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Table, Similitude Laws, SAP 2000, Natural The analysis is carried out by considering three
1
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
soil amplification is affected by many factors foundation in sub soil by performing the
including the soil type & its properties, earthquake experiment considering different depths of
frequency content and the properties of the embedment.
overlying building. Hamid Reza Tabatabaiefar et al
(2010) studied ten storey moment resisting 2.MODEL PREPARATION FOR
buildings frame with shallow foundation resting on EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
soft clay. Nonlinear dynamic analysis under A prototype building frame of bay width 3.25m and
influence of different earthquake records is carried story height of 3m is considered for the study. The
out with fixed & flexible base condition. The difficult task was to develop an experimental model
results indicate that the lateral deflection of able to represent the prototype structure with less
structure for both cases changes the performance degree of distortion. The experimental work is
level of the structures from life safe, to near carried out using shake table of size 2m X 2m.The
collapse or total collapse. It is also inferred from test model shall have dimensions just sufficient for
the study that fixed-base structures are no longer providing space for soil mass on the shake table
adequate to guarantee the structural safety. SSI for SSI case. To fix the model on shake table the
shall be essentially considered in the seismic spacing of the column has to match the holes on the
analysis of building frames resting on soft soil shake table. This all has made to keep the center to
deposit. N. Hosseinzadeh et al (2009) studied center distance between two columns as 0.64
dynamic soil-structure interaction effects on the meters leading to a linear scale factor, SL = 5.
seismic response of building structures with surface Hence for experimental study, 1:5 scaled down
and embedded mat foundations using shake table RCC model is prepared following the similitude
tests on scaled down models. The results of finite laws (Harris and Sabnis 1983). The dimensions of
element analysis of soil-structure system are prototype structure and the model is given in Table
compared with experimental results on shake table. 1.
B. R. Jayalekshmi et al (2008) carried out the
One fundamental issue to be considered at this
experimental investigations on 1:10 scaled down stage is the fact that the construction of a true
single bay three dimensional multi storey building replica model that satisfies all the similitude
models made of aluminum with its foundation requirements needed by dimensional analysis is
resting on shedi soil and sand in the saturated and
almost an impossible task due to material
dry condition. The combined system of soil-
limitations (Morcarz et al. 1981). However in the
foundation-structure model is subjected to dynamic
present work the model is prepared to the best
loading. The structural response is compared with
possible extent in order to have less degree of
that of a fixed base model to isolate the effect of
distortion. The details of RCC scaled down model
soil structure interaction.
is shown in Figure 1
In the present study an attempt is made to identify
the SSI effect on natural frequency and time period
by experimental and analytical studies under fixed
and flexible base conditions. An attempt is also
made to evaluate the embedment effect of
2
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
3
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
4
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
Fig. 7:- Combined FRF for Case 1 soil) the natural frequency is decreases by almost
30 % as compared to fixed base condition, clearly
demonstrating the effect of SSI on natural
frequency. However, this decrease in natural
frequency is possible to compensate by increasing
embedment depth of footing. From Figure 7 to 12,
it is observed that natural frequency for different
embedment cases are 8.4 Hz for Case1, 9.15 Hz for
Fig. 8:- Combined FFT for Case 1
5
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
Case 2 and 10.2 Hz for Case 3. The percentage and 4 respectively. The combined results are
decrease in natural frequency w.r.t. fixed base presented in Figure 14
condition is 30 % for case 1, 23 % for case 2 and Table 3:- Results of Fixed Base Condition
15 % for case 3. This indicated that difference in
natural frequency with respect to fixed base
From Table 3 it is observed that, natural frequency
condition goes on decreasing with increase in the
Dynamic Shake SAP 2000 Percentage
embedment; leading towards fixity at the base and
Property Table (Analytical) Difference
hence counteracting SSI effect. Thus increasing the (Experim (%)
depth of embedment of footing is beneficial to ental)
minimize SSI effect.
