English Investigation

SIMPLE PRESENT
Usos:
o Para expresar hbitos y rutinas, hechos generales, acciones repetidas o situaciones, emociones y deseos permanentes:
I smoke (hbito); I work in London (permanencia); London is a large city (hecho general)
o Para dar instrucciones o indicaciones:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
o Para hablar de eventos programados, presentes o futuros:
Your exam starts at 09.00.
o Para referirse al futuro, detrs de algunas conjunciones: after, when, before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
Cuidado! El "simple present" no se utiliza para hablar de lo que est ocurriendo en este momento.
Ejemplos:
Hbitos y rutinas
He drinks tea at breakfast. Instrucciones o indicaciones
She only eats fish. Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
They watch television regularly. You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
Eventos y acciones repetidos Eventos programados

We catch the bus every morning. His mother arrives tomorrow.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season. Our holiday starts on the 26th March
They drive to Monaco every summer.
Construcciones de futuro
Hechos generales She'll see you before she leaves.
Water freezes at zero degrees. We'll give it to her when she arrives.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
Formacin del "simple present": to Think
Afirmativa Interrogativa Negativa

I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He thinks Does he think? He does not think
She thinks Does she think? She does not think
It thinks Does it think? It does not think
We think Do we think? We do not think.
They think Do they think? They do not think.
Notas sobre la tercera persona del singular del "simple present":

En la tercera persona del singular, el verbo siempre termina en -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Para las formas negativa e interrogativa, se emplea DOES (= tercera persona del auxiliar 'DO') + el infinitivo del verbo.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbos que terminan en -y : en la tercera persona del singular, se cambia la -y por -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Excepcin: cuando una vocal precede a la -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Aadimos -es a los verbos que terminan en:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Ejemplos:
Jonatan Snchez ajonatansp7@abv.bg ajonatansp7@mail.ru +52 1 4431580743 2
He goes to school every morning. It mixes the sand and the water. She enjoys playing the pia
She understands English. He tries very hard.
SIMPLE PAST
Funciones del "simple past":
El "simple past" se utiliza para hablar de una accin que concluy en un tiempo anterior al actual. La duracin no es relevante. El tiempo en que se
sita la accin puede ser el pasado reciente o un pasado lejano.
Ejemplos:
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

My father died last year.
He lived in Fiji in 1976.
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Siempre se utiliza el "simple past" para referirse a cundo ocurri algo, de modo que va asociado a ciertas expresiones temporales que indican:
o frecuencia: often, sometimes, always

I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
o un tiempo determinado: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week. She finished her work atseven o'clock
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva. I went to the theatre last night
o un tiempo indeterminado: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Nota: el trmino ago es til para expresar distancia temporal en el pasado. Se coloca despus del periodo de tiempo de que se trate: a week ago,
three years ago, a minute ago.
Cuidado: el "simple past" del ingls puede parecerse a un tiempo verbal de tu propio idioma y, sin embargo, su significado puede ser distinto.
Formacin del "simple past" con verbos regulares
Afirmativa
Sujeto + raz + ed
I skipped.
Negativa
Sujeto + did not + infinitivo sin to
They didn't go.
Interrogativa
Did + sujeto + infinitivo sin to
Did she arrive?
Interrogativa negativa
Did not + sujeto + infinitivo sin to
Didn't you play?
Formacin del "simple present": to Walk
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?
He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?
We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?
They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?
"Simple past" de los verbos to be, to have, to do
Sujeto Verbo
Be Have Do
I was had did
You were had did
He/She/It was had did
We were had did
You were had did
They were had did
Notas sobre las construcciones afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa

Afirmativa
La forma afirmativa del "simple past" es sencilla.

I was in Japan last year
She had a headache yesterday.
We did our homework last night.
Negativa e interrogativa
Para las formas negativa e interrogativa del "simple past" del verbo "do" como verbo ordinario, se emplea como auxiliar "do", e.g. We didn't do our
homework last night.
La forma negativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele construirse utilizando el auxiliar "do", aunque en ocasiones solo se aade not o la
contraccin "n't".
La forma interrogativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele emplear el auxiliar "do".
Ejemplos
o They weren't in Rio last summer.
o We didn't have any money.
o We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
o We didn't do our exercises this morning.
o Were they in Iceland last January?
o Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
o Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Nota: para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa de todos los verbos en "simple past", se utiliza siempre el auxiliar 'did''.
"Simple past": verbos irregulares

Algunos verbos hacen el "simple past" de forma irregular. Estos son los ms comunes.
TO GO
o He went to a club last night.
o Did he go to the cinema last night?
o He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
o We gave her a doll for her birthday.

