'1.

, i, r
.I)t 1t( .. ar
--1 I

Study Table 1, which shows the HDI ranking of selecied countries across the
world.

Country HDI value GDP per capita Life expectancy Literacy rate
(us$) (years old ) (%)

N igeria 0.281 o.)E 44.4 14.4

Canada 0.949 30677 80.0 990
Australia 0.955 29632 80.3 990
Table 1

ai. Based on Table 1, explain why Australia is more developed than Nigeria. i6l

aii. What are some Iimltations of HDI as an indicator for development status of a t3l
country?

b. Explain two indicators, other ihan those shown in Table 1, which can be used to l4l
indicate a country's level of development.

Study Figure 5 which highlights a problem of development in China.

Be fruitful and multiply Now divide

Figure 5
Source: http://www. populationmedia.org/cartooncontest/2004/images/rnultiply jpg

ci. Describe and explain the problem of development highlighted in Fig 5. L4l

cii. Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by China to tackle the tBl
problem you have described in (ci).
ANSWERS
3 Study Table l, which shows the HDI ranking of selected countries across the
world.

HDI value GDP per capita Life expectancy Literacy rate

Country
(u s$) (years old) (%)

0.281 835 44.4 14.4

Niqeria
0.949 30677 80.0 99.0
Canada
0.955 25632 80.3 99.U
Australia
Table 1

al. Based on Table 1, explain why Australia is more developed than Nigeria 16l

- Australia's GDP per capita is higher at US$ 30677 than Nigeria's US$835
-. ihis shows thatthe average hcome of the citizen in Australia is much
nigh"i tt'un Nigeria With the higher income' the people have a hrg'her
a highe'
ou"rchasinq oowel a1d Lan allord io fullill their needs and atldin
iiu"J"ro ."r'iiui"g Hrgher purchasing power-> able to afford more goods
and serives.
and maximum 2 marks for
lf lZmf< ioi eacn statistic of indicator shown
explanation.l

- Australia has a higher literacy rate of 99% than Nigeia's 14 4ok'

- ihis indicates thaiAustralia is more developed than Nigeria because the
government in Australia can provide ihe people with education With
iigher education ) citizens are more efficient and productive
l't6re likely to work in the secondary and tertiary industries t the
people
-
can have better jobs and earn higher income
of
- Nigeria has a HDI value of 0.281 while Austratia has a HDI value
-fne ooser tne index is to 1, the higher the level of development'
O.dsS.
HDI than
From the table, it can be seen that Australia has a much higher
Nigeria, indjcating that ii is more developed than Nigeria'
person is
- Li'e expeclancy .ele's lo rl"e averaoe lumber of vea's a
expecled to live A developed counlry u.'ua'lv has a highe'lile.
ls
expectancy than a less developed country Nig-'ria'^s life expectancy
years old The
+aia yeurs ofa wf,if" Australia s lfe expectancy ls 80 3
(]Legn
higher life expectancy is an indication thai people live in a ..
eniironment, have beiter access to health care, have enough food to eat )
higher standard of living
 status of a I3l
of HDI as an indicatorfor development
all. what are some limitations
country ' '--ation the measurement of human rights and
- inio consroeri
HDI fails to take
{reedom
-ThereisatimelagbetweentnetimeofpublishingofHDlindexandthe
where data is
L:l1"lt?L,i13Xtlu."t accurate data in rural areas
is common
unluuiiuof *nttu infor nal trading
" to [4]
can be used
those shown in Table 1' which
b. Fyolain hvo indicators, other than
inoTr'"i" u tevel of development
"ornr.v " for clear
each indicator, max of two indicators' additional mark
1 mk for
explanation
. lnfant mortalitY
Infani morrarily rare,e,ers to rhe-number
iJ I,ba13?X[".*".:::::?s",ff:"Jl",,,
.ne vear old. The lower lhe inlrnr mona'rtv i:::,",:^:i;'",^l -^n,r.o and
:"1'-';:"::n"*'il;i,*99,1,'uli"f
children have good medical care
tn :1",;#;:f
"J.i:i1i:"#liffi [:l'
'"nrn"n

. Access to clean drinking water

can rndicaie"i:"t":::':tT"Ti:'fl*:t i;""T:tt
Access ro clean drinkins water
nave rd5v
rt the people in the counlly nr" ttr" capilal to build
ihat lhe country is more developeo ut i;"io""rnr*n
t"" YY]"1,']::l'.'.ii-." water
*ater io the'r
to In
plpellnes to provide clean drinking
water trealmenl plans the
peoPle

