2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Type, Pattern and Force Direction of the

Geological Structure At Kulonprogo Area-
Yogyakarta-Indonesia
Asmoro Widagdo, Subagyo Pramumijoyo, Agung Ari Setiawan
Harijoko Geophysics Department
Geological Department Gadjah Mada University
Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Asmoro_widagdo@yahoo.com

AbstractKulonprogo mountainous area is a boundary of the
Yogyakarta area at the west side. Yogyakarta is a city with a big
threat of earthquake disasters with the east side as the epicenter. The
east side of the plains of Yogyakarta has proven to be the area that
became the epicenter of a very destructive earthquake. Research
about the type, pattern and force direction forming geological
structure of the Kulonprogo Mountain area will be important in
supporting regional development and anticipation of potential
disasters that may occur in the western boundary of the Yogyakarta
plain area.
Research of the type, style and pattern forming geological
structures in Kulonprogo conducted to determine the character of the
existing geological structure. Research on patterns of geological
structure in the form of joints, faults and folds conducted at several
locations of Kulonprogo and surrounding area. Overview of the
geological structure of the previous studies combined with the
primary data from the Kulonprogo area used to study the geological
structure that has worked and potential threats in the construction
and development of the area.
The geological structure that works in Kulonprogo
mountain areas characterized by the dominant force style trending
northwest-southeast. Geological structures formed in the Kulonprogo
region are shear fractures , tensional fractures, faults and folds.
structure at Kulonprogo area. It would explain the type of the
geological structures that could be found in the all rock
formations of the Kulonprogo area. The structures that found at
one location usually have a certain pattern of the directions. By
analysis of the type and pattern of the structure then we can
know the force direction that forms the structure.
II. PHYSIOGRAPHY
Kulonprogo mountainous area is a part of the Central Java
Province and Yogyakarta Special Province. This mountain is
located in the southern part of Java Island and is a part of the
South Serayu Mountains in the east end. Kulonprogo
Mountainous bounded by the Bogowonto river in the west,
which separates the Purworejo plains and hills of southern
Serayu Mountains. In the eastern part of the mountain is
limited by Progo river, which separates with the Yogyakarta
plain. In the southern area bounded by Java's southern coastal
plain and in the northern part bounded by Magelang flat area.

Keywords: Structural geology, joints, faults, folds, Kulon Progo.