o They didn't give John their new address.
o Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
o My parents came to visit me last July.
o We didn't come because it was raining.
o Did he come to your party last week?
SIMPLE FUTURE
Funciones del "simple future"

El "simple future" se refiere a un tiempo posterior al actual y expresa hechos o certezas. En este caso, no hay lugar para la actitud.
El "simple future" se emplea:
o Para predecir un evento futuro:

It will rain tomorrow.
o Con "I" o "we", para expresar una decisin espontnea:
I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
o Para expresar voluntad o disposicin de hacer algo: I'll do the washing-up.
He'll carry your bag for you.
o En forma negativa, para expresar rechazo o falta de disposicin para hacer algo:
The baby won't eat his soup.
I won't leave until I've seen the manager!
o En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "I", para formular un ofrecimiento:
Shall I open the window?
o En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "we", para formular una sugerencia:
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
o En forma interrogativa con "shall" y "I", para solicitar consejo o instrucciones:
What shall I tell the boss about this money?
o Con "you", para dar rdenes:
You will do exactly as I say.
o En forma interrogativa con "you", para formular una invitacin:
Will you come to the dance with me?
Will you marry me?
Nota:en el ingls actual, will tiene un uso preferente frente a shall. "Shall" se utiliza fundamentalmente con las primeras personas, I y we, para ofrecer
o sugerir algo, o para pedir consejo (ver los ejemplos anteriores). Con el resto de las personas (you, he, she, they) "shall" se emplea nicamente en
construcciones poticas o literarias, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."
Formacin del "simple future"
El "simple future" est compuesto por dos partes: will / shall + infinitivo sin to
Sujeto will infinitivo sin to

Afirmativa
I will go
I shall go
Negativa
They will not see
They won't see
Interrogativa
Will she ask?
Interrogativa negativa
Won't they try?

Contracciones:
I will = I'll He will = he'll They will = they'll

We will = we'll She will = she'll Will not = won't
You will = you'll
La forma "it will" no suele contraerse, mas s se hace.
To see: "simple future"
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa Negativa

I will see I won't see Will I see? Won't I see?
*I shall see *Shall I see?
You will see You won't see Will you see? Won't you see?
He will see He won't see Will he see? Won't he see?
We will see We won't see Will we see? Won't we see?
*We shall see *Shall we see?
They will see They won't see Will they see? Won't they see?
DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstratives show where an object, event, or person is in relation to the speaker. They can refer to a physical or a psychological closeness or
distance. When talking about events, the near demonstratives are often used to refer to the present while the far demonstratives often refer to the past.
Near the speaker Far the speaker
Adverb Here There

Demonstrative with singular nouns
This That
& uncountable nouns
Demonstrative with
These Those
plural countable nouns
Demonstrative usage
Examples
Near the speaker Far from the speaker

Is this John's house? Is that John's house over there?
This is a nice surprise! That must have been a nice surprise for you.
These apples are mine. Those apples are yours.
What are you up to these days? Those days are long gone.
This time I won't be late. We really surprised you that time.
This sugar is for my crepes. You can use that sugar for your cake.
Sentence placement
Demonstratives can be placed before the noun or the adjective that That metal rod should work.
modifies the noun. These oranges are delicious.
Examples Demonstratives can also appear before a number by itself when the
noun is understood from the context.
This blue car needs to be washed next.
Those people were here first. Examples

I'd like to try on that one. Examples
This one is broken.
I'll take these three. I'll never forget this.
Those two are not as pretty as these two. That has nothing to do with me.
I didn't ask for these.
Demonstratives can be used by themselves when the noun they Those aren't mine.
modify is understood from the context.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are a very broad collection of words that may describe how, where, or when an action took place. They may also express the viewpoint of the
speaker about the action, the intensity of an adjective or another adverb, or several other functions. Use these pages about the grammar of adverbs in
English to become more precise and more descriptive in your speaking and writing.

