Chapter 3: Frequency Modulation System

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Angle Modulation
The spectral components in the modulated waveform
depend on the amplitude as well as the frequency of the
spectral component in the baseband signal
An angle modulated signal has the form

In which A and c are constants and (t) is function of the

baseband signal
The modulation is also referred to as phase modulation
since (t) is the phase angle
It is also referred to as frequency modulation

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Relationship between FM and PM
Phase and Frequency Deviation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Phase and Frequency Modulation
A function is represented in the complex plane by a
phasor of A and an angle measured CCW from the real
axis
If ct , then the phasor rotates in the CCW direction
with an angular velocity c
If the coordinate system rotates in the CCW direction with
an angular velocity c , the phasor will be stationary
Suppose (t ) change with time and makes positive and
negative excursions.
The v(t) would be represented by a phasor of amplitude A
which runs ahead of and falls behind the phasor
representing A cosct

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Phase and Frequency Modulation
We may, therefore, consider that the angle ct (t ) of
V(t), undergoes modulation around the angle ct
V(t) is therefore, a signal which is modulated in phase.
We may also consider that the angular velocity of the
phase of V(t) undergoes a modulation around the normal
angular velocity c
The instantaneous radial frequency is given by
The corresponding frequency is

The wave form v(t) is therefore modulated in frequency

f is the instantaneous frequency and (t ) is the
instantaneous phase
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Phase and Frequency Modulation
The following figure shows a square wave modulating
signal and the frequency modulated signal
The frequency is changed whenever the modulation level
changes

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Phase and Frequency Modulation
When the phase (t ) is directly proportional to the
modulating signal, the modulation is said to be Phase
modulation (PM)
When the instantaneous frequency is directly proportional
to the modulating signal, the modulation is called
Frequency modulation (FM)

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Relationship between FM and PM
Phase and Frequency Deviation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Relationship between FM and PM
Consider the following figure which shows the relationship
between FM and PM

where k ' is a constant

Let the wave form mi(t ) k ' ' m(t )dt ,
t
k ' ' is also constant
Then with k k 'k ' ' , we have

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Relationship between FM and PM
The instantaneous angular frequency is

The deviation of the instantaneous frequency from the

carrier frequency

Since the deviation of the instantaneous frequency is

directly proportional to the modulating signal the
combination of an integrator and phase modulator
constitutes a device for producing a frequency modulated
output
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Relationship between FM and PM
Similarly, by the combination of a differentiator and
frequency modulator generates a phase- modulated signal
A signal whose phase departure from the carrier is
proportional to the modulating signal

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Relationship between FM and PM
Phase and Frequency Deviation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Phase and Frequency Deviation
In the equation
The maximum value attained by (t ), i.e. the maximum
deviation of the total angle from the carrier angle ct , is
called the phase deviation
Max[ (t )]
The maximum departure of the instantaneous frequency
from the carrier frequency is called the frequency deviation

For sinusoidal modulating signal (t ) sin(mt )

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Phase and Frequency Deviation
Where is the peak amplitude of (t ) and is the
maximum phase deviation usually referred to as modulation
index
The instantaneous frequency is:

The maximum frequency deviation is defined as f and is

given by :
Therefore v(t) can be written:

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Phase and Frequency Deviation
For a general modulating signal m(t)
The FM waveform is given by:

The instantaneous frequency of the signal is given by:

t
1 d
f [ct k m(t )dt]
2 dt

k
f fc m(t )
2
The frequency deviation is given by
k
(f )Max f fc [m(t )]Max
2
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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Spectrum of FM signal-sinusoidal modulation
Consider a sinusoidal modulated FM signal

is an even, periodic function having an

angular frequency of m
So its possible to expand it using Fourier series with
m
fundamental frequency of
2
The coefficients are functions of
Since the function is even, the coefficients of the odd
harmonics are zero

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Spectrum of FM signal-sinusoidal modulation

similarly

Using the identities

The functions are known as Bessel functions

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Spectrum of FM signal-sinusoidal modulation
V(t) becomes

Observe that the spectrum is composed of a carrier with an

amplitude and a set of sidebands spaced
symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separation of m , 2m , 3m , etc.

