Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
5.1.2 TISSUES
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Primitive gut
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Heart
Organ systems = a group of organs that function
together to carry out the major activities of the
bodies
Example: Digestive system
Digestive system
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Simple Stratified
One cell thick More than one cell
thick
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Simple epithelium
a) Squamous epithelium
Tessellated margin
Basement
membrane
Central disc-
shaped nucleus
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Protoplasmic
bridge
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α Bowman’s capsules, alveolar lining of lungs, and
blood capillary walls – enables diffusion of
materials through it.
α Blood vessels and heart chambers – provides
smooth lining that allows relatively friction-free
passage of fluid through them.
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b) Cuboidal epithelium
Basement
membrane Central spherical
nucleus
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c) Columnar Epithelium
Columnar cell
Goblet cell
Basement
membrane
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d) Ciliated epithelium
Cilia
Columnar cell
Basal body
Mucus-secreting
cell Basement
membrane
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e) Pseudo-stratified epithelium
certain cell does not reach the free surface
Pseudostratified Pseudostratified
columnar columnar ciliated
Cilia
Nucleus
Mucus-secreting Basement
cell membrane
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2. Stratified Epithelium
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
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Example:
Uncornified – esophagus → epithelium protects
underlying tissues against mechanical damage by
friction when food is swallowed.
Cornified – external skin surfaces and buccal cavity
→ squames transformed into dead horny layer of
keratin, which provides protection against
abrasion.
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Transitional epithelium
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S
κ Exocrine gland
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κ
υ Epithelial connection between gland and surface
epithelium remains as a tube (duct).
υ Deepest cells become secretory cells → discharge
secretions into duct.
υ Secretory cells may form spherical sack or tube,
which may show various degree of branching (to
increase area of secretory surface).
υ Example: sweat, oil, wax, mammary and
digestive glands, pancreas – produces mucus,
oil, wax, milk, or digestive enzymes.
κ Endocrine gland
κ
υ Epithelial connection disappears.
υ Secretory cells forms close association with
blood capillaries.
υ Secretion (hormones) passes into
bloodstream.
υ Example: pituitary and thyroid glands, pancreas,
ovary, and testes – produces hormones.
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Matrix:
Cells:
Develop from mesenchyme, which originate from
embryonic mesoderm.
Cells widely separated from each other.
Fibres:
Collagen fibres and elastic (elastin) fibres.
Provides strength and support.
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Tendons capsules
Ligaments epimysium
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I. Areolar Tissue
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Fibres:
Collagen
υ In wavy bundles.
υ Scattered throughout matrix.
υ Flexible but inelastic.
Elastin
υ Thin straight fibres.
υ Forms a loose anastomosing network.
υ Flexible and elastic
Both provide considerable tensile strength and
resilience to tissue.
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3 Mast cell
υ Small, oval shaped, with granular cytoplasm.
υ Secretes: matrix, heparin and histamine.
υ Found close to blood vessels.
υ Heparin – anticoagulant → prevents conversion
of prothrombin to thrombin.
υ Histamine – released from injured/disrupted
tissues → causes vasodilation, contraction of
smooth muscle and stimulates gastric secretion.
4 Plasma cell
υ Rare.
υ Products of mitotic cell division by migratory
lymphocytes.
υ Components of body immune system - produce
antibodies.
υ
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5 Chromatophore
υ In specialized areas – skin and eye.
υ Branched and densely packed with melanin
granules.
6 Fat cell
υ Contains large lipid droplet.
υ Cytoplasm and nucleus confined to margins.
7 Mesenchyme cell
υ Reserve of undifferentiated cells.
υ Can be stimulated to transform into one of the
above cell types when needed.
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a long narrow nucleus of a fibroblast (the cell that make the fibers)
b many collagen fibers packed together going in the same direction
found: tendons and ligaments
function: provides strength to withstand the pulling of muscles in one direction.
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b) Dense irregular
- collagen fibers have different orientation
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5.3.2.1 Cartilage..rawan
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Hyaline Cartilage
Matrix semi-transparent – consist of chondroitin
sulphate and fine collagen fibrils.
Peripheral chondrocytes are flattened and arranged
in parallel rows.
Those situated internally are bigger and scattered.
Chondrocyte is contained in lacunae – each encloses
one, two, four, or eight chondrocytes.
No blood vessels – exchange of materials between
chondrocytes and matrix is by diffusion.
Elastic and compressible tissue.
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a matrix of cartilage is a solid flexible gel the fibers are invisible at normal
magnification
b lacunae is a shell like space containing the chondrocyte
c cartilage cell called a chondrocyte
found: epiphyseal plate; ends of long bones and ribs; rings of trachea; fetal
skeleton
function: structural and flexible support
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a lacunae with chondrocyte inside
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5.3.2.2 Bones
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i) Compact bone
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Canaliculi contain cytoplasm and may link up with
Haversian canal, with other lacunae or pass from
one lamella to another.
Capillaries branch from the arteries and veins in
the Haversian canal and pass via canaliculi to the
osteoblasts in the lacunae – facilitate passage of
nutrients, metabolic waste and respiratory gases
towards and away from the cells.
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5.3.2.3 BLOOD
Plasma
Cells
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(i) Granulocytes
Neutrophils
υ 7 – 9 µ m.
