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(
F (t ) = et , 2t , e t ) determina la velocidad, la aceleracin y las componentes
( ) = 1 + ( f ' (t ) ) dt
2 2
Su rapidez es: V (t ) = 12 + f ' (t )
Por lo tanto:
b
L = 1 + ( f ' (t ) ) dt
2
An (t ) = V (t ) T ' (t )
dT 1 1 T ' (t )
= .T ' (t ) = T ' (t ) N (t ) = N (t )
ds V (t ) V (t ) V (t )
'
dT T (t )
Este vector obtenido = N (t ) , es el vector curvatura y se denota
ds V (t )
d
=
ds
11) La aceleracin tambin se puede escribir as:
T ' (t ) T ' (t )
De: (t ) = = '
, se tiene: T ' (t ) = (t ) V (t )
V (t ) F (t )
Entonces:
A(t ) = V ' (t )T (t ) + (t ) ( V (t ) ) N (t )
2
Esto es as porque:
V (t ) = F ' (t )
Y como la velocidad es paralela al vector tangente unitario T (t ) , se
tiene:
F ' (t ) = F ' (t ) T (t )
(
F '' (t ) = F ' (t ) (T (t ) ) + F ' (t ) T (t ) )
' '
(
F ' (t ) F '' (t ) = F ' (t ) F ' (t ) (T (t ) ) + F ' (t ) T (t ) )
' '
Pero F ' (t ) = F ' (t ) T (t ) , entonces:
( ) T (t ) T (t ) + F (t ) ( F (t ) ) T (t ) T (t )
2 '
F ' (t ) F '' (t ) = F ' (t ) ' ' '
( ) T (t ) T (t )
2
F ' (t ) F '' (t ) = F ' (t ) '
V (t ) A(t ) = V (t ) T (t ) T ' (t )
2
V (t ) A(t ) = V (t ) T (t ) T ' (t )
2
V (t ) A(t ) = V (t ) T (t ) T ' (t )
2
V (t ) A(t ) = V (t ) T ' (t )
2
3
Dividiendo en ambos miembros por V (t ) se tiene:
2
V (t ) A(t ) V (t ) T ' (t )
3
= 3
V (t ) V (t )
2
V (t ) A(t ) V (t ) T ' (t )
3
= 3
V (t ) V (t )
V (t ) A(t ) T ' (t )
3
=
V (t ) V (t )
T ' (t ) V (t ) A(t )
= 3
V (t ) V (t )
T ' (t )
Como (t ) = , se tiene finalmente:
V (t )
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) =
( V (t ) )
3
= (t )
se tiene: An = kv 2 , donde: , y como: F '' (t ) N es la componente normal
v = V ( t )
d ( F '' (t ) )
i B = F '' (t )i( .N .v ) = .F '' (t ) N .v = . v 2 .v = . v3
dt
Adems se sabe que la curvatura es:
V (t ) A(t ) F ' (t ) F '' (t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3
v3
Por lo tanto:
d ( F '' (t ) ) F ' (t ) F '' (t )
i B = . v = .
3
3
v3 = F ' (t ) F '' (t )
dt v
Despejando la torsin, se tiene:
F ''' (t )i B
=
F ' (t ) F '' (t )
F ' (t ) F '' (t )
Teniendo en cuenta que: B (t ) = , se tiene finalmente la
F ' (t ) F '' (t )
frmula de la torsin:
(t ) =
( F (t ).F (t ).F (t ) ) , F (t ) F (t ) 0
' '' '''
' ''
2
F (t ) F (t )
' ''
(
V (t ) = F ' (t ) = et , 2, e t )
Tambin sabemos que la aceleracin es la primera derivada de la
velocidad o segunda derivada de la funcin de posicin, as:
A(t ) = V ' (t ) = ( et , 0, e t )
(
Como: F ' (t ) = et , 2, e t , se tiene: )
( e ) + ( 2 ) + ( e ) (e ) + 2 + e
2
t 2 t 2 2 t
F ' (t ) = = 2t
Por lo tanto:
F ' (t ) et 2 e t
T (t ) = ' = , ,
F (t )
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
Entonces la componente tangencial de la aceleracin es:
At (t ) = V ' (t )T (t )
et
At (t ) = ( et , 0, e t )
et 2
, ,
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
At (t ) =
et .et
+
0. 2
( e ) .( e )
t t
e 2t e 2t
At (t ) =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( AiU )U B B
continuacin:
Ya sabes como proyectar un vector sobre otro, apliquemos esto a
(
vector velocidad V = et , 2, e t ) para obtener la componente tangencial del
vector aceleracin.