. Transportation networks
indrcdt:
rransporrarion networks can !:.9:l-"]":::*,:5i*"":H$[l\'i"
qood transporlation n"httt*.t '":lii'.?li;l'to'iut"iJin"'inlru"tiucture in lhe
(apr*'
.hows that the governmeni hds 1ne ':'::"^"'.:::;;;; tnreion rn
attract more lorerqn inveslment
i,liritt i'i,i"o"n""sponalion nelwork can also
into th; country'
. Employment stlucture
tedla'v indust'ies iend to generdte rlole Income
Activ;rles in lhe seconda'v d"rd
;i;;'" :;;-i';;ue' I sr"andard or livino
and
r-hev will be dble io arrord
,rl"'"
quairtY of life would imProve

I he prima' y industry colt,o,,::5]3"Ji,llJ'[",[j:t:"JHI;"l:il:

dno sale or xro (er '''",1""
[T#*
acrivlties such as ertraclion -dw-' like lron ore tn.anutactur.
to manul
materials ^, "
;ncome Fol example proc"s""'g raw
 products such as steel bars and selling them is more prof table ihan se llng
unprocessed iron ore.

(2mks each for each explanation of indicatoO

Study Figure 5 which highlights a problem of deveiopment in China.

16e tfEEtdrlr rlri rbaafifrr!.--

Figure 5

Sou/cel
http://www.populationmedia.org/caftooncontest/2004/inages/multiply.lpg

Describe and explain ihe problem of development highlighted in Fig 5. t41

- Country is experiencing overpopulation 11l21

- country's population increases quickly due to a high birth rate and a low
death raie [1/2]
- when health care improves in a country, death rate decreases, but birth
rate remains high due to lack of educaiion and family planning i1l
- having larger population means that more resources are needed to
support the people
- this leads to problems of insufflcient food and housing as there are too
many people competinq for too few resources

cll. Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by China to tackle the IB]
problem you lrave described in (a).
L1 (1-2rn) state and explain what the policy is
L2 (3-5m) give reasons why the policy did not work well in rural areas
L3 (6-8) so ution when policy did not work. State stand and explain. For Btr'
mark, studeft must list other social problem that nright arise from this policy.

- The Chinese government implemented the'One Child policy" Ll

- where each farnily can only have one child L'1
- the policy worked well in the cities but was harder to be implemented in
the rural areas L2
this is because people living in the rural areas tended to have more
children for reasons such aa for additional help on their farms L2
uiso, couptes in China traditionally preferred to have sons compared to
daughters, in order to carry on the family name L2
the lovernmeni therefore depended on local authorities to devise
get
metf,ods to reach out to people in ihe less developed areas and to
them to adhere to the'One Child' Policy. L3
Volunteers were recruited to promote late marriages, late childbearing
and the use of contraception to keep birth rates low L3
'One Child'
Effective as BRs dropped since the implementation of the
Policy / not effective as the policy worked too well and the government
people to
had to make adjustments to ensure that there will be sufficient
support the elderly in future. L3
ln oider not to vioiate the 'One Chjld' Policy, families may resort to
infanticide L3
f

3(a) Thc figure below shows Ghana's main impofts and expolls.

.ceoa t'- ,I -1$rlli ,f ..,s

food ?O"g n\ "*r*".,*"
trcrrport oqulpmonr 26'll] ,\t
- i;;!
;;-
,r- .q*
.{* |i oir""ar*r
oir r*t i;;i- p'
p
",";;*
^.,""-u
r,.l,b_:. 8"n I
""a
'l ch^-kdr3 trti
ff,, _ \+'

lla,ue to Ghana C0si to Ghana

UgS1350 milli0n US$1800 rnillion

(i) What is the dillercnce bet\\'een lhe exports and the imports ofchana'l [2]
(ii) Ghana is a less developed country- \Vhat economic problems does such a tm.le
pattem creale for the country? t6]

(b) The table belo*'shorvs some ofthe l}?es ofaid that are sent from the developed
countries to the less de\'eloped counties.

Short term aid Lung term aid

Food Aid Education
Blankels and Tents Trai ns
CaDiLal investment
Medicires hrfrairucture impro\ementi
Clothins

(i) Explain, $'ith examplcs. the rreaning olthe tenn 'shofi tenn aid' Ir]
(ii) \\rhy mighl lone tcnn aid be ofnore use lo a less devek)pcd counlrv'l i6l

[TLLnt oret]
The figure below suggests some ofthe ways that money can be spent on aid schemes'

Opti*n A Oplion B
f
,ffi;$fl:,1?H!: q
{&ny& rnajor fl€\q iPad R!,,anddr help 1* Jsttle
2 mrtllsn r*ft.tQcar"

\
o\rE*5cAl Cptisn €
AID MOiIEY r@N Sudan:p'ovidc.clean
Option C{ dlr$llng lvaE?r Ie{ 1u
Lr)5 e{ommlCdllY rnrlfion Peeph
de./clOoed (Oi!fl de5 | or+',,ide p+munenliY.
fulr o.irnery gdu(,liofl lor 20
r*ld{t dlud*& tF * re:(.
tc39 e{Eo$'iiqnlly r!awle!ra,*
ea $llies: Hrl.{' lhc aitln rd on
*r}1ong 4S [nil]1l}fi rhiid{en.

