATTERIES
LESSON A 1. CELLS
In this lesson we will talk about of

some of the methods used by
man to produce electricity. Look
at figure 1. This is a picture of an
electrical celt. A ceil is a small
container. An electrical ceil is a
small container that produces or
makes electricity.
Now. Let's study the different parts of an

electric cell. Look at figure 2. They are
pictures of two plates. A plate is a thin flat
piece of material. There are two plates in
this figure. Plate A is made of zinc. Zinc is
a metal. Plate B is made of carbon Carbon
is an element, but it is not a metal. Plate A
is called zinc plate and plate B is called
carbon plate .
71:10 Plate Carbon Plate
Figure 2
Figure 3
SENAT1
A ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 44
SENAFI
We already know that an electrical cell

contains a zinc plate, a carbon plate and the
electrolyte. Now lets see what chemical action
takes place to produce electricity. Look at
figuie 4. First, remember plate A is he zinc
plate. Now the electrolyte will dissolve the zinc
plate.
Let's make sure you understand what dissolve

means. Look at Figure 5. When you put sugar
into a glass of water it dissolves. A similar action
occurs when the zinc plate is put into the
electrolyte in an electric cell.
Now, let's see what happens when the

electrolyte dissolves the zinc plate. Look at
Figure 6. When the electrolyte dissolves the
zinc plate, the zinc plate loses protons.
Remember when an object loses protons it will
have an excess of electrons, in figure 6. the
zinc plate loses protons so it is negatively
charged.
A
SENAn
Look at figure 7. Let's see what happens 4-
to the protons that are lost by the zinc

plate. They combine with the electrolyte
and move to the carbon plate by chemical
action. When the protons reach the
carbon plate, they meet electrons from
Figure 7
the carbon plate The carbon plate loses
electrons therefore it will have a deficiency of electrons. So the carbon plate will be
positively charged.
Now, let's find out what happens when we connect a conductor to the positive carbon
plate and the negative zinc plate. Look at
figure 8. A conductor connects the negative
zinc plate to the positive carbon plate. Now
the electrons move through the conductor
from the negative zinc plate to the positive
carbon plate thus creating an electric
current. Electric cell produces an electric
l __ _
v ____ current by changing chemical energy into
Figure 8
electrical energy .
Look at figure 9. In this picture the

electrolyte has cornplelely dissolved
the zinc plate. Now that the zinc plate
has dissolved, the ceil can no longer
produce electricity. An electric cell that
can no longer produce electricity is
called dead coll
UNIT THREE
CLASSWORK ASS1GMENT : LESSON A
1. Look at figure 1 Fill in the balnks below

a. indicates (tie _____________________
b. indicates the _____________________
c. indicates the __ ___________________
2. What does an electric cell produce ?
3. What do we call the thin flat pieces of material ?
4. Look at figure I. How many plates do you see ?
5. Is carbon a metal ?
SENAT1
6. What are the names of the two plates In the electric cell ?
7. What is the name of the liquid in an electric cell ?
8. In figure 1, the _______________ plate is positively ____________________ . The

other plate is the ___________________ plate, it is _________________________
charged. The_______________________ dissolves the _________________ plate. It
causes the _________ plate loses protons.
9. What dissolves the zinc plate ?
10. Where do the protons lost by the zinc plate go ?
11. What kind of charge will the zinc plate have when it loses protons ?
12. When the carbon plate loses electrons, will it have an excess or deficiency of electrons
?
13. Does the carbon plate have a positive or negative charge ?
14. How does an electric cell produce electricity ?

UNIT THREE
CELLS AND BATTERIES
LESSON B
I. BATTERIES
In (he last lesson, we studied a very simple electric cell Remember, an electric cell produces
electricity by chemical action. It changes chemical energy into electrical energy. In this lesson
we will study primary and secondary cells
Look at figure 1. There are two cells in this figure.

The two cells are connected together.
Two or more cells connected together make a
battery .
Now. remember that the liquid in a battery is

called an electrolyte. A battery that has a liquid
electrolyte is a webceli battery
Look at figure 2 it is a wet-cell battery. This type

of wet cell battery is a storage battery. A battery
that stores electricity is a storage battery .
SENATl
SENAT1
Now, look a! figure 3. This wet cell storage battery has

6 cells. When the cells lose their electrical charge
they can be recharged. To recharge a cell means to
again put an electrical charge in a cell. Cells that can
be recharged after they have lost their charge are
called secondary cells. Secondary cells can be
Figure 3 recharged. The storage battery in figure 3 has 6
secondary cells. These secondary cells can be recharged.
Look at figure 4. This is a picture of another type of cell.

The electrolyte in this cell is not a liquid. It is a paste.
Paste is not a liquid. Paste is a moist solid material.
Look at figure 5, this is a figure of two different types of
paste.
Now look again at figure 4. The electrolyte in this

cell is paste. The paste is made of chemicals. A
battery that uses paste as an electrolyte is a dry-
cell battery. When this cell has lost its charge it
can no longer be used and is thrown away, it can
not be recharged. A cell that can not be
recharged is a primary cell
Look at figure 6. Here we see a picture
of a wet cell storage battery and a dry
cell battery. The poles that you see on
each battery are called battery
terminals. Both, the wet cell battery
and the dry cell battery have two
terminals each.
Look at figure 7. Every battery has two

terminals. One is a positive terminal, the
other is a negative terminal. The positive
terminal has a positive charge and the
negative terminal has a negative charge.
In this picture the wires are connected to
the positive and negative terminals. Wet
cell storage batteries are used in cars,
trucks, airplanes, etc.
Look at figure 8. They are dry cell batteries. They are used in flash lights, radios, etc.
UNIT THREE
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance.
1. Look at figure t . Fill in the blanks below.
a. indicates a ___________________________________
b. indicates a ___________________________________
Figure 1
2. What do we call two or more cells connected together ?
3. In figure 1, how many cells does the wet cell battery have ?
4. What is the liquid in a battery called ?
5. An electric __________ produces ____________________ by __________________

action. Two or more ______________ connected together make a___________________ .
Battery that has a __________________ electrolyte is a __________________________
__________________ , It can be ______________________ when its cells lose their
charge. Cells that can be ________________________ are called _________________
SENAT1
6. How does a battery produce electricity ?
7. What do we call a battery that has a liquid electrolyte ?
8. What is the name of a cell that can be recharged ?
9. Dry cell battery has______________ as an electrolyte. Paste is a _____ __________

______________ material. It is not a ___________________ and it is made of
______________ . This kind of cell can ____________ be ____________________
when it lost its ___________ _____ It is called a _____________________________
10. In dry cell batteries. Is the electrolyte a liquid or paste ?
1T. What is a primary cell ?
12. What type of battery uses a liquid electrolyte ?
13. What are the poles of the battery ?
14. What are the names of the two terminals of a battery ?
15. Does wet cell battery have primary or secondary cells ?

ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE UNIT FOUR
Page 52
MAGNETISM
OBJECTIVES
0
1 Given a task the student will orally and/or in writ ing state the meaning of the following
.
terms:
magnet magnetic Field
natural magnet temporary magnet poles

0 permanent magnet magnetic flux
electromagnetism
2. Given a picture of different type of magnets the student will orally and/or in writing
identify correctly the following features :
straight bar magnet
horseshoe magnet
electromagnet
core
coil
loop
3. Given a task the student will explain how a magnetic is produced around a conductor.
4. Given the following terms the student will identify and use them to explain the
electromagnetic phenomena.
artificial
magnetic lines of force
deflect
reinforce
residual magnetism
SENAn
UNIT FOUR
MAGNETISM
LESSON A
1. MAGNETS
In the last two lessons you studied the

chemical method for producing
electricity. In order to understand how
generators produce electricity, we must
understand magnets. During this lesson
we will study magnets.
Look at figure 1. This is a picture of a

magnet. A magnet is an object that
attracts iron and steel.
There are two types of magnets. They are

natural magnels and artificial magnets. First
lets learn what natural magnets are. Look at
figure 2. This object has been magnetized.
When an object is magnetized it has been
made into a magnet. In figure 2, the object
has been magnetized by nature. Objects
that have been magnetized by nature are
natural magnets. They are already magnets
when found by man.
ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH C0UR8E Page 54
Now, look at figure 3. This is a

picture of an artificial magnet.
Artificial magnets are made by
man. Remember, natural magnets
are magnetized by nature and
artificial magnets are magnetized
by man.
Look at figure 4. These are two main types of artificial magnets. They are the permanent
magnet and the temporary magnet. An object that will stay magnetized for a long time is a
permanent magnet. The other magnet is a temporary magnet. An object that stays
magnetized for a short time is a temporary magnet
A permanent magnet is
made of hard steel. Its
difficult to magnetize hard Permanent Magnet
steel, but once it is
magnetized it will keep its
magnetism for a long time.
The temporary magnet is
Temporary Magnet
made of soft iron. Soft iron Figure 4
can be magnetized easily,

but loses its magnetism very quickly
Look at figure 5 A. It is magnetic compass. The

needle of a compass is a magnet. One end of the
needle points north, the other end points south. The
end of the compass needle that points to the north
is called north-seeking pole or north pole. North-
seeking means that the end of the needle is trying
to find or is pointing toward the north. The end that
points south is called the south-seeking pole or
south pole. Look at figure 5 F3. The two ends of the
magnet are the north and south poles.
Now, look at figure 6 A. There is

force between the poles of a magnet.
The north pole and the south pole of
the two magnets will attract each
other. Now, look at 6 B. Two north
poles or two south poles will repel
each other The basic law of
magnetism says unlike poles attract
each other and like poles repel each
other.
Lets Look at figure 7. There is a magnetic field

see around the magnet. The area around a
what magnet in which magnetism can be
detected or found is called magnetic field.
All magnets have a magnetic field.
Magnetic Lines
of Force ^ -Os / L-7'
\
makes a magnetic field. Look at figure 8. You

can see the lines that come from the north
pole and go to the south pole of the magnet.
These lines are caiieu magnetic lines of force.
The magnetic lines of force make the
magnetic field. The total number of magnetic
lines of force around a magnet is the magnetic
flux .
Figure 8
ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLI8H COURSE Page 56
Look at figure 9. Magnets have

different shapes. This magnet is
straight and made of a bar of iron or
steel. So this magnet is called a
straight bar magnet
Look at figure 10. This magnet is called a

horseshoe magnet because it is shaped
like a horseshoe or letter U.
UNIT FOUR
1. What is a magnet ?
2. What does magnet attract ?
3. What do we call a magnet that is magnetized by man ?
4. What do we call an object that attracts iron and steel ?
5. What is the name of the magnet that is magnetized by nature ?
6. We say that an object is ___________ ____________ , when it has been made into
a
______________________ . Objects ____________________ by man are called
maanets. There are two tvDes of
the maanets and the
magnets,
maanets.
7 Which artificial magnet will keep its magnetism for a long time ?
8. Name two types of artificial magnets

SENAJ1 ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 58
9. Which magnet is made of soft iron ?
10. Is it easy or difficult to magnetize hard steel ?
11. How long will soft iron keep its magnetism ?
12. Which magnet is made of hard steel ?
13. What do we call the ends of a magnet ?
15. What is the area around the magnet where magnetism can be detected ?
14. What are the names of the two poles of a magnet ?
16. What is magnetic flux ?
17. What makes a magnetic field ?
18. Which is more difficult to magnetize, hard steel or soft iron ?

ELEC TRIG ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 59

a. indicates a _______________________
b. indicates a _____ . ________________
20. Do unlike poles of two magnets attract or repel each other?
21. Will two north poles attract or repel each other ?
22. Do all magnets have a magnetic field ?

SENAIl
UNIT FOUR
MAGNETISM
LESSON B
1. ELECTROMAGNETISM
In the last lesson we talk about natural

and artificial magnets. Now we will learn
how a magnetic field is produced by
electric current.
Look at figure 1. It is a picture of a

conductor with current flowing through to
it. The circles that you see around the
conductor are magnetic lines of force.
There is a magnetic field around the
conductor. The current flowing through
the conductor causes a magnetic field
around the conductor.
Magnetism produced by an electric current is called elecliomagnetism
Look at figure 2. Here is a picture of a conductor.

There is no current flowing through it. Since no
current is flowing, there is no magnetic field around
the conductor.
A B
Let's see how electric current produces a

magnetic field around a conductor. Look
at figure 3. Conductor A has a compass
next to it. There is no current flowing
through the conductor. The compass
needle is pointing north. There is no
magnetic field around conductor A,
because there is no current flowing
through it.
Now, look at conductor B. Conductor B has a current flowing through it, and the magnetic field
deflects the compass needle. Deflects means to move or turn to the side. Since, the compass
needle deflects we know there is a
magnetic field around the conductor.
Now, let s see how a magnetic field can

be stronger. Look a figure 4. This piece
of wire has been bent into a circle. A
piece of wire bent into a circle is a loop.
When an electric current passes
through the loop , there will be a strong
magnetic field in the center of the loop.
SENat figure 6. In this figure there are 4 loops

Look
Afl
Now, listen carefully. Many loops together
make a coil.
Now. look at figure 7. There are two coils

here. Coil A has three loops and coil B has
five loops. Thus, the more loops a coils
has, the stronger the magnetic field should
be. So in figure 7 coil B should have the
strongest magnetic field because it has
more loops than coil A.
Remember the magnetic fields of each loop reinforce each other. The more loops a coils has,
the stronger the magnetic field. If there is no current flowing through the coil, it won't have a
magnetic field
Look at figure 8. In picture 8 A, there

is coil and a piece of soft iron.
Remember, soft iron can be
magnetized very easily, but soft iron
also loses its magnetism very quickly.
Now. look at figure 8 B, here the soft
iron has been placed in the center of
the coil. The coil now has a soft Iron
core. Core means center part.
A ELEC TRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 64
SENATl
Look at figure 9. It is a coil with a soft Iron

core. The soft iron core increases the
strength of the magnetic field of a coil.
A soft iron core in a coil of wire produces

a magnetic field when current flows
through the coil. This is an
electromagnet. An electromagnet
produces a magnetic field by using an
electric current.
Look at figure 10 A. It is an
electromagnet. Current is flowing through
the electromagnet. The electromagnet
attracts iron and steel. Now. look at figure
10 B. There is no current in the
electromagnet. Since there is no current,
there is no magnetic field , and iron and
steel drop from the magnet. Remember,
in an electromagnet, the electric current
is the magnetizing force.
Now. Look at figure 11 The magnetizing

force has been removed, but there is just a
very small amount of magnetism left in the
electromagnet. This small amount of
magnetism that remains after the
magnetizing force has been removed is
residual magnetism. Residual means
remaining.
SENfin
UNIT FOUR
1. What causes the magnetic field around a conductor ?
2. What kind of magnetism is produced by an electrical current ?
3. What is electromagnetism ?
4. Look at figure 1.
Is there a magnetic field around conductor A ?. Why?
In which direction is the compass needle pointing ?