Esta proyeccin quedara:
(
at = aiUV UV )
Calculamos primero el unitario del vector velocidad:
( e ) + ( 2 ) + ( e )
2
t 2 t 2
Mdulo del vector velocidad: V =
V = e 2 t + 2 + e 2 t
et .et 0. 2 e t .e t
aiUV = + +
e2 t + 2 + e 2t e 2t + 2 + e 2 t e2 t + 2 + e 2t
e 2t 0 e 2t
aiUV = +
e2 t + 2 + e 2t e 2t + 2 + e 2 t e 2t + 2 + e 2t
e2 t e 2 t e 2t e 2t
aiUV = =
e 2t + 2 + e 2t e 2t + 2 + e 2t e2t + 2 + e 2t
Si nos piden el vector tangencial del vector aceleracin, sera:
e 2t e 2t e t
(
at = a iUV UV = ) e 2 t + 2 + e 2 t
2 t
et
2 t
,
2
e 2t + 2 + e 2t
,
e 2 t + 2 + e 2 t
e +2+e
e t ( e 2 t e 2 t ) 2 ( e 2t e 2t ) e t ( e 2 t e 2 t )
at = , , 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
e 2 t + 2 + e 2 t e 2t + 2 + e 2t e 2t + 2 + e 2t
e 3t e t 2 ( e 2 t e 2 t ) ( e t e 3t )
at = 2t
, ,
e + 2 + e 2t e 2t + 2 + e2t e 2t + 2 + e 2t
Ahora calculemos la componente normal de la aceleracin:
An (t ) = V (t ) T ' (t )
et 2 et
T (t ) = , ,
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
Derivando componente por componente:
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t ( et ) et ( ( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t )
' ' '
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
( (e ) + 2 + e )
2
2t 2 t 2t 2 t
(
2 ( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t )
' '
2 =
(e ) + 2 + e
( ) ( )
2
2t 2 t 2 t
e 2t
+ 2 + e
(e ) + 2 + e (e ) e ( (e ) + 2 + e )
' '
t '
2t 2 t t 2t 2 t
e t =
(e ) + 2 + e
( (e ) + 2 + e )
2
2t 2 t 2t 2 t
( )
e 2t + 2 + e 2t '
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t et et
2 ( e ) + 2 + e 2t
'
2 t
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e ) + 2 + e 2t
2t
2e t
( )
e 2t + 2 + e 2t '
2 ( e ) + 2 + e 2t
'
2 t
2 =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
( e2 t ) + 2 + e 2t e t e t
( )
e2 t + 2 + e 2t '
( )
t
'
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
Ahora:
2e 2t 2e2t
( )
e 2t
+ 2 + e 2 t t
e e t
( )
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
2e2 t 2e 2t
2e t
( )
2 e2 t + 2 + e 2 t
'
2 =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
2e 2t 2e 2t
(e ) + 2 + e e e
2t
2 t t t
( )
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
Luego:
(
2 e 2 t e 2 t
)
( e )+2+e e e
2t 2 t t t
( )
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e )+2+e t
2 t 2
2e
(
2 e 2 t e 2 t
t )
( )
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
2 =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t
(
2 e 2 t e 2 t
)
( )
e 2t
+ 2 + e 2 t t
e e t
( )
2 e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
Ahora:
( e 3t e t )
( e ) + 2 + e e 2t
2t 2 t t
( e ) + 2 + e 2 t
'
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e ) + 2 + e 2t
2t
'
2
2 ( e 3t e t )
=
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( e ) + 2 + e ( e ) + 2 + e 2
2t 2 t
2t 2 t 2t 2 t
( e t e 3t )
( )
e 2t
+ 2 + e 2 t t
e
( )
e 2t + 2 + e 2t
'
t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t
Luego:
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t et ( e3t e t )
(e ) + 2 + e
'