Using Adverbs in English
Adverbs modify, or tell us more about, other words. Usually adverbs modify verbs, telling us how, how often, when, or where something was done. The
adverb is placed after the verb it modifies.
Examples
o The bus moved slowly.
o The bears ate greedily.
o The car drove fast.
Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.
Examples
o You look absolutely fabulous!
o He is slightly overweight.
o You are very persistent.
Some types of adverbs can modify other adverbs, changing their degree or precision.
Examples
o She played the violin extremely well.
o You're speaking too quietly.
Forming adverbs from adjectives

In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding -ly to an adjective If the adjective ends in -y, replace the y with i and add -ly
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

cheap cheaply easy easily
quick quickly angry angrily
slow slowly happy happily
lucky luckily
If the adjective ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace the -e with -y. If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally. Exception: public -> publicly
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

probable probably basic basically
terrible terribly tragic tragically
gentle gently economic economically
Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, & wrong
Examples o It is a fast car.

o He drives very fast. o He is a good student.
o This is a hard exercise. o He studies well.
o He works hard. o She is a good pianist.
o We saw many high buildings. o She plays the piano well.
o The bird flew high in the sky. o They are good swimmers.
* Well is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective good. o They swim well.
Examples
Comparative and superlative adverbs

With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative, and most to form the superlative.
Adverb Comparative Superlative Examples

o The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
quietly more quietly most quietly
o Could you sing more quietly please?
slowly more slowly most slowly
seriously more seriously most seriously
With short adverbs that do not end in -ly comparative and superlative forms are identical to adjectives: add -er to form the comparative and -est to form
the superlative. If the adverb ends in e, remove it before adding the ending.
Adverb Comparative Superlative Examples

o Jim works harder than his brother.
hard harder hardest
o Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
fast faster fastest
late later latest
Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
Adverb Comparative Superlative

Examples
badly worse worst
o The little boy ran farther than his friends.
far farther/further farthest/furthest o You're driving worse today than yesterday !
little less least o He played the best of any player.
well better best
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Adverbs of place are usually placed after the main verb or after the clause that they modify.
Adverbs of place do not modify adjectives or other adverbs. Some examples of adverbs of place: here, everywhere, outside, away, around
Examples
o John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.
o I searched everywhere I could think of.
o I'm going back to school.
o Come in!
o They built a house nearby.
o She took the child outside.
Here and There
Here and there are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative to the speaker. With verbs of movement, here means "towards or with the
speaker" and there means "away from, or not with the speaker".
Sentence Meaning
Come here! Come towards me.
The table is in here. Come with me; we will go see it together.

Sentence Meaning
Put it there. Put it in a place away from me.
The table is in there. Go in; you can see it by yourself.
Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial phrases.
Examples
o What are you doing up there?
o Come over here and look at what I found!
o The baby is hiding down there under the table.
o I wonder how my driver's license got stuck under here.
Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations or when emphasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is
a noun or by a pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
Examples
o Here comes the bus!
o There goes the bell!
o There it is!
o Here they are!
Adverbs of place that are also prepositions
Many adverbs of place can also be used as prepositions. When used as prepositions, they must be followed by a noun.
Word Used as an adverb of place, modifying a verb Used as a preposition

around The marble rolled around in my hand. I am wearing a necklace around my neck.
behind Hurry! You are getting behind. Let's hide behind the shed.
down Mary fell down. John made his way carefully down the cliff.
in We decided to drop in on Jake. I dropped the letter in the mailbox.
off Let's get off at the next stop. The wind blew the flowers off the tree.
on We rode on for several more hours. Please put the books on the table.
over He turned over and went back to sleep. I think I will hang the picture over my bed.
Adverbs of place ending in -where
Adverbs of place that end in -where express the idea of location without specifying a specific location or direction.
Examples
o I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.
o Is there anywhere I can find a perfect plate of spaghetti around here?
o I have nowhere to go.
o I keep running in to Sally everywhere!
Adverbs of place ending in -wards
Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular direction.
Examples
o Cats don't usually walk backwards.
o The ship sailed westwards.
o The balloon drifted upwards.
o We will keep walking homewards until we arrive.
Be careful: Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun.
Examples
o He walked towards the car.
o She ran towards me.
Adverbs of place expressing both movement & location
Some adverbs of place express both movement & location at the same time.
Examples
o The child went indoors.
o He lived and worked abroad.
o Water always flows downhill.
o The wind pushed us sideways.
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. They are extremely common
in English. Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb of time is telling us.
Adverbs that tell us when
Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence.
Examples
o Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
o I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.
o I saw Sally today.
o I will call you later.
o I have to leave now.
o I saw that movie last year.
Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a neutral position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different
emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the time element. Some can also be put before
the main verb in formal writing, while others cannot occupy that position.
Examples
o Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)
o Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's report)
o Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)
Adverbs that tell us for how long
Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence.
Examples
o She stayed in the Bears' house all day.
o My mother lived in France for a year.
o I have been going to this school since 1996.
In these adverbial phrases that tell us for how long, for is always followed by an expression of duration, while since is always followed by an expression
of a point in time.
Examples
o I stayed in Switzerland for three days.
o I am going on vacation for a week.
o I have been riding horses for several years.
o The French monarchy lasted for several centuries.
o I have not seen you since Monday.
o Jim has been working here since 1997.
o There has not been a more exciting discovery since last century.
Adverbs that tell us how often
Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be,
have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in which case the adverb goes after the main verb.