COURSE
Page 65
5. Is electromagnetism produced by electric current or by a natural magnet ?
6. What does deflect mean ?
7. In figure 1, what does the magnetic field around conductor B do to the compass needle?
8. What is a loop ?
9. The __________________ produces a _________________ field in the area around

the __________________ . When a piece of _______________ is bent into a circle it
js called a _____________________ . Many ___________________ together make a
____________. The magnetic _____________ is strangest in the ______________ of
the ______________.
10. What do we call many loops together ?
11. What is a core ?
12. Will a soft iron core in a coil strengthen or weaken the magnetic field ?
13. How long does soft iron keep its magnetism ?

SENAJ1

a. indicates the _____ ________ _____
b. indicates the _____________________
c. indicates the _____________________
15. What is the magnetizing force in an electromagnet ?

16. What is another word for remaining ?
17. What is residual magnetism ?
18. In an ____________________ the electric ________________ is the magnetizing
___________________ . When current is removed from the coil , , __________
force also disappear but, a small _________________ of ___________________ left in
the ____________ ____________ . This small ________________________ of
that remains is called
UNIT FIVE
THE SIMPLE GENERATOR AND TYPES OF CURRENT OBJECTIVES
1. Given a picture of a simple generator the student will orally and/or in writing identify the
armature
stator
electromagnet
conductor
magnetic lines of force
2. Given a task the student will state the purpose of a generator.
3. Given a task, the student will orally and/or in writing define the following terms correctly :
electromagnetic induction
circuit
direct current (DC)
alternating current (AC)
AC generator
DC generator
frequency
4. Given pictures of a basic generator, the student will orally and/or in writing identify
correctly the following features:
commutator
stator
armature
brushes slip rings
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE UNITPage

FIVE 68
THE SIMPLE GENERATOR AND TYPES OF CURRENT LESSON A

1. THE SIMPLE GENERATOR
Just to make sure that you remember

the last lesson let's make a review. Look
at Figure 1. They are three types of
magnets, a permanent magnet, a
temporary magnet and an
electromagnet. Remember, an electric
current causes the magnetic Field
around an electromagnet
in this lesson we will study how a magnetic

Field produces a voltage or EMF in a
MAGNETIC
FIELD conductor. Look at Figure 2. It is a
conductor. Current is flowing through the
conductor. The current causes a magnetic
DIRECTION OF Field around the conductor.
CURRENT
Figure 2
Now, look at Figure 3. Here are two conductors. There is current flowing through conductor
A. This causes a magnetic Filed around conductor A. Conductor B is placed in the magnetic
field of conductor A.
Figure 3's'?
CURRENT A A1} l B
- Electromagnetic induction
CURRENT
Remember, conductor A" has a current Now. lets see / /how electromagnetic
which causes a magnetic field. When induction is used to produce electricity.
conductor B is moved into the magnetic Look at figure 4. Here are two ends of a
field of conductor A, the magnetic field magnet. They are called the north and
causes the electrons in conductor B to south poles. There are magnetic lines of
move. The movement of electrons in a force between the north and south poles
conductor, caused by moving the of the magnet.
conductor through a magnetic field, is
called electromagnetic induction
Look at figure 5 There is a conductor, it is between the ends of the magnet. The conductor is
in the magnetic field. When the conductor is moved through the magnetic field, the electrons
in the conductor move. This movement of electrons in a conductor is called electric current as
you already know.
Now, listen carefully. This is how a generator produces electricity. A generator is an electric
machine that produces electricity. A generator produce electricity by changing mechanical
energy to electrical energy.
Lets learn the names of some of the

parts of a generator. Look at figure 6.
This is picture of a simple generator.
The part that turns or rotates in the
magnetic field is called the armature.
Now, look at the ends of the magnet in
figure 6. This magnet is part of the
generator. It does not move, so it is
called the stator .
Let's see how the armature is rotated in the magnetic field. Look at figure 7. It is a picture of a
generator. The armature is turned mechanically. It is turned by mechanical energy. When the
armature is turned, electrical energy is produced. So we say a generator produces electricity
by changing mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Figure 7
Now, let see at different types of

generators. Look at figure 8. This type
of generator has an electromagnet
which provides the magnetic field.
Remember, electric current produces
the magnetic field around an
electromagnet. Most generators use
an electromagnet to produce the
magnetic field .
We know an electromagnet produces the
magnetic field in most generators. Now. look at figure 9. This type of generator uses a
permanent magnet to provide the magnetic field. A generator that uses a permanent magnet
to provide the magnetic field is called a magneto .
The generator is a very important means of producing electricity. Let's review all the methods
used for producing electricity we have studied. Three means for producing electricity are :
friction
cells and batteries
generators
Remember, friction produces static electricity. Cells and batteries produce electricity by
chemical action. The generator produces electricity by changing mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
UNIT FIVE
1. What causes the magnetic field around an electromagnet ?
2. What happens to the area around the conductor when current is flowing ?
Look at figure 1 and answer the following three questions.

3. What causes the magnetic field around conductor A ?
4. Is conductor B inside the magnetic field or outside the magnetic field of conductor
A?
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 7 Z
SENAT1
5. What causes the electrons to move in conductor B" ?
6. What is electromagnetic induction ?

7. Look al figure 2. Fill in the blanks below.
a. indicates the _____________________
b. indicates the _____________________
c. indicates the _____________________

d. indicates the ____________ 3. What are the two ends of the magnet
called ?
9. What happens when the conductor moves through the magnetic field ?
10. Generators produce by changing ________________

into ____ energy. The part that turns is
called The part that remains fixed is called
ASENAJ1 ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 74
11. What does electromagnetic induction cause in the armature ?
13. Which type of generator uses a permanent magnet to provide the magnetic field ?
12. How does a generator produce electricity ?
14. What type of magnets are used are used in generators ?
15. In a generator, what is the part that rotates ?
16. Which machine uses electromagnetic induction to produce electricity ?
17. What produces static electricity ?
19. What produces electricity by changing mechanical energy into electrical energy ?
18. What produces electricity by chemical action ?
20. What is a magneto ?

5ENAT1
UNIT FIVE
THE SIMPLE GENERATOR AND TYPES OF CURRENT
LESSON B 1. TYPES OF CURRENT
In this lesson we will learn the different types of current Before you can study the types of
current you must understand circuit. Look at figure 1 Here you can see a conductor connected
to the positive and negative terminals of the battery. This conductor provides a path of current.
The complete path of an electric current is called a circuit.
Now, that you know what a circuit is. lets take a took at the type of current produced by cells
and batteries. Look at figure 2 . it is a picture of a circuit. A conductor is connected to the
battery terminals. The electrons can flow only from Hie negative terminal to the positive
terminal. The cunent is flowing in only one direction. Current that flows in only one direction is
called direct current. The abbreviation for direct cunent is D.C. Remember, batteries produce
only direct current .
i
The other type of current is alternating current. The word alternating means changing
direction, so current that changes its direction is alternating current. The abbreviation for
alternating current is A.C
Figure 3
Let's see how a generator can produce alternating current . Look at figure 3. It is a picture of
a generator. The armature is the part of the generator that rotates, the stator is the part that
does not move. The two rings that you see at the end of the armature are called slip rings,
they turn when the armature turns. There are two brushes which touch the slip rings, they are
connected to a circuit. The brushes may de made of metal or carbon.
Look at figure 4. Now, you will see what happens when the armature rotates. Remember
when the armature rotates, the magnetic field will cause current to flow. Current flows from the
armature , through the slip rings, brushes and circuit.
Now, look at figure 5 . Lets see how alternating current is produced. In picture 5 , there is no
electron flow, because the armature is not turning. In figure 6, the armature is turning and the
magnetic field causes electrons to flow. This electron flow is current. You can see that the
current flows from brush X to brush Y.
Look at the circle in figure 6. This picture represents current flow. The current flow started at
zero and has now increased to its highest or maximum point.
Look at figure 7. The armature is still turning. The current flow is from brush X to brush Y.
Now, look at the circle in figure 7 The amount of current flow is decreasing.
Look at figure 8. When the armature is in this position . there is no current flow. Now, also
Flow Zero
look to the circle 8, the current flow is zero.

