Urban Anthropology

PGSP11458
(Semester 1, 2016/17)

Location:

Lecture:
Room 1.204, 7 Bristo Square
Thursdays, 14:10 16:00

PG Seminar:
Seminar Room 5, Chrystal Macmillan Building
Mondays, 10:00 11:00

Instructors:

Richard Baxstrom
5.29 CMB Guidance and Feedback Hours, Tuesdays, 13:00-15:00
Richard.Baxstrom@ed.ac.uk

Casey High
5.21 CMB Guidance and Feedback Hours, Mondays, 14:00-16:00
C.High@ed.ac.uk

Rationale and Course Description

Despite the increasing scale and velocity of urban growth throughout much of
the world in the past century, anthropologists have only recently begun to
grapple with the complexity of urban social dynamics. Traditionally focused on
remote and seemingly isolated communities, today an increasing number of
anthropologists have joined scholars from other disciplines to explore different
aspects of the social, political, economic and cultural dynamics of cities and
the connections within and between urban areas. This course considers what
an urban anthropology can bring to classic theories of the city by exploring
the diverse ways in which people inhabit, experience, engage and imagine
urban environments. In drawing on a variety of ethnographic contexts and
theorizations of the city, the course demands a critical rethinking of cities as
sites for understanding social inequalities, emerging aesthetics and cultural
forms, and senses of place for people who move to and through cities. The
course gives particular attention to the visual and material aspects of the city
as a built landscape not only through monuments, architecture and city
planning but also through modes of dress, artistic expression, and styles of
individual and collective self-representation and performance, all of which
contribute to the texture, materiality and feel of urban landscapes.

1
Weekly Topics

1) Introduction 1: What is the city? (RB)

2) Introduction 2: Anthropologies in and of the City (CH)
3) Town & Country: The Urban Revolution (CH)
4) Past Time: Memorializing, Remembering [Forgetting] (RB)
5) Future Time: Urban Planning (CH)
6) Architecture and the Built Environment (RB)
7) Gentrification and Urban Social Inequalities (CH)
8) Policing and Security / Violence and Control (RB)
9) Global Cities and Future Ruins [everywhere and nowhere] (RB)
10) Conclusion: Urban Utopia or Planet of Slums? (CH)

Assessment

The course will be assessed through two coursework assignments followed

by a final assessed essay.

The first assignment is a mapping exercise that requires students, working in

groups, to choose a specific technology through which to observe an urban
context ethnographically. These may range from city monuments to tourist
infrastructure or dress, or any other aspect of city that will allow students to
create an extended, portfolio-style map of a particular urban area. Students
will work in groups to visit, gather data and other information, and create
maps of one of the following locations in Edinburgh:

1) The area around the Scottish parliament building and Holyrood Palace
(The Canongate)
2) Leith Fort (around North Fort Street and Portland Street, EH6 4HN)
3) Calton Hill
4) The Water of Leith

The maps, which students are invited to create in whatever form they choose.
The groups can incorporate existing types of maps (topographic, economic,
road, thematic, etc.) into their own extended portfolio and are encouraged to
generate or include other supporting materials (photographs, small artefacts,
relevant texts, etc.) as part of their elaborated portfolio map of the area that
they are seeking to document and represent. A single portfolio will represent
the work of the entire group and the mark given to the submitted material will
apply as the mark for each individual member of the group for this
assignment. The portfolio will include individually written short narratives
formulated by each member of the group regarding ones personal
observations of the exercise. These narratives will be no more than one page
of text (up to 500 words) and are to be included as part of the group portfolio.
Groups and areas will be assigned during the first tutorial session of the
course.

The second assignment is a written review of a book (up to 1000 words) to be

chosen from the list of non-fiction and fiction books included in the suggested

2
readings sections for individual lectures in the course handbook. Any full
book or monograph listed in these sections can be reviewed for this
assignment. Reviews of single articles will not be accepted.

The final assessed essay (up to 3500 words) will respond to one question
chosen from a list provided by the course organisers. These questions will be
provided on LEARN during week 5 of the course.