Examples
o I often eat vegetarian food.
o He never drinks milk.
o You must always fasten your seat belt.
o I am seldom late.
o He rarely lies.
Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be. When they are
placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the adverb is much stronger.
Adverb that can be used in two positions Stronger position Weaker position
frequently I visit France frequently. I frequently visit France.
generally Generally, I don't like spicy foods. I generally don't like spicy foods.
normally I listen to classical music normally. I normally listen to classical music.
occasionally I go to the opera occasionally. I occasionally go to the opera.
often Often, I jog in the morning. I often jog in the morning.
regularly I come to this museum regularly. I regularly come to this museum.
sometimes I get up very early sometimes. I sometimes get up very early.
usually I enjoy being with children usually. I usually enjoy being with children.
Some other adverbs that tell us how often express the exact number of times an action happens or happened. These adverbs are usually placed at the
end of the sentence.
Examples
o This magazine is published monthly.
o He visits his mother once a week.
o I work five days a week.
o I saw the movie seven times.
Using Yet
Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences to indicate that something that has not happened or may not have happened but is expected to
happen. It is placed at the end of the sentence or after not.
Examples
o Have you finished your work yet? (= simple request for information)
o No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)
o They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)
o Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing surprise)
Using Still
Still expresses continuity. In positive sentences it is placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs such as be, have, might, will. If the main verb
is to be, then place still after it rather than before. In questions, still goes before the main verb.
Examples
o She is still waiting for you.
o Jim might still want some.
o Do you still work for the BBC?
o Are you still here?
o I am still hungry.
Order of adverbs of time
If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, use them in this order:
1: how long 2: how often 3: when
Examples
o 1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day
o 2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.
o 1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.
o 1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every week (3) last year.
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb or after the object.
Examples
o He swims well.
o He ran quickly.
o She spoke softly.
o James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
o He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)
o He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)
An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.
Examples
o He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]
o He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
o He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
o He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]
o He gave us the money generously. [correct]
o He generously gave us the money. [correct]
If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.
Examples
o The child ran happily towards his mother.
o The child ran towards his mother happily.
Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object (intransitive verbs).
Examples
o The town grew quickly after 1997.
o He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: well, badly, hard, & fast
Examples
o He swam well despite being tired.
o The rain fell hard during the storm.
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies
only that verb. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. Notice the difference in meaning
between the following sentences.
Example Meaning
She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick
She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick
She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. the re-typing is quick
He quietly asked me to leave the house. the request is quiet
He asked me quietly to leave the house. the request is quiet
He asked me to leave the house quietly. the leaving is quiet
Literary usage
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis.

Examples
o He gently woke the sleeping woman.
o She angrily slammed the door.
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and make us curious.
Examples
o Slowly she picked up the knife.
o Roughly he grabbed her arm.
Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they
modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example

extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Usage of "enough"
Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.
Enough as an adverb
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It
can be used both in positive and negative sentences.
Examples
o Is your coffee hot enough?
o This box isn't big enough.
o He didn't work hard enough.
o I got here early enough.
Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples
o He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
o Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
o She's not old enough to get married.
o I got here early enough to sign up.
Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples
o The dress was big enough for me.
o She's not experienced enough for this job.
o Is the coffee hot enough for you?
o He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.
Enough as a determiner
Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with
uncountable nouns.