t 2t 2 t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
'
= 2 (e e )
3t t
2
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( e ) + 2 + e 2
2t 2 t 1+
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t e t + ( et e 3t )
(e ) + 2 + e
'
t 2t 2 t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
Ahora:
( )
e 3t + 2 e t + e t e 3 t e t
(e ) + 2 + e
'
2 t 2 t
et =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
'
= 2 (e e )
3t t
2
(e ) + 2 + e 3
( e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
2t
2 t 2
( )
et + 2e t + e 3t + et e 3t
( e2t ) + 2 + e2t
'
e t =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
Luego:
( )
'
t e 3 t + 2e t + e t e 3 t e t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( ) ( )
2t 2 t
e 2t
+ 2 + e 2 t
e 2t
+ 2 + e
2 t 2
'
2
= 2 ( e 3t e t )
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t
3
( )
'
t et + 2e t + e 3t + et e 3t
e =
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( ) ( )
2t 2 t
e 2t
+ 2 + e 2 t
e 2t
+ 2 + e
2 t 2
Ahora:
'
e t
= 2e t + 2 e t
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( e ) + 2 + e 2
2t 2 t 1+
2t 2 t
'
2
= 2 ( e 3t e t )
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t
3
'
t
e = 2 e t + 2e t
(e ) + 2 + e 1
( e ) + 2 + e 2
2t 2 t 1+
2t 2 t
Finalmente:
2 ( et + e t ) 2 ( e 3t e t ) 2 ( et + e t )
T (t ) =
'
, ,
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t ( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t ( e2 t ) + 2 + e 2t
3 3 3
Su modulo es:
2 2 2
2 ( et + e t ) 2 (e e )
3t t
2 ( et + e t )
T (t ) =
'
+ +
( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t ( e2 t ) + 2 + e 2 t ( e 2 t ) + 2 + e 2t
3 3 3
( ) + ( ) + (
4 e t + e t 2 2 e 3t e t 2 4 e t + e t 2
T ' (t ) =
)
2t ( e 2t ) + 2 + e2t ( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
( )
3 3 3
2 t
e + 2 + e
( ) ( ) ( )
4 e t + e t 2 + 2 e 3t e t 2 + 4 e t + e t 2
T ' (t ) =
( e ) + 2 + e
3
2t 2 t
( ) ( )
2 e6t 2e3t e t + e 2t + 8 et + e t 2
T ' (t ) =
( e ) + 2 + e
3
2t 2 t
( ) ( )
2e6t 4e 2t + 2e 2t + 8 e 2t + 2et e t + e 2t
T (t ) =
'
( e ) + 2 + e
3
2t 2 t
( ) ( )
2e6t 4e 2t + 2e2t + 8e 2t + 16 + 8e 2t
T (t ) =
'
( e ) + 2 + e
3
2t 2 t
6t
2e + 4e 2t + 10e2t + 16
T (t ) =
'
2t
( )
3
e + 2 + e 2 t
La componente normal es:
An (t ) = V (t ) T ' (t )
6t 2 t
2e + 4e + 10e + 16
2t
2 t
An (t ) = e + 2 + e
2t
2t
( )
3
e + 2 + e 2 t
( )( )
e2 t + 2 + e 2t 2e 6t + 4e 2t + 10e 2t + 16
An (t ) =
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
3
( ) ( ) ( )
2e 4t + 4 + 10e 4 t + 16e 2t + 4e 6t + 8e 2t + 20e 2t + 32 + 2e8t + 4e 4t + 10 + 16e 2t
An (t ) =
( e ) + 2 + e
3
2t 2 t
8t
2e + 4e6t + 6e 4t + 24e 2t + 10e 4t + 36e 2t + 46
An (t ) =
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
3
Respuesta:
(
Velocidad: V = et , 2, e t )
(
Aceleracin: a = et , 0, e t )
Componente tangencial de la aceleracin:
e 2t e 2t
At (t ) =
(e ) + 2 + e
2t 2 t
8t
2e + 4e6t + 6e 4t + 24e 2t + 10e 4t + 36e 2t + 46
An (t ) =
( e 2t ) + 2 + e 2t
3
Ejercicio 2
t
Considere la funcin vectorial F (t ) = cos t , , sent , calcula su
2
1
curvatura en el punto 1, , 0 .