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Some Features of the Bessel Coefficients

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Some Features of the Bessel Coefficients
At = 0, J0 () = 1, while all other Jns are zero.
when there is no modulation, only the carrier is present,
while all sidebands have zero amplitude.
When departs slightly from zero, J1() acquires a
magnitude which is significant in comparison with unity,
while all higher-order Jn's are negligible in comparison.
When <<1

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Some Features of the Bessel Coefficients
Accordingly, for very small, the FM signal is composed
of a carrier and a single pair of sidebands with
frequencies c m
Such kind of a signal is called Narrow band FM
As increases the other sidebands will arise

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
In principle, when an FM signal is modulated, the number
of sidebands is infinite and the bandwidth required to
encompass such a signal is similarly infinite in extent.
It is found experimentally that the distortion resulting
from band limiting an FM signal is tolerable as long as
98 % or more of the power is passed by the band
limiting filter
consider = 1. Then the power contained in the terms
n = 0, 1, and 2 is
p 1 2 J 0 2 (1) J 12 (1) J 2 2 (1)
P= 0.289 + 0.193 + 0.013 = 0.495
The sum 0.495 is 99% of the power in the FM signal, which
is 0.5

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BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
The value of n for 98% power transmission, always
occur just after n = + 1. Thus, for sinusoidal modulation
the bandwidth required to transmit or receive the FM
signal is
B 2( 1) fm
B 2(f fm)
The BW is twice the sum of the max. frequency deviation
and the modulating frequency
This rule of BW is called carsons rule
>>1, B 2fm
Therefore the maximum value we may allow for is
determined by the maximum allowable bandwidth and
the modulation frequency.

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BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Here , increasing the magnitude of the recovered
signal is achieved at the expense of bandwidth.

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Consider the PM signal

Where
(t ) k cos(2fmt )
The phase deviation is =k and the BW is
B 2fm 2kfm
The BW increases linearly with modulating frequency fm
The variability of this BW with fm can be avoided if we
arrange that
k
(t ) sin(2fmt )
2fm
k k
BW
2fm independent of fm
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Spectrum of Constant BW FM
In this case the instantaneous frequency is
d k
[ct sin 2fmt ]
dt 2fm
c k cos2fmt
The instantaneous frequency is proportional to the
modulating signal
Thus a signal intended to occupy a nominal constant BW is
a frequency modulated signal rather than a PM signal

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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Spectrum of NBFM
Assume that m(t) is a finite energy waveform with a
Fourier transform M(jw).
Then the NBFM signal is

vpm(t ) A cos[ ct m(t )] can be written for m(t ) 1
vpm(t ) A cosct Am(t ) sinct

For an AM signal

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Spectrum of NBFM
Comparing the results we observe that

Thus, the energy spectral densities of

are identical
vAM vPM
and

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Overview
Angle Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation
Spectrum of FM signal
BW of a sinusoidal Modulated FM signal
Spectrum of Constant BW FM
Spectrum of NBFM
FM generation

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FM Generation
An indirect method of frequency modulation Armstrong
system
In a phase modulation system of the form
cos[ct m(t )]
If the modulation is narrow band m(t ) 1 , then we may
use the approximation
cos(c m(t )) cosct m(t ) sinct
The term m(t ) sinct is a DSB-SC waveform in which m(t)
is the modulating waveform and sin ct is the carrier

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 FM Generation
A technique used in commercial FM systems to generate
NBFM is shown below
90 degree cosct
Phase shift
+
Carrier signal sinct Adder
NBFM signal

Source
-
sinct
Balanced
M(t)
Modulator
m(t ) sinct

The generated signal is phase modulated rather than

frequency modulated

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FM Generation
To generate an FM signal we need to integrate the
modulating signal before applied to the modulator
Here the phase duration must be kept small in order to
generate a PM signal.
An indirect method of frequency modulation : Armstrong
system

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