Hand-in Dates

Mapping Exercise: 12 noon, 13th October 2016

Feedback returned by: 3rd November 2016

Book Review: 10th November 2016

Feedback returned by: 1st December 2016

Final Assessment: 12th December 2016

Feedback returned by: 11th January 2017

Feedback for coursework will be returned online via ELMA. We undertake to

return all coursework within 15 working days of submission.

For Assessment requirements you should consult the Taught MSc

Student Handbook 2016-17.

Requirements included are:

Coursework submissions
Extension request
Penalties

Assessment Weighting

Mapping Exercise (formative assessment) 20%

Book Review (formative assessment) 20%

Final Essay (summative assessment) 60%

External Examiner

The External Examiner for the course is Dr Arnar rnason, University of

Aberdeen.

3
Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this course students will be able to:

1.participate in an effective and informed way in debates regarding the

history of urban anthropology, the issues regarding human cultural
difference in urban environments, and the relation between urban
anthropology and the work of social anthropology more generally;
2. demonstrate substantive knowledge and critical understanding of a
selection of important historical and social issues with regard to the
development and use of concepts and technologies in the planning,
governance, and representation of urban environments, and of the
contending viewpoints and claims on these issues;
3. identify and critically characterise a variety of key approaches from
social anthropology, from other social science disciplines, and from
interdisciplinary fields like urban planning and science and technology
studies to understanding and evaluating issues concerning urban
anthropology as a sub-field, and identify advantages, problems and
implications of these approaches;
4. evaluate key contributions to the academic and public debates on the
study of cities in scientific, philosophical, and humanities-related
inquiries in order to engage wider audiences regarding issues of
human social and cultural difference;
5. identify and evaluate a selection of techniques and procedures used in
anthropological research in urban environments and their relation to
the techniques and procedures of deployed in governance, planning,
and urban development generally;

4
Anthropology and the City Weekly Lecture Topics
* indicates that this reading is the assigned reading for the tutorial
session the following week.

1) Introduction: What is the city? (RB)

Introductory Readings:

Debord, Guy. 1994 [1967]. Society of the Spectacle. Translated by Donald

Nicolson-Smith. New York: Zone Books.

Derrida, Jacques. 1995. Khra. Translated by Ian McCloud. In On the Name.

Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Kohn, Margaret. 2008. Homo Spectator: Public Space in the age of the
spectacle. Philosophy and Social Criticism. 34:5. 467-486.

Lefebvre, Henri. 2003 [1970]. The Urban Revolution. Translated by Robert

Bononno. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Lvi-Strauss, Claude. 1992 [1955]. A Writing Lesson [Chapter 28], 294-304,

and A Little Glass of Rum [Chapter 38], 383-393. In Tristes Tropiques.
Translated by John and Doreen Weightman. New York: Penguin Books.

Lvi-Strauss, Claude. 1985. New York in 1941 [Chapter 21], 258-267. In The
View From Afar. Translated by Joachim Neugroschel and Phoebe Hoss.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Plato. 2008 [c360 BCE]. Timaeus, 1-100. In Timaeus and Critias, Translated
by Robin Waterfield, with an Introduction and Notes by Andrew Gregory.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1982 [1758]. Politics and the Arts: letter to M.

dAlembert on the theatre. Edited by Allan Bloom. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.

Sennett, Richard. 1977. Part Two: The Public World of the Ancien Rgime
[Chapters 3-6], 45-122. In The Fall of Public Man. London: Penguin Books.

5
2) Anthropologies in and of the City (CH)

Required Readings:

Hannerz, Ulf. 1980. The Education of an Urban Anthropologist. Chapter 1 of

Exploring the City: Inquiries Towards an Urban Anthropology. New York:
Columbia University Press.

*Stoller, Paul. 2002. Crossroads: Tracing African Paths on New York City
Streets. Ethnography 3(1): 35-62.

Low, Setha M. 1995. The Anthropology of Cities: Imagining and Theorizing

the City. Annual Review of Anthropology. 25. 383-409.