Assess the success ofthese aid schemes. l8l

3(a') Thc nsurc beloq shows Ghrn,'s main imports
\Yhrt; the rljtlerence betliecn lhc export and the imPorls ofGhaDr? 12t

' Ghana c\pofs nrainlv primary products, cocoa (55%)

Ghana ,mpons main[- Iranufactu'ed products (349/o)
Ghana s e.ononrv is very depeDdent on rhc primary sectors

3(aii) Ghana is , less dcveloped countrl GDC) What economic Problems does ihe h adc Pattern shorn
I6t
rrellc for s ch a country?
_ _-p.i'"r.y
p.*r.." .""i much lcss moncv for the cou'try lot GDI'] lbr the counlrl
i,il." .pJ"a;e uy *" -"ltrr on its inpotls the'e will se a deficiti loss in annual rncome
' '' ,,o.p nd. no ro .edr\'t'Ple this
rtl"'r'.llii," *-t"'' *" *orkin;in ihe c"unrtr's mln rndu'rne! hr'h r(!'inrarvlnddstdes gor)ds and seNic's
means thal workers ean low wages lo\\'er purchasing power lower dernand lbr
l. p nid, 'l l rerial rnou r.P"e rP

- l"p""a*ce o,i"asr, "roPS ncan that iflher; is a crcP failure fanners will iot eadr enoush'
''I la rlrrd hP
can be nearti'"elv
- c;;;"1. -.-.ft"pena' "' *o'raie'-a ro' the rbod crop like coc'ra Deme'd
afl;cted b) comperiii;n from other counlnes, and bv changes in taste offie pcoPle

3$i) The fieurc belo\Y shows some of the tlpe\ of airl that rrc \eol t' nnr rl'c dercloped cquttries (DC) io
,r'" iiii. the rcrnr'\uort terIn {i(r' 13I

cmeigcnc)"'"r,t",-"ii"'^'tpr"',
'"a'ri"g'rthe
aid / only provided fo. shot period
- once off aid nr'dicines'
in the lbmr 'r
i,e',1. t;,.."i '.,i-, "flndoncsi! r€ccived shotl t€rm aid frcm Sinsapore ncdi'al
li^"i<"i.. .earcl -r,et *ar reflrsces from sudan reccive aid in llrc foin
ofshelrer'
'eliefhntn
tlN,Red Clrcss

t6t
3(bii) Wh,v might long tcrn aid be ofmore use to a l'DC?
helps a country to develop
."pi"il,i*,i*o r** ions ierm benefits as tlc country can carvout P'osrammer lo brinq about
improvcmenis
'investmcntsjncducalionaLlowpeopletoleamskills'getajob';mprolcthecolntrv'secononry
'r' 1''.r.','irst,lng le\Plo \rr"o mDro- rl'er dr r1
"oorilrgtrc coom!tulaton amons feoPle' goods and
- i,'"..i,".u. . ;.1*ui.rure c g roadsihaps Lo
'mpro\e
t.*i"., t, tl. "o.,n-y, -d to dLw impio\ etnent oplonun I e\ l'
filter tn thc rnok tural 'reA
depndeni on orher countries
ii" i'"e-,".. "ia h"i;" people to helpihenselves as nor !o be

on ajd schenes'
(c) The figure below suggests sone ofthc wavs thnt mone-r can bc sPent
'" il".'";i.;."ss"iirrcs"',rras"r'emes. I8l
L€!.1 1(0 lni)
.eteals infonnation silen in tlr' diagram
. l.l.i'"'nr'*t;"i to how ihJmonev car hclp develop thc la'ious !ounrn's
'"l.rl ",
Lerel 2 {4 6m)
'irpl",,.
r,,., *i.,newillheh the rec'ivirscounr ry e g l0millionSudifes'\illha\eproP'l
"-l
cicai Lral.r rnt] trriretorc lcssen the ofdiseascs and dcath as a r'nr11 drrirking di11v q ater
'l
i]riellYllo$lhtllnliralionsollh.seaidschen.se.g.le!ndiinkingnlt.JalolcIil]Do1I].aLrl.tlr
'hances
b.in!. alour L.]Pr1^'.,r heahh c?rc nr Sudan