Examples
o We have enough bread.
o You have enough children.
o They don't have enough food.
o I don't have enough apples.
Usage of "too"
"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too meaning "also"
Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
Examples
o I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
o Can I go to the zoo too?
o Is this gift for me too?
o I'm not going to clean your room too!
Too meaning "excessively"
Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples
o This coffee is too hot.
o He works too hard.
o Isn't she too young?
o I am not too short!
Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples
o The coffee was too hot to drink.
o You're too young to have grandchildren!
o I am not too tired to go out tonight.
o Don't you work too hard to have any free time?
Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples
o The coffee was too hot for me.
o The dress was too small for her.
o He's not too old for this job.
o Sally's not too slow for our team.
Usage of "very"
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Examples
o The girl was very beautiful.
o The house is very expensive.
o He worked very quickly.
o She runs very fast.
If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or
we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less
direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
Examples
Original phrase Opposite meaning with "not" Opposite meaning with "not very" Opposite meaning with an opposite word
The girl was beautiful. The girl was not beautiful. The girl was not very beautiful. The girl was ugly.
He worked quickly. He did not work quickly. He did not work very quickly. He worked slowly.
Difference in meaning between "very" and "too"
There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.
Examples
o He speaks very quickly.
o He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
o It is very hot outside.
o It is too hot outside to go for a walk.
Other adverbs used like "very"
Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of adjectives and adverbs.
Expressing very strong feelings Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat doubtful feelings
extremely, terribly, amazingly, wonderfully, especially, particularly, uncommonly, unusually, pretty, rather, fairly, not especially, not
insanely remarkably, quite particularly
The movie was amazingly interesting. The movie was particularly interesting. The movie was fairly interesting.
She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly boring. The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather boring.
Inversion with negative adverbs
Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The
order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking.
Adverb Normal word order Inversion

Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not only She did not only the cooking but the cleaning as well. Not only did she do the cooking, but the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he started talking. Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset.
Adverbs of certainty
Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event. Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be',
in which case the adverb of certainty goes after. certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
Examples
o He definitely left the house this morning.
o He surely won't forget.
o He is probably in the park.
o He is certainly a smart man.
If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.
Examples
o He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
o He will probably remember tomorrow.
o He is definitely running late.
Sometimes these adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Examples
o Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
o Certainly, I will be there.
o Probably, he has forgotten the meeting.
When the adverb of certainty surely is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for
confirmation.
Examples
o Surely you've got a bicycle.
o Surely you're not going to wear that to the party.
Viewpoint and commenting adverbs