2
Solucin
T ' (t )
Justificacin: De 9 La curvatura es: (t ) = . Primero vamos a
F ' (t )
1
buscar el punto t = t0 al cual pertenece el punto 1, , 0 , as:
2
x = cos t
t
y=
2
z = sent
1
Como la curva pasa por 1, , 0 , se tiene:
2
1 = cos t
1
t
= t =
2 2
0 = sent
1 = cos
0 = sen
Si las satisface, luego como t0 = satisface todas las ecuaciones se
t
De F (t ) = cos t , , sent , se tiene:
2
1
F ' (t ) = sent , , cos t
2
El vector T (t ) es:
F ' (t )
T (t ) =
F ' (t )
Pero:
2
1 1 1
F (t ) = ( sent ) + + cos t = sen t + 2 + cos t = 1 + 2
' 2 2 2 2
2 4 4
Luego:
1
'
, 2
F (t ) sent cos t
T (t ) = ' = ,
F (t ) 1 1 1
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2
4 4 4
1
'
F (t )
T (t ) = ' =
sent
, 2 ,
cos t
F (t ) 4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1
4 2 4 2 4 2
1
'
cos t
, 2
F (t ) sent
T (t ) = ' = ,
F (t ) 4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1
2 2 2
1
F (t ) 2 sent
' 2
T (t ) = ' = 2 , 2 cos t
,
F (t )
4 2
+ 1 4 2
+ 1 4 2
+ 1
2 cos t 2 sent
T ' (t ) = , 0,
4 + 1
2
4 2 + 1
Calculemos el mdulo de este vector:
2 2
2 cos t 2 sent
T (t ) =
'
+
4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1
4 2 ( cos 2 t + sen 2t ) 4 2 2
T (t ) =
'
= =
4 + 1
2
4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1
Luego la curvatura en t0 = es:
2 2
4 2 + 1 = 4 2 + 1 = 4
2
( ) =
4 2 + 1 4 2 + 1 4 + 1
2
4 2 2
4 2
Respuesta: ( ) =
4 2 + 1
Ejercicio 3
Calcula la curvatura de la curva C descrita por:
b
F (t ) = a cos t , asent , t
2
Solucin
Justificacin: Sabemos que la curvatura viene dada por:
T ' (t )
(t ) =
V (t )
b2 4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2
F ' (t ) = a 2 + = = =
4 2 4 2 4 2 2
Luego el vector tangente unitario es:
b
F (t ) asent
'
T (t ) = ' = ,
a cos t
, 2
F (t ) 4 a + b
2 2 2
4 a + b
2 2 2
4 a + b 2
2 2
2 2 2
b
2 asent 2
2 a cos t 2
T (t ) = , ,
4 a + b 4 a + b 4 a + b 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 asent 2 a cos t b
T (t ) = , ,
4 a + b 4 a + b 4 a + b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a cos t 2 asent
T ' (t ) = , ,0
4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2
Luego su modulo es:
2 2
2 a cos t 2 asent 4 2 a 2 cos 2 t 4 2 a 2 sen 2t
T (t ) =
'
+
= 2
+ 2 2 2
4 2 2
a + b 2
4 2 2
a + b 2
4 2 2
a + b 4 a + b
Observa:
A(t ) = V ' (t ) = F '' (t ) = ( a cos t , asent , 0 )
i j k
b
V (t ) A(t ) = asent a cos t
2
a cos t asent 0
absent ab cos t