Lelel I (1 3.r)
r-rplarris in rtciails horv rhe aid schemc bencfiL the counti's rec'iri|g it
- shotrs hoe th. benefits o{ these aid cm bc linritcd e g
''i 1LlIA1on ''g I

a.rI''iLtnntL'.n"ntirpoo'physicalco|djjlol.CgdrluAh\!,rtl!eloPl.ullFtl.ounlll
g.od g.rcm.rcnt is n.cessa'v Lo s"" to tn" "tc"tt ''l th( arrllilgr'rrnre I
c I $-ak eovernnrell

;rrtht noL be able p'!g'a'rmes

lri see lo lhe success oflhe
 lons lem and profe ) m.inlain.J aid schenrcs are n.cessa,l

4(ai) Look at the area south of grid linc 9 I aDd no rlh of srid lin€ 8 7.
-{ccouDt lbr the lo.ation of t}e culli\aled {re.s in this region. I3l
cultivatcd arcas eood accessjbilii_\'. prcsence ofsu'faced rcads goods produced fiom fic Lrnrs can
be ftansported to the n€arbt mad(els
- physi.al conditions arc idcal for agriclliure low lying gently slopnrg land albws .oads lo be built
and machi.cs to bc us€d o. the lhrms
' there is demand lronr the nea$y seltl.m.nts

4(aii) UsiDg map evidence, shoF thrt thc setllement ofRoseau in the northwesi is ar importanr
agriculture cenler serlins the agricultural e*atcs in &e reeion. lll
' fie Agncultural Experimcntal Staiio. is local€d re.e (654907) w|ere experi enls .an be .onductcd t{)
inprove famrirg nelhods
- t}e Agicultuml CeDlre is locatcd in Roseau (655920)
Roseatr is lcry accessible to lhe suroundiDg agricultural cstates easy to scnd products 10 lloseru lor
salc and expoit
- presence ol lhe pod indicatcs that goods can be cxported 1{r lhe res! of the cou.lry

4(bi) Compare thc th,ng€s in produtlion and de.tand of grair betwccn the dcyelopcd and lcsi dereioped
rountries from 1997 nntil2020 (proic.i.d)- l{l
- hboih DC and LDC snin p.oducrion ,.d denrand had nrcreased
in DC. the production of!ni. is higher lhan the demand
in i-DC. the denrand ,s l,iqher thau the productio!
- in LDal, the inc.eise is far g.cat.. than DC bolh lhe produclion and tle deDand
(Reference musl be madc io the data gi!.n)

4(bii) Th€ fisure below shows a newspapcr exiract concerning hunger h the world.
With rcfcreDcc to the figure and studies you have madc, explain the causes ofslarvatir'r !r d
malnurrition. tll
poorphysicaj condiliors poorly mainiained soil,loss ofsoilfel1iiily, very low cropyields
- climatic faclols drought fo.d is nol p.oduced
human flctors
wars weak govcmmcntj co.siant wars
- as political rctugees, people cannot grow theirown food
- poor accessibiliLy food aid cannot .cach th€ peoplc becausc ofpoor inliaslructur€
lack of food as a rcsult oflack of skills to grow own food
- latfe population hiqh billh ia1es. insuffi cient food to feed ihe people

4(c) "Thc top 10 developed countrics, in 2003 IIDI rnnking ire lociled in thc tcmpcraic
climate zone. On the other hand, thr bottoD l0 lcsr dcveloped countries are locried in the lropical
climr(e zone." fo nhrt rxtent does clinr2tc plav ar inportant part iD the derelopment of !
country? Expl:rin )'our answer. tlll
Lelel 1(0 lnt
'bnefly des.ribes how .Linatc phys r ro c in Ih. dcvclopmcnl ofa counrry.
bfiefl).c\flains hos' oDc .)ih.r 1i.l.i. can itllect dr\elopmenl

Levrl 211 6nr)

agr.es and .):flains in dcI!l tb. r.l. .1 .LiiLxrc in d,c d.!elof ..t.fa country.
give exar.l)l€s li sh.{' lio{ cliNul. fin rliii!1 dcvclopmenr c.g rhe negariv. cff.cts oldrnu:ht
c\pi.ins in dclail hor on. ith.r lacrrr .an nls. altccl delelotnr.nt
bn.lly erplains another Iactor c.g p.litical

Lelel 3 (l 8n,
L2 + tlcighs thc rolc ot th.la.tors rog.drc. with.linrllc in the \a). developnrcnt is rnllu....d l\lcDtior
thal clinrale alone cannor ac.o!rt lor fie le!.el ofde!elopnenl. li is lhe effect ofa combinalid) ol Jaclo.s
toge rer whicl aff.cls delelrfmenr

4
 ofdevelopnent for four'counties These
I (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the indicaton
Development lndex (HDl) of a
indicators a1e u'"a to a"t"'nli"" itt" Uuman
country.