There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on
the action. These adverbs are different from other adverbs because they do not tell us how an action occurred. Commenting and viewpoint adverbs
modify entire clauses rather than single verbs, adverbs, or adjectives. There is no real distinction between commenting adverbs and viewpoint adverbs,
except in their sentence placement. Many adverbs that can be used as viewpoint adverbs can also be used as commenting adverbs. However, in some
cases, an adverb is far more common as one or the other.
Sentence placement
Viewpoint adverbs are placed at the beginning, or more rarely, at the end of the sentence. They are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by
a comma. Commenting adverbs are placed before the main verb unless the verb "to be" is used, in which case placement can be either before or after
the verb. In some cases, commenting adverbs placed before the main verb will also be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, although in
most cases they will not be. In the examples below, viewpoint and commenting adverbs are shown in the correct sentence placements. When a
sentence placement is unusual, stilted, or too formal for spoken language, it is marked with an asterisk.
Viewpoint or
At the start of a sentence Before the main verb At the end of a sentence
commenting adverb
Clearly, he doesn't know what he He doesn't know what he is
clearly He clearly doesn't know what he is doing.
is doing. doing, clearly.
obviously Obviously, you are acting silly. You are obviously acting silly You are acting silly, obviously.
personally Personally, I'd rather go by train. I'd personally rather go by train. I'd rather go by train, personally.
Presumably, he didn't have time He presumably didn't have time to go to the post He didn't have time to go to the
presumably
to go to the post office. office. post office, presumably.
Seriously, I can't give this I can't give this speech,
seriously I seriously can't give this speech.
speech. seriously.
Surely you tried to get here on You tried to get here on time,
surely You surely tried to get here on time.
time. surely.
Technically, we cannot fly to We cannot fly to Mars and back,
technically We technically cannot fly to Mars and back.
Mars and back. technically.
Undoubtedly, he has a good He has a good reason not to
undoubtedly He undoubtedly has a good reason not to come.
reason not to come. come, undoubtedly.
bravely Bravely, I kept on walking. I bravely kept on walking. *I kept on walking, bravely.
Carelessly, she threw her book *She threw her book into the
carelessly She carelessly threw her book into the pond.
into the pond. pond, carelessly.
You certainly should be there. / You should certainly
certainly Certainly you should be there. You should be there, certainly.
be there.
*Sally hid the jellybeans,
cleverly Cleverly, Sally hid the jellybeans. Sally cleverly hid the jellybeans.
cleverly.
definitely *Definitely, you are smart. You defintely are smart. / You are definitely smart. *You are smart, definitely.
foolishly Foolishly, they cried out. They foolishly cried out. They cried out, foolishly.
Generously, he donated the *He donated the money,
generously He generously donated the money.
money. generously.
Viewpoint or
At the start of a sentence Before the main verb At the end of a sentence
commenting adverb
Stupidly, they played in the *They played in the street,
stupidly They stupidly played in the street.
street. stupidly.
obviously Obviously, we are lost. We are obviously lost. / *We obviously are lost. We are lost, obviously.
kindly Kindly, she fed the cat first. She kindly fed the cat first. She fed the cat first, kindly.
luckily Luckily, you got here on time. You luckily got here on time. You got here on time, luckily.
fortunately Fortunately, we found the boat. We fortunately found the boat. We found the boat, fortunately.
Naturally, you cannot be in the You cannot be in the circus now,
naturally You naturally cannot be in the circus now.
circus now. naturally.
Wisely, she stayed home to take She stayed home to take a nap,
wisely She wisely stayed home to take a nap.
a nap. wisely.
Confidentially, I never gave him I never gave him the envelope,
confidentially
the envelope. confidentially.
Theoretically, we could send We could theoretically send astronauts to Mars. / We could send astronauts to
theoretically
astronauts to Mars. We theoretically could send astronauts to Mars. Mars, theoretically.
Truthfully, I don't like chocolate I don't like chocolate much,
truthfully I truthfully don't like chocolate much.
much. truthfully.
Disappointingly, she got fourth She got fourth place,
disappointingly She disappointingly got fourth place.
place. disappointingly.
thoughtfully Thoughtfully, I turned away. I thoughtfully turned away. I turned away, thoughtfully.
simply *Simply, I don't want to come. I simply don't want to come.
Unbelievably, she showed up She showed up late again,
unbelievably She unbelievably showed up late again.
late again. unbelievably.
Unfortunately, there is no more There is unfortunately no more room. / There There is no more room,
unfortunately
room. unfortunately is no more room. unfortunately.
Relative adverbs
The relative adverbs where, when & why can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which used
to introduce a relative clause.
Formal structure, preposition + which More common stucture using a relative adverb
That's the restaurant in which we met for the first time. That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
That picture was taken in the park at which I used to play. That picture was taken in the park where I used to play.
I remember the day on which we first met. I remember the day when we first met.
There was a very hot summer the year in which he was born. There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
Tell me the reason for which you came home late. Tell me (the reason) why you came home late.
Do you want to know the reason for which he is angry with Sally? Do you want to know (the reason) why he is angry with Sally?
Interrogative adverbs
The interrogative adverbs why, where, how, & when are placed at the beginning of a question. These questions can be answered with a sentence or a
prepositional phrase. After an interrogative adverb in a question, you must invert the subject and verb so that the verb comes first.
Examples
o Why are you so late? There was a lot of traffic.
o Where is my passport? In the drawer.
o How are you? I'm fine.
o When does the train arrive? At 11:15.
Uses of how
How can be used to form questions in four different ways. How can be used by itself to mean "in what way".
Examples
o How did you make this sauce?
o How do you start the car?
o How can I get to your house?
How can be used with adjectives to ask about the degree of an attribute.
Examples
o How tall are you?
o How old is your house?
o How angry is mother?
How can be used with much and many to ask about quantity. Much is used with uncountable nouns and many is used with countable nouns.
Examples
o How many people are coming to the party?
o How much flour do I need?
o How much are these tomatoes?
How can be used with other adverbs to ask about the frequency or degree of an action.
Examples
o How quickly can you read this?
o How often do you go to London?
o How loudly does your brother scream?
EL COMPARATIVO Y EL SUPERLATIVO
Los adjetivos en grado comparative
El comparativo se usa en ingls para comparar diferencias entre los dos objetos a los que modifica (larger, smaller, faster, higher). Se emplea en
oraciones donde comparamos dos nombres, de la manera siguiente:
Nombre (sujeto) + verbo + adjetivo en grado comparativo + than + nombre (objeto).
El segundo trmino de la comparacin puede omitirse si se entiende a partir del contexto. (ver el ltimo ejemplo).
Ejemplos
My house is larger than hers.
This box is smaller than the one I lost.
Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
The rock flew higher than the roof.
Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" se sobreentiende)
Los adjetivos en grado superlativo
El superlativo se emplea para describir un objeto que se encuentra en el extremo superior o inferior de una cualidad (the tallest, the smallest, the
fastest, the highest). Se utiliza en oraciones en las que comparamos un sujeto con un grupo de objetos, como aqu:
Nombre (sujeto) + verbo + the + adjetivo en grado superlativo + nombre (objeto).
El grupo con el que se efecta la comparacin puede omitirse si se entiende a partir del contexto (ver el ltimo ejemplo).
Ejemplos
o My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
o This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
o Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
o We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" est sobreentendido)
Formacin de comparativos y superlativos regulares
En ingls, es simple formar el comparativo y el superlativo de la mayora de los adjetivos. La forma depender del nmero de slabas del adjetivo.
Adjetivos de una slaba
Aadir -er para el comparativo y -est para el superlativo. Si el adjetivo termina en consonante + vocal + consonante, la ltima consonante debe
repetirse antes de aadir la terminacin.
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

