EE 451

Load Flow Analysis (LFA)

LFA is performed for:

1- Power system planning

2- Operational planning

3- System operation and control

4- Economic dispatching

Data obtained to identify the following:

1- Normal operation mode (day to day etc.)

2- Contingency analysis

3- Outage security assessment

4- Optimal dispatch

5- Stability investigations
 Power Flow Problem

Consider a typical power system network, shown by its typical

single line diagram:

1 Load 4

Load 6 Load 5 2 Load 2

Analysis of positive sequence network is performed due to

balance nature.

Types of buses

i- Generation buses
 (active power (MW)) & voltage magnitude |V|

ii- Load buses (P(MW), Q (MVAR) & power factor)

iii- Slack or swing bus

1- Acts as a reference for voltage measured

2- Supplies system losses

To have the following:

Requirements:

P, Q (MW, MVAR), V (bus voltages) & P (power balance)

Network model Formulation:

Network modeling is necessary in order to solve the load flow

problem.

Line model, Generators, Loads (-ve generators), Transformers

etc

At ith bus, net complex power injected into the bus:

Si = Pi + j Qi = (PGi PDi) + (QGi QDi)

Basic consideration:

[V] = [Z] [I] Mesh

[I] = [Y] [V] Nodal

 Formulation of system admittance matrix

Consider a 2-bus system network.

3
I1 I1
1 2 I2
I1
V3
I1
V1 y10 y20 V2

V1 & V2 are voltages of nodes 1 & 2 w.r.t ground (0)

I1 & I2 are injected current at nodes 1 & 2

y12 is mutual admittance between nodes 1 & 2

I 1 = I1 + I1 + I1 , assuming V1 > V2 & V1 > V3

I1 = y12 (V1 V2) + y10 V1 + y13 (V1-V3)

I2 = -y12 (V1 V2) + y20 V2 + 0

For an N-bus network (assuming all nodes (or buses) are

connected together):

I1 = y12 V1 y12 V2 + y10 V1 + y13 V1- y13 V3

= (y10 + y12 + y13+) V1 y12 V2 - y13 V3 - y1N VN

Injected current at node # 2

I2 = y12 V1 + (y20 + y21 + y23+)V2 y2N VN

For any node k:

Ik = Yk1 V1 Yk2 V2 ...+ (yk1 + yk2 + yk3+)Vk YkN VN

For node N

IN = YN1 V1 YN2 V2 ...+ (yN1 + yN2 + yN3+)VN

Re-arranging and writing in matrix form for an N-bus network:

Where Y11, Y22 YNN are the self admittances of nodes #

(1,2N) respectively.

Y12 is the negated mutual admittance joining nodes 1 & 2

For any nodes k linked with node j, Ykk is the sum of all

admittances linking node k to every other node.

Ykj is the negated mutual admittance linking nodes k and j

.
N.B Ykj = Yjk
Solution of linear simultaneous equations by iterative method

Consider a set of n linear simultaneous equations as follows:

a11 X1 + a12 X2 + a13 X3 + = y1

a21 X1 + a22 X2 + a23 X3 + = y2

a31 X1 + a32 X2 + a33 X3 + = y3

aN1 X1 + aN2 X2 + aN3 X3 + = yN

Rearranging the set to solve for X1, X2, X3, XN

X1 = (y1 - a12 X2 - a13 X3 )

X2 = (y2 a21 X1 a23 X3 )

X3 = (y3 a31 X1 a32 X2 )

XN = (yN aN1 X1 aN2 X2 )

Assume solution vector for the variables X1, X2, XN

To be: (calculated) X =X1 -

& = X 10-5

Where is the tolerance limit for convergence.

Example:

System of equations for short circuit current calculation as

follows:

0.6270 I1 + 0.1930 I2 + 0.0100 I3 = 1.0

0.1930 I1 + 0.4840 I2 + 0.1711 I3 = 1.0

0.0100 I1 + 0.1711 I2 + 0.6960 I3 = 1.0

Solve for I1, I2 & I3 , = 10-6

a) Use Gauss method

b) Use Gauss-seidel method

Obtain number of iterations for both methods.

 Gauss-Seidel Method for Load flow Analysis

Basic equations:

[I] = [Y] [V] (1)

P-jQ = V* I (N.B P+jQ = V I*) (2)

Constraints (Bus Specifications)

GBP, |V| , LBP,Q (or cos) & SB |V|,

Assume the voltages of slack bus + all PQ buses.

In general for any bus k in an N-bus power system, the bus

voltage can be found as follows:

Ik = (Pk jQk)/Vk*
The previous set of equations is non-linear. It is however

possible to linearize this set by initially estimating values of the

unknown bus voltages & hence applying Gauss-seidel

technique for solution.

Process for solution:

All buses PQ , slack (1)

i- Find Pk , Qk at 2,N

ii- Assemble Ybus

iii- Iterative computation of bus voltages (use flat voltage

start i.e. V = 1)

iv- Compute bus voltages

 v- Immediately substitute computed voltages in successive

expressions.

vi- At the end of the first iteration compare guessed and

computed values and insure tolerance limit satisfied for

all voltages values.

vii- If not proceed to another iteration

viii- If convergence is reached print out your result.

Recalling Vk:

For an iteration r
For the succeeding iteration (r+1)

To satisfy convergence

N.B Solution is ensured when all bus voltages have converged

to, within the specified tolerance limit.

Computation of Line Flows between any two buses k & n will be:
Acceleration of Convergence:

To speed up the solution, acceleration factors are applied on the

bus voltages.

Where is called the acceleration factor and lays between (1.2

& 1.6). Each system may be characterized by a certain value of

When a PV buses are present:

Application of Vk equation is carried out as follows for any

generator bus:
If Qk violates the limit (Qmin or Qmax) then:

1- make (Qk = Qmin or Qk = Qmax)

2- PV bus should be converted to a PQ bus.

If the violation vanishes then the bus must be returned back to

its original state (PV) bus

Then the computation of slack bus power will be