Further Readings:

Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift. 2002. Cities: Reimagining the Urban (Introduction
and Chaper 1: The Legibility of the Everyday City). Cambridge: Polity.

Bourgois, Philippe. 1996. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fox, Richard G. 1977. Urban Anthropology: Cities and Their Cultural Settings.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Hannerz, Ulf. 1980. Chicago Ethnographers. Chapter 2 of Exploring the City:

Inquiries Towards an Urban Anthropology. New York: Columbia University
Press.

Reed, Adam. 2002. City of Details: Interpreting the Personality of London.

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8: 127-141.

Wacquant, Loic. 2004. Body & Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Whyte, William Foote. 1993 [1943]. Street Corner Society: The Social
Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

6
3) Town & Country: The Urban Revolution (CH)

Required Readings:

Wirth, Louis. 1938. Urbanism as a Way of Life. American Journal of

Sociology. 44. 1-24.

*Bach, Jonathan. 2010. They Come In Peasants and Leave Citizens: Urban
Villages and the Making of Shenzhen, China. Cultural Anthropology. 25:3.
421-458.

Appadurai, Arjun. 1991. Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a

Transnational Anthropology. In R. Fox (ed.) Recapturing Anthropology:
Working in the Present. Santa Fe: SAR Press. 191-210.

Further Readings:

Hannerz, Ulf. 1980. The Search for the City. Chapter 3 of Exploring the City:
Inquiries Towards an Urban Anthropology. New York: Columbia University
Press.

Heckenberger, Michael. 2009. Lost Cities of the Amazon: The Amazon

Tropical Forest is not as Wild as it Looks. Scientific American. October Issue,
pgs. 64-71.

Lund, Sarah. 2011. Invaded City: Structuring urban landscapes on the

margins of the possible in Peru. Focaal Journal of Global and Historical
Anthropology. 61. 33-45.

Smart, Alan and Josephine Smart. 2003. Urbanization and the Global
Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology. 32. 263-285.

Redfield, Robert. 1947. The Folk Society. American Journal of Sociology 41:
293-308.

Simmel, Georg. 1950. The Metropololis and Urban Life. In K. H. Wolff (ed.)
The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.

Williams, Raymond. 1973. The Country and the City. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

7
4) Past Time: Memorializing, Remembering [Forgetting] (RB)

Required Readings:

Boym, Svetlana. 2007. Nostalgia and its Discontents. The Hedgehog

Review. Summer issue. 7-18.

*Sturken, Marita. 2004. The aesthetics of absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero.

American Ethnologist. 31:3. 311-325.

van der Hoorn, Mlanie. 2005. 8:01am, 20,000 people, and 450 kilograms of
explosives: elimination of the Kaiserbau as a secular sacrifice. Focaal
Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology. 46. 109-127.

Further Readings:

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Memory and Forgetting [Chapter 11], 187-206. In

Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
London: Verso.

Berliner, David. 2005. Social Thought and Commentary: The Abuses of

Memory: Reflections on the Memory Boom in Anthropology. Anthropological
Quarterly. 78:1. 197-211.

Boym, Svetlana. 2001. The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.

Khazanov, Anatoly M. 1998. Post-Communist Moscow: Re-Building the

Third Rome in the Country of Missed Opportunities. City and Society. 10:1.
269-314.

Kugelmass, Jack and Annamaria Orla-Bukowska. 1998. If You Build it They

Will Come: Recreating an Historic Jewish District in Post-Communist
Krakw. City and Society. 10:1. 315-353.

Laszczkowski, Mateusz. 2015. Scraps, Neighbors, and Committees: Material

Things, Place-Making, and the State in an Astana Apartment Block. City and
Society. 27:2. 136-159.

Rieff, David. 2016. In Praise of Forgetting: Historical Memory and its Ironies.
New Haven: Yale University Press.

Sorkin, Michael. 2003. Starting from Zero: Reconstructing Downtown New

York. New York: Routledge.