SENATl
Look at figure 9. The armature has rotated to another position. In this case the current flow is
from brush Y to brush X, the current has changed direction. Now, look at the circle 9. The
current flow has now reached its maximum point in this direction.
Look at figure 10. The armature has made a complete turn. There is no current flow when the
armature is in this position. Now, look at circle 10, the current flow is zero. This figure
represents one cycle of alternating current. One complete turn of the armature produces one
cycle of alternating current.
/% ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 80
SENAn
So, you already know that one turn of the armature produces one cycle of alternating current.
The number of cycles that occur In one second is the frequency of an alternating current.
Frequency means how often something happens. When a current is alternating at 10 cycles
per second, then the frequency is ten cycles per second. The abbreviation for cycles per
second is cps. An AC generator produces alternating current.
Now, look at figure 11. This generator produces direct current. A generator that produces
direct current is called a DC generator. Remember the AC generator has two slip rings
connected to the armature. The DC generator has only one ring connected to the armature.
The ring is a commutator. The commutator is a ring that changes alternating current to direct
current
Figure 11
UNIT FIVE
b.
1. Look at figure 1. Fill in the blanks below:

a. Indicates the _____________________
b. Indicates the _____________________
c. Indicates the _______________ _____
d. Indicates the _____________________
2. What is a circuit ?
3. Whgt is current that flows in only one direction called ?
4. What does D.C. stand for ?

COURSE SENAfl Page
82
5. In how many directions does D.C. flow ?
6. Batteries produce _______________ current. In figure 1 , the armature is

____________ , so the magnetic ___________causes _________________ to flow.
The current _____________ from brush ______to _________ Y.
7. The _______________ rings are connected to the _______________________ and

______________ when the ________________ turns.
8. What do the brushes touch ?
9. What is another word for changing direction ?
10. What does A.C. stand for ?
11. Does alternating current flow in only one direction ?
12. In an A.C. generator, what does one turn of the armature produce ?
13. In reference with a generator, what does frequency mean ?
14. What is the abbreviation for cycles per second ?

15. When a________________ is alternating 60 ______________ per second, then the

_______________ is ___________ cycles per __________________ .
16. Look at figure 2. FiH in the blanks below:

It is a ___________________________
a. Indicates the _____________________
b. Indicates the _____________________
c. Indicates the _____________________
d. Indicates the _____________________
17. What does the commutator do ?
18. Does the commutator change direct current to alternating current ?
19. If the armature turns 110 times in two seconds, what is the frequency of the current ?
20. Explain the difference between alternating current and direct current.
UNIT SIX
SWITCHES AND RELAYS
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a task, the student will state correctly the purpose of a switch and its types.
2. Given the abbreviations S.P.D.T., D.P.S.T. and D.P.D.T. the student will define what
these abbreviations stand for.
3. Given a picture , the student will orally and/or in writing identify correctly the following
electrical symbols :
single pole, single throw
single pole, double throw
double pole, single throw
double pole, double throw
pushbuttom switch
rotary or selector switch
battery
4. Given a task, the student will be able to draw a diagram of a simple relay.
UNIT SIX
SWITCHES & RELAYS
LESSON A
1. SWITCHES
A switch is a device used for making or changing connections in a circuit. There are many
types of switches . Before we can talk about the different types of switches, we have to learn
some of the parts of a switch. Look at figure 1. The circuit wires are connected to the switch
terminals. Now look at the pole. The pole is the movable contact of the switch. The contact
opens or closes the circuit. Current flows through the circuit when the pole or movable contact
is in the closed position.
The switch in figure 1 has only one pole. It is called a single - pole switch, because it has only
one pole or movable contact. The pole of this switch can complete only one circuit. So we say
S.P.S.T.
Pole
or
Movable Contact
Wire Wire
Position
Switch Terminals
Figure 1 - Single-pole, single throw switch

it is a single - throw switch . Single throw means he pole can complete only one circuit.
The full description of this switch should be single - pole, single - throw switch. The
abbreviation for single-pole, single-throw is S.P.S.T .
COURSE A Page
86
SENAfl
Now, look at figure 2. This switch has one pole. This pole can complete two circuits. It can
complete either circuit A or circuit B. So we call it a single pole, double throw. The abbreviation
for single-pole, double throw is S.P.D.T .
Look at figure 3. This switch has two poles, each pole can complete only one circuit. It is called
double-pole, single throw switch. The abbreviation for double-pole, singlethrow is D.P.S.T .
D.P.S.T.
Figure 3 - Double-pole, single-throw switch.

Look at figure 4. This switch has two poles, each pole can complete two circuits but only one
at the time. It is a double-pole, double-throw switch. The abbreviation for doublepole, double-
throw is D.P.D.T .
Look at figure 5. To complete a circuit with this type of switch you must push the button. This
is a pushbutton switch. A pushbutton switch has a button that must be pushed to complete
the circuit.
Now, look at figure 6. This is another type of switch. This type of switch must be turned or
rotated to complete a circuit. This is a rotary switch. A rotary switch is sometimes called a
selector switch , because you choose or select the position of the switch.
Figure 6 - Rotary or selector switch.
Look at figure 7. These are symbols for the different types of switches that we have
talked about. These symbols are used in electronic diagrams or schematics.
Symbol A represents a single-pole, single throw switch.
Symbol B represents a single-pole, double throw switch. S.P.S.T.
Symbol C represents a double-pole, single throw switch. B
o cr o S.P.D.T.
Symbol D represents a double-pole, double- thrdW switch.
Symbol E represents a pushbutton switch.
D.P.S.T.
Symbol F represents a rotary or selector switch.
D o >-
> D.P.D.T.
O Or O
Pushbutton
r oo
O Switch
o- (Rotary or
Figure 7 Selector)
Before we talk about another type of switch , lets look at another important symbol. Look at
figure 8 A. This symbol represents a cell. Look at 8 B. This symbol represents a battery. It is
made by combining the symbols of cells.
Figure 8 A - One cell Figure 8 B - Battery
2. RELAY
Now, look at figure 9. There are two circuits. Circuit A has a single-pole, single-throw switch.
This circuit also has an electromagnet. Current creates a magnetic field around an
electromagnet. There is also a spring connected to the soft Iron bar. There is a light in circuit
B too.
The switch in circuit A is closed, current flows through the electromagnet. The magnetic field
of the electromagnet attracts the soft iron bar in circuit B. The soft iron bar touches the contact.
Current now flows through circuit B and the light burns.
SENAT1 ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 90
Look at figure 10. The switch in circuit A is now open. Since no current is flowing through the
electromagnet, there is no magnetic field to attract the soft iron bar of circuit B. The spring
pulls the soft iron and circuit B is again open and no current flows. The soft iron bar in circuit
B is an armature .
Pictures 9 and 10 show how a relay operates. A relay is an electromagnetic switch that uses
an armature to open or close a circuit.
Figure 10
UNIT SIX
The followtng exercises should be completed In class with the instructors assistance:
1. Look at figure 1. Fill in the blanks bellow
Figure 1 shows a _________________________
a. indicates the _______________________ or
b. indicates the _________________________
c. indicates the _________________________
2. What is the purpose of a switch ?
3. In figure 1, Where are the circuit wires connected ?