Employment Life Adr t

Population Income Infant
rate (Yo) exPectancY literacy
Country per doctor per capita mortaliry
rus $) rate
66 62 53
40 24t0 43
79 91
32850 1 80
B 8
19
l7 78 73
c 237s0
69 65
29 '10
D 31 15470

cEi Fig. 3

(HDI) t2l
(j) Define Human Det'elopment Index

/ii\Fxnlainhowadultliterdc},rnl.antrnofalityrateandemplo}4nentmteale
' ' ;l5il ';;"""nothera" ofdevclopmen ofa counry 111
'rioicarors
reiiable indicator ofdevelopment l2l
Explain how income per capita is not
a
(iii)

how the foliowing factors have

(b) With reference to named era Ples' explaiD t6l
affected their development:

' Political Conflicts

' Education

conffol as a strategy to Promote national

(c) Evaluate the effectiveness offopulation tttl
development.

ANSWERS

CWD Geog 4E MY08 ANS

 sho$ s rhc rl)dicttors ofdc!eioprnent fo' four
crunr'les l hcse indrcaLtYs 4..
(a) srud! fis I {hich
,,.,,,ri" ,Lt"""r",i n.man Derelopment Indcr (HDl) ola court'-\
"
Infant EmploymeDt rate Life
iopuhtion
lnortaliiy (%)
(rrs $)
53

l
2110
T
9?
3?850 l

23750
i
I 65

Fig. 3

(HDI) t2l
3(a) (i) Define Humttn Dettelopment Index
i--ito-ul
-lc.-i; Ll"n"top-ent Index (HDI) is used to measure thc
e"r in l crJnlr) HDl lJkc' inlo con d'ralru lhrcc
rn rr
,.f".i'. "".no*i" ""lF-hcine lhe heallh s(andard\ 1 'l rh(
education
'L standards ofa countly
!rrq | 'r' '-n-l rn I o'n Lfc'e inJlcdlorc lrc HDI r.l nl _
('lJnlI
,,'," ".'*.."t,ull'r I(rnde\)i'a"lq1cJ oe:clrc rrr' r, ns'l' cr'
that country
the inclex is lo l, lhe higher is the development in

l]]lF]lDlalnhoNaL]u]tlitelac}'lnlantmodiliitylateandenploylncntlatealel,T)
rcldtcJ.ootrcrlolh<rf i|dica rlcol developmcrlo _c ur'l

the age of l5 who

l- literacy rate refers to ihe percertage ofpopul'ltion over
cannot"read *'ith understanding, or *'rite a short'
simplc statemcnl'
Eelr(rdll\ ,he "'l.h' ' lhc lileraJy rdle tl_emurcJerelnpedrhec'.'rrl)
;;;'*l; l" r,'u't lit".an t r;ro'{er rhc unemploy-rr'' rarL rl'c rnnr<
ma:"ts eaiily an<l perhaps more ir the tcdiary lndustry
"d"""ilJ*iir
which brings nore \\'ealth to the country
they will also hold better payingjobs
employed'
2- uhln ficre is higber employmenq more people are gainfully
r'c) $ I'l hl\eb(, eflarrdard of lrr ing L<:r '\ rr'l
- itrl.,',* ,.,",r r\c c^ur,Ln s 'r bc ablc o J' J'd brllcr
mcdical carc
- p"ofi" " iff f,^" neltcr nutrition cxpcctart mothers inl'l bll)ies get
bctter food, carc
: tr*." tl," irit"rtt,ttortrlity rate (Ihe number ofinl'ants undel-LJnr )'ear l
,,ld' .1.. t)c r l , r
r :
'i n l \ e n ir r l r ' p rc rrv lhc r'
"
Jl(' \'''i l5L
- , il '.: .rli l u {d'c'of Jreill ll(ei'!'
1o ensure lho babY sur\ivcs
in g"n"tol ,ft" ftiil lhc a.lult literacy rate' lhe higher thc cnfloln1ent
"'
.'*r," ,''.l ,(. rl,( trnill ll-)ln(nl I'P1lle rdn4 lhel'\(lrlril
Jrr'

,nl',rrlir'- , rcl' 'fdrorcd''elol'sdr"ur l\

lhuscountlvBisthemostdevelopedcountryasithasasnlal]elplopol-tionof
lowcst jn1'ant rnorlality rate' th'
i".rl"i,r n..i"" ii}tr. tlt" ti;gtt"tt cx-r, lhe
"" ;ipcople cmp1o"1ed an' the iarsesl ou ber ofadults *tro oan
ilil;;;;;:";;-. ("n:cr
:;;;- .:.J I I lr\ r'' Pof rlir ronJrce\pec c rn''(
'.;;