I. INTRODUCTION
Kulonprogo area is a mountainous area, bounded by a low
and high area of Kebumen in the west and low area of
Yogyakarta in the east. Kulonprogo mountainous area is
characterized by a complex of ancient volcanic rocks that grow
above the Paleogene age and covered by carbonaceous rocks
(limestone and marl) with Neogen age [7]. The Kulonprogo
Mountains are part of Java Island which is located in the
central part of the southern sea borders [4]. Figure 1. Kulonprogo area among the Central Java
Special research about the conditions of the geological tectonic framework
structure in the area of Kulonprogo and surrounding mountains
are still rare. Geological map of Yogyakarta area where this
area is located, made on a regional basis so that the existing Based on the relief and genesis, Kulonprogo Mountainous
structure only major regional structures. This paper writes area can be divided into several units of geomorphology:
about the type, pattern and force direction of the geological
 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
A. Mountainous Geomorphological Unit
This morphology is developed with north to south trending,
as a main part of Kulonprogo regency and Purworejo regency
area. This section forms a dome of the long axis extends
approximately 30 km to the north northeast-south southwest.
Stadia area of this unit is already at the mature stage with a
strong presence of erosional morphology.
B. Hills and Plains Geomorphological Units
The hilly area of limestone occupies the southeastern part
of the Kulonprogo area. River terraces occupied the eastern
part, in the southern part is a coastal alluvial plains, alluvial
plains in the west and the plains of volcanic sediment in the
north and northeast.
III. REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY
Based on the regional stratigraphy, there are some rock
formation at Kulonprogo mountainous area, starting from the
oldest to the youngest is as follow :
A. Nanggulan Formation
Nanggulan formation forms an area with undulating low
hills morphology to medium and spread evenly at Nanggulan
region (eastern of Kulonprogo mountains area). Locally, this
formation also found in the area of Sermo, Gandul, and Kokap
in the form of lenses or xenolith block in andesite igneous rock.
Nanggulan Formation has the type of location in the area of
Kalisongo river-Nanggulan.
This formation is the oldest rocks in the Kulonprogo
mountainous area the depositional environment is in
transgresive phase of the sea. The lithology of the formation
consists of sandstone with lignite, sandy marl, mudstone with
limonite concretion, marl and limestone, sandstone, tuff rich in
foraminifera and mollusks, estimated thickness of the
formation is about 350 m.
This formation is composed of shallow marine sediment,
sandstone, shale, marl and lignite. Based on the study of
planktonic foraminifera, then this Nanggulan Formation has a
range of age between the Middle Eocene to Oligocene.
B. Kebobutak Formation (Old Andesite Formation/OAF)
This formation is deposited over Nanggulan Formations
with unconformity contact. This rock formation consists of
volcanic breccia with fragments of andesite, lapilli tuff, tuff,
lapilli breccia, andesite lava flow, agglomerates and volcanic
sandstones. This rock exposed al many area in the Kulonprogo
mountains range.
This formation is well exposed in the center, north and
southwest areas of Kulonprogo. This formation make a shape
morphology of medium to steep mountains. The thickness of
this formation is about 600 m. Based on planktonic
foraminifera fossils that were found in the marl can be
determined Old Andesite Formation age is Upper Oligocene.
C. Jonggrangan Formation
On the top of Old Andesite Formation is deposited
Jonggrangan Formation with unconformity contact. Generally,
the bottom part of the formation is composed by conglomerate
and tuffaceous marl, and calcareous sandstones containing
molluscs and claystone with lignite. At the top, the
composition of this formation is a layered limestone and coral-
limestone.
Morphology that formed by this rocks formation are
mountains and hills and scattered cones in the central part
Kulonprogo Mountains. The thickness of the constituent rock
formations is about 250-400 meters. The age of this formation
is Lower Miocene to Middle Miocene. This bottom part of the
formation is considered the Lower Miocene and inter-fingering
with the bottom part of the Sentolo formation.
D. Sentolo Formation
On top of the Old Andesite Formation (OAF), besides
Jonggrangan Formation, deposited also Sentolo Formation by
unconformity contact. Sentolo Formation relationship with
Jonggrangan is inter-fingering. Sentolo Formation consists of
limestone and marl-sandstones.
The lower part consists of a conglomerate-boarded by marl
tuff and tuffaceous with glass. These rocks gradually upwards
turned into a nice layered limestone rich in Foraminifera. The
thickness of this formation is approximately 950 m.
E. Alluvial Deposits
Alluvial deposit is composed of gravel, sand, silt, and clay
along large rivers and coastal plains. Alluvial plain adjoining
the alluvial material from volcanic rock. Alluvial deposits can
be found at the east side, the west and south of Kulonprogo
area. Beach alluvial deposits of sand along the beach found in
the south of the Kulonprogo area.
IV. KULONPROGO MOUNTAINOUS TECTONIC
Kulonprogo area is a mountainous area, bounded by a low
and high area of Kebumen in the west and low area of
Yogyakarta in the east. Kulonprogo mountainous area is
characterized by a complex of ancient volcanic rocks that grow
above the Paleogene age and covered by carbonaceous rocks
(limestone and marl) with Neogen age [7].
Java tectonic order can be explained by the active system
margin. The main tectonic elements of this system is the
subduction of the Indian plate, subduction and accretion zone
south of Java, Java island and the arc magmatic, Back arc area
in North Java and the Java Sea. With the active system margin,
basin of North West Java and North East Java can be classified
as a Back arc Basin, while the South Java basin is Fore Arc
Basin from this system. Kulonprogo is as a part of the
magmatic arc.
Kulonprogo Mountains are part of Java Island [4] which is
located in the central part of the southern sea borders.
 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Base on the Geological Map of Yogyakarta latest sheet,

showing that the Opak fault is the boundary faults parallel to
each other in the east, but no faults were found on the west side

Figure 2. Kulonprogo area belongs to the active

subduction plate tectonic margin.

V. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF KULONPROGO

In Kulonprogo mountainous area, normal fault faults are
very common and indicate radier patterns around the body of Figure 4. The appearance of joints at the rock in
ancient volcanoes that still seems ideal [7]. It can be seen also Kulonprogo area
on the Geological Map Sheet Yogyakarta [5], published by the
of Yogyakarta. The reason why the fault in the western part is
Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung. The
still unknown is because there is no tectonic studies at this area,
presence of radial structure associated with the presence of this
which have been carried out in the boundary of Kulonprogo
volcano need to be reexamined.
mountainous area and the Yogyakarta low land area.
There is a possibility that the fault in the west is a
subsurface fault or has been covered by younger sediment [1].
Expression of faults and fractures in the western part of
Yogyakarta is higher than in the east. Apparently, the
expression of straightness in the western part is controlled by
tectonic activity which is higher than at the eastern part [1].
Tectonic history of the Yogyakarta graben [1] during the
compression phase, which is controlled by NNE-SSW
compression force during the Tertiary, creating a horizontal
fault NW-SE and NE-SW. Appointment / uplift that occurred
after the end of the Pliocene, and then followed by extensional
phase during the Pleistocene. This extension creates an E-W
normal fault and the reactivated sinistral NE-SW faults as
normal faults. This fault is as a barrier of Yogyakarta graben.
There are some geological structures in the mountains of
Kulonprogo, such as folding the axis east-west trending,
horizontal fault with the direction southeast-northwest, also
found normal fault with east-west direction that exists around
the body of andesite and dacite dome [8]. However, on a
geological map, fold structures have an axis trending
southwest-northeast. With force direction is southeast trending.
The maximum stress direction which came from southeast
direction has made some anticline, syncline, normal fault [5],
and indicate the presence of strike slip fault and reverse fault.
Strike slip fault with right and left slip can be found at Clereng
area, north of Wates town. Reverse fault can be found at
Nanggulan and Kalibawang area, at the north of Kulonprogo
area.
Figure 3. The alignment faults in the geological map
of Ijo-Kulonprogo Mountains [5]
 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Figure 5. The apearance of normal fault in
Kulonprogo area. All layers at the left side are move
down relative to the right side
Figure 6. The appearance of reverse fault in
Kulonprogo mountainous area. All layers at the left
side are move up relative to the right side
Figure 7. Fold with Northeast-Southwest axis near
Wates-Kulonprogo
Three regional tectonic patterns mentioned have been
controlling the formation of Kulonprogo mountain. That
pattern is the pattern of Sundanese, Meratus and Javanese, with
the direction of North-South, Northeast-Southwest and West-
East [6].
Figure 8. Fracture development from the
oldest to the youngest at the volcanic rock in
Kulonprogo area [1].
VI. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
Geologically, Kulonprogo is an area that has a potential of
natural resources that can be utilized and the area that can be
further developed. Kulonprogo divided into 3 parts, plateaus,
hills and plains also directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean.
This condition has the potential of outstanding natural.
Kulonprogo natural resource potential is an asset that should be
developed to its full potential for advancement of Kulonprogo
society.
Geological structures found in Kulonprogo may affect the
landscape and potentially control the occurrence of disasters
such as landslides. The study of active structural geology is
needed to map the high risk area.
VII. CONCLUSSION
In the area of Kulonprogo Mountains encountered
geological structure in the form of joints, faults and folds.
Tensional joints generally have trending Northwest-
Southeast, a pair of shear joints have Northwest-Southeast and
East-West Trend, normal faults generally trending northwest-
southeast, east-west and north-south, reverse faults have
southwest-northeastern trending, strike slip faults have
Northwest-Southeast and East-West, and folds with axes
trending southwest-northeast. The maximum stress direction
which makes the structure of Kulonprogo area is from
Southeast direction.
The presence of the geological structure in the Kulonprogo
area needs to be considered in the construction and
development of the area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to the higher education department, the ministry of
education and culture of Republic Indonesia. Thanks too, for
 2016 6th International Annual Engineering Seminar (InAES), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

the discussion and support to all of friends in the doctorate

program, Geological Engineering Department-UGM.

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