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The term filtrate is used for normal flow filtration (NFF), i.e.,
no retentate.
Permeability (L)
a measure of sensitivity of flux to TMP
L = flux / TMP
Rejection (R)
a measure of retention of the solute
R=1S
1.3 Types of Membrane Barrier
Homogeneous barrier
Pore size is 2-10
Diffusion is the controlling mechanism.
Microporous barrier
Pore size is 10-1000
Both convection and diffusion are dominant mechanism.
Asymmetric barrier
In this case, a thin polymeric skin is cast on another polymeric
support. The skin acts like a membrane. Since the thickness of
the skin is really small, the resistance offered is less and one
can expect a higher flux compared to homogeneous
membranes.
Schematic of an asymmetric membrane
Transmembrane permeate flux is inversely proportional to the
membrane thickness. If homogeneous barrier is the skin, microporous
barrier may be the support.
COMMON MEMBRANE MODULES:
(a) plate-and-frame; (b) spiral wound
COMMON MEMBRANE MODULES:
(c) 4-leaf spiral wound; (d) hollow fiber
COMMON MEMBRANE MODULES:
(e) Tubular ; (f) monolithic
1.4 Motion of Molecules Through Barrier
A. PERMEATION
Dissolution of permeating molecules in the membrane
Jw
Pw
P P
P3
l l 20-73 PCHE HB 8ed
J i cw c p Pc w
P2 P3
l l
Note: Pw water permeabiliy , P2 solute permeability, P3 -
(PCHE HB nomenclature).
Pressure: 2 4 atm.
1 1 lM 1
K i kiF PMi kiP
ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED)
A separation process in which the ionic species are separated
from water, macrosolutes, and all uncharged solutes. Ions are
induced to move by an electrical potential, and separation is
facilitated by ion-exchange membranes.
DIALYSIS VS ELECTRODIALYSIS
DIALYSIS process for selectively removing low
mol. wt. solutes from solution by allowing them to
diffuse into a region of lower concentration
through thin porous membranes. There is little or
no pressure difference across the membrane and
the flux of each solute is proportional to the
concentration difference
ELECTRODIALYSIS Ions removed using ion
selective membranes across which an electric field
is applied. Uses an array of alternate cation and
anion permeable membranes.
OTHER MODELS OF TRANSPORT
MECHANISM