CWD Geog 4E T\4Y08 ANS

 3(a) (iii) lxpta;n trow income per caPita is not a reiiable nrdicator ofdevelopment l2l
l- it is the average income of ttre workcr in the country
2- rlot very reliable bectuse some may earn very much higher
than others
3- Total income generated in a country in one year divided by total
population when actually there is an uneven distribution ofwealth.
,l- In developed countries, it is easier to obtain the statistics and data,
whereas in thc developing countries, where informat trading often
takes place, the information may not be accurate or readily
available.

(b) With reference to named examples, explain how the following f'actors have
affected their development: t6t

. Political Conflicts (3m )

1- Civil War :
c.g. Cambodia was a prosperous country since the time of the Khmer
Empire between the l1rh and 141h centuries until a civil war broke
out in the 1970s,
Cambodia's economy suffercd, businesses were disrupted and
people were killed. Properties were destroyed and after the war,
tourists have avoided the country until recently

2 -Lack ofPolitical stabilitY

this deters investors from setting up businesses in these countries
e.g. A civil war has been going on in Sierra Leone since the early
1990s. This has caused Sierra Leone to be one of the Poorest and least
developed countries in the world

. Education (3 m)
- Generally the more developed the coultry the higher the ]iteracy rate
- higher literacy rale lcads to a more competcnt workforce
- enhances secondary and tertiary sectors
- increases standard of living
- Italy has the highest literacy ratc and according to the 2005 report, Italy
had a high GDP per capita of US$27 119 in 2003
- Italy has the financial ability to build schools and train teachcrs to educate
its people.
- It also has a long history ofplacing a strong emphtsis on education
- Sierra Leone (West Afiica) has thc lorvest literacy rate : It has little monc)
to spend on educttion, its GDP per capita in 2003 was US$5'18, most ofthe
people are involved in agriculture so there is Littlc need for the rural people
to learn to read alrd write, Sierra Leone has also been civil war since the
early 1990s making it nearly impossible for people to go to school

3(c) Evaluate (heef@tiveness ofpopulalion con$oids a shategy to prcnrote national developmenr l8l

CWD Geog 4E [,4Y08 ANS

Level ALtenpls(s) made are wtclear. l0-
1 One or two su'ategies mentio ed 3l
Answers are unbaLanced, brie;f and lackng in eldboratian. Mq) be left to reader lo
deternine \a,hy populdtion cantrol \1,a ld Promale national de\)elopmenl
No assessment ofsucce$^ or simple, unsu?Ported staletnent, e.g 'lt u'orked'
getting better'

Same altenPt is made lo describe strateg). [4- I

Strategies mentio e.l, ma! be no marc than goad naming oJ stralegies ; or wr! brL I 6l
description.
'Populdtion cotltlol trould mean tltaLfever cllildren \a'ould be born

Level C""dlrl"r"=*pkl, least 1 beneJit and I l)toblem of each strateg/ competently with L7-
3
"i 8l
Attcmpt to compare beneJits and/ ot problems are well supported with explanation'
Gben measure dnd 2 other measares natted with some detail, e.g.
Clear state/nents o/ degree ol elfectiNeness, e.g'China's one-child policy was
introduced and it was effective because the bitth rates dropped.'

I Populalion conlrol
- large population means a lot of resources are needed
- overpopulation may occur if a country's resourccs can[ot support its
population, overpopulation causes many problems : shortage ofjobs and
hou\ing. and limiled access lo educalion

Effective
- China's population was getting very large
- thus the Chinese government implemented the 'One Child' policy in 1979
- effective because the birth rates have dropped. In fact it was so effective fhrt
the goverlment had to make some adjustments to the policy to ensure thcre will
be sufficient people to support the elderly in the future

Ineffective
- worked well in thc cities
- more difficult to be implemcnted in the rulal treas
- as they need more children to *'ork on the farms
- somc people willing to pay the fiDes to have more children
espccially if the couples preler to havc boys

other methods
- policies to improve $ater supPlv
- education progralnmes
- health programmes, infrastructure e.g. hosPitals/ doctors or projects e'g'
immunisation
- others : provided related to natioDal devt, e.g. incentivcs to TNCs'
ImDrovins x ater su lv rnd sanitation facilitics
..gou"to-"rrta horo" realised the importance ofaccess to clean water arrd proper
sanilation lo {hc dcrelopmcnl of a counl