υ 70% of leukocytes.
υ Nucleus with 3 – 5 lobes.
υ (Can squeeze between cells of capillary walls
(diapedesis) and move to infected area.)
υ Function: Phagocytosis - engulf and digest
pathogen
Eosinophils
υ (Granules stained red with eosin dye.)
υ 1.5% of leukocytes.
υ 9 – 12 µ m.
υ Nucleus sometimes “Z” shaped.
υ Function: Anti-histamine properties.
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Basophils
υ (Granules stained blue with methylene blue.)
υ 0.5% of leukocytes.
υ ≈ 10 µ m.
υ Nucleus sometimes “S” shaped.
υ Function: Produce heparin and histamine
(causes inflammatory response).
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(ii) Agranulocytes
Non-granular cytoplasm.
Oval or bean-shaped nucleus.
Two types:
Monocytes
υ 4% of leukocytes.
υ 9 – 12 µ m.
υ Bean-shaped nucleus.
υ (Can migrate from bloodstream to inflamed
areas, acting in same manner as neutrophils.)
υ Function: Phagocytosis - engulf bacteria.
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Lymphocytes
υ 24% of leukocytes.
υ 6 – 8 µ m.
υ Big, rounded nucleus with little cytoplasm.
υ Function: Antibody production and cellular
immune response.
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Platelets
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5.5.1 Neurons
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Classification of neuron
Intermediary neuron
υ Transmit impulse from sensory to the motor
neuron.
υ
Multipolar neuron
υ Neuron has one axon and several dendrites.
Bipolar neuron
υ Neuron has one axon and one dendrite at
opposite ends of the cell body.
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Pseudo-unipolar neuron
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5.5.2 Neuroglia
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1 dermal tissue,
2 ground tissue,
3 vascular tissue.
Dermal tissue forms the outer surface of the plants.
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1. Apical meristems
2. Lateral meristems.
Apical meristems
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Lateral meristems
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Epidermal tissue
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(a) Periderm
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(a) Parenchyma
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Fig. 35.18(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Casparian strip
Sectioned
endodermal cells
H2O
H2O
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(b) Collenchyma
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Fibres
Two types:
and
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(a) Xylem
Consists of
1. tracheids
2. vessel elements
3. xylem parenchyma and
4. fibres.
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5.
Tracheids
Long narrow cells with pointed/slanted ends.
Walls thickened by lignin.
They are non-living when mature.
Tracheids are stacked atop one another with their
slanted ends overlapping.
The overlapping ends contain pits.
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Vessel elements
Shorter and wider than tracheids
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scalariform
Angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel
elements.
Gymnosperms only tracheids.
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(b) Phloem
Fig. 35.14b(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sieve-tube
member
Nucleus
Companion
cell
Sieve plate
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Companion cells
The companion cell forms a functional unit with the
sieve tube element.
Companion cells are specialized parenchyma
cells.
Smaller in size.
Retain their nucleus at maturity.
Companion cells are connected to sieve tube
elements by plasmodesmata.
Companion cells regulate the movement of
sugars in and out of the sieve tubes.
Companion cells are not present in conifers and
some primitive plants.
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Cuticle
Epidermis Xylem
Cortex Phloem
Pith
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Secondary xylem
Secondary
phloem
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epidermis
Vascular
bundle
Ground tissues
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Epidermis
κ On upper and lower surface.
κ Outer surface covered with cuticle.
κ Lower epidermis perforated by stomata.
Palisade mesophyll.
κ Very little air spaces between palisade cells.
κ Cells contain chloroplast –performs most of the
photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll
κ Loosely arranged – allows CO2 to diffuse easily.
κ Cells contain fewer chloroplasts.
Vascular bundles
κ Xylem and phloem surrounded by bundle sheath.
κ Xylem and phloem in leaves form in strands called
veins.
κ Most dicots have netted venation.
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Epidermis
κ On upper and lower surface.
κ Outer surface covered with cuticle.
κ Lower epidermis perforated by stomata.
Although most monocots have both palisade and
spongy mesophylls, some monocots lack distinct
regions of palisade and spongy mesophylls.
Vascular bundles
κ The leaves of most monocots have parallel
venation.
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5.6.7 Roots
Internal structure of dicotyledonous root:
Root hair
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Vascular Xylem
Bundle Phloem
Xylem
phloem
endodermis
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Epidermis
κ No cuticle.
κ Have root hairs.
Cortex
κ Contains thin-walled parenchyma cells.
Endodermis
κ One layer of cells. Each cell has a special bandlike
region, called a Casparian strip.
Pericycle
κ One layer of cells.
κ Surrounds the vascular bundle…Produce LATERAL
ROOTS
Vascular cylinder
κ Xylem arranged like a star in transverse section
with several “spokes”.
κ Phloem located in between “spokes” of xylem
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Epidermis
κ No cuticle.
κ Have root hairs.
Cortex
κ Contains thin-walled parenchyma cells.
Endodermis
κ One layer of cells.
Pericycle
κ One layer of cells.
κ Surrounds the vascular bundle.
Vascular cylinder
κ Xylem does not arrange like a star in transverse
section.
κ Phloem and xylem are in separate alternating
bundles arranged around the central pith.
κ Pith consists of parenchyma cells.
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