Todorov, Tzvetan. 2003. Hope and Memory: Lessons from the Twentieth
Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

8
van der Hoorn, Mlanie. 2004. Consuming the Platte in East Berlin: the new
popularity of former GDR architecture. Home Cultures. 1. 89-126.

Vinitzky-Seroussi, Vered. 1998. Jerusalem Assassinated Rabin and Tel Aviv

Commemorated him: Rabin Memorials and the Discourse of National Identity
in Israel. City and Society. 10:1. 183-203.

9
5) Future Time: Urban Planning (CH)

Required Readings:

*Baxstrom, Richard. 2011. Even Governmentality Begins as an Image:

Institutional planning in Kuala Lumpur. Focaal Journal of Global and
Historical Anthropology. 61. 61-72.

Holston, James. 1998. Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship. In L. Sandercock

(ed.) Making the Invisible Visible: A Multicultural Planning History. Berkeley:
University of California Press. Pgs. 37-56.

Further Readings:

Weszkalnys, Gisa. 2008. A Robust Square: Planning, Youth Work, and the
Making of Public Space in Post-Unification Berlin. City and Society. 20:2. 251-
274.

Abram, Simone. 2014. The Time it Takes: Temporalities of Planning. Journal

of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 129-147.

Abram, Simone and Gisa Weszkalnys. 2013. Elusive Promises: Planning in

the Contemporary World. An Introduction. In Elusive Promises: Planning in
the Contemporary World, 1-34. Oxford: Berghahn.

Chalfin, Brenda. 2014. Public things, excremental politics, and the

infrastructure of bare life in Ghanas city of Tema. American Ethnologist. 41:1.
92-109.

Khan, Naveeda. 2011. Geddes in India: town planning, plant sentience, and
cooperative evolution. Environment and Planning. 29. 840-856.

Low, Setha. 1995. Indigenous Architecture and the Spanish American Plaza
in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. American Anthropologist 97(4): 748-762.

McDonogh, Gary. 1991. Discourses of the City: Policy and Response in Post-
Transitional Barcelona. City and Society. 5:1. 40-63.

Nielsen, Morten. 2014. A wedge of time: futures in the present and presents
without futures in Maputo, Mozambique. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute. 20:s1. 166-182.

10
6) Architecture and the Built Environment (RB)

Required Readings:

Fehrvry, Krisztina. 2011. The Materiality of the New Family House in

Hungary: Postsocialist Fad or Middle-class Ideal?. City and Society. 23:1. 18-
41.

*Harms, Erik. 2012. Beauty as control in the new Saigon: Eviction, new urban
zones, and atomised dissent in a Southeast Asian city. American Ethnologist.
39:4. 735-750.

Verkaaik, Oskar. 2014. The art of imperfection: contemporary synagogues in

Germany and the Netherlands. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
20:3. 486-504.

Further Readings:

Baxstrom, Richard. 2008. Houses in Motion: The Experience of Place and the
Problem of Belief in Urban Malaysia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

De Boeck, Filip. 2015. Poverty and the Politics of Syncopation: Urban

Examples from Kinshasa (DR Congo). Current Anthropology, 56: supplement
11. S146-S158.

Desjarlais, Robert. 1997. Shelter Blues: Sanity and Selfhood Among the
Homeless. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Fowler, Chris and Oliver JT Harris. 2015. Enduring Relations: Exploring a

paradox of new materialism. Journal of Material Culture. 20:2. 127-148.

Ghannam, Farha. 2002. Remaking the Modern: Space, Relocation, and the
Politics of Identity in a Global Cairo. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Holston, James. 1989. The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of

Braslia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Houston, Christopher. 2015. Politicizing place perception: a phenomenology

of urban activism in Istanbul. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
21:4. 720-738.

Jacobs, Jane. 1992 [1961]. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New
York: Vintage Books.

Kusno, Abidin. 2010. The Appearances of Memory: Mnemonic Practices of

Architecture and Urban Form in Indonesia. Durham: Duke University Press.