CWD Geog 4E MY08 ANS

 example : India pg 209
Effective
- Ahmedabad is a major commercial, industrial and finatrcial centre in the state
of Gujarat, India
- However, 41 7o of its population live in slums.
- In the mid-1990s, the Parivartan Slum Net$'orkjng Programme was established
to help this region develop
- the local government decided on the area to be upgraded and local banks
financed the project
-1 squatters provided with basic infrastructure access to clean water supply
underground sewerage, individual toilets and solid ltaste collection
-2 These facilities help to reduce the spread of diseases caused by bacteria
found in waste and contan nated water
-3 Support given to the villag€rs to ensure thcy adapt to the changes in fheir
environment; monthly monitoring meetings wcre held to revicw the work
progress and to discuss future plans
-4 training given to teach people proper usage and care of new facilties
-5 Within 5 yrs of its implementatr : the Parvartan Slum Networking Prog
benefited over 56 000 people in over 40 slums. Now it has includcd 59 more slums
6 Death rates declined from 6.9 per 1000 peopte to 3.7 per 1000 people. Drop
in number ofpeople suffering from general illnesses
7 Thus the Programme haal succeeded in improving the standard of living of
people in Ahmedabad and helped the region to develop

lneffectivc
- expensive, govt lack funds, manpower to carry out the massive projects
- may have to depend on foreign help and this may come with strings attached or
at a price to pay

3 Improving educatiotr standards

- Literacy can be used to determine the level of development of a country
e.g. Thailand

Effective
- 1 the hill tribe conmunities are made up of people from the tribes of Akha,
Hrnong, Karen, Lahu, Lisu and Yao atrd thcy live in extreme poverty
- 2 In 1998, the Hitt Tribe Project was developed under the government's policy
to provide 'Education For All'
- 3 'l'his project aimed at promoting literacy. Formal and informal education
programmes were developed For e.g. they rvere taught the Thai language rnd
I\,[athematics" as well as basic life and social skills
-;l Volunteer teachers from developed regions brought in to teach them
- 5 'fhey wcrc also taught about sustainable deyelopment so that they can
continue to support themsclYes and improve thcit' strndard of li!'ing. 8.g., the]
\vele taught about sustainable farnling metbods
- 6 After obtaining a basic education, mnny ofthe hill tribe people were T hle to
find employment in the cities.
Ineffective
- effectiveness was limited as the tribes live in small comrnunities, their
geographical isolation has made it difficult for government to reach to them'
Communication barriers have also been a challenge to this ect

CWD Geog 4E [/YoB ANS

 -funds are limited
-people may be reluctant to study
-commitment to family agriculture. Children may be needed on the farm to
work. hence they are uualtle to attend lessons
-- End ofDapor-

CWD Geog 4F MYoB ANS

l

Queslion 3: Developmenl [25 marks]

a Study the table below.

Indicators Counfrv A Country B Country C

GDI' per capita (US$) 't I2 8 550 I 658

Population (millions) 120 t5 65

Literacy ra te (o/o) 90 91 84

Infant mortality rate 98 t0 50

(per 1000 live births)

7u of people $,ith no 60 10 11
access to cleRn \\'ater

i) Which country has the lowest level of development? Explain your answer. t4l

ii) State and explain the type of employment structure you would expect Country B I31

ls it true to say that countries with plenty of natural resources will be able io develop [4]
quickly? Provjde examples to support your answer.

Explajn cumulative causation with the use of a diagram. Provide an example to [6]
illustrate the cumulative causation processes.

d Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies to promote national development in l8l

countries.

End Of l.rper
ANSWERS

Question 3: Development [25 marks]

Study the table below.

Jndicators Country A Co ntrv B CouDtry C

CDP per capitx (USS') '/ 12 8 550 I658

Population (millions) 1)O t5 65

Literact rate (o/.) 90 9t 8,+

lnfant mortality r.ate 98 30 50

(per 1000 live births)

1/o of people rlith no 60 10 tl

access to clean water

i) Which country has ihe lowest level of development? Explain your answer l4l

Country A. has the lor,l'est lcvel of development. [1] It has the lowest GDP per capita and the
infant mortality rate is very high at 98 per 1000 live births. It also has the highest perccntage
of people without acccss to clean water. All these indicators point that Country A is a less
developed country. 13l

ii) State and explain the type of employment structure you would expect Country B[3]
to have.
I *'ould expect Country B to be highly involved in the secondary and tertiary sectors. [1]
Country B enjoys a very high GDP per capita of US$ 8 550, jobs in these sectors are more
likely to provide a high income. lll The people of country B experiences a high literacy rate
of 917o, indicating that the people are more educated and skilled and arc more likel) to takc
up jobs in these sectors. Ill

ls it true to say ihat countries wlth plenty of naiural resources will be able to develop [4]
quickly? Provide examples to suppori your answer.
In gcncral, co ntrics that harc plcnty of ra$ nr?rtcrials dcvelop lhster than countries th:tt
have fcw or no rr\\ nrated:tls. [1] Horvever, there nrc c)iceptions to lhis. Ill For exenrple,
Nigeria remained as a less deYeloped country although it has a lot of oil. Jll On thc other
hand, SiDgapore becarn€ a developed country x.ithin a short time dcspitc havirg no natui-al
resources. [11
Question 3: Development [25 marksl

a Study the table below.