tall taller tallest
fat fatter fattest
big bigger biggest
sad sadder saddest
Adjetivos de dos slabas
Los adjetivos de dos slabas pueden formar el comparativo aadiendo -er, como los adjetivos de una slaba, o bien colocando more delante del
adjetivo, como ocurre con los de tres slabas. Igualmente, estos adjetivos pueden formar el superlativo aadiendo la terminacin -est o bien poniendo
most delante el adjetivo. En muchos casos se utilizan las dos formas, aunque uno de los usos ser ms habitual que el otro. Si no estamos seguros de
que un adjetivo pueda tomar las terminaciones de comparativo o superlativo, es mejor utilizar more y most. Cuando un adjetivo de dos slabas termina
en y, hay que cambiarla por i antes de aadir la terminacin.

happy happier happiest
simple simpler simplest
busy busier busiest
tilted more tilted most tilted
tangled more tangled most tangled
Adjetivos de tres slabas o ms
Los adjetivos de tres slabas o ms forman el comparativo colocando more antes del adjetivo y el superlativo colocando most.
important more important most important
expensive more expensive most expensive
Comparativos y superlativos irregulares
Algunos adjetivos muy corrientes tienen formas irregulares en los grados comparativo y superlativo.
Adjetivos Comparativos Superlativos

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much more most
far further / farther furthest / farthest
Ejemplos:
o Today is the worst day I've had in a long time.
o You play tennis better than I do.
o This is the least expensive sweater in the store.
o This sweater is less expensive than that one.
o I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even farther today.

QUESTIONS STRUCTURE
Yes/No questions
Yes/No questions are questions to which the answer is Yes or No
Look at these statements:
They are working hard.

They will be working hard.
They had worked hard.
They have been working hard.
They might have been working hard.
We make Yes/No questions by putting the subject, they, after the first part of the verb:
Are they working hard?

Will they be working hard?
Had they worked hard?
Have they been working hard?
Might they have been working hard?
Negatives
We make negatives by putting not after the first part of the verb:
They are not working hard

They will not be working hard
They had not worked hard
They have not been working hard
They might not have been working hard
In spoken English we often reduce not to nt:
They arent working hard.

They wont be working hard
They hadnt been working hard, etc.
Questions and negatives with present simple and past simple forms:
For all verbs except be and have we use do/does and did with the base form of the verb to make Yes/No questions for the present simple and past
simple forms:
They work hard >>> Do they work hard?

He works hard >>> Does he work hard?
They worked hard >>> Did they work hard?
For all verbs except be and have we make negatives by putting not after do/does and did for the present simple and past simple forms:
They work hard >>> They do not (dont) work hard

He works hard >>> He does not (doesnt) work hard
They worked hard >>> They did not (didnt) work hard.
Here are the question forms and negative forms for the verb be in the present simple and past simple:
I am (Im) Am I? I am not (Im not)

He is (hes) Is he? He is not (Hes not/He isnt)
She is (shes) Is she She is not (Shes not/She isnt)
It is (its) Is it It is not (Its not/It isnt)

You are (youre) Are you You are not (Youre not/You arent)
They are (theyre) Are they They are not (Theyre not/They arent)
The verb have:
We make questions and negatives with have in two ways:
o normally we use do/does or did for questions :
Do you have plenty of time?

Does she have enough money?
Did they have any useful advice?
o and negatives:
I dont have much time.

She doesnt have any money.
They didnt have any advice to offer.
o but we can make questions by putting have, has or had in front of the subject:
Have you plenty of time?

Had they any useful advice?
o and we can make negatives by putting not or nt after have, has or had:
We havent much time.

She hadnt any money.
He hasnt a sister called Liz, has he?
Wh-questions
Wh-questions are questions which start with a question-asking word, either a Wh- word (what, when, where, which, who, whose, why) or questions
with the word how.
Questions with: when, where, why:
We form wh-questions with these words by putting the question word in front of a Yes/No question:
Where are they working?
Why have they been working hard?
Where does he work?
Where will you go?
When did they arrive?
Questions with who, which and what (see Pronouns):
o Sometimes who or what takes the place of the subject (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases) of the clause:
Who gave you the chocolates? >>> Barbara gave me the chocolates.
Who is looking after the children? >>> My mother is looking after the children
Who mended the window? >>> My brother mended the window
Who could have done this? >>> Anybody could have done this.
o We use what in the same way:
What will happen?

