Study Guide Notes

Ilysah and Paolo

The 4s of a Scientist Notes

1. Investigate
a. Its the research they need to gather knowledge/information on what they want to
build.
2. Invent
a. Inventing is the golden part because the scientists imagination finally gets to
come to life
3. Inform
a. Inform is when you teach others about what you invented. You want the world to
be aware of what you made and tell others how it works
4. Imagine
a. Scientists imagine some sort of visualization of a product and bring it to life.

1. The difference with HEAT and TEMPERATURE is that energy creates heat and heat
creates energy and temperature is the measurement of heat. They are related because
when you add more heat to something the temperature goes up so they depend on each
other.
2. Learning about antibiotic resistance three surprising things we learned were..
a. Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics and bacteria can be killed by antibiotics
b. For a virus your immune system fights off the infection
c. Theres good and bad bacteria in your body the good bacteria helps fight off
viruses and teaches itself how to get rid of the bad bacteria for if it ever comes
back

The Atom
1. First Democritus started with a sphere and cutting something in half and half again until
it's as small as an atom. Then Dalton found that atoms cannot be created or destroyed
and atoms are different sizes. He found new information about atoms. Like gold,
hydrogen and how they are different. Then he found something smaller they found
positive and negative charges surrounding the atom. He used pudding to help him find
more postive/negative charge. Then they found empty space thats part of radioactive
source. When it does not pass it collides. Electrons live in energy levels because
electrons don't like themselves either so they live in energy levels because they are still
attracted to the nuclei.
2. Thompson helped discover that there is a nucleus he shot positive particles and he
thought it would go straight through since there was a lot of positive and negative but
that didn't happen, some particles went through empty space and some hit the nuclei
that were positive and bounced back. Unexpected reactions happened because
 positives repel. The positives must be hitting something really big to make it bounce
back. When it encountered nothing it went straight through.
3. Protons and neutrons are in the nuclei and electrons are orbited around it. All three of
these components make up an atom, protons are positively charged and neutrons are
the buffer for the electrons and protons not to clash. Protons are positively charged.
4. For an atom to be neutral it means the protons and neutrons are balanced out so there
is no more protons than neutrons in the nucleus.
5. An ion is an atom that either has an extra proton or extra electron. A cation is when it
has an extra proton and an ion is when it has an extra negative charge. So it means they
just have an extra proton or neutron.
6. An isotope is when an atom has the same
number of protons but different number of
neutrons. However many isotopes are an
element that can help you solve the atomic
mass. The way to solve it is you convert the
percentage to a decimal and you multiply
the number of isotopes by the percent
abundance. Make sure to add together the
protons and neutrons. Example image to the
right.
7. With the quantum model its like a cloud of
protons and electrons living in certain
regions. Its not orbital or a fixed path they
just travel. Each electron is either located in
the address, city, street name or house number.
a. Address means the energy levels
b. City means the type of orbital shape the electron is in (s,p,d,f)
c. Street name is the actual orbital the electron is in (px,py,pz)
d. House number is the electron spinning clockwise or counterclockwise

The Periodic Table

1. The periodic table is arranged by groups of families meaning they are alike. Some
examples are below they are organized like this also depending on who they like to bond
with. Also the columns have to do with having similar traits.
a. Alkali Metals
b. Alkaline Earth
c. Metals
d. Metalloids
e. Non-metals
f. Halogens
g. Noble Gases
h. Transition Metals
2. They are called families because they are groups that bond well. It's the columns that
show they have similar traits like the examples shown above.
3. The atomic number tells us the number of electrons and protons in an atom.
4. The atomic number shows how much protons and electrons are in the atom, so by
looking at the atomic number you can find out the number of protons and electrons.
5. Valence electrons are the extra electrons on the outer rings of the orbit.
6. The valence electrons are arranged in the periodic table by the numbered columns going
vertically.
7. The first 2 columns on the periodic table (1,2) is metals and columns 2,4,5,6,7,8 is all of
the nonmetals.

Covalent & Ionic Bonding (and Metallic bonding)

1. Covalent bonds share electrons equally and ionic bonds take an electron, so the
difference is that one takes and one is equal donating or accepting electrons
nonmetals and metals are involved. With covalent bonds its nonmetal + nonmetal and
with ionic bonds its metal + nonmetal.
2. The octet rule is important because it's the highest occupied energy level and it always
needs to add up to 8 electrons.
3. Electronegativity is how much an atom WANTS an electron. It determines what kind of
bond you will have by subtracting the decimal number on your element and you will
either get pure covalent (0), polar covalent (0.4-0.5) and an ionic bond (2.1 and above).
4. Polar covalent is the electrons shared by atoms who spend more time on the oxygen
nucleus than the hydrogen nucleus. This happens because of the slightly negative and
the slightly positive which is electronegativity.
5. Double and triple covalent bonds occur when 4 or 6 electrons are shared between two
atoms.
6. The difference between intermolecular and intramolecular is inter is the force BETWEEN
molecule forces and intra is the force INSIDE the molecule.
7. A hydrogen bond has to do with water and its an intermolecular force when water
molecules are next to each other all of the slightly negative and slightly positives are
attracted to each other because water is polar covalent so this means its harder to pull
water molecules away from each other because hydrogen bonding is what has to be
overcome if you want to boil liquid water to a gas. Real world examples of hydrogen
bonding is fog, rain and weather.