Indicators Countrv A Country B Country C

GDP per capita (US$) '712 8 550 1658

Populatior (millions) 120 t5 65

Literacy rate (7o) 90 91 84

Infa[t mortality rate 98 30 50

(per 1000 live births)

7o of peopl€ *'ith no 60 10 11
,ccess to clean water

i) Which country has the lowest level of development? Explain your answer' i4l

ii) State and explain the type of employment structure you would expect Country B t3l
to have.

ls it true to say that countries with plenty of natural resources will be able to develop [4]
quickly? Provide examples to support your answer'

Explain cumulative causation with the use oJ a diagram. Provide an example to [6]
illustrate the cumulative causation processes.

Evaluate the ei{ectiveness of the strategies to promote national development in [B]

countries.

End OfPaper -
 use of a diagram Provide an example
to [6]
Fxnlain cumulative causation with the
pr4cesses
itt.rstrate the clrrnulaiive ca'lsation fronl the
is u ptot"tt ot t'o* the movemcnt o{ peoPle'and'rtsources de\elop
Cumulative causation enahle rle rceion ro
neriDher\ incredres rl'" *""ttr' to ru" "ili iii't"ii"i"J"""i'*"'
il'i"J;"'.;;;: ;"'.,o0-"n' *"' ^".."n'"1f:llili"t#lf""lli;l"Jl,'5::ff i:l$i''";
'iilliqHx;:! : :ll: si:T*i;;li#l .lixir iiLiir".ilr"',T'riJ#;
fhe de\elopmeni of lhe "i:l":i":
core regron urrr
'"*:11'1'. ^:^:: --.;^. will ."rend lhe \\ealrh :rnd
*iri spren
gained Irom de\clopmetrl in lhc core r€gion
'"oi^n thc bcnelil(
p"tinhcry l\pread effeclt l4l
ffi*i"a*"-'"trt"

hor e\an,p,e. rhc de\c,opmeni.or,iiill::ilT::"i:l:ll:,"lillHii:il.l:Lliiil"iii

counlrJ lo dc\elop.at u lbtt" t ,t^tl^ 'i#Jiirl,o"io".oo
t L"p'n reapr the bcnefil\ of hirirtg
".j tna'and arso lrenerit a\ rhai\ arc
ii":"J i:;:ll":iT'13-'"il:::il; l"'.i.. o""i"""0'
.k;li Th" iou"ttt"n'' also hclpcd lhailand''
and theS pitled "o f-"*
"-oiovcd to gro* {5Preadl l2l 'Ja*"'^"T
tconomY
development in [B]
the effectiveness oJ the strategies to promote national
Evaluate
countries.
. L€vel 1: 0-3 marks' Poor ans er qu:rlity
'. Eaplanatiorl is linited
Evaluation is too simPle
. Examples are very geneFl or
inaccurate

. l,evel 2: 4-6 marks

I'tiJ. ino*t"ast howr b.rt laclnngdcpth
misqinB5lep'
' in-" onin'' "'pt'ined bul bur
'\irh
lJ'l derailq
' i""-Jr". '".u 6" '"le\dnt
. t-"n"t:,1_l -"ttts Good answer'
. Good Kaowledge shown I gr\cn)
io.r' .-.t'tJ e'pl rrncd r"L le r5L point\ are
' goth F"'rr't
r ior id -cd
. "'ic' "t alexamples
'rrr'er
. Place-specific are given'

(loplrrenl:
Stralecie. for \alioncl Dc! irr le(\ de\cloprd rcstorr''
ifl,i,,".l., i"o t*"'ion arrd financi:rl a'si't:rnce t"it'ries in lesr rlcrelopcrl lesiotr'
flcallh: lnrplo\ in'.1 sxltr''rtpplJ ""0'*"it'iirr" d*eloped reqion\
l'""i"i, r-"'-'I"* "'rrtcxrion 'rrr'lald\ irr lcq\;;;";'d legion' to cont' ol populrtit'n
social: lmplenrenr puprrl,,tion 0"":;;t i"t'

End Of Paper