Lefebvre, Henri. 2004. Rhythmanalysis. London: Continuum.

11
McDonough, Tom, ed. 2010. The Situationists and the City. London: Verso
Books.

Sadler, Simon. 1999. The Situationist City. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Sennett, Richard. 1996. Flesh and Stone: The Body and City in Western
Civilization. New York: Faber and Faber.

12
7) Gentrification and Urban Social Inequalities (CH)

Required Readings:

*Doucet, Brian. 2009. Living Through Gentrification: Subjective experiences

of local, non-gentrifying residents in Leith, Edinburgh. Journal of Housing and
the Built Environment 24: 299-315.

Herzfeld, Michael. 2010. Engagement, Gentrification, and the Neoliberal

Hijacking of History. Current Anthropology 51(S2): S259-S267.

Checker, Melissa. 2011. Wiped Out by the Greenwave: Environmental

Gentrification and the Paradoxical Politics of Urban Sustainability. City &
Society 23(2): 210-229.

Further Readings:

Perez, Gina. Real World: Gentrification and the Social Construction of Place
in Chicago. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural System and World
Economic Development 31(1): 37-68.

Anjaria, Jonathan Shapiro. 2011. Ordinary States: Everyday corruption and

the politics of space in Mumbai. American Ethnologist. 38:1. 58-72.

Bayat, Asef. 2012. Politics in the City Inside-Out. City and Society. 24:2. 110-
128.

De Boeck, Filip. 2011. Inhabiting Ocular Ground: Kinshasas Future in the

Light of Congos Spectral Urban Politics. Cultural Anthropology. 26:2. 263-
286.

McClanahan, Angela. 2014. Archaeologies of Collapse: New Concepts of

Ruination in Northern Britain. Visual Culture in Britain. 15:2. 198-213.

Kusno, Abidin. 2011. The green governmentality in an Indonesian

metropolis. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 32:2. 314-331.

Williams, James. 2015. Poor Men with Money: On the Politics of Not Studying
the Poorest of the Poor in Urban South Africa. Current Anthropology, 56:
supplement 11. S24-S31.

Smith, Neil. 1996. New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City.
London: Routledge.

13
8) Policing and Security / Violence and Control (RB)

Required Readings:

Low, Setha M. 2001. The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the
Discourse of Urban Fear. American Anthropologist. 103:1. 45-58.

Reeves, Madeline. 2013. Clean fake: Authenticating documents and persons

in migrant Moscow. American Ethnologist. 40:3. 508-524.

*Sassen, Saskia. 2010. When the City Itself Becomes a Technology of War.
Theory, Culture & Society 27(6) 33-50.

Further Readings:

Bubandt, Nils. 2009. From the Enemys Point of View: Violence, Empathy,
and the Ethnography of Fakes. Cultural Anthropology, 24:3. 553-588.

De Boeck, Filip and Marie-Franois Plissart. 2004. Kinshasa: Tales of the

Invisible City. Ghent: Royal Museum for Central Africa.

Dick, Philip K. 1999 [1977]. A Scanner Darkly. London: Gollancz.

Goldstein, Daniel. 2012. Outlawed: Between Security and Rights in a Bolivian

City. Durham: Duke University Press.

Holston, James. 2009. Insurgent Citizenship in an Era of Global Urban

Peripheries. City and Society, 21:2. 245-267.

Iveson, Kurt. 2010. Graffiti, Street Art and the City: The wars on graffiti and
the new military urbanism. City. 14:1-2. 115-134.

Karpiak, Kevin G. 2010. Of Heroes and Polemics: The Policeman in Urban

Ethnography. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review. 33:s1. 7-31.

Lee, Doreen. 2013. Anybody Can Do It: Aesthetic Empowerment, Urban

Cititzenship, and the Naturalization of Indonesian Graffiti and Street Art. City
and Society. 25:3. 304-327.

Masco, Joseph. 2008. Survival is Your Business: Engineering Ruins and

Affect in Nuclear America. Cultural Anthropology. 23:2. 361-398.