4. What is a pole in reference with a switch ?
5. What type of switch can complete only one circuit ?
This type of ,
6. The abbreviation for single-pole, single-throw is
because H has
can________ only one _
pole.
2a. Indicates a_____
2b. indicates a ____
2c indicates a _____
2d indicates a _____
il ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 93
8. How many poles does S.P.D.T. switch have ?
9. Which type of switch has two poles and each pole can complete only one circuit ?
10. Write the meaning of the abbreviations below:
8.P.D.T.__________________________________
D.PD.T. __________________________________
8.P.8.T. __________________________________
DP.S.T. __________________________________
a. b.
Figure 3
11. Look at figure 3. Fill in the blanks.
a. _______________________________________ represents a .
b. _______________________________________ represents a .
12. Write the name of the electrical symbols in figure 4.

1
13.
ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE
Look at figure 5. Fill In the blanks below.
Page 94
a. indicates the ________________________
b. indicates the ________________________
c. indicates the ________________________

or
d. Indicates the ________________________
e. indicates the ______________________
14. What Is a relay ?
15. What happens when current flows through an electromagnet ?

LSSL ELECTRIC ITT SPECIAL (ZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 95
UNIT 8EVEN
FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a task the student will orally and/or writing will state the purpose of a fuse and
circuit breaker.
2. Given pictures of different types of fuses the student will orally and/or In writing identify
the following features:
plug fuse
cartridge fuse
clips
socket
3. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing define the following terms:
blown fuse
excessive current
predetermined level
preset
reset
rating of a fuse
4. Given a picture of a circuit breaker the student will identify it correctly.

ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH
COURSE CS UNIT 8EVEN

Page 96
FU8E8 AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
LE88ON A
1. FUSES
In the last lesson we talk 8bout switches
and relays. Let's begin this lesson by
talking about the heat produced In a
circuit. Look at figure 1. it is a diagram
of a series circuit.
Remember, EMF or voltage is the force

Figure 1 - Series circuit
that pushes current through a
conductor and resistance opposes current in a conductor. When current flows through a wire and meet
resistance, heat is produced. If the amount of current is increased, the amount of heat also increases.
Not all conductors or wires can carry the same amount of current. Different types of conductors carry
different amounts of current. The amount of current a conductor can carry has been pre-determ Ined. By
pre-determlned we mean the amount of current a conductor can carry has been previously calculated.
Look at figure 2. It was calculated that the conductor In
this circuit could carry 5 amps of current. The
predetermined amount of current this circuit can carry is
5 amps.
Now, listen carefully. When the current exceeds or goes
above the predetermined 5 amps, the circuit will have
excessive current .
Zn ELECTRIC ITT SPEC IALOEEO ENGLISH COURSE Page 97
Excessive current in a circuit can cause a lot of damage. Look at figure 3 A. The predetermined current
for this circuit Is 5 amps. The current Increased to 7 amps. So there are 2 amps of excessive current
flowing through the circuit. Now, look at 3 B. The excessive current caused the wire to get very hot. Thus
the excessive current in the circuit caused the fire.
Figure 3
Lets see what can protect a circuit against excessive current. Look at figure 4. This circuit has a fuse .
The fUse protects the circuit against excessive current.
Figure 4
Now, we wifl see how a fuse works. Look at figure 5. It is a circuit with a fuse. Current flows through the
fbse in the circuit. The wire in the ftise melts at a low temperature. Each ftjse has a rating. The rating is
the largest amount of current a fuse can cany. In figure 5, the ftise can carry only 7 amps of current, so
its rating Is 7 amperes. When the current exceeds the rating of the fuse (7 amps), the wire in the fuse will
melt and open the circuit.

nan ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE 98
Look at figure 6. The fuse in this figure had a rating of 10 amps. The wire in the fuse is melted because
the current exceeded the rating of the fuse. So the excessive current melted the wire and opened the
circuit. The excessive current can not flow through the circuit. The fuse protected the circuit against
excessive current.
Lets deal with another useful term. Instead of saying, when the current exceeds the fuse the rating
of the fUse the wire in it melts and breaks the circuit, you may say, when the current exceeds the
rating of the fuse , the ftise will blow. When a circuit has no current flow because of the fuse has
melted, we can say the circuit has a blown fuse .
Look at figure 7. There is no current flow because of the circuit has a blown ftise. The blown fuse
must be replaced before current can flow.

ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 99
Now, look at figure 8 A. This is one type of fuse. This type of fuse is called cartridge fuse. The
cartridge fuse fits into the clips on the fuse block, it is easy to replace the cartridge fuse. Then, look
at figure 8 B. This type of fuse is called plug fuse. The plug ftise screws into a socket.
ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page
100
2. CiRCUTT BREAKERS
Look at figure 9. It shows a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker automatically opens a circuit when
current becomes excessive.
Look at figure 10. This circuit breaker is preset at a pre-determined level of 30 amps. When
Circuit' Breaker
Figure 9.- Circuit breaker
current exceeds the pre-determIned level of 30 amps the circuit breaker will automatically open
the circuit.
Now, to make sure the circuit breaker opens the circuit at 30 amps, you must preset the
circuit breaker. Hen you preset the circuit breaker you adjust or set It to open at 30 amps.
Page
s&n ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE

101
Look at figure 11. Circuit breaker A is preset at 20 amps. The circuit is closed. Notice the button
on the circuit breaker.
Now, look at circuit breaker B. The current exceeded 20 amps. The circuit breaker opened the
circuit. The button popped out.
Look at circuit breaker C . To reset or close the circuit you must push the button in. There many
other types of circuit breaker but ail of them have the same operation principle.
Button
Figure 11
Look at figure 12. The picture 12 A shows the symbol for fuse. The picture 12 B shows the
symbol for a circuit breaker.