V (t ) A(t ) = 0.a cos t + i 0.asent + j + ( asent.asent + a cos t.a cos t ) k
2 2
V (t ) A(t ) =
absent
2
i
ab cos t
2 (
j + a 2 ( sen 2t + cos 2 t ) k
)
absent ab cos t
V (t ) A(t ) = i j + a2 k
2 2
Luego calculamos el mdulo de este vector:
2 2
absent ab cos t
+ (a )
2 2
V (t ) A(t ) = +
2 2
2 2
ab ab
V (t ) A(t ) = sen t +
2
cos t + a
2 4
2 2
2 2
ab ab
V (t ) A(t ) = ( sen t + cos t ) + a = +a
2 2 4 4
2 2
Sustituyendo en la frmula de curvatura, se tiene:
ab
2
a 2b 2 4 a 2b 2 + 4 2 a 4
+a
4
2
+a
V (t ) A(t ) 2 4 4 2
(t ) = = = =
( V (t ) )
( )
( )
3 3 3 3
4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 a + b
2 2 2
4 2 a 2 + b 2
2
8 3
8 3
a 2b 2 + 4 2 a 4
4 2 8 3 a 2b 2 + 4 2 a 4 8 3 a 2 ( b 2 + 4 2 a 2 )
(t ) = = =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
4 a + b 2 2 2
4 2
4 a + b
2 2 2
4 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2
8 3
8 3 a 2 (b 2
+ 4 2 a 2 ) 4 2 a (b 2
+ 4 2 a 2 ) 4 2 a
(t ) = = =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2
2 4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2 4 2 a 2 + b 2
4 2 a
(t ) =
4 2 a 2 + b 2
4 2 a
Respuesta: La curvatura en este caso es: (t ) =
4 2 a 2 + b 2
Ejercicio 4
Determina el vector binormal para la curva C de ecuacin vectorial:
F (t ) = ( 3cos t ,3sent , t )
Solucin
Justificacin: De 13 se tiene que el vector binormal es:
B (t ) = T (t ) N (t ) , por lo tanto debemos calcular los vectores unitarios tangente
y normal.
F ' (t ) T ' (t )
T (t ) = y N (t ) =
F ' (t ) T ' (t )
Su modulo es:
3 3 1
Posteriormente de T (t ) = sent , cos t , , se tiene:
10 10 10
3 3
T ' (t ) = cos t , sent , 0
10 10
Su modulo es:
2 2
3 3
T (t ) =
'
cos t + sent
10 10
9 9 9 3
T ' (t ) = ( cos t ) + ( sent ) = = =
2 2
10 10 10 10
Luego el vector normal unitario es:
3 3
T (t )
'
10 sent , 0 = cos t , sent , 0
N (t ) = ' = 10 cos t ,
3 3 3
( )
T (t )
10 10 10
Finalmente el vector binormal es el producto vectorial:
i j k
3 3 1
B (t ) = T (t ) N (t ) = sent cos t
10 10 10
cos t sent 0
3 sent 3 cos t 3 3
B (t ) = 0. cos t + i 0. sent + j+ sen 2t + cos 2 t k
10 10 10 10 10 10
3
B (t ) =
sent cos t
i j+ ( sen 2t + cos 2 t ) k =
sent cos t
i j+
3
k
10 10 10 10 10 10
1
B (t ) = ( sent , cos t ,3)
10
1
Respuesta: El vector binormal es: B (t ) = ( sent , cos t ,3)
10
Ejercicio 5
Considera la funcin vectorial F (t ) : 0, 3 , definida por:
2
F (t ) = ( 2 cos t , sent , sent )
Calcula el triedro de Frenet en el punto F .