Natural
Frequency 12.0000 11.693 2.56
4. Analytical Study- (Hz)
6
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
Percentage Difference
natural frequency obtained by analytical study is Experimental
30
observed to be 13.33% higher for case 1, 4.41 %
20 Analytical
for case 2 and 2.59 % for case 3 in comparison with
experimental study. Thus, it is inferred that the 10
6. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL
10
RESULTS WITH PROTOTYPE
8
6 STRUCTURE-
4 Results obtained experimentally are of scaled-down
2 model of RC building frame (scale factor = 5). The
0 experimental results are converted to prototype
Fixe
Case Case Case
d structure by using similitude law (Harris and
1 2 3
Case
Sabnis 1983) as below:
Experimental 12 8.4 9.35 10.5
Natural frequency of Prototype Structure = Natural
Analytical 11.69 9.51 9.55 10.46
1/2
frequency of model X SL
Fig. 14:- Variation of Natural Where, SL = Linear Scale Factor (5 in present
Frequency for Fixed and Flexible Base study)
Conditions
The prototype structure is analysed using SAP
The natural frequencies of fixed and flexible base 2000 also. The results obtained are compared with
conditions for all cases are presented in Fig 14. The the results of model after converting as per
flexible base results are compared with fixed base similitude laws. The natural frequency of prototype
to identify SSI effect. The percentage difference of structure and the converted natural frequency of
flexible base w.r.t fixed base is shown in Figure 15. model are shown in Table 5 and Figure 16.
Study shows that percentage reduction in natural
Table 5:- Natural Frequency (Hz) of Prototype
frequency goes on reducing as the embedment
Structure
depth is increased. It is quite obvious because Cases Prototype Converted Percentage
increase in the depth of embedment leads to (Using from Difference
SAP Experimental (%)
increase in the base stiffness approaching towards 2000) Study
Fixed 6.7615 5.3252 21.24
fix condition. The same trend is observed in both
Case
analytical and experimental studies.
Case 1 5.4825 3.7276 32.01
Case 2 5.5027 4.0605 26.21
Case 3 6.1410 4.5264 26.29
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ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
7 Result (Using
3. The difference in the experimental and analytical
6 SAP 2000)
5 results in the present study is marginal. However,
4 these cannot be eliminated completely due to many
3 Converted
2 from factors such as (a) The material properties in the
1 Experimenta analytical study are idealistic which may not match
0
l Results
Fixed Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 with the material of model ( b) The idealistic
Case stiffness of joints difficult to reproduce in the
Base Condition
model. (c) The theoretical boundary condition may
Fig. 16:- Natural Frequency of Prototype
not possible to reproduce in the experimental study.
Structure
4. Performance of the prototype structure is very
The study indicates that, difference in the natural
difficult to evaluate directly in the laboratory due to
frequency of prototype and the model is in the
size and capacity issues of experimental set up.
range of 21 to 27 %. Realistic performance of the
However, the present study demonstrates that one
prototype is very difficult to evaluate as we cannot
can estimate the results of the prototype structure
test it directly in the laboratory due to size and
by performing the test on scaled down models and
capacity issues of experimental setup. However,
mapping the results to prototype structure using
the present study demonstrates that one can
similitude laws.
evaluate the results of the prototype structure by
5. It is concluded that, to evaluate the behavior of
performing the test on scaled down models and
the structure accurately and to estimate the most
mapping the results to prototype structure using
realistic forces in the member one need to
similitude laws.
incorporate the SSI effect in the seismic analysis
and design of the structure.
7. CONCLUSION-
Following are some broad conclusion from the
present study:- REFERENCES
1. Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) increases time
1. Piotr D. Moncarz and Helmut Krawinkler (1981),
period due to incorporation of flexibility at the
Theory and application of experimental model
base. Enlarged time period will lead to P- effect
analysis in earthquake engineering, Report No.50,
and causes the excessive forces/ moments in the
John Blume Earthquake Engineering Center,
members which get magnified further with the
Department of Civil and Environmental
increase in the flexibility of soil. Therefore SSI
Engineering, Stanford University
shall be considered in the analysis of structures
2. Sabnis G.M., Harris H.G., White R.N. and Mirza
especially when resting on relatively soft soil.
M.S. (1983), Structural Modeling and
2. The study reveals that, depth of embedment plays
Experimental Techniques, Prentice Hall Inc.,
important role in the SSI. Higher depth of
Engelwood Cliff, New Jersey
embedment compensates SSI effect as it tends to
impart the fixity due to increase in the stiffness at
8
ICETRESM2017
International Conference On Emerging Trends And Research In Engineering
Navsahyadri Group of Institutes Faculty of Engineering ,Naigaon Pune,India
3. IS 456: 2000, Plain and reinforced concrete seismically detailed RC frame structure, Structural
code of practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 41, No. 1 (2012)
Delhi pp 1-24
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resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian Kalyanshetti, Mr. S. H. Kalyani (2014), Soil
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6. Sekhar Chandra Duttaa,, Koushik Bhattacharya,
Rana Roy (2004), Response of low-rise buildings
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