CLASS WORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance .
1. Look at figure 1. Fill In the blanks below.

a. indicates a _ _____ _______
b. Indicates a ___________
c. indicates a ______________________
d. indicates the ___________ __
e. indicates the ______ _____________
f. Indicates the _________ _ ________
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE P8nn 103
2. What opposes current in a conductor ?
3. What is EMF or voltage ?
4. When is heat produced in a wire ?
5. When ______________________ increases the amount of heat ________________

too. Ail conductors can not ____________ the same _______________ of current.
The amount of current that a __________________ can _____________ _has been
calculated or _______________________ .
6. What happens in a circuit, when current exceeds the predetermined value ?
7. What does excessive current cause in a circuit ?
8. What is the purpose of a fuse ?
9.
ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE P8nn 104
In order to protect the circuit against

___ current we use a
__________ , it is the
can_______________ .
___________________________________
_______ . The ______________ has a
___________ _ amount of cunent a
When the current ___________________ the _____________________ of the fiise,
the wire in it will _______________ and ___________________ the circuit. Also we
can say the fuse will ____________ .
9.
10. if a fUse can not cany more than 15 amperes, what is its rating ?
11. When will the wire in the fUse melt and open the circuit ?
12. When will a fUse blow ?
14. what are the names of the two types of fuses we have talked about ?
13. Will current flow in a circuit with a blown fUse ?
15. What type of fuse fits into the clips on the fuse block ?
16. What is the purpose of a circuit breaker ?
17. Can a fuse be reset ?
18. What protects circuits from excessive current ?
19. How do you reset the circuit breaker ?

ns: ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 106
UNIT EIGHT
RESISTORS AND TRANSFORMERS
OBJECTIVES
1. The student wNI be able to state the purpose of a resistor correctly
2. Given pictures of a number of resistors, the student will orally and/or In writing identify
correctly the following features :
fixed resistor
variable resistor
adjustable resistor
write the names of the electrical symbols listed

3. Given a picture,the student will
below:
* variable resistor
switch
adjustable resistor
battery
fixed resistor
4. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing state purpose of a step-up transformer.
5. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing state purpose of a step-down transformer.
6. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing state purpose of a power transformer.
7. Given diagrams of various transformers the student will orally and/or in writing Identify the
primary coH step- down transformer
secondary coil power transformer.
step-up transformer winding

S&I ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 107
UNIT EIGHT
LESSON A
1. RESISTORS
Resistance opposes current in a circuit. Remember, current and resistance are inversely
proportional. When resistance increases, current decreases. Look at figure 1, Symbol A represents
a battery, symbol 8 represents a fuse, symbol C represents a switch.
Now, lets talk about resistors, look at figure 2. It is a picture of a resistor connected in a circuit. The
< ci
Resistor
<3^0 ---------CT\JD
Figure 2
resistor controls the amount of cunerrt flow in the circuit.

Lets see how a resistor controls current flow in a circuit. Look at figure 3. The water
pipe has a valve connected to It. The valve controls the amount of water that flows
through the pipe. The amount of water that flows through the pipe can de increased or
decreased by opening or closing the valve.
Now, compare the resistor with the valve. First, think of current as the water flowing
through the pipe. Then, think of the valve as a resistor. You increase or decrease the
water flow by opening or closing the valve. You increase or decrease current flow by
decreasing or increasing the size of the resistor.
Look at figure 4 A. It is a series circuit with one resistor. The battery voltage is 12 volts.
The resistor has a resistance of 3 ohms. You already know that by using Ohms law
you can determine the amount of cunent flow in the circuit, which is 4 amps.
I S&&1 ELECTRIC ITT SPECIAL DEED ENGLI8H COURSE Page 109
Now. Look at figure 4 B. This circuit has a 12 volt battery. The resistor is larger than the resistor
in 4 A. It has a resistance of 6 ohms, so the current in the circuit is Just 2 amps. Current
decreases when you increase the size of a resistor.
Look at figure 4 C. The circuit has a 12 volt battery and a 2-ohm resistor. There is a current of 6
c-
6 Ohms 12 Volts
I?
'O ----- cf\_o

2 Ohms
12;
Volts
i? _ l
y
~4
- 2 Amps

-0 <f\oFigure 4B
4
12
=6
Amps Figure
4C
amps in the circuit. Current increases when resistance decreases. Remember, the purpose of a
resistor is to control the amount of current in a circuit.

Now, you will learn different types of resistors. Look at figure 5. This is a fixed resistor, the
amount of resistance can not be changed in this type of resistor. Look at figure 6, this is the
symbol for a fixed resistor
Look at figure 7. This is another type of resistor. It is an adjustable resistor. The amount of
resistance can be changed in this type of resistor.
Look at the adjustable resistor in figure 8, H has a sliding collar . The sliding collar is moved
along the adjustable resistor to change the resistance.
Remember, the fixed resistor is used in a circuit where you want the resistance to stay the same;
an adjustable resistor is used in circuits where you want to change the resistance from time to
time.
j ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 111
Look at figure 9. This is a variable resistor. A variable resistor is used in circuits when the
resistance must be changed frequently. In figure 10, there is a variable resistor. You can observe
here the knob. The resistance can be changed in a circuit by turning the knob.
The symbols for these three types of resistors that we've learned are shown In figure 11. 11 A
shows the symbol for a fixed resistor. 11 B shows the symbol for an adjustable reslstor.11 B
shows the symbol for a variable resistor.
Variable Resistor Figure 11 ___________

UNIT EIGHT
The following exercises should be completed In class with the Instructors assistance:
<
It is a __________________ circuH.
a. Indicates the____________________
b. Indicates the ___________________
c. Indicates the ___________________
d. Indicates the ___________________
2. What opposes current in a circuit ?
3. What is the purpose of a resistor ?
proportional, so when . A
4. Current and __________________ are _____
larger resistor a
___________________ increases, current:
_____________ current in a circuit.
5. If I have a circuit with 24 volt battery, a 10-ohm resistor, what is the current flow ?
I d&i
6. Look at figure 2
They are three _____
a. indicates a ____
b. indicates an ___
c. indicates a ____
7. Which resistor Is used when you want to change the resistance from time to time ?
AAA/
L
c.
---- \AVV
Figure 2
8. When Is a variable resistor used in a circuit ?
I
9. In a resistor, the can be chanaed bv tumina
the . In an resistor the can
be bv the collar alone the
resistor
10. What is a resistor called in which the amount of resistance can not be changed ?
11. What is the difference between a variable resistor and an adjustable resistor ?
12. Look at figure 3. Wriie the name for all symbols in figure 3.
a. represents a ______________________________ .
b. represents a _____________________________ .
c. represents a ______________________________ .
d. represents a __________________________________________
e. represents an_________________________________________
f. represents a __________________________________________
UNIT EIGHT
LESSON B 1. TRANSFORMERS
In the fast lesson we talk about flises. This lesson we will deal about transformers. But before we
talk about transformers lets review induced voltage. Look at picture 1. Circuit A is connected to an
AC power source and the switch is open. There is one coil connected in circuit A. Circuit B is not
connected to a power source.
MAGNETIC FIELD
CIRCUIT A Figure 1 CIRCUIT B
CIRCUIT A CIRCUIT B
Figure 2
Now, look at figure 2. Lets see what happens when the switch in circuit A is closed. When switch In
circuit A is closed current flows. When current flows through coil A, a magnetic field is produced
around coil A. The magnetic field of coil A induces a voltage in coil B. The induced voltage in coil B
causes current flow in circuit B. Look at the direction of current flow in the circuits. The current in
circuit B and circuit A flows in opposite directions.

ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH Page 115
COURSE
Look at figure 3. The current in circuit A has changed direction, so the current in circuit B also
changed direction. Remember the magnetic field of coil A induces voltage in coil B. This induced
voltage causes current flow in circuit B. This induced voltage is necessary for the operation of a
transformer. A device that changes high voltage to low voltage or low voltage to a high voltage Is a
transformer .
Lets talk about some of the words used in discussing transformers. Look at picture 4. Each loop of
CIRCUIT A CIRCUIT B
Figure 3
wire in a coil is a turn. Coil A has 6 turns. Coil B has 4 turns. Another name for the turns of a coil is
windings .
Lets take a look at a transformer. Look at figure 5. There are two coils. The coil connected to
the power source is called the primary coll. The current from the power source flows through
the primary coil. The current causes a magnetic field around the primary coil. The magnetic field
of the primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coll. The primary coil has more turns , it
has 6 turns or windings. The secondary coil has 3 turns. An input voltage of 100 volts is applied
to the primary coil. The output voltage of the secondary coil is 50 volts. Okay, when the primary
coil of a transformer has more turns than the secondary coil, the output voltage is less than the
input voltage. The transformer in picture 5 is a step-down transformer. A step-down transformer
changes a high voltage to a low voltage. A step-down transformer has more turns in the primary
coil than in the secondary coil.
Look at figure 6. This is a step-up transformer. A step-up transformer changes a low voltage to
high voltage. In a step-up transformer, the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil.
Remember the turns of a coil are often called windings. The word winding is also used when
talking about the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. Instead of saying a transformer
has a primary coil and a secondary coil, you can say a transformer has a primary winding and
a secondary winding
A transformer can either step up or step down a voltage. Look at figure 7. This is a power
transformer. A power transformer is used either to step up or step down an AC voltage having
a power frequency of 60 cps.
Figure 1 - Power transformer
Look at figure 7 again. This transformer has one primary coil and three secondary coils. The
input voltage of the primary coil is 110 volts AC. The output voltage of secondary coil A is 6,3
volts AC. The output voltage of secondary coil B Is 350 volts AC. The output voltage of
secondary coil C is 5 volts AC.
So, this power transformer is both step-up transformer and step-down transformer. Coil B in the
secondary steps up the voltage; coils A and C step down the voltage. A power transformer is
used in communication equipment.

UNIT EIGHT
CLAS8WORK A88IGMENT : LE88ON B
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance. 1.
What produces a magnetic field around a coil ?
2. When a voltage is _____________________ in the secondary ____ , it causes
current ______________ in the circuit B. The ___________ __ in circuit A
(primary) and circuit B (secondary) flows in ______________ directions. If the In
current in circuit A changes direction , the _______________ circuit B also
direction.
3. What is a transformer ?
4. What is each loop of wire called ?
5. What Is another name for turns of a coil ?
6. The ________________ that is connected to the _ source is called
__ __________________ . The ______________ coll has an
___________________ voltage.
7. What are other names for primary coil and secondary coils ?
L-jfib. ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 119
Figure 1 B
Figure 1 C
Figure 1
8. Look at figure 1 A. Fill in the blanks below.
They are three _________________ . __________
a. indicates the __________________________
b. indicates the __________________________
c. indicates the __________________________
d. indicates the __________________________
e. indicates the __________________________

LJAL ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 121
9. Look at figure 1. Complete the following exercises.
Figure 1 A is a ________________________________
Figure 1 B Is a __________ . ____________________
Figure 1 C is a ________________________________
10. A steo-up changes a voltaae to a
voltage. of transformer the

In this type
coil has turns than the
coil.
11. A _______ _________________ transformer either __________ ______________ or

___________________ ________ a voltage.
12. A _____________ ___________ transformer a high voltage to a
______________________ voltage. The secondary coil has ______________________ turns
than the _____________________ coll.

UNIT NINE
POWER AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY
OBJECTIVES
1. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing define the following two ratings found
on electrical equipment:
voltage rating
power rating
2. Given a task the student will be able to Identity and use the following prefixes and
electrical units:
kilo
mega
watt
Kw.
Mw.
3. Given a task the student wilt define correctly the following terms :
live conductor
hot wire
warning sings
dry insulating material
electrical shock
tourniquet
serious injury
4. Given a task the student will orally and/or in writing explain what happens when someone
touch a hot wire.

I s5n ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH C0UR8E Page 123
SENAl
UNIT NINE
LESSON : A 1. POWER
From your own experience you have probably found that electrical equipment is rated for both
voltage and power. The unit of electrical power is the watt. Look at figure 1. The markings on a
soldering iron are 110v and 200w. The marking 110v is the voltage rating and the marking 200w is
the power rating. Instead of saying power rating, a more common expression is wattage rating .
Look at figure 2. Each light bulb has the same voltage rating but a different wattage rating. The
wattage rating of bulb A is 75 watts. Light bulb B has a wattage of 150 watts. Light bulb B has a
higher wattage rating than light bulb "A. Look at the figure 2 again and notice the brightness of each
light. Light bulb "B burns brighter than light bulb A". So more light is furnished by a light bulb with
a higher wattage rating.

1 dfifen ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 124
The wattage rating of electrical equipment indicates the rate of doing work, the rate of at which
electrical energy is changed into heat or light. Power Is the rate of doing work. The higher the wattage
rating the higher the rate of doing work. The watt is the basic unit of measurement for power.
Look at figure 3. The faster a lamp changes electrical energy into light energy, the brighter the light
will be; a 150-watt lamp furnishes more light than a 75-watt lamp.. Look figure 3 again. Electric
soldering irons are made of various wattage ratings with the higher watt irons changing electrical
energy to heat energy faster than the lower watt irons.
POWER RATING OF
\
\ \\
EQUIPMENT IS THE RATE
\
AT WHICH IT CHANGES
ELECTRICAL- ENERGY
INTO ....................
-)
HEAT
OR
LIGHT
73 WATTS
GREATER WATTAGE FURNISHES

MORE HEAT AND LIGHT.
Figure 3
1, mm ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 125
Remember, the watt is the basic unit for electrical power. When the basic unit, watt, Is too small,
It must be expressed in a larger unit. Names and abbreviations have been devised to indicate
multiples. The name of the multiple 1000 is kilo and its abbreviation is "k.
Names of larger units are derived by using a prefix with the basic unit. Kilowatt is a larger unit.
One kilowatt Is 1000 watts. To express 1 kilowatt using abbreviations you would say *1 kw;
kilo is k, snd watt Is w.
Mega" is another prefix used to express a larger unit. Mega is the prefix meaning million. Lets
attach the prefix mega to the unit watt. Then, we have megawatt meaning one million watt. The
abbreviation for rnega is tha capital letter "M*.

UNIT NINE
CLA8SWORK A88IGMENT : LESSON A
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance. 1.
What is electrical equipment rated for ?
2. Is the unit of electrical power the volt or the watt ?
3. The __________________ Is a ________________ of electrical __________________ . Its
abbreviation Is ________ . All electrical equipment is _______________________ for both
_________________ and ___________________________ . Another name for
_____________________ rating is ____________ rating.
4. Is more light furnished by a light bulb with a lower or higher wattage rating ?
5. What does the wattage rating indicate ?
6. Does the higher or lower watt lamp change electrical energy to light faster ?
7. Does a lower wattage iron change electrical energy to heat faster than one of a higher
wattage rating 7
L_s2h ELECTRIC ITT SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 127
8. How is power rating more commonly referred to ?
9. When is larger unit used ?
and its abbreviation is __

10. The name of multiple 1000 is ___________
used to express a
___ . ___________________ is another _
___________ unit. It is a prefix that means
11. What does kilo mean ?
12. How many watts does one kilowatt equal ?
13. What prefix means million ?
14. What is the abbreviation for mega ?
15. Write the following numbers using the prefixes that we have dealt in this lesson.
453 987 123 watts ________________________________________________________
108 352 789 volts _________________________________________________________
453 123 987 ohms