4
Solucin
Justificacin: De 14 se sabe que los 3 vectores T (t ) , N (t ) y B(t )
forman el triedro de Frenet, entonces se proceder semejante al ejercicio
inmediato anterior:
F ' (t ) T ' (t )
T (t ) = , N (t ) = y B (t ) = T (t ) N (t )
F ' (t ) T ' (t )
De F (t ) = ( )
2 cos t , sent , sent , se tiene:
(
F ' (t ) = 2 sent , cos t , cos t )
Su modulo es:
Como se pide en el punto F , se tiene:
4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F ' = 2 sen , cos , cos = 2 , , = , , = 1, ,
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Su modulo es:
2 2
2 2 2+2
( 1) + + = 1 + + = 1 +
2 2
F = = 1+1 = 2
' 2
4 2 2 4 4 4
F ' y tomar sin problemas que: F ' = 2 .
4 4
Entonces:
F'
4 = 1 , 2 , 2 = 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
T = , , = , ,
4 ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F
4
Posteriormente se tiene:
2 1 1 1 2 1 2
T (t ) = sent , cos t , cos t = sent , cos t , cos t
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
T (t ) = sent , cos t , cos t
2 2
De donde:
2 2
T ' (t ) = cos t , sent , sent
2 2
Su modulo es:
2 2
2 2
T (t ) = ( cos t ) + sent +
' 2
sent
2 2
2 2
T ' (t ) = cos 2 t + sen 2t + sen 2t = cos 2 t + 2 ( sen 2t ) = cos 2 t + ( sen 2t ) = 1
1
4 4 2
Como se pide en el punto F , se tiene:
4
T' =1
4
Y el vector T ' es:
4
2 2
T ' = cos , sen , sen
4 4 2 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
T ' = , , = , , = , ,
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
Luego el vector normal unitario en es:
4
T' 2 1 1
2 1 1
N = = 2 , 2 , 2 =
4
, ,
4 ' 1 1 1 2 2 2
T
4
Finalmente el vector binormal es el producto vectorial:
i j k
2 1 1
B = T N =
4 4 4 2 2 2
2 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
B = . + . i . + . j + . + . k
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
B = i j + k
4 4 4 4
1 2 2
B = i j+ k
4 2 2 2
Luego el Triedro de Frenet esta conformado por los 3 vectores:
2 1 1 2 1 1
Respuesta: T = , , , N = , , y
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
1 2 2
B = , , .
4 2 2 2
Ejercicio 6
Dada la curva definida por F (t ) = ( a cos t , asent , g (t ) ) , prueba que sta es
(t ) =
( F (t ).F (t ).F (t ) )
' '' '''
2
F ' (t ) F '' (t )
(t ) =
( F (t ).F (t ).F (t ) ) = 0 F (t ).F (t ).F
' '' '''
' '' '''
(t ) = 0
2
F (t ) F (t )
' ''
Recuerda que el producto mixto F ' (t ).F '' (t ).F ''' (t ) , se puede escribir:
componentes del vector F '' (t ) y la tercera fila las componentes del vector:
F ''' (t ) .
= g ''' (t )a 2 sen 2t + g ' (t )a 2 sen 2t + g '' (t )a 2 sent cos t g '' (t )a 2 sent cos t + g ' (t )a 2 cos 2 t + g ''' (t )a 2 cos 2 t = 0
= g ''' (t ) + g ' (t ) a 2 sen 2t + g ' (t ) + g ''' (t ) a 2 cos 2 t = 0
Por lo tanto:
i j k
F (t ) F (t ) = sent
' ''
cos t b
cos t sent 0
i j k
sent cos t b = ( 0.cos t ) + ( bsent ) i ( 0.sent ) + ( b cos t ) j + ( sen 2t ) + ( cos 2 t ) k
cos t sent 0
Recordando ( sen 2t ) + ( cos 2 t ) = 1 , se tiene:
b2 + 1 1 + b2 1 + b2 1 1
(t ) = = = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 + b2
3 3 3 2
1 + b2 1 + b2 1 + b2 1 + b2
(t ) =
( F (t ).F (t ).F (t ) ) = F (t ) F (t ) i F
' '' ''' ' '' '''
(t )
2 2
F ' (t ) F '' (t ) F ' (t ) F '' (t )
Y como ya sabemos que: F ' (t ) F '' (t ) = ( bsent , b cos t ,1) , por lo tanto, el
b b
(t ) = =
( ) 1 + b2
2
b2 + 1
1 b
= 1 = b
1+ b 2
1 + b2
Por lo tanto para que la curvatura sea igual a la torsin, el valor de b es:
Respuesta: b = 1 .
