1/3/2017

DC CIRCUITS

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Definitions Related to DC Circuits:

An electrical network is a combination of various
electrical elements connected in series or parallel
(see next slide)
A node in an electric circuit is a point, where
two or more elements meet.
One or more elements connected between two
nodes form a branch
A closed path for the flow of current is called a
loop
A loop that does not contain other loops within
it is called a mesh
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Definitions Related to DC Circuits:

A B C D

E
H G F
+ -
X Y

A sample DC Network for understanding node, branch, loop and mesh

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Definitions Related to DC Circuits:

Active Element are energy sources like voltage and
current sources, which deliver energy to the circuit, or
parts of the circuit (e.g. voltage sources, current
sources etc.)
Passive Elements are those who take this energy and
convert them to heat or electrostatic / magnetic form
and store or dissipate the energy (e.g. resistor,
inductor, capacitor)
Bilateral Elements are those whose properties are
independent of the direction of current flowing in
them. Bilateral networks are formed by all bilateral
elements.

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Definitions Related to DC Circuits:

Linear Elements are those for whom the
Superposition Theorem is applicable. Often,
the input and output quantities of such
elements obey a y=mx type relationship
Non-Linear Elements are those for which
Superposition Theorem cannot be applied
directly. The input-output variable relationship
is not a straight line but some complex curve
(e.g. parabola etc.).

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
In any closed path in a network, the algebraic sum of all voltages is zero.

va v1 vb v2 v3 = 0
va vb = iR1 + iR2 + iR3
va vb
i =
R1 + R2 + R3

Note how signs are considered while writing the equation

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Kirchoffs Current Law:
The algebraic sum of all currents at any node is zero.

i1 i2 + i3 i4 i5 = 0
i1 + i3 = i2 + i4 + i5

Note how signs are considered while writing the equation

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Maxwells Mesh Current Method:

180 12( I 4 I1 ) 10( I 4 I 2 ) 13( I 4 I 3 ) = 0

8 I1 4 I1 12( I1 I 2 ) 12( I1 I 4 ) = 0
12( I 2 I1 ) 34 I 2 30( I 2 I 3 ) 10( I 2 I 4 ) = 0
30( I 3 I 2 ) 30 I 3 17 I 3 13( I 3 I 4 ) = 0

Solve for four variables from four equations. Note the sign conventions &
the technique to write the equations.
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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Star-Delta Transformation Method:

Star Connection Delta Connection

Delta to Star Conversion: Star to Delta Conversion:
RC R A R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R1 = Note: Such conversion is RA =
R A + RB + RC R3
done on the basis of
R A RB R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2 = power equivalence RB =
R A + RB + RC R1
RB RC Prove the above RC =
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3 =
R A + RB + RC relationships R2
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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Superposition Theorem:
In a linear bilateral electrical network, consisting of two or more sources, the
current, flowing in any branch, is the algebraic sum of the currents due to each
source, taken individually, with all the other sources being replaced by their
internal resistances. (Ideal voltage sources are replaced by short-circuit and ideal
current sources are replaced by open circuit.)

Example: Find the current through the 23 resistor by Superposition Theorem

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Step-I: Disable one source (say the Step-II: Disable the other source (the
current source) & calculate current voltage source) & calculate current
through the 23 resistor through the 23 resistor

Step-III: Add the two currents algebraically (i.e. taking into

consideration their direction) to get the total current in the
resistor

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Thevenins and Nortons Theorem:
A linear, active, resistive network which contains one or more voltage or current
sources can be replaced by a single voltage source and a series resistance (Thevenins
theorem), or by a single current source and a parallel resistance (Nortons theorem).
The voltage is called the Thevenin equivalent voltage, V0, and the current the Norton
equivalent current, I 0.

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Circuit Theorems and Laws:

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:
The power delivered by a circuit (with an equivalent series resistance R) to a load
resistance RL is maximum when RL equals R.
V'
I=
R'+ RL
V ' 2 RL
P = I 2 RL =
( R '+ RL ) 2
For maximum power transfer :
dP ( R'+ RL ) 2 V '2 V '2 RL .2( R '+ RL )
= =0
dRL ( R'+ RL ) 4
( R '+ RL ) 2 RL = 0
RL = R '

Note:
1. Power delivered at this condition is only at an efficiency of 50%
2. Power delivered by the source is maximum when RL = 0
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An Example
Problem:
Calculate the current through the non-linear element, as shown in the circuit below.
Assume all other elements to be ideal. The v-i characteristics of the non-linear
element is also given.

Circuit for the problem with the non-linear element Q (left); voltage-
current characteristics of the non-linear element (right)

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An Example
Solution:
The above problem can be solved by following the steps shown below:
Vnl = VTh I nl RTh

Vnl = f ( I nl )

Step-I: Remove Q and Thevnize the circuit

across the open terminals

Step-III: Draw the terminal characteristics of the

Thevnized circuit and the non-linear element with
respect to the same axes; the point of intersection P
gives the operating point
Step-II: Redraw the equivalent circuit with Q

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