I s&n ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 128
UNIT NINE
LESSON B
1. ELECTRICAL 8AFETY
In previous lessons we talked about many of the wonderful things that electricity can do for us.
But this period we will talk about some of the bad things electricity can do to us. There is one
thing you should remember about electricity : electricity can be dangerous . Electricity can
cause serious injury and death.
Look at figure 1. Let's see how electricity can cause serious injury and death. Serious injury
and death can be caused by electrical shock. Electrical shock is caused by electric current
flowing through the body. In figure 1, the man Is receiving an electrical shock. He is receiving
an electrical shock because he is touching an insulated hot wire. A hot wire is a conductor
through which current is flowing. Another term for hot wire Is live conductor .
Figure 3
Lets talk about some of the things you
can do to avoid an electrical shock.
Look at figure 2. You should not wear
rings, watches or metal objects while
performing maintenance on electronic
equipment.
Now, the reason you should not wear
these objects is this. Rings, watches
and metal objects are conductors and
they can cause an electrical shock.
Lets look another precaution you can take to
avoid electrical shock. Look at figure 3. Make
sure the power is turned off before working
on electric equipment.
Look at figure 4. It is a warning sign. The sign says danger - high voltage. The sign, danger - high
voltage, is a warning sign. You must be careful working around high voltage. High voltage can
kill you.
/ .. . ................................ . ... .......... ..... ............................... \
AW ARNING
Hazardous voltage. When generator is used for
^v Backfeed to standby power,
f utility system i can use of automatic transfer switch
cause electrocution or is recommended to prevent
property damoge. inadvertent interconnection of
standby and norma! sources of
supply.
25BB15
J
Figure 4.- Warning sign
Warning signs should be posted in all areas where high voltage is used. Warning signs indicate
danger. There are many safety rules, but one you should always remember is be careful .
No matter how many safety rules are written accidents continue to happen. So lets talk about
some of the things you can do when you seen an accident involving electrical shock. The victim
of electrical shock depend on you to give him/her first aid.
In case of an accident involving an electrical shock, the first thing you can do is turn off the high
voltage. If you can not turn off the high voltage you must free the shock victim from the live
conductor.
I ELECTRICITY SPECIALIZED ENGLISH COURSE Page 131
Lets see how you can free a shock victim from a live conductor. Look at figure 5. Remember
this : DO NOT TOUCH THE VICTIM with your bare hands. If you touch the victim with your bare
hands you will receive an electrical shock. In order to free the victim from the live conductor
you must protect yourself with dry insulating material. Examples of dry insulating material you
can use are : a dry board, your belt and dry clothing.
DO N O T T O U C H V I C T I M W I T H Y O U R B A R E H A N D S .
Lets talk about first aid. You should administer first aid after the victim is freed from the live
conductor. The two most likely results of electrical shock are : the victim stops breathing and
receives bodily injury from falling.
Lets see what type of first aid you can give a shock victim. Look at figure 6. If a person is
bleeding you must control the bleeding. Bleeding can be controlled by using pressure or a
tourniquet. In figure 6 A, pressure is being used to control bleeding and a tourniquet is being
used to control bleeding In figure 6 B.
Figure 6 - Control
Figure 5 bleeding
Now lets see how can get the victim breathing again. Look at figure 7. If the shock victim is not
breathing begin artificial respiration immediately. Artificial respiration is used to get the victim
to breathe. In figure 7 you can notice the steps involved in giving artificial respiration. Repeat
steps *F" and G" at the rate of 12 to 20 times per minute. Continue this until the victim starts
breathing Here is another thing to remember about blowing into a victims lungs. Blow forcefully
PLACE THE HEAD AS FAR BACK AS PLACE YOUR THUMB IN THE

POSSIBLE SO THAT THE FRONT OF THE CORNER OF THE MOUTH AND HOLD
NECK IS STRETCHED. THE LOWER JAW UP.
CLOSE THE NOSE WITH BLOW UNTIL THE LET THE AIR OUT OF
Y O U R T H U M B A N D F O R E - C H EFigure
S T R I S E7S.-
. FArtificial
I N G E R . respiration HIS LUNGS.
into adults, and gently into children.

UNIT NINE
CLA8S WORK AS8IGMENT : LE88ON B
The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assistance : 1. What
should you remember about electricity ?
2. What causes electrical shock ?
3. What is a hot wire ?
4. A conductor or wire is a conductor through which

____ is .
5. What happens when you come In contact with a live conductor ?
6. What shouldnt you wear while performing maintenance on electric equipment ?
7. What must you do before working on electric equipment ?

8. ______________ , ____________________ and

are conductors and they can an electrical
__________________________________________
9. What do warning signs indicate ?
10. What is the first thing you can do to help a shock victim ?
11. What must you do if you cannot turn off the high voltage ?
12. What should you remember when you are freeing a victim from a live conductor ?
13. While freeing a shock victim from a hot wire, how do you protect yourself ?
14. What are some dry insulating materials you can use to free a shock victim ?
15. What are two results of electrical shock ?
16. How can bleeding be controlled ?

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SERVICiO NACIONAL DE ADIESTR4MIENTQ EN TRABAJO INDUSTRIAL

INGLES TECNICO PARA

Tecnico de Nivel Operativo

MATERIAL DIDACTICO ESCRITO

FAMILIA OCUPACIONAL ELECTROTECNI

Con la finalidad de facilitar el aprendizaje en el desarrollo de la formacion y capacitacion en la ocupacion del

DOCUMENTO APROBADO POR EL

Registro de derecho de autor: 5101-2002

LESSON A 1. HAND TOOLS 02

UNIT TWO ELECTRIC CURRENT AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

UNIT THREE CELLS AND BATTERIES

UNIT FOUR MAGNETISM

UNIT FIVE THE SIMPLE GENERATOR AND TYPES OF CURRENT

UNIT SIX SWITCHES AND RELAYS

UNIT SEVEN FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS

UNIT EIGHT RESISTORS AND TRANSFORMERS

OBJECTIVES 105 LESSON A

UNIT NINE POWER AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY

OBJECTIVES 121 LESSON A

HAND TOOLS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES

the following ones :

standard screwdriver chisel

box end wrench

adjustable open'end wrench soldering iron

straight hand snips soldering gun

hacksaw socket wrench

splice female connector

friction tape soldering

HAND TOOLS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND WIRING TECHNIQUES

figure shows a screwdriver. A screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening screws.

Phillips screwdriver. A Phillips screwdriver is used to turn the PhHNps-head screws.

nuts and bolts.

Figure 6. Box-end wrench

hand snips are used for cutting light sheet metal.

ROUND NOSE CHISEL.

DIAMOND POINT CHISEL

Figure 11.- Chisels

used for sharpening tools.

HOLLOW SHANK GASKET PUNCH REMOVING A BOLT WITH A PUNCH

for making or drilling holes in metal or wood.

for cutting wood.

Remember this about pliers. Pliers

Look at figure 18. Plies are also

used for cutting wire and nails.

Look at figure 20. This is a tool that

is frequently used by electricians. It is a soldering Iron.

CLASSWORK ASSIGMENT : LESSON A

1. Look at figure 1 on the last page. Fill in the blanks below.

c. indicates an __________ ____________________________

e. indicates a ___________ _ ___________________________

f. indicates a __________________________ __________ .

g. indicates ____ ______________________ ______________

i. indicates an __________ ___________ ________________

2. What are hammers used for ?

3. What would you use to sharpen hand snips ?

4. What tools are used for chipping and cutting metal ?

5. A is used for metal that is too

for Another cutting tool is the

6. are made in different and shapes. We

can use them for striDDina the of a wire. for

nails and ; or for

But should not be as a

c. indicates an __________________

f. indicates a ________________ .

g. indicates ____

i. indicates an ____ _ ____________

13. In figure 4 are shown _ types of ________

13. _ pushes the __________ through a