Ejercicio 8
Entonces:
' 1
F ' (t ) = 2 sent ,3i2i sent i( sent ) ,
1
F ' (t ) = 2 sent , 6 sent cos t ,
Como se nos pide el vector tangente unitario en t = , se tiene:
3
1
F ' = 2 sen , 6 sen cos ,
3 3 3 3
Recuerda que en tu calculadora puede usar t = , pero debes colocarla
3
180
en radianes, dejar la calculadora en grados y usar: t = = = 60 , as:
3 3
1
F ' = 2 sen ( 60 ) , 6 sen ( 60 ) cos ( 60 ) ,
3
3 31 1 3 3 1 3 3 1
F ' = 2 ,6 , = 2 ,6 , = 3, ,
3 2 2 2 2 4 2
9 ( 3) 1
2
3 3 1 2 12 + 27 1
( 3) 27 1
2
F =
'
+ + = 3 + + 2 = 3+ + 2 = + 2
3 2 4 4 4
39 1 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4
F' = + 2 = = =
3 4 4 2 4 2 2
Por lo tanto el vector tangente unitario en t = , es:
3
F'
3 = 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 1
T = i 3, , =
3, ,
3 39 2 + 4 2 39 2 + 4 2
F'
3 2
2 3 3 2 1 2
T = 3. , . , .
3 39 2 + 4 2 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4
2 3 3 3 2 1 2
T = , . , .
3 39 2 + 4 2 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4
2 3 3 3 2
T = , ,
3 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4 39 2 + 4
2 3 3 3 2
Respuesta: T = , , .
3 39 + 4 39 + 4 39 + 4
2 2 2
Ejercicio 9
ab cos t
S (t ) = a cos ti + asent j + k (Hlice circular de paso b )
2 t
Solucin
Justificacin: En este ejercicio te enseare a valorar el saber las 2
formas de calcular la curvatura, ya que si solo manejas una de ellas, es posible
que no puedas resolver el ejercicio por la magnitud de la derivada, Observa
atentamente.
Sabemos que la curvatura viene dada por:
T ' (t )
(t ) =
V (t )
V (t ) = S (t ) = asent , a cos t ,
'
. = asent , a cos t , .
2 t 2 t 2
ab tsent cos t
V (t ) = S ' (t ) = asent , a cos t , .
2 t2
Calculemos el vector tangente unitario:
S ' (t )
T (t ) = '
S (t )
El modulo de la velocidad es:
2
ab tsent cos t
S (t ) = ( asent ) + ( a cos t ) +
' 2 2
.
2 t2
S (t ) = a ( sen t ) + ( cos t ) +
' 2 2 2
. = a 2
1 + .
4 2 t2 4 2 t2
4 2t 4
4 2t 4
2 t 2
2 t 2
2 t 2
2 t 2
Luego el vector tangente unitario es:
ab tsent cos t
.
asent a cos t 2 t 2
T (t ) = , ,
a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t ) a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t ) a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t )
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
2 t 2 2 t 2 2 t 2
2 abt 2 tsent + cos t
.
2 at sent
2
2 at cos t
2
2 t 2
T (t ) = , ,
a 4 2t 4 + b 2 ( t 2 sen 2t + 2tsent cos t + cos 2 t ) a 4 2t 4 + b 2 ( t 2 sen 2t + 2tsent cos t + cos 2 t ) a 4 2t 4 + b 2 ( t 2 sen 2t + 2tsent cos t + cos 2 t )
2 a b t 2 tsent + cos t
.