Merry, Sally Engle. 1981. Urban Danger: Life in a Neighborhood of Strangers.

Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Reynolds, Pamela. 2013. War in Worcester: Youth and the Apartheid State.
New York: Fordham University Press.

14
Snchez, Rafael. 2008. Seized by the Spirit: The Mystical Foundation of
Squatting among Pentacostals in Caracas (Venezuela) Today. Public
Culture. 20:2. 267-305.

Weszkalnys, Gisa. 2007. The Disintegration of a Socialist Exemplar:

Discourses on Urban Disorder in Alexanderplatz, Berlin. Space and Culture.
10:2. 207-230.

Zeiderman, Austin. 2013. Living Dangerously: Biopolitics and Urban

Citizenship in Bogot, Columbia. American Ethnologist. 40:1. 71-87.

15
9) Global Cities and Future Ruins [everywhere and nowhere] (RB)

Required Readings:

Benjamin, Walter. 1999 [1935, 1939]. Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth

Century, 3-26. In The Arcades Project. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard
University Press. [version also appears in Reflections]

*Ringel, Felix. 2014. Post-industrial times and the unexpected: endurance and
sustainability in Germanys fastest-shrinking city. Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute. 20:s1. 52-70.

Schwenkel, Christina. 2013. Post / Socialist Affect: Ruination and

Reconstruction of the Nation in Urban Vietnam. Cultural Anthropology. 28:2.
252-277.

Further Readings:

Ballard, J.G. 2005 [1975]. High Rise. London: Harper Perennial.

Bestor, Theodore C. 2001. Supply Side Sushi: Commodity, Market, and the
Global City. American Anthropologist, 103:1. 76-95.

Bestor, Theodore C. 2004. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the
World. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bonhomme, Julien. 2012. The Dangers of Anonymity: Witchcraft, rumor, and

modernity. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2:2. 205-233.

Marchand, Yves and Romaine Meffre. 2010. The Ruins of Detroit. Gttingen:
Stedl.

Sendra, Pablo. 2015. Rethinking Urban Public Space: Assemblage Thinking

and the Uses of Disorder. City. 19:6. 820-836.

Sennett, Richard. 2008 [1970]. The Uses of Disorder: Personal Identity and
City Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Zeiderman, Austin. 2016. Prognosis past: the temporal politics of disaster in

Columbia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 22:s1. 163-180.

16
10) Conclusion: Urban Utopia or Planet of Slums? (CH)

Required Readings:

*Davis, Mike. 2004. Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the Informal
Proletariat. New Left Review 26: 5-34.

Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift. 2002. The Democratic City (Chapter 6). In Cities:
Reimagining the Urban. 131-156.

Smith, Neil. 2002. New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global

Urban Strategy. Antipode 34(3): 427-449.

Further Readings:

Potuoglu-Cook, Oyku. 2006. Beyond the Glitter: Belly Dance and Neoliberal
Gentrification in Istanbul. Cultural Anthropology 21(4): 633-660.

Novak, David. 2010. Cosmopolitianism, Remediation, and the Ghost World of

Bollywood. Cultural Anthropology 2(1): 40-72.

Glick Schiller, Nina and Andrew Irving. 2014. Whose Cosmopolitanism?

Critical Perspectives, Relationalities and Discontents. Oxford: Berghahn.

Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2006. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in World of

Strangers. New York: Norton & Co.

Lefebvre, Henri. 1996 [1968]. The Right to the City, 147-159. In Writings on
Cities, edited by Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers.

Harvey, David. 2008. The Right To The City. New Left Review 53: 23-40.

Harvey. David. 2012. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban
Revolution. London: Verso.

Smith, Neil. 1996. New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City.
London: Routledge.

Low, Setha M. 2011. Claiming Space for an Engaged Anthropology: Spatial

Inequality and Social Exclusion. American Anthropologist. 113:3. 389-407.

Ong, Aihwa. 1999. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of

Transnationality. Durham: Duke University Press.

17