Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.

The turn, coil, and the winding are shown schematically as:
End connection

Conductors

Turn Coil Winding

A turn consists of two conductors connected to one end by an end connector.

A coil is formed by connecting several turns in series.
A winding is formed by connecting several coils in series.

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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

Lap Windings
In this type of windings, the successive coils of the
armature overlap each other as shown in figure.
Successive coils are connected in series with their ends
connected to successive commutator segments. The
pitch of the coil as viewed from commutator end is
termed as the front pitch while that measured from
other end is called the back pitch. These pitches should
not be equal to ensure winding progression.
If an armature is wound with C coils and having 2p
number of poles, then the back pitch should be equal to
the number of coils occupying one pole pitch, i.e.
Back pitch yb= C/2p coils
and hence, Front pitch yf= yb 1 coils
Positive sign is used for winding retrogression while the
negative sign is for winding progression.
Commutator pitch is then given by : yc= 1
Number of Commutator Segments = C
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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

Example
Design a suitable armature winding for an
armature with 12 slots each containing two coil
sides. The winding is double layer and number
of poles is 4.
Solution
C = 12 x 2 / 2 = 12 coils
yb= C/2p = 12/4 = 3 coils
yf= 3 + 1 = 4 for retrogressive winding
or yf= 3 - 1 = 2 for progressive winding
yfis taken equal to 2 to ensure less end
connection length.

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Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

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Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)
In a lap winding, the number of parallel paths (2a) is always equal to
the number of poles and also to the number of brushes.
Bottom coil sides

Top coil sides

N S

Commutator 1 2 3
Brush

Elements of Lap Winding

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Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

Wave Windings
In this type of windings, the coils connected in series
are either progressing or retrogressing all the way. The
figure show schematic representation for a partially
wound armature with wave windings. The distance
between successive coils sides occupying
nearly the same location under similar poles is termed
the resultant pitch y and is equal to;
y = yb+ yf
where yband yfare the back and front pitches of the
winding.
The resultant pitch y occupies double pole pitch,
therefore for a machine with 2p poles;
y.p=C1
On the other hand, commutator pitch in terms of
commutator segments will be then given by;
yc= y
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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

Example
Design a suitable armature winding for an armature with 14 slots each containing two coil
sides. The winding is double layer and number of poles is 6.
Solution
C = 14 x 2 / 2 = 14 coils
y = C 1 / p = 14 1 / 3 = 5 coils progressive only
yb= 3 & yf= 2
or yb= 2 & yf= 3

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Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

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Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)

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 Construction Of DC Machine (Cont.)
In a wave windings, the number of parallel paths (2a) is always two.

Top coil sides Bottom coil sides

N S N S

12
Brush

Elements of Wave Winding

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Construction Of DC
Machine (Cont.)
From the previous example, it is clear that:
a) There is only two parallel circuits whatever the number of
poles is.
b) Two brushes arms can only be used for voltage
collection ( A & B ). However,
extra brush arms are used to limit the current in each
brush arm ( C, D, E & F ).
Therefore number of brush arms = number of poles as in
the case of Lap windings.
c) Again brush location is decided relative to position of
poles and best location is
such that brushes should be in contact with coil sides in the
neutral zone.
D) Number of parallel circuits in this type of windings
whatever the number of poles
is always equal to TWO.
i.e. For wave windings 2a = 2