2 a t sent
2
2 a t cos t
2
2 t 2
T (t ) = , ,
a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t ) a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t ) a 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t )
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
2 t 2 sent 2 t 2 cos t b ( tsent + cos t )
T (t ) = , ,
(
4 2t 4 + b 2 t 2 sen 2t + 2tsent cos t + cos 2 t
) 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t ) 4 t + b ( t sen t + 2tsent cos t + cos t )
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
i j k
ab tsent cos t
V (t ) A(t ) = asent a cos t . =
2 t2
ab t 2 cos t + 2tsent + 2 cos t
a cos t asent .
2 t3
+ ( a 2 sen 2t ) + ( a 2 cos 2 t ) k
Ahora calculamos: ( V (t ) ) :
3
ab tsent cos t
De: V (t ) = S ' (t ) = asent , a cos t , . , se tiene:
2 t2
a 2b 2 tsent cos t
2
V (t ) = ( asent ) + ( a cos t ) +
2 2
.
4 2 t2
a 2b 2 tsent + cos t
2
V (t ) = a sen t + a cos t +
2 2
. 2 2
4 2 t2
a 2b 2 tsent + cos t
2
V (t ) = a ( sen t + a cos t ) +
2 2
. 2
4 2 t2
a 2b 2 tsent + cos t
2
V (t ) = a + . 2
4 2 t2
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
V (t ) = a 1 + 2 .
2
= a 1 + 2 .
2
4 t2 4 t2
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
V (t ) = a 1 + 2 .
4 t2
Luego:
3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
( V (t ) )
3
=a 1 + 2 .
3
4 t2
Sustituyendo en la frmula de curvatura, se tiene:
a 3
1 + 2 .
4 t2
a 4 ( bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t )2 + a 4 ( 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t )2
+ a4
4 t
2 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2
tsent + cos t
2
a 1 + 2 .
3
4 t2
( ) ( ) + 1
bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t 2 + 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t 2
a4
4 t
2 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
a 3
1 + 2 .
4 t2
( bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t )2 + ( 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t )2
a 4 +1
4 2t 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
a 1 + 2 .
3
4 t2
( bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t )2 + ( 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t )2
a 2 +1
4 2t 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
a3
1 + 2 .
4 t2
( bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t )2 + ( 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t )2
a 2 +1
4 2t 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
a
3
1 + 2 .
4 t2
( bt 2 + tb cos tsent + 2b cos 2 t )2 + ( 2tbsen 2t + 2bsent cos t + tb cos 2 t )2
+1
4 2t 6
V (t ) A(t )
(t ) = =
( V (t ) )
3 3
b 2 tsent + cos t
2
a 1 + 2 .
4 t2
a 1 + 2 .
4 t2
Ejercicio 10
Demuestre que la curvatura de la hlice circular descrita por:
r (t ) = ( a cos t , asent , ct ) , a > 0
F ' (t ) = a 2 + c 2
a cos t asent
T ' (t ) = , ,0
a2 + c2 a2 + c2
Luego su modulo es:
2 2
a cos t asent a 2 cos 2 t a 2 sen 2t
T (t ) =
'
+
= 2 2 + 2 2
a2 + c2 a2 + c2 a +c a +c
a 21 a2 a
T ' (t ) = 2 2 = =
a +c a2 + c2 a2 + c2
Luego la curvatura es:
a
'
T (t ) a2 + c2 = a a
(t ) = = =
( ) a + c2
2 2
V (t ) a2 + c2 a2 + c2
Ejercicio 3
Si la trayectoria de una partcula esta dada por la funcin vectorial
F (t ) = ( t ,1 t 3 , ) , determina la velocidad, la aceleracin y las componentes
2
Sea la funcin F:[0,2] R3 definida por: F( t ) = 2, t + 1, t + 2 .
2