What caused the accident?
What frightened the children?
When we ask who, which and what about the object of the verb (see Clauses, Sentences and Phrases), we make questions in the way described in 1
and 3 above with who, which or what at the beginning of the clause:
He is seeing Joe tomorrow >>> Who is he seeing tomorrow?
I want a computer for my birthday >>> What do you want for your birthday?
She has brought some fruit for the picnic >>> What has she brought for the picnic?
They need a new car >>> What do they need?
We sometimes use which or what with a noun:
What subjects did you study at school?

What newspaper do you read?
Which newspaper do you read the Times or the Guardian?
Which book do you want?
Questions with how:
We use how for many different questions:

How are you?
How do you make questions in English?
How long have you lived here?
How often do you go to the cinema?
How much is this dress?
How old are you?
How many people came to the meeting?
Questions with verbs and prepositions:

When we have a question with a verb and a preposition the preposition usually comes at the end of the clause:
I gave the money to my brother >>> Who did you give the money to?
She comes from Madrid >>> Where does she come from?
They were waiting for more than an hour >>> How long were they waiting for?
Other ways of asking questions:

We use phrases like these in front of a statement to ask questions:
Do you know? I wonder... Can you tell me ?
o We use these phrases with if for Yes/No questions:
This is the right house >>> Do you know if this is the right house?
Mr. Brown lives here >>> Do you know if Mr. Brown lives here?
Everyone will have read the book >>> I wonder if everyone will have read the book.
or with wh-words:
I wonder how much this dress is.
Can you tell me where she comes from?
Do you know who lives here?
o We often use do you think? after wh-words:
How much do you think this dress is?

Where do you think she comes from?
Who do you think lives here?
Negatives with the to-infinitive:

When we make a negative with the to-infinitive we put not in front of the to-infinitive:
He told us not to make so much noise.

They were asked not to park in front of the house.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone
said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
o by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

o by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks
(" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling
someone later about a previous conversation.
Examples
o She says, "What time will you be home?"
o She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "
o "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
o John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
Indirect Speech
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like
'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)
'That' may be omitted:

She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.
'Say' and 'tell'
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:

He said that he was tired.
Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak'
Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating:

He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said:

He talked (to us) about his parents.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
http://www.ef.com.mx/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-present/
http://www.ef.com.mx/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-past/
http://www.ef.com.mx/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-future/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/demonstratives/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/forming-adverbs-adjectives/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/comparative-and-superlative-adverbs/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-place/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-time/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-manner/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-degree/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-certainty/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/viewpoint-and-commenting-adverbs/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/relative-adverbs/
http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/interrogative-adverbs/
http://www.ef.com.mx/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/comparativo-superlativo/
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar/clause-phrase-and-sentence/verb-patterns/verbs-questions-and-negatives

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SIMPLE PRESENT

Eventos y acciones repetidos Eventos programados

Formacin del "simple present": to Think

Afirmativa Interrogativa Negativa

Notas sobre la tercera persona del singular del "simple present":

Funciones del "simple past":

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

o frecuencia: often, sometimes, always

Formacin del "simple past" con verbos regulares

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

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Notas sobre las construcciones afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa

La forma afirmativa del "simple past" es sencilla.

"Simple past": verbos irregulares

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Funciones del "simple future"

El "simple future" se emplea:

o Para predecir un evento futuro:

Formacin del "simple future"

Sujeto will infinitivo sin to

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I will = I'll He will = he'll They will = they'll

La forma "it will" no suele contraerse, mas s se hace.

To see: "simple future"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa Negativa

Near the speaker Far the speaker

Adverb Here There

Near the speaker Far from the speaker

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Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.

Forming adverbs from adjectives

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb

Examples o It is a fast car.

Comparative and superlative adverbs

Adverb Comparative Superlative Examples

Adverb Comparative Superlative Examples

Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Adverb Comparative Superlative

Here and There

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Adverbs of place that are also prepositions

Word Used as an adverb of place, modifying a verb Used as a preposition

Adverbs of place ending in -where

Adverbs of place ending in -wards

Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular direction.

Be careful: Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun.

Adverbs that tell us when

Adverbs that tell us for how long

Adverbs that tell us how often

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Order of adverbs of time

Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis.

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Adverb of degree Modifying Example

Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

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Too meaning "also"

Too